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A global Overview of the Terrestrial and Freshwater Molluscs

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... Lissachatina fulica has been present on Tubuai since 1984 but has not been recorded on any other of the Austral Islands Gargominy 2002, 2004;Fontaine 2003, 2014) until 2012 when it was observed spreading over Rimatara (Tahiata 2015;Tiarii 2015). Euglandina was introduced to Tubuai in 1985 as a biological control agent for L. fulica Fontaine 2003, 2014). ...
... Lissachatina fulica has been present on Tubuai since 1984 but has not been recorded on any other of the Austral Islands Gargominy 2002, 2004;Fontaine 2003, 2014) until 2012 when it was observed spreading over Rimatara (Tahiata 2015;Tiarii 2015). Euglandina was introduced to Tubuai in 1985 as a biological control agent for L. fulica Fontaine 2003, 2014). By 2003 Partula hyalina had become restricted to the western side of the island, but remains widespread on the islands lacking Euglandina, i.e. ...
... By 2003 Partula hyalina had become restricted to the western side of the island, but remains widespread on the islands lacking Euglandina, i.e. Rimatara, Rurutu and Raivavae (Gargominy and Fontaine 2014), supporting the conclusion that Euglandina is primarily responsible for the declines on Tubuai. Euglandina has also not been recorded on Rapa (Fontaine and Gargominy 2002). ...
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Since 1955 snails of the Euglandina rosea species complex and Platydemus manokwari flat-worms were widely introduced in attempted biological control of giant African snails (Lissachatina fulica) but have been implicated in the mass extinction of Pacific island snails. We review the histories of the 60 introductions and their impacts on L.fulica and native snails. Since 1993 there have been unofficial releases of Euglandina within island groups. Only three official P. manokwari releases took place, but new populations are being recorded at an increasing rate, probably because of accidental introduction. Claims that these predators controlled L. fulica cannot be substantiated; in some cases pest snail declines coincided with predator arrival but concomitant declines occurred elsewhere in the absence of the predator and the declines in some cases were only temporary. In the Hawaiian Islands, although there had been some earlier declines of native snails, the Euglandina impacts on native snails are clear with rapid decline of many endemic Hawaiian Achatinellinae following predator arrival. In the Society Islands, Partulidae tree snail populations remained stable until Euglandina introduction, when declines were extremely rapid with an exact correspondence between predator arrival and tree snail decline. Platydemus manokwari invasion coincides with native snail declines on some islands, notably the Ogasawara Islands of Japan, and its invasion of Florida has led to mass mortality of Liguus spp. tree snails. We conclude that Euglandina and P. manokwari are not effective biocontrol agents, but do have major negative effects on native snail faunas. These predatory snails and flatworms are generalist predators and as such are not suitable for biological control.
... Lissachatina fulica has been present on Tubuai since 1984 but has not been recorded on any other of the Austral Islands Gargominy 2002, 2004;Fontaine 2003, 2014) until 2012 when it was observed spreading over Rimatara (Tahiata 2015;Tiarii 2015). Euglandina was introduced to Tubuai in 1985 as a biological control agent for L. fulica Fontaine 2003, 2014). ...
... Lissachatina fulica has been present on Tubuai since 1984 but has not been recorded on any other of the Austral Islands Gargominy 2002, 2004;Fontaine 2003, 2014) until 2012 when it was observed spreading over Rimatara (Tahiata 2015;Tiarii 2015). Euglandina was introduced to Tubuai in 1985 as a biological control agent for L. fulica Fontaine 2003, 2014). By 2003 Partula hyalina had become restricted to the western side of the island, but remains widespread on the islands lacking Euglandina, i.e. ...
... By 2003 Partula hyalina had become restricted to the western side of the island, but remains widespread on the islands lacking Euglandina, i.e. Rimatara, Rurutu and Raivavae (Gargominy and Fontaine 2014), supporting the conclusion that Euglandina is primarily responsible for the declines on Tubuai. Euglandina has also not been recorded on Rapa (Fontaine and Gargominy 2002). ...
Article
Full-text available
Since 1955 snails of the Euglandina rosea species complex and Platydemus manokwari flat-worms were widely introduced in attempted biological control of giant African snails (Lissachatina fulica) but have been implicated in the mass extinction of Pacific island snails. We review the histories of the 60 introductions and their impacts on L.
... Lissachatina fulica has been present on Tubuai since 1984 but has not been recorded on any other of the Austral Islands Gargominy 2002, 2004;Fontaine 2003, 2014) until 2012 when it was observed spreading over Rimatara (Tahiata 2015;Tiarii 2015). Euglandina was introduced to Tubuai in 1985 as a biological control agent for L. fulica Fontaine 2003, 2014). ...
... Lissachatina fulica has been present on Tubuai since 1984 but has not been recorded on any other of the Austral Islands Gargominy 2002, 2004;Fontaine 2003, 2014) until 2012 when it was observed spreading over Rimatara (Tahiata 2015;Tiarii 2015). Euglandina was introduced to Tubuai in 1985 as a biological control agent for L. fulica Fontaine 2003, 2014). By 2003 Partula hyalina had become restricted to the western side of the island, but remains widespread on the islands lacking Euglandina, i.e. ...
... By 2003 Partula hyalina had become restricted to the western side of the island, but remains widespread on the islands lacking Euglandina, i.e. Rimatara, Rurutu and Raivavae (Gargominy and Fontaine 2014), supporting the conclusion that Euglandina is primarily responsible for the declines on Tubuai. Euglandina has also not been recorded on Rapa (Fontaine and Gargominy 2002). ...
Article
Full-text available
Since 1955 snails of the Euglandina rosea species complex and Platydemus manokwari flatworms were widely introduced in attempted biological control of giant African snails (Lissachatina fulica) but have been implicated in the mass extinction of Pacific island snails. We review the histories of the 60 introductions and their impacts on L. fulica and native snails. Since 1993 there have been unofficial releases of Euglandina within island groups. Only three official P. manokwari releases took place, but new populations are being recorded at an increasing rate, probably because of accidental introduction. Claims that these predators controlled L. fulica cannot be substantiated; in some cases pest snail declines coincided with predator arrival but concomitant declines occurred elsewhere in the absence of the predator and the declines in some cases were only temporary. In the Hawaiian Islands, although there had been some earlier declines of native snails, the Euglandina impacts on native snails are clear with rapid decline of many endemic Hawaiian Achatinellinae following predator arrival. In the Society Islands, Partulidae tree snail populations remained stable until Euglandina introduction, when declines were extremely rapid with an exact correspondence between predator arrival and tree snail decline. Platydemus manokwari invasion coincides with native snail declines on some islands, notably the Ogasawara Islands of Japan, and its invasion of Florida has led to mass mortality of Liguus spp. tree snails. We conclude that Euglandina and P. manokwari are not effective biocontrol agents, but do have major negative effects on native snail faunas. These predatory snails and flatworms are generalist predators and as such are not suitable for biological control.
... remarks: Garrett (1884) stated that this was the most abundant of the three species of Chondrella (= Georissa) he found to occur in the Society Islands. This species is widely distributed in the southern Cook Islands, the Society Islands, Austral Islands, Makatea in the Tuamotu Islands, and the Marquesas Islands (Brook 2010 and references cited therein;Gargominy and Fontaine 2015); archaeologically, it has been reported from Rarotonga and Mitiaro in the Cook Islands (Brook 2010 Vaipahu, ScMo-343: L II, TP1-B1, obj. 6 (42 spms.); ...
... remarks: This species occurs in the West Indies, Central America, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil (Pilsbry 1906-1907, Dutra 1988, Robinson et al. 2009). Leptinaria unila mellata was first reported from French Polynesia (without further details) by Soubeyran (2008) and more recently has been found to inhabit Mo'orea (Moorea Biocode 2016) and Rürutu and Raivavae in the Austral Islands (Gargominy and Fontaine 2015). ...
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Nonmarine mollusks recovered during archaeological excavations on the island of Mo'orea, Society Islands, French Polynesia, were analyzed as part of a multidisciplinary study of anthropogenic environmental change. Records of now-extinct taxa in dated archaeological contexts were combined with historic collection data from the 1830s to the present to determine the chronology of extinction of the 10 species of land snails of the family Endodontidae that formerly inhabited the island. One species known only from a stratum antedating human settlement on the island and three known only archaeologically but from imprecisely dated strata were certainly extinct by the late nineteenth century but may have disappeared earlier. One species collected in 1838 was extinct by the late nineteenth century, and all of the described endodontid species present in the mid- to late nineteenth century are undoubtedly now extinct because none was collected by the 1934 Mangarevan Expedition or by subsequent collectors. Only a single unidentified living endodontid has been observed on Mo'orea since the nineteenth century. Additional extinctions or extirpations have occurred among the Helicarionidae, terrestrial Assimineidae, and probably also in the Helicinidae. Four new species of Endodontidae are described: Libera kondoi, Minidonta opunohua, Nesodiscus nummus, and N. cookei. Libera jacquinoti, described in 1850 from poorly localized material and until now not collected subsequently, is shown to have inhabited Mo'orea.
... Even with the loss of a large portion of their indigenous forest, the islands of the Australs group nonetheless remain an important regional focus of biodiversity research reflecting the evolutionary significance of their highly endemic biota (Shaw & Gillespie 2016;Gillespie et al. 2017). Historical collections and the recent fossil record of both vertebrates and land snails show that the biota of the islands have been severely impacted by anthropogenic transformation, with the extinction of many species, including 2% (Rapa) to 78% (Rimatara) of endemic terrestrial land snails (Gargominy & Fontaine 2014). ...
Article
We describe five new species of Pycnomerus (P. mahanatoa, P. rairua, P. raivavae, P. taralewisae, and P. vavitu spp. nov.) from subfossil material collected on the island of Raivavae in the Austral Archipelago of French Polynesia. Like the two species of Pycnomerus recently described from Rimatara (Porch & Smith 2017), we consider it is probable that some or even most of the endemic Raivavae species are globally extinct. This is because the species have, so far, only been found in as subfossil specimens in sediments that date to the period immediately before or just after human arrival on the island (c.1300 AD), they have not been collected historically, and very little indigenous forest of Raivavae remains. These species add to the growing body of knowledge regarding the zopherid fauna of eastern Polynesia, which is, and unfortunately will always likely be, based primarily on the subfossil record from the region.
... It has also been reported from fiji (Clench 1964;Brook 2010;Brodie & Barker 2011, 2012Brodie et al. 2013). In Polynesia, G. bicolor has previously been reported from Atafu Atoll, tokelau (thompson 2010), American Samoa (Cowie 1998b(Cowie , 2001bCowie & Cook 1999;Cowie & rundell 2002;Brook 2010), [Western] Samoa, fanning Island (tabuaeran) in the nation of Kiribati, Wallis Island (Uvea), and the Cook Islands (Brook 2010), the Kingdom of tonga (Brook 2014), as well as the Austral Islands (Gargominy & fontaine 2003(Gargominy & fontaine , 2014 and Marquesas Islands (Clench 1964) in french Polynesia. Gulella bicolor was among the species intentionally introduced to the hawaiian Islands as part of biological control efforts targeting the Giant African Snail Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) (Davis & Butler 1964;Krauss 1964) and contrary to an earlier report (Cowie 1997) still survives there in small numbers (Cowie et al. 2008). ...
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Gulella (Huttonella) bicolor (Hutton, 1834), an invasive streptaxid land snail now circumtropical in distribution, is recorded for the first time from the Society Islands of French Polynesia, on the islands of Maupiti and Mo‘orea, and its distribution in the islands of the Pacific is reviewed. Although its origin has been in question, previously overlooked paleontological studies indicate that G. bicolor is native to India. Gulella bicolor preys on terrestrial mollusks and its presence increases the threat of the extinction of what remains of the Society Islands’ rich fauna of endemic land snails, already at risk because of anthropogenic habitat modification and the earlier introduction of other alien molluscivores.
... Version of Record TAXON 65 (5) • October : 1064• October -1080 and Endodontidae (Solem, 1983;Gargominy & Fontaine, 2014). Although the strongest floristic affinities of Rapa appear to be with the other Austral islands and, to a lesser degree, the other archipelagos of southeastern Polynesia (Meyer & al., 2014), putative source areas for the Rapa flora include temperate climatic regions of Australasia, e.g., Veronica L./Hebe Comm. ...
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Abstract Molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences indicate that the rediscovered Apostates, known only from Rapa in the Austral Islands of southeastern Polynesia, represents an example of extreme long-distance dispersal (> 6500 km) from southwestern North America and one of at least four disjunctions of comparable magnitude in the primarily New World Bahia alliance (tribe Bahieae). Each of the disjunctions appears to have resulted from north-to-south dispersal since the mid-Miocene; three are associated with such marked morphological and ecological change that some of the southern taxa (including Apostates) have been treated in distinct genera of uncertain relationship. Phyllotaxy within the Bahia alliance, however, evidently has been even more conservative evolutionarily than reflected by previous taxonomies, with alternate-leaved and opposite-leaved clades in Bahia sensu Ellison each encompassing representatives of other genera that share the same leaf arrangements. A revised taxonomic treatment of the Bahia alliance is proposed to recognize morphologically distinctive, monophyletic genera, including the critically endangered Apostates.
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