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Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity of Coccoloba Uvifera leaves and Waltheria Indica roots extracts
Abstract
Objective: Coccoloba uvifera (Polygonaceae) and Watheria indica (Sterculiaceae) are two medicinal plants used in Togolese traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate their antioxidant properties and hypoglycemic activity. Methods: After phytochemical screening, hydro alcoholic leaves extracts of Coccoloba uvifera and the hydro alcoholic roots extract of Watheria indica were evaluated on blood glucose levels in fasting normal and glucose loaded hyper glycemic rats (oral glucose tolerance test). Antioxydant activities were performed using AAPH (2, 2’-Azobis 2 Amidino propane Dihydrochloride test and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity). Results: Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of flavonoids, total phenols and tanin in the hydro alcoholic extracts of C. uvifera and W. indica. The hypoglycemic activity measured after oral administration of glucose (2 g/kg) revealed that W. indica leaves and C. uvifera roots induced a significant reduction of hyperglycemia in treated group compared to control group. There was a significant reduction in the hyperglycemic peak with W. indica leaves extract at doses of 250 mg/kg (p<0.05) and 500 mg/kg (p<0.001). Moreover, the administration of extracts (at dose of 500 mg/kg) in fasted rats did not show any significant decrease in basal blood glucose level compared to the control. Hydro alcoholic extracts inhibit hemolysis of erythrocytes induced by AAPH dose-dependent manner and have an antioxidant power comparable to that of the Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (reference drug). The extracts inhibit the production of nitric oxide and possess reducing power. Conclusion: The results of this study support the use of these plants in the treatment of diabetes in Togolese traditional medicine. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.
... The resulting blue color absorbs around 750 nm. Fixing tannins by polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) made it possible to deduce their quantity of the total phenols after a second dosage [9,10] . The test was performed by adding 200 μL of Folin-C 10% reagent to 200 μL of extract (1 mg/mL in methanol 95%) or to 200 μL of supernatant of PVPP-fixed extract solution (previously fixed tannins by adding 500 µL of extract to 10 mg of PVPP dissolve in 500 µL of methanol 95%) and incubated at 28 ± 2 °C for 15 min. ...
... The flavonoids contained in the extract were determined by the aluminum chloride (AlCl3) method [9,11] . In principle, flavonoids form with alumina chloride a flavonoidaluminum complex that absorbs at 440 nm. ...
... Ascorbic acid and Butylated hydroxyl Toluene (BHT) was used as reference antioxidant. Absorbance was measured at 700 nm [9,13] . The intensity of the absorbance indicates the intensity of the reducing power. ...
Crataeva adansonii DC. ssp. adansonii is a medicinal plant belong to Capparidaceae family, used traditionally by Togolese to treat diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant activities of the plant leaves. The effect of hydroethanolic extract of C. adansonii ssp. adansonii leaves was assessed in vivo on blood glucose levels in fasting normal and glucose loaded hyperglycemic (oral glucose tolerance test) mice. The phytochemical screening has been done by coloring tests in chemistry. In vitro antioxidants assays had been performed by 2, 2'-azobis 2 amidinopropane dihydrochloride (AAPH) free radical scavenging assay, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, Fe2+ chelating assay and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) quantification. After 30 min glucose loading (4 g/kg), the extract 500 mg/kg was showed a significant (p < 0.001) decreased of the peak of blood glucose compared to the hyperglycemic control. The two doses of extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) did not act on the basic blood glucose compared to the normoglycemic control. Phytochemical screening revealed a presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and sterols. AAPH free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, Fe2+ chelating activity and total antioxidant capacity have shown dose-dependent antioxidant capacity and reducing power of extract compared to ascorbic acid and Butylated hydroxyl Toluene used as reference drug. These finding prove that C. adansonii ssp. adansonii leaves can be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications related to oxidative stress and support the use of the plant in traditional medicine in diabetes treatment. Keywords: Crataeva adansonii, antihyperglycaemic, phytochemical, antioxidant.
... En México la diabetes es una de las primeras causas de muerte según los datos registrados por el Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, para mejorar la calidad de vida de los diabéticos y evitar complicaciones se debe tener un buen control de la glucemia para ello además de la administración de fármacos se debe controlar el índice glucémico postprandial para permitir a los pacientes nutrirse adecuadamente y mejorar su salud [1][2][3][4] . Existen infinidad de tratamientos para la diabetes pero ninguno promete garantizar una vida sana y mucho menos promover el bienestar integral porque privar completamente del consumo de azúcares a un paciente diabético no es ni saludable ni viable; el control de la glucemia es uno de los aspectos más importantes en la farmacoterapia de la diabetes especialmente los niveles postpandriales. ...
... Existen infinidad de tratamientos para la diabetes pero ninguno promete garantizar una vida sana y mucho menos promover el bienestar integral porque privar completamente del consumo de azúcares a un paciente diabético no es ni saludable ni viable; el control de la glucemia es uno de los aspectos más importantes en la farmacoterapia de la diabetes especialmente los niveles postpandriales. 1,2 En ese sentido, un blanco farmacológico relevamente para controlar la glucemia postpandrial es la amilasa salival que se encarga de la digestión de polisacáridos para convertirlos en monosacáridos que pueden ser absorbidos; en consecuencia, inhibir la amilasa representa disminuir la biodisponibilidad de la glucosa con el correspondiente beneficio fisiológico 3,4 . Las sustancias que disminuyen la biodisponibilidad de la glucosa ingerida en los alimentos es benéfica porque evitan el incremento de los niveles plasmáticos de carbohidratos; por ejemplo si se compara dos pacientes que consuman la misma cantidad de polisacáridos (como en el pan o la tortilla) pero a uno de ellos se administra un inhibidor de la amilasa se podrá observar que éste tiene un menor incremento del nivel de glucemia comparado con el paciente al que no se le administró el inhibidor. ...
... Plant which has flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and glycosides have antioxidant activity and claimed to possess antidiabetic effect. Flavonoids present in the plant regenerate the damaged beta cells of pancreases, and the polyphenolic compounds present in the plants produced the hypoglycaemic effects in diabetic rats22,23 . Antidiabetic effect and hypolipidemic effect of EEWI might be due to presence of flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds in this extract. ...
... Plant which has flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and glycosides have anti claimed to possess antidiabetic effect. Flavonoids present in the plant regenerate the of pancreases, and the polyphenolic compounds present in the plants produced effects in diabetic rats22,23 . Antidiabetic effect and hypolipidemic effect of EEW presence of flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds in this extract. ...
... The hydro alcoholic root extract (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in the hyperglycemic peak in glucose (2 g/kg) administered rats that was comparable to the effect detected with metformin. The regulation of blood glucose level is correlated with the presence of flavonoids and total phenols in plant extracts [90]. Thus, the study shows evidence for the traditional use of plants to cure diabetes. ...
... Hydro alcoholic root extract inhibited hemolysis of erythrocytes induced by 2, 2′-azobis 2 amidino propane dihydrochloride (AAPH) dosedependently. The reducing power of the extract inhibited the production of nitric oxide thus exhibiting antioxidant property [90]. The phenolic compounds specifically the flavonoids and tannins present in the plant extract act as free radical scavengers that corresponds to the antioxidant potential of the plant. ...
Background
In modern therapeutics, various human pathological disturbances were treated with the plant-based products. Waltheria indica Linn, a perennial herb, was commonly used in traditional medicine worldwide against various ailments such as cough, dysentery, diarrhea, bladder disorder, hemoptysis, inflammations, neuralgia, wounds, and ulcers.
Main body
The shrub was majorly distributed in tropical, subtropical regions and exists in many distinct local forms. Both the crude extracts and purified compounds from the whole plant and its parts showed wide pharmacological properties like antioxidant, analgesic, sedative, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic. The phytochemical profile and traditional usage highlight the potency of the plant in the treatment of microbial infections and inflammatory diseases. Yet, additional studies are required for the confirmations of its traditional uses against other diseases. More detailed understanding of anti-cataract, anti-diabetics, asthma, anemia, and anti-cancer mechanism has to be explored. Though many research articles on the proposed plant are available, there has been a rising concern in the therapeutic property, especially on the alkaloids and flavonoids from this plant for drug design.
Conclusion
This article aims in a systematic and updated review on distribution, botany, traditional uses, phytocompounds, and relevant biological activities from each part of the plant. The information was collected from databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, books, dissertation, and reports via academic libraries that included more than 100 articles published since 1937. This ethnopharmacological study of the plant may create new insight into drug discovery to develop important novel leads against various biological targets.
... Natural extracts from various species of the genus Coccoloba (approximately 120 to 150 species), have been reported to have antimicrobial activities (Li et al. 1999;Perez et al. 2001;Cota et al. 2003;Meléndez and Capriles 2006;Sharma et al. 2017). These biological activities have been revealed to be due to the presence of phenolic or flavonoidtype compounds (Compagnone et al. 1995;Li et al. 1999;Campos et al. 2015;Povi et al. 2015), terpenoids (Cota et al. 2003), benzenoids (Li et al. 1999), and carboxylic acids and esters (Shaw et al. 1992). EL-Hefny et al. (2019) suggested the potential uses of essential oil and recovery oil from the fresh flowers Matricaria chamomilla as environmentally usefulness because of their excessive toxicity and because grey mold fungicides are usually applied at least one week before harvest, and this is deemed unacceptable. ...
... The petri dishes were incubated for one week at 25 ± 1 °C. The linear fungal growth was measured and compared to control treatments using the margin around the wood samples with no fungal growth (Povi et al. 2015;Salem et al. 2016a,b, and. Mycelial growth inhibition (%) was calculated using Eq. 1, ...
Aqueous, acetone, and ethanol extracts of Coccoloba uvifera L. (Polygonaceae) leaves were assessed for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The fungal pathogens Fusarium culmorum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea were isolated from strawberry plants, and they were molecularly identified through internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequence analysis. Wood treated with ethanol extract at 3% showed the highest inhibition of R. solani, B. cinerea, and F. culmorum growth, with mycelial growth inhibited by 64.4%, 100%, and 38.5%, respectively. Moderate growth inhibition was found against the plant pathogenic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Erwinia amylovora, Ralstonia solanacearum, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, and Dickeya solani. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis identified the phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extracts. Regarding phenolic acid compounds, benzoic, ellagic, gallic, and o-coumaric acids were found as the main compounds in ethanol, acetone, and aqueous extracts. Regarding flavonoids, rutin, myricetin, and quercetin were identified in aqueous, acetone, and ethanol extracts. The results suggesting that the extracts can be used as environmentally friendly bioagents.
... Abo-El-Seoud et al. (2005 estimated antimicrobial activities of paper mint and eucalyptus essential oils against B. cinerea and P. italicum clove extract and essential oils were reported to be effective on P. digitatum and used as alternative control. However, the antimicrobial activities of examined oils have been referred to as phenolic or flavonoid compounds (Campos et al., 2015;Povi et al., 2015). ...
This study aimed to identify prevalent pathogens of a caused moldy core of postharvest apple fruits and the efficiency of essential oils (EO) of clove (Syzygium aromaticum), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), sage (Salvia officinalis), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and Trichoderma harzianum filtrate to inhibit pathogens growth of Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium griseofulvum. The examined pathogens are recognized dependent on morphological and also molecular identification. In vivo, clove EO and T. harzianum filtrate were strongly restricted decay area on fruits with 82.36% and 81.69%, respectively when applied as direct inhibition. Growth of all examined pathogens was entirely stopped on fruits treated with both clove and thyme oils at 10%. The results also illustrated that T. harzianum filtrate and EOs exhibited considerable growth inhibition of B. cinerea and ranged between 86.53% and 100%. The lowest inhibitory potential of EOs 47.95% and 75.9% were observed with P. griseofulvum. T. harzianum filtrate was the most effective biocontrol that inhibited fruit decay by 64.5% followed by 45.9%, 38.6%, 37.5%, and 35.9% when utilized EOs of thyme, sage, eucalyptus, and clove, respectively. The growth of both pathogens A. alternata and B. cinerea depressed with up to 90% using T. harzianum filtrate followed by EOs of eucalyptus and thyme. Whereas fruits inoculated with P. griseofulvum were not frustrated when applied to each EOs or T. harzianum. Their systemic induction was restricted between 3.16% and 23.82%.
... According to Garba et al. [24] The hexane extract of W. indica leaves has antioxidant activity equivalent to that of ascorbic acid but greater than that of tocopherol. An antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of the roots of W. indica has also been observed [25] . While it is well established that the entire W. indica plant, its leaves, stem and roots are composed to varying degrees of "flavonoids, tannins" antioxidant compounds [22] ; a comparative study of the antioxidant activity of different parts of W. indica, however, is not reported in the literature. ...
... It is also revealed that the reducing ability of W. indica is concentration dependent (Figure, 4), because it tends to increase as the concentrations increases. The free radical scavenging ability of W. indica in this work correlates the work of Mongalo et al. [6] and Povi et al. [18], where W. indica root showed good radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant activity of W. indica may be due to the presence of phenols in it as phenols are known to have direct interaction directly on the activated oxygen species [42]. ...
Waltheria indica is a promising medicinal plant belonging to family Malvaceae, which many biological activities of the solvent extracts of its various parts have been scientifically evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate and analyze the minerals, crude fibre and fat contents, the phytochemical constituents as well as the antioxidants activity of the powder sample of W. indica whole plant. Fresh sample of whole W. indica plant was collected and airdried at room temperature. The mineral constituents were determined by spectrophotometry. The crude fibre, fat contents and the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical compositions were determined using standard analytical procedure. The antioxidants activity was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays. The mineral analysis results revealed the presence of micro and macro nutrients such as potassium, calcium, magnesium and manganese among others which are within the acceptable health range. The values (23.8%; 0.15%) obtained for both crude fibre and fat contents were reasonable. The qualitative phytochemical screening established the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones and phenol. Steroids are in abundance while Cardiac glycosides are absent. The quantity of alkaloids (1.9%), saponins (1.4%), flavonoids (3.1%) and tannins (17422μg/GAE) are in appreciable amount which may be responsible for its various activities. W. indica showed good inhibitory scavenging activity and better reducing ability compared to ascorbic acid. The results obtained from this study provide further scientific evidence to support the ethno-medicinal information on the uses of W. indica in the treatment of various health issues.
... Distilled water (control group), total hydro alcoholic extract of roots of A. leiocarpus at 125, 250 and 500 mg.kg -1 ; pellet fraction at 50 and 100 mg.kg -1 ; supernatant fraction (50, 100 mg.kg -1 ) and metformin (100 mg.kg -1 ) were administered by gavage 30 minutes before glucose overload. Blood glucose was measured at vein tail by glucometer Accu-Check Active (Germany) at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after substances administrations 11 . ...
Anogeissus leiocarpus (Combretaceae) is a medicinal plant used by traditional practitioners to treat people living with diabetes mellitus in Togo. The objective of this work was to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of the plant. The hydroalcoholic extract and fractions of A. leiocarpus roots was evaluated on hyperglycemic mice by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and on normoglycemic mice. The effect of the total extract and fractions was also measured on the adsorption and absorption of glucose respectively in vitro and ex vivo. At 30 minutes after glucose overload, the total extract and all fractions (supernatant and pellet) significantly (p< 0.0001) reduced hyperglycemia compared to controls. However, this reduction in hyperglycemia was greater in mice treated with the supernatant fraction at 100 mg.kg-1 during 180 minutes (p < 0.01). In our conditions, the extract at the 500 mg.kg-1 of the total extract in normoglycemic mice did not significantly decrease (p>0.05) basal blood glucose levels compared to controls. In vitro, the extract and fractions of A. leiocarpus adsorbed glucose and inhibited glucose intestinal absorption ex vivo. The results of this study support the use of A. leiocarpus as an antidiabetic plant. Keywords: Anogeissus leiocarpus- fractions- antihyperglycemic- adsorption – absorption.
... El extracto también inhibió la producción de óxido nítrico y mostró un potente poder reductor. 61 La actividad antioxidante de los frutos de C. uvifera se evaluó utilizando varios ensayos antioxidantes in vitro. Se encontró que el valor TEAC del ensayo de radicales ABTS 2,2′azino-bis (ácido 3etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfónico) era 897,6 μM de trolox /100 g de muestra, mientras que la actividad de eliminación de DPPH era del 22,8% de eliminación de radicales libres de DPPH, para la actividad de quelación de iones, los resultados fueron 11.3% de Cu 2 + , 23.9% de Fe 2 + , y finalmente un poder reductor de Fe 2+ de 0.76 mg/mL. ...
Coccoloba uvifera (L.) species, commonly known as sea grape, is a small shrub with thick
branches and rounded leaves that has a broad ethnobotanical richness. Although the
plant has a history of phytochemical studies in various parts of the world, no studies of
this type have been carried out in Cuba. The present work seeks to evaluate the
qualitative presence of secondary metabolites in leaves of this species. The plant was
collected from the coastal zone of Siboney, Santiago de Cuba province; the batches were
dried using the air method, the ethanolic (70%) and aqueous extracts were made, with
which the determinations of the secondary metabolites present were made using the
phytochemical screening technique. The chemical composition of the species revealed
the presence of triterpenes and steroids, saponins, phenols, tannins, quinones,
coumarins, reducing sugars, free amino acids and flavonoids, coinciding with what is
reported in the literature and being responsible for their main medicinal actions:
astringent, antimicrobial, fungicidal, hypoglycemic, healing and expectorant.
... It also inhibited hemolysis of erythrocytes induced by AAPH in a dose-dependent manner and exhibited an antioxidant power comparable to that of the butylated hydroxytoluene (reference drug). The extract also inhibited nitric oxide production and showed potent reducing power [26]. ...
Polygonaceae is one of the largest medicinal plant families, vastly distributed worldwide, containing around 1,200 species from 48 genera. Most of the species are located in the northern temperate region, while the other species are allocated from the tropics to the arctic. The prime genera in Polygonaceae are Eriogonum which includes 240 species, Rumex with 200 species, Coccoloba with 120 species, Persicaria with 100 species, and Calligonum with 80 species. Coccoloba is one of the most interesting genera of the family Polygonaceae in terms of biological activities and secondary metabolites. Plants of this genus are used worldwide in traditional folk medicine. The review is a comprehensive literature survey on different Coccoloba species regarding their biological activities and their isolated phytochemicals. Different classes of secondary metabolites were isolated from this genus including flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, triterpenes, diterpenes, anthraquinones, isochromene, and volatile oils. Crude extracts and isolated compounds of various Coccoloba species displayed diversity in biological activities. Further investigations are required to explore new bioactive compounds and their pharmacological activities.
... The qualitative analysis of the ethanol extract is showed in [3,18]. ...
The qualitative and quantitative chemical composition (total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids contents), as well as the antioxidant activity of an ethanolic extract of the leaves of Coccoloba cowellii (Polygonaceae) was determined in this study. The extract was prepared by dynamic ultrasound-assisted extraction using firstly petroleum ether:ethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and therefore ethanol:water (8:2, v/v). Quantitative chemical composition (total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids content) was determined using spectroscopic techniques, while the antioxidant activity was determined by means of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing power tests. The ethanolic extract showed significant antioxidant activity in both assays, with values of 34,01 % ± 4,03 % in the DPPH and reduced Fe 3+ ferricyanide complex to the ferrous form (Fe 2+), similar to the ascorbic acid used as standard in both assays. The antioxidant activity of the extract is consistent with the total phenolic, tannins and flavonoid contents of the extract.
... The reduction on BGL by the extracts may be due to increased insulin secretion and increased peripheral glucose utilization [33]. Digestive enzymes like α-amylases and α-glucosidases play a major role in absorption of glucose from the digestive system. ...
Objective: The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Clerodendrum serratum leaves.
... The reduction on BGL by the extracts may be due to increased insulin secretion and increased peripheral glucose utilization [33]. Digestive enzymes like α-amylases and α-glucosidases play a major role in absorption of glucose from the digestive system. ...
Objective: The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer leaves. Methods: The fresh leaves were collected from Kuruan village of Jajpur district in the state of Odisha, India and extracted successively with n-hexane, methanol and water. The effect of extracts at the dose level of 400 mg/kg body weight was studied in normal, glucose loaded and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Results: The test extracts showed significant reduction of blood glucose level in normal, glucose loaded and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methanol extract demonstrated maximum blood glucose lowering potential as compared to other extracts. Conclusion: The leaf of Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer is endowed with blood sugar lowering potential in both normal and diabetic rats. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.
The phytochemical investigation of Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia, collected in Loja-Ecuador, led to the isolation of nine known compounds identified as: lupeol acetate (1); cis-p-coumaric acid (2); lupeol (3); α-sitosterol (4) trans-p-coumaric acid (5); linoleic acid (6) (+)-catechin (7); afzelin (8) and quercitrin (9). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on analysis of NMR and MS data, as well as comparison with the literature. The hypoglycemic activity of crude extracts and isolated compounds was assessed by the ability to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The hexane extract showed weak inhibitory activity on α-amylase, with an IC50 value of 625 μg·mL⁻¹, while the other extracts and isolated compounds were inactive at the maximum dose tested. The results on α-glucosidase showed more favorable effects; the hexanic and methanolic extracts exhibited a strong inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 48.22 μg·mL⁻¹ and 19.22 μg·mL⁻¹, respectively. Four of the nine isolated compounds exhibited strong inhibitory activity with IC50 values below 8 μM, much higher than acarbose (377 uM). Linoleic acid was the most potent compound (IC50 = 0.42 μM) followed by afzelin, (+)-catechin and quercitrin.
In Togo folk medicine, water infusion of Plumeria alba (Apocynaceae) root has a reputation for the local management and treatment for type 2 diabetes. The present study was investigated to evaluate the effect of Plumeria alba hydro alcoholic extract on some markers of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes (hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance, obesity) and atherogenic index. This syndrome was induced by high fructose and fat diet in male Wistar rat. The rats received fructose and fat diet (10 mL kg-1 per day) during 35 days; at the 21st day to the 35th day, 30 min before, they received distilled water for high fructose and fat diet control group, metformin 100 mg kg-1 per day or extract 250 and 500 mg kg-1 per day for treatment group. The normal control group received only distilled water during the experiment. After 5 weeks of experiment, fasting blood glucose, body weight gain, intra abdominal grease, serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol levels and atherogenic index in treated groups were significant (p<0.01) lower than that of high-fructose diet control group. However rats in treated group were found to have a significant (p<0.01) increase of serum HDL cholesterol level. In the oral glucose tolerance test, rats in treated group had a significant (p<0.001) reduction of blood glucose level during 180 min after glucose load, indicating that Plumeria alba root improved glucose tolerance. In conclusion, our plant can prevent metabolic syndrome induced by high fructose diet and cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes. These results justify the use of Plumeria alba traditionally in the treatment of diabetes.
The antioxidant activity and contents of various polyphenol classes in the silks of fifteen maize hybrids with economic importance in Serbia were evaluated. Total polyphenols, tannins and proanthocyanidins were determined spectrophotometrically, after extraction of plant material with 70% aqueous acetone under sonication at room temperature. In addition, flavonoid content was determined. Antioxidant activity of aqueous acetone extracts was evaluated by FRAP assay. A positive linear correlation between antioxidant activity and contents of all investigated polyphenol classes was established. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the extract of NS 640 hybrid, which had high levels of all polyphenol classes examined. Results suggested strongly that polyphenol content should be considered as an important feature of the herbal drug Maydis stigma. For that reason, the biological source of this herbal drug needs to be more precisely defined, as observed activities and polyphenol contents were greatly dependent on plant material source.
Increasing evidence suggests that the postprandial state is a contributing factor to the development of atherosclerosis. In diabetes, the postprandial phase is characterized by a rapid and large increase in blood glucose levels, and the possibility that the postprandial "hyperglycemic spikes" may be relevant to the onset of cardiovascular complications has recently received much attention. Epidemiological studies and preliminary intervention studies have shown that postprandial hyperglycemia is a direct and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most of the cardiovascular risk factors are modified in the postprandial phase in diabetic subjects and directly affected by an acute increase of glycemia. The mechanisms through which acute hyperglycemia exerts its effects may be identified in the production of free radicals. This alarmingly suggestive body of evidence for a harmful effect of postprandial hyperglycemia on diabetes complications has been sufficient to influence guidelines from key professional scientific societies. Correcting the postprandial hyperglycemia may form part of the strategy for the prevention and management of CVDs in diabetes.
Objective: The objectives of this research were to study antioxidant capacity from various extracts of Brassica herbs using two methods of antioxidant testing which were DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and correlation of total flavonoid, phenolic and carotenoid content in various extracts of Brassica herbs with DPPH and FRAP antioxidant capacities. Methods: Extraction was performed by reflux using different polarity solvents. The extracts were vaporated using rotavapor. Chromatogram pattern on each extracts were observed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Then antioxidant capacities were tested using DPPH and FRAP assays. Determination of total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid content were performed by spectrophotometry UV-visible and its correlation with DPPH and FRAP antioxidant capacities were analyzed by Pearson method. Results: D2 (ethyl acetate extract of Chinese kale herbs) had the highest DPPH scavenging capacity with IC50 8.36 ppm, while A2 (ethyl acetate extract of Chinese white cabbage herbs) had the highest FRAP capacity with EC50 1126 ppm. D2 contained the highest total flavonoid (23.08 g QE/100 g), C2 (ethyl acetate extract of Chinese cabbage herbs) had the highest phenolic content (7.40 g GAE/100 g) and B1 (n-hexane extract of choy sum had the highest carotenoid 41.04 g BET/100 g. Conclusions: There were positively and high correlation between total phenolic and total flavonoid content in Chinese kale herbs extracts with their antioxidant activity using FRAP and DPPH assays. FRAP capacities in Chinese white cabbage, choy sum and Chinese kale herbs extracts had linier result with DPPH scavenging capacities.
Herbal medicine has been used for many years by different cultures around the world for the treatment of diabetes. Bridelia ferruginea is one of the traditional remedies used for diabetes in Togo. In this study, we determined phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia of hydroethanolic extract, acetonic fraction and ethyl acetate fraction. The inhibitory activity against a-amylase, a-glucosidase was carried out. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using AAPH radical scavenging assay. Ethyl acetate fraction possessing high content of phenolics and antioxidant activity showed also high activities on key enzyme (a-glucosidase IC50 = 0.19 mg Ml-1, a-amylase (ICeo = 0.24 mg mL-1) than acetonic fraction and hydroethanolic extract which have IC50>0.25 mg mL-1. These results suggest that Bridelia ferruginea has effective enzyme inhibitory activity useful for the management of postprandial hyperglycemia. Our study provided a strong rationale for further clinical studies and showed that anti-hyperglycemia compound of Bridelia ferruginea may be concentrated in the ethyl acetate fraction.
This study was undertaken to investigate the antidiabetic effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract ofPhyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn, a medicinal plant used in Togo for treating diabetes and many others diseases. Diabetes was induced in fasted rats (12 h) by a single intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg kg-1 of alloxan monohydrate. Two doses (500 and 1000 mg kg-1) of the both extracts of Phyllanthus amarus were administered orally to diabetic rats. The normal control group receives distilled water only. After 15 days treatment, body weight gain, blood glucose level, serum insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and malondialdehyde were evaluated. At the doses tested, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract of P. amarus decrease significantly blood glucose level after 15 days of administration. Aqueous extract reduce body weight gain contrary to hydroalcoholic extract. Serum insulin increases in group treated with extracts in compared to diabetic control group. The hydroalcoholic extract reduce the malondialdehyde concentration in the serum. Values of total cholesterol and triglycerides are similar in all the groups. This study demonstrated the potential antidiabetic property of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract of Phyllanyhus amarus thus justifying its traditional usage.
Les flavonodes sont des produits largement distribus dans le rgne vgtal et sont couramment consomms quotidiennement sous forme de fruits, lgumes et boissons telles que le vin et le th. Ils sont capables de moduler l’activit de certaines enzymes et de modifier le comportement de plusieurs systmes cellulaires, suggrant qu’ils pourraient exercer une multitude d’activits biologiques, notamment des proprits antioxydantes, vasculoprotectrices, antihpatotoxiques, antiallergiques, anti-inflammatoires, antiulcreuses et mme antitumorales significatives.Flavonoids are widespread in the plant kingdom and are commonly consumed in the form of fruit, vegetables and drinks such as wine and tea. Flavonoids are able to modulate the activity of some enzymes and to modify the behaviour of many cell systems suggesting that they could exert a multitude of biological activities, particularly significant antioxidant, vasculoprotector, antihepatotoxic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic and even antitumoral activities.
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Accumulating evidence has suggested that inflammation in the brain participates in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Luteolin, a polyphenolic compound found in foods of plant origin, belongs to the flavone subclass of flavonoids, and has been shown to possess antimutagenic, antitumorigenic, antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. In this study, we found that luteolin concentration-dependently attenuated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced decrease in [(3)H]dopamine uptake and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in primary mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures. Moreover, luteolin also significantly inhibited LPS-induced activation of microglia and excessive production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide and superoxide in mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures and microglia-enriched cultures. Our results demonstrate that luteolin may protect dopaminergic neurons from LPS-induced injury and its efficiency in inhibiting microglia activation may underlie the mechanism.
Because curcumin, a compound with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity, inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase in activated macrophages and has been shown to be a potent scavenger of free radicals we have investigated whether it can scavenge nitric oxide directly.
Curcumin reduced the amount of nitrite formed by the reaction between oxygen and nitric oxide generated from sodium nitroprusside. Other related compounds, e.g. demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin and diacetylcurcumin were as active as curcumin, indicating that the methoxy and the phenolic groups are not essential for the scavenging activity.
The results indicate curcumin to be a scavenger of nitric oxide. Because this compound is implicated in inflammation and cancer, the therapeutic properties of curcumin against these conditions might be at least partly explained by its free-radical scavenging properties, including those toward nitric oxide.
Oxidative stress has been repetitively shown to be a hallmark of many diseases linked with metabolic or vascular disorders. Therefore diabetes represents an ideal candidate for studying the consequences of oxidative stress and its treatment. Indeed diabetes constitutes a multiple source of free radicals, starting very early in the disease process and worsening over the course of disease. In view of the typical characteristics of diabetes, oxidative stress is expected to have a double impact, on both metabolic and vascular functions. It is therefore particularly disappointing to note the dramatic failure of clinical trials with antioxidants, although it must be pointed out that such studies have not been performed with only diabetic patients. This review describes the many different aspects of oxidative stress in diabetes and proposes possible explanations for the apparent lack of efficacy of antioxidant treatments in patients. Some verifications seem warranted before a definitive conclusion can be drawn about the validity of this therapeutic concept.
Pterospartum tridentatum is a Leguminosae that grows spontaneously in Portugal. The flowers are used in popular medicine for the treatment of throat irritation conditions and in herbal mixtures for diabetes. Diabetic vascular complications are due, among other reasons, to increased oxidative stress and for that reason antioxidants are believed to be beneficial for the diabetic patient. The flower water extract of this herbal drug showed dose-dependent protective effect of cultured human endothelial cells against oxidative injury induced by H2O2, at concentrations > or =0.3 mg/ml. This water extract, after liquid-liquid and chromatographic fractionation afforded one new isoflavone (5,5'-dihydroxy-3'-metoxi-isoflavone-7-O-beta-glucoside) and three other known isoflavones (prunetin, genistin and sissotrin). The structural characterisation of isolated compounds was achieved by UV, NMR and MS analysis. The flavonol glycoside isoquercitrin was also identified in the extract by HPLC analysis. Isoquercitrin is one of the active antioxidant principles of the extract since it showed dose-dependent protective effect against oxidative injury at concentrations > or =0.3 mM. Isoflavones were inactive at the same concentrations. The results suggest that the water extract of this herbal drug may prevent or reduce the development of diabetic vascular complications.
There is increasing evidence that oxidized low-density lipoproteins (Ox-LDL) might be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and it has been reported that polyphenols inhibit LDL peroxidation and atherosclerosis. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide isolated from endothelial cells and it induces smooth muscle cell proliferation. ET-1 secretion is increased in atheroma and induces deleterious effects such as vasospasm and atherosclerosis. The goal of this study was to test the effect of four natural phenolic compounds against copper-oxidized LDL (Cu-LDL)-induced ET-1 liberation by bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). The tested compounds were phenylpropanoid glycosides previously isolated from the aerial parts of Marrubium vulgare L. (acteoside 1, forsythoside B 2, arenarioside 3 and ballotetroside 4). ET-1 secretion increased when cells were incubated with Cu-LDL but the compounds 1-4 inhibited this increase. These results were confirmed by quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) analysis. Since ET-1 plays an important role in atherosclerosis development, our work suggests that the tested phenylpropanoids could have a beneficial effect in inhibiting atherosclerosis development.