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Standard Methods for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Forestry Sector in Indonesia (Version 1)
Abstract and Figures
This report describes in detail the standard methods developed by the Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS) to quantify net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the forestry sector in Indonesia in a transparent, accurate, complete, consistent and comparable (TACCC) manner. The standard methods were tested and refined to estimate emissions and removals from forest and peat lands in the Central Kalimantan as the REDD+ pilot province, the results of which are reported in Estimation of Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Forest and Peat Lands in Central Kalimantan (Krisnawati et al., 2015).
The standard methods describe the approach and methods used for data collation, data analysis, quality control, quality assurance, modelling and reporting. Use of the standard methods ensures consistent methods are applied for every forest land sector GHG inventory conducted, regardless of the geographic or temporal coverage. The standard methods include: Standard Method – Initial Conditions, Standard Method – Forest Growth and Turnover, Standard Method – Forest Management Events and Regimes, Standard Method – Spatial Allocation of Regimes, Standard Method – Peatland GHG Emissions and Standard Method – Modelling and Reporting.
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... For consistency of results, we chose to use the IPCC emissions factor for drained grassland areas (9.6 t C ha À1 yr À1 ) for the 'Open undeveloped' class in the primary analysis. However, in INCAS (Krisnawati et al 2015) burned open areas are considered to have noticeably lower emission factor (4.5 t C ha À1 yr À1 ) than unburned areas. Since it can be assumed that most of the open undeveloped peatland areas in the region have burned at least once, the IPCC emission value may be an overestimation. ...
... Mt C yr À1 . Similarly, if the 'Open undeveloped' class is assumed to emit somewhere between the INCAS (Krisnawati et al 2015) estimate for burned open areas (4.5 t C ha À1 yr À1 ) and the IPCC (IPCC 2014) estimate used in calculations for table 2 (9.6 t C ha À1 yr À1 ), the potential yearly emission range would be 6.4-13.6 Mt C yr À1 . ...
Tropical peatlands of the western part of insular Southeast Asia have experienced extensive land cover changes since 1990. Typically involving drainage, these land cover changes have resulted in increased peat oxidation in the upper peat profile. In this paper we provide current (2015) and cumulative carbon emissions estimates since 1990 from peat oxidation in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo, utilizing newly published peatland land cover information and the recently agreed Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) peat oxidation emission values for tropical peatland areas. Our results highlight the change of one of the Earth's most efficient long-term carbon sinks to a short-term emission source, with cumulative carbon emissions since 1990 estimated to have been in the order of 2.5 Gt C. Current (2015) levels of emissions are estimated at around 146 Mt C yr⁻¹, with a range of 132–159 Mt C yr⁻¹ depending on the selection of emissions factors for different land cover types. 44% (or 64 Mt C yr⁻¹) of the emissions come from industrial plantations (mainly oil palm and Acacia pulpwood), followed by 34% (49 Mt C yr⁻¹) of emissions from small-holder areas. Thus, altogether 78% of current peat oxidation emissions come from managed land cover types. Although based on the latest information, these estimates may still include considerable, yet currently unquantifiable, uncertainties (e.g. due to uncertainties in the extent of peatlands and drainage networks) which need to be focused on in future research. In comparison, fire induced carbon dioxide emissions over the past ten years for the entire equatorial Southeast Asia region have been estimated to average 122 Mt C yr⁻¹ (www.globalfiredata.org/_index.html). The results emphasise that whilst reducing emissions from peat fires is important, urgent efforts are also needed to mitigate the constantly high level of emissions arising from peat drainage, regardless of fire occurrence.
... Our finding, extrapolated to the entire peat dome, has significance concerning overall C emissions from peatlands. Whether our estimate of cumulative emissions from the 43,000 ha peat dome was 52 Tg (our mean estimate) or 29 Tg (at the low end of our confidence interval), this value is enormous, amounting to approximately 9-20% of Indonesia's CO 2 -eq emissions from disturbed tropical peats over 2001-2012 for all of Indonesia (Krisnawati et al., 2015). While the Rasau Jaya peatland may be one of the most severely degraded peatlands in Kalimantan, the results still suggest that C loss has been underestimated. ...
Deforested, drained, and converted tropical peat forest is common in Southeast Asia, and these areas have become a major source of carbon (C) emissions. In this study, measurements of peat properties, i.e., peat thickness, organic matter (OM), bulk density (BD), total organic C (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN), were taken four years apart (2012–2016) at 24 sites in a previously deforested and drained tropical peat in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. We calculated that the average peat subsides at a rate of 3.8 ± 1.2 cm yr⁻¹. The estimated net change in C stock ranged from −8 to −41 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with an average of −31 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. C loss varied by peat depth and land use. C loss was four times faster on shallow peat (50–100 cm) than deep (>300 cm) peat sites. Fallow sites (bush fern and secondary forest) subsided and lost C faster than oil palm plantations, likely due to land-clearing fires. Percent C and C/N ratio declined significantly in the upper 150 cm of peat, especially in the fallow sites, indicating oxidation within the peat profile. No change occurred in bulk density, showing little effect of compaction, though the density profile migrated downward with subsidence. The current peat topography, modeled from satellite LiDAR data, reflects past peat-loss patterns and confirms the coring results. C loss in this region continues at a high rate since its original deforestation in the early 1970s. This study concludes that C loss due to anthropogenic disturbances on tropical peat is larger than the 2013 Tier 1-IPCC CO2 emission factor for Acacia and oil palms on drained tropical peats, which are 20 and 11 Mg CO2-eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively.
... The large diameter of the stem causes the greater biomass and carbon stored, otherwise, the smaller the diameter, the smaller the biomass and carbon stored in it. 3 Biomass is a living organic material that is above the soil surface and below the surface of the soil. Above ground biomass includes trees and under storey, which consists of stems, branches, bark and leaves. ...
Teak Tectona grandis Linn is still used as the main product in the form of wood, while other products, especially environmental services have not received much attention. This study analyzed biomass, carbon stocks and decomposition rate of leaf litter in teak plantations in city forest of Hasanuudin University, Makassar. The individual biomass of teak plants is calculated using the allometric equation, Y=0.11x ρ x D2.62. Carbon stocks were analyzed using a formulation, C=0.47xB. The leaf litter decomposition rate is expressed as the ratio of the remaining litter dry weight, with the formulation, X= (A-B)/A. The number of teak plants in 5 sample plots were 239 trees with an average stem diameter of 20.6cm and an average height of 9.02m. Total biomass in 5 sample plots was 51,712.61g. Carbon stock in 5 sample plots was 24,304.92g. Decomposition rate average of leaf litter of 24.4g during 60 days incubation. The existence of teak plantations is able to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere by as much as 89,199.06gCO2 and resulting in a decomposition rate of teak leaf litter 0.4g per day
... For example, many researchers have estimated carbon emissions from peatland fires (e.g. Lohberger et al., 2018;Page et al., 2002) and methodological standards for this have been produced (Krisnawati, Imanuddin, Adinugroho, & Hutabarat, 2015), but no standard exists to support project proponents in estimating the carbon emission reductions that might be obtained through deploying fire-fighting teams to extinguish fires, despite the fact some of the authors of this paper have been requested to provide such information for funders. This is particularly pertinent with regards to supporting local community driven initiatives -which are likely to be led by people without formal scientific education, access to scientific journals or understanding of the English language -in demonstrating the impacts of their (fire-fighting) interventions to potential funders and other stakeholders. ...
Tropical forests and peatlands provide important ecological, climate and socio‐economic benefits from the local to the global scale. However, these ecosystems and their associated benefits are threatened by anthropogenic activities, including agricultural conversion, timber harvesting, peatland drainage and associated fire. Here, we identify key challenges, and provide potential solutions and future directions to meet forest and peatland conservation and restoration goals in Indonesia, with a particular focus on Kalimantan. Through a round‐table, dual‐language workshop discussion and literature evaluation, we recognized 59 political, economic, legal, social, logistical and research challenges, for which five key underlying factors were identified. These challenges relate to the 3Rs adopted by the Indonesian Peatland Restoration Agency (Rewetting, Revegetation and Revitalization), plus a fourth R that we suggest is essential to incorporate into (peatland) conservation planning: Reducing Fires. Our analysis suggests that (a) all challenges have potential for impact on activities under all 4Rs, and many are inter‐dependent and mutually reinforcing, implying that narrowly focused solutions are likely to carry a higher risk of failure; (b) addressing challenges relating to Rewetting and Reducing Fire is critical for achieving goals in all 4Rs, as is considering the local socio‐political situation and acquiring local government and community support; and (c) the suite of challenges faced, and thus conservation interventions required to address these, will be unique to each project, depending on its goals and prevailing local environmental, social and political conditions. With this in mind, we propose an eight‐step adaptive management framework, which could support projects in both Indonesia and other tropical areas to identify and overcome their specific conservation and restoration challenges. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. Hutan dan lahan gambut tropis memberikan manfaat ekosistem, iklim dan sosial‐ekonomi penting untuk skala lokal sampai global. Akan tetapi, ekosistem hutan dan lahan gambut beserta manfaatnya terancam oleh tindakan‐tindakan antropogenik, diantaranya konversi ke pertanian, pemanenan hutan, drainase gambut dan kebakaran. Disini, kami mengidentifikasi tantangan‐tantangan kunci, dan memberikan solusi‐solusi potensial serta arahan‐arahan di masa depan guna mencapai tujuan‐tujuan restorasi dan konservasi gambut di Indonesia dengan fokus khusus di Kalimantan. Melalui lokakarya dwi‐bahasa dan diskusi meja bundar serta evaluasi literatur, kami mengenali 59 tantangan‐tantangan politik, ekonomi, legal, sosial, logistik dan penelitian, yang mana lima faktor kunci mendasar berhasil teridentifikasi. Tantangan‐tantangan terkait dengan adopsi 3Rs oleh Badan Restorasi Gambut (Rewetting, Revegetation dan Revitalization) dan ditambah R yang ke‐empat yang kami sarankan penting untuk dimasukkan ke dalam perencanaan konservasi (gambut): pengurangan kebakaran (Reducing Fire). Analisis kami menyarankan bahwa (a) seluruh tantangan semuanya memiliki dampak potensial terhadap keseluruhan kegiatan 4Rs, dan kebanyakan saling ketergantungan dan saling memperkuat, yang secara implisit bahwa fokus solusi yang bersifat sempit akan beresiko tinggi mengalami kegagalan; (b) penanganan tantangan terkait pembasahan gambut dan pengurangan kebakaran merupakan hal pokok guna pencapaian tujuan 4Rs secara keseluruhan, dengan mempertimbangkan situasi sosial‐politik lokal dan memproleh dukungan pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat setempat; dan (c) dengan kesesuaian dari tantangan‐tantangan yang dihadapi sehingga intervensi‐intervensi konservasi diperlukan guna mengatasinya sehingga akan menjadi hal yang unik untuk setiap proyek tergantung dengan tujuan dan kondisi‐kondisi politik, sosial dan lingkungan yang berlaku. Dengan pemikiran ini, kami mengajukan suatu kerangka kerja pengelolaan ‘delapan langkah adaptif’ yang mana dapat mendukung proyek‐proyek baik di Indonesia atau wilayah‐wilayah tropis lainnya guna mengidentfikiasi dan mengatasi tantangan‐tantangan khusus restorasi dan konservasi. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
... Thus, we speculate that the presence of a large number of old deep rooting trees (e.g. tap roots of rubber trees) may induce an accumulation of root derived C also in deep soils (1 to 3 m; Angst et al., 2018), which has been scarcely addressed as a valuable C mitigation option by the Indonesian C accounting system (Krisnawati et al., 2015). ...
Although carbon (C) stored deep in soils of tree-dominated land use systems in the tropics represents a large reservoir of organic matter its vulnerability to land use change has been hardly assessed. To fill this gap, we sampled Acrisols down to 3 m under three different land use systems; namely, recent cacao agroforestry (< 2 years old; not deeper than 1 m), young and old rubber gardens (< 10 years and > 50 years), and secondary forest (> 50 years) all located in Kapuas Hulu regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. We then assessed soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks as well as C accumulated in above-and belowground biomass, litter and dead wood debris at the soil surface. The amount of C stored in soils to a depth of 1 m exceeded the amount stored in living biomass (Σ C stored in roots, understorey and overstorey) strongly in the cacao agroforestry systems (69 Mg SOC vs. 12 Mg biomass-C ha −1), slightly in young rubber gardens (85 Mg SOC vs. 69 Mg C ha −1), but not in old rubber gardens (87 Mg SOC vs. 200 Mg C ha −1) and secondary forests (65 Mg SOC vs. 138 Mg C ha −1). Additionally in the older systems, up to 140 Mg C ha −1 (old rubber gardens) and 116 Mg C ha −1 (secondary forest) were found in soils to a depth of 3 m, thus raising soil C stocks by 60 to 80% relative to C stored in upper soil (0 to 1 m). We conclude that (1) the form of land use and land use change can substantially affect C stocks in living biomass, with aboveground biomass in old rubber gardens comparable to that of secondary forests; and (2) that land use change can reduce SOC in topsoil, but that substantial C stocks found in deep (down to 3 m) subsoil remain stable.
Dokumen (Annex) ini menjelaskan secara rinci metode standar yang dikembangkan oleh Sistem Perhitungan Karbon Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System/INCAS) dalam menghitung emisi bersih gas rumah kaca (GRK) sektor kehutanan Indonesia secara transparan, akurat, lengkap, konsisten dan dapat diperbandingkan (TACCC). Versi pertama metode standar ini, dijelaskan dalam Krisnawati dkk. (2015a) pada awalnya diuji dan disempurnakan untuk menduga emisi dan serapan GRK dari hutan dan lahan gambut di provinsi percontohan REDD+ Kalimantan Tengah. Hasilnya dilaporkan dalam Pendugaan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Tahunan dari Hutan dan Lahan Gambut di Kalimantan Tengah (Krisnawati dkk., 2015b). Metode tersebut disempurnakan sejalan dengan perluasan cakupan INCAS untuk seluruh provinsi di Indonesia. Penyempurnaan dilakukan karena terdapatnya akses ke sumber data baru dan meningkatnya pengetahuan teknis.
Metode standar ini menjelaskan pendekatan dan metode yang digunakan dalam penghimpunan data, analisis data, pengendalian mutu, penjaminan mutu, pemodelan dan pelaporan emisi dan serapan GRK. Penggunaan metode standar ini menjamin konsistensi metode yang diterapkan untuk inventarisasi GRK pada seluruh sektor lahan hutan, terlepas lingkup geografis atau waktunya. Metode standar ini meliputi:
1. Metode standar – kondisi awal
2. Metode standar – pertumbuhan dan peralihan hutan
3. Metode standar – kejadian dan rejim pengelolaan hutan
4. Metode standar – perubahan tutupan hutan
5. Metode standar – alokasi spasial rejim
6. Metode standar – emisi GRK lahan gambut
7. Metode standar – integrasi data dan pelaporan
Versi kedua metode standar ini menjelaskan metode, asumsi dan input data yang digunakan untuk melakukan pendugaan emisi dan serapan GRK di seluruh provinsi di Indonesia sebagai bagian dari inventarisasi GRK nasional menggunakan INCAS pertama kalinya. Metode standar ini perlu terus diperbarui sejalan dengan perkembangan data dan teknologi baru yang tersedia, untuk menjamin penyempurnaan INCAS secara terusmenerus.
This document (Annex) describes in detail the standard methods developed by the
Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS) to quantify net greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions for forests and peatlands in Indonesia in a transparent, accurate,
complete, consistent and comparable (TACCC) manner. The first version of the standard
methods, described in Krisnawati et al. (2015a) were initially tested and refined to estimate
emissions and removals from forest and peatlands in Central Kalimantan as the REDD+
pilot province, the results of which are reported in Estimation of Annual Greenhouse Gas
Emissions from Forest and Peat Lands in Central Kalimantan (Krisnawati et al., 2015b). These
methods were improved as the coverage of INCAS was expanded to cover all provinces
in Indonesia. Improvements arose due to access to new data sources and enhanced
technical expertise.
The standard methods describe the approach and methods used for data collation, data
analysis, quality control, quality assurance, modelling and reporting of GHG emissions and
removals. Use of the standard methods ensures consistent methods are applied for every
forest land sector GHG inventory conducted, regardless of the geographic or temporal
coverage. The standard methods include:initial conditions, forest growth and turnover, forest management events and regimes, forest cover change, spatial allocation of regimes, peatland GHG emissions, data integration and reporting.
This second version of the standard methods describes the methods, assumptions and data
inputs used to estimate GHG emissions and removals for all provinces in Indonesia as
part of the inaugural national GHG inventory using the INCAS. The standard methods
should be updated as new data and technology become available, ensuring the continuous
improvement of INCAS.
Penghitungan emisi GRK dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan INCAS. Pendekatan INCAS merupakan pendekatan yang dirancang untuk menghitung emisi GRK dari sektor berbasis lahan yang konsisten secara nasional maupun subnasional. INCAS menggunakan model keseimbangan massa (mass balance) untuk melacak aliran karbon dari sumber karbon (carbon pool) satu ke sumber karbon lainnya dari hutan dan kemudian menduga GRK bersih yang teremisi ke atmosfer akibat kegiatan manusia. Emisi gambut diduga dengan menggunakan faktor emisi dari lahan gambut terdegradasi. Metodologi ini sejalan dengan panduan IPCC yang mengkombinasikan metode Tier 3 (model)/Pendekatan 2 dan metode Tier 2/Pendekatan 2 yang menggunakan data spesifik dari Indonesia dan default IPCC apabila belum tersedia. Sejalan dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar INCAS, penghitungan GRK ini hanya menggunakan data terbaik yang tersedia (data resmi pemerintah maupun data penelitian), dan menggunakan default IPCC apabila data belum tersedia.
Hasil analisis menunjukkan variasi yang signifikan dari emisi dan serapan GRK tahunan di Kalimantan Tengah, yang mencerminkan dampak pengelolaan lahan sebelumnya, praktik pengelolaan saat ini dan fluktuasi dalam kondisi cuaca, khususnya musim kemarau dengan kejadian kebakaran lebih tinggi. Emisi GRK yang disajikan dalam laporan ini mencakup semua sumber karbon (biomassa di atas permukaan tanah, biomassa di bawah permukaan tanah, serasah, kayu mati, dan tanah). Emisi dari tanah organik (lahan gambut) juga dilaporkan secara terpisah.
Emisi GRK terbesar terjadi pada tahun 2006 dengan total 195 juta t CO2-e, dan terendah pada tahun 2010 dengan total 74 juta CO2-e. Secara umum, emisi dari oksidasi biologis lahan gambut merupakan sumber emisi terbesar; meskipun demikian, peningkatan emisi dari kebakaran lahan gambut pada tahun 2006 dan 2009 sangat berkontribusi pada peningkatan emisi pada tahun-tahun tersebut. Tingginya emisi di lahan gambut ini kemungkinan karena sebagian besar lahan gambut di Kalimantan Tengah telah dibuka dan dikeringkan pada waktu sebelum periode analisis, mengakibatkan wilayah tersebut sangat rentan oksidasi dan kebakaran.
This GHG account has been generated using the Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS). The INCAS provides a nationally consistent approach to quantifying GHG emissions from the land sector that can also be used to generate GHG accounts at the subnational level as shown in this report. The INCAS uses a mass balance model to track the flow of carbon between the different carbon pools in the forest and ultimately estimates the net GHG emissions released into the atmosphere as a result of human disturbance. Peat emissions are estimated by applying emissions factors to known areas of degraded peatlands. The methodologies follow the IPCC guideline which consist of a combination of Tier 3 (model)/Approach 2 methods and Tier 2/Approach 2 methods using a mixture of Indonesia specific data and other default values. As per the INCAS design principles, this GHG account uses only best available official and research data wherever possible and where data is not available, default data has been used instead.
Results from this analysis show significant annual variations in GHG emissions and removals in Central Kalimantan, reflecting the impact of historical land management, current practices and fluctuations in weather conditions, particularly dry years with higher incidences of fire. Net GHG emissions reported include all carbon pools (aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, litter, woody debris, soil). Emissions from organic soil (peat) are also reported separately. The year with greatest GHG emissions was 2006 with a total of 195 million t CO2-e, and the lowest was in 2010 with 74 million t CO2-e. Generally emissions from the biological oxidation of peatlands were the largest single source of emissions; however, increased emissions from peat fires in 2006 and 2009 strongly contributed to the elevated emissions in those years.
The high peatland emissions result from the large areas of peatlands in Central Kalimantan that were cleared and subsequently drained in the years prior to the reporting period, hence making these areas highly susceptible to oxidation and fire.
The carbon pool was evaluated in a forest plantation in Kui Buri district, Prachuap Khiri Khan province, on peninsular Thailand. The study was conducted in native and exotic tree species plots, when the trees were aged 14-15 y. The above- and below-ground biomass of each tree species was evaluated. Plant and soil carbon concentrations and carbon pools were estimated. The total biomass of the stands aged 15 y ranged from 51.04 to 291.25 t ha -1. On average, woody tissue (stem, branches and roots) made up 95% of the stand biomass. The fast-growing species, Acacia crassicarpa and Azadirachta indica, stored more carbon in biomass (177.12 and 91.37 t ha -1). These results indicated that the efficiency of carbon storage for all stands of all tree species depended largely on the biomass. The carbon pool in the mineral soil layer (0-50 cm depth) ranged from 44.49 and 62.64 t ha -1. In addition, the carbon content in the surface soil was higher than in sub-surface levels for every treatment. The results suggested that A. crassicarpa and A. indica were the most appropriate species for rapid carbon sequestration, with native tree species, such as Tectona grandis and Xylia xylocarpa, being alternative choices.
This GHG account has been generated using the Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS). The INCAS provides a nationally consistent approach to quantifying GHG emissions from the land sector that can also be used to generate GHG accounts at the subnational level as shown in this report. The INCAS uses a mass balance model to track the flow of carbon between the different carbon pools in the forest and ultimately estimates the net GHG emissions released into the atmosphere as a result of human disturbance. Peat emissions are estimated by applying emissions factors to known areas of degraded peatlands. The methodologies follow the IPCC guideline which consist of a combination of Tier 3 (model)/Approach 2 methods and Tier 2/Approach 2 methods using a mixture of Indonesia specific data and other default values. As per the INCAS design principles, this GHG account uses only best available official and research data wherever possible and where data is not available, default data has been used instead.
Results from this analysis show significant annual variations in GHG emissions and removals in Central Kalimantan, reflecting the impact of historical land management, current practices and fluctuations in weather conditions, particularly dry years with higher incidences of fire. Net GHG emissions reported include all carbon pools (aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, litter, woody debris, soil). Emissions from organic soil (peat) are also reported separately. The year with greatest GHG emissions was 2006 with a total of 195 million t CO2-e, and the lowest was in 2010 with 74 million t CO2-e. Generally emissions from the biological oxidation of peatlands were the largest single source of emissions; however, increased emissions from peat fires in 2006 and 2009 strongly contributed to the elevated emissions in those years.
The high peatland emissions result from the large areas of peatlands in Central Kalimantan that were cleared and subsequently drained in the years prior to the reporting period, hence making these areas highly susceptible to oxidation and fire.
Saharjo BH (2011) Carbon baseline as limiting factor in managing environmental sound activities in peatland for reducing greenhouse gas emission. Biodiversitas 12: 182-186. The total carbon stock in Indonesia was estimated to be around 44.5 Gt or about 53.1% of the total carbon stock in tropical areas. Over 1990-2002, it was estimated that around 3.5 Gt of carbon was released in Sumatra and about 0.81-2.56 Gt was released in Central Kalimantan due to the 1997 fire alone. It was recognized that deforestation, high exploitation of peat and peat fire were behind the huge emissions of Greenhouse Gases in Indonesia. Results of a research conducted in Central Kalimantan peatland, showed that the total carbon stock at logged over area was estimated around 413.972 t ha -1 (0-30 cm depth of peat) and at burnt area was 411.349 t ha -1 (0-30 cm depth of peat). Meanwhile it had been well recognized that most of opened peatlands had been occupied by Acacia crassicarpa and oil palms. Research carried out in East Kalimantan showed that the carbon stock of 25 years old oil palm planted on mineral soil was about 180 t ha -1 , which is less than that of carbon stock produced by peatland clearance. This indicated that although plants occupied peatland, high Greenhouse Gas emissions were still produced, meaning that global climate change would continue and created high risk impacts.
This study provides a comprehensive assessment of forest biomass and carbon stocks for natural
forests in Central Kalimantan. Total forest biomass estimates are presented for three main natural
forest types (dryland, swamp and mangrove forests) with two different conditions (primary
and secondary forests). These values quantify initial forest biomass conditions for modeling
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals, as used in the Indonesian National Carbon
Accounting System (INCAS), or to calculate CO2 emission factors for quantifying GHG emissions
due to forest clearing or deforestation in Central Kalimantan. Several sources of forest inventory
data and information available from previous study were used in estimating forest biomass. This
result provides an improved and more comprehensive analysis of emissions factors for forests by
using Central Kalimantan-based forest inventory plots and allometric guidelines for quantifying
forest biomass and forest carbon content. In addition, it includes all components of aboveground
biomass of forest ecosystem. Further research is needed to relate forest biomass and carbon stocks
to other determining factors such as forest type, soil type and climate, as well as the proportions
of biomass immediately emitted due to forest management activities and the portion of biomass
decomposed over specified time intervals.
After the 1998 forest fire in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, biomass recovery of naturally regenerated vegetation was estimated in order to evaluate the initial secondary succession patterns of the burned land. We established research plots in naturally regenerated vegetation that included pioneer tree spe- cies, and the dominant pioneer species were Homalanthus populneus, Macaranga gigantea and M. hypoleuca, Mallotus paniculatus, Melastoma malabathricum, Piper aduncum, or Trema cannabina and T. orietalis. Annual tree censuses over 4 years (from 2000 to 2003) showed that on plots where the initially dominant tree species were M. malabathricum and T. cannabina and T. orietalis, they tended to disappear, and were replaced with M. gigantea and M. hypoleuca. In contrast, on plots where the initially dominant species were M. gigantea and M. hypoleuca, M. paniculatus, or P. aduncum, they continued to dominate 5 years after the fire. We classified tree species that were initially dominant but disappeared within 5 years after the fire as extremely short-lived tree species. The aboveground biom- ass of trees (AGB) averaged 12.3 Mg ha–1 (ranging from 9.2 to 17.0 Mg ha–1) in 2000 and 15.9 Mg ha–1 (ranging from 7.4 to 25.0 Mg ha–1) in 2003. Between 2000 and 2003, some plots exhibited an increase in AGB and some a decrease in AGB. In the plots dominated by M. gigantea and M. hypoleuca, the AGB increased to over 20 Mg ha–1, but other plots accumulated significantly less AGB in the 5 years following the fire. These results suggest that the pattern of AGB accumulation in secondary forests is strongly dependent on the dominant pioneer tree species.
