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Language and Language Skills

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Noushad Husain at Maulana Azad National Urdu University
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Language and Language Skills
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Language and Language Skills
Dr. Noushad Husain
Associate Professor in Education
Maulana Azad National Urdu Univesity
What is Language?
Language is the divine gift of god. It is language that distinguishes man from animals. Language
is man’s finest asset. Language does mean a collection of words strung together in sentences but
each word having a separate identity and meaning. In fact, the words are brought together in
special ways to give a highly systematic order from which we get a meaning. Language is not
random behaviour but is systematic where certain orderings are accepted as having prescribed
meanings. For example, “The sun is shining” is not the same as “Is the sun shining”. The
following definitions will make the meaning of language more clear-
(1) According to Block & Trager- “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by
means of which a social group operates.”
(2) According to Allen- “Language is a means of communicating thoughts.”
(3) According to O. Jesperson- “Language is a set of human habits, the purpose of which is
to give expression to thoughts and feelings.”
(4) According to Webster- “Language is a audible, articulate human speech as produced by
the action of the tongue and adjacent vocal organs.”
According to all these definitions, it becomes clear that language is used to give expression to
thoughts and feelings of a social group.
English Language
English is also a language used to give expression to thoughts and feelings of a social group. But
it is a foreign language for Indians.
Language as Skill
Language is essentially a skill. It is not a content-based subject like-Science, Social Studies,
Commerce, Mathematics, etc., which aim is to imparting information and fill the human mind
with knowledge. Since language is a skill, it naturally comes under psychomotor domain. A skill
may be called the ability to do something well. Swimming, playing, etc. are skills which people
1
perform after acquiring them. Knowing about these things is an intellectual exercise (cognition)
and using or doing them is a skill (action). Language is a complex skill involving four sub-skills,
which are as follows-
Figure-1: Types of Language Skills
Classification of Language Skills
The four and fundamental language skills, viz. LSRW (Listening, Speaking, Reading and
Writing) may be further classified into two parts-
Language Skills
Figure-2: Classification of Language Skills
Language Skills
Speaking
Reading
Writing
Listening
Productive Skills
(Active Skills)
Receptive Skills
(Passive Skills)
Speaking
Writing
Listening
Reading
2
Speaking and writing are called productive skills because while using these skills a learner/user
is not only active but also produces sounds in speaking and symbols (letters, etc.) in writing, on
the other hand, listening and reading are considered receptive skills because here a learner is
generally passive and receives information either through listening or reading. The following
table gives a better idea of these skills-
The same idea can be shown through a flow chart as given below-
We may categorize these four language skills into two other ways-
Language Skills
Language
Skills
Aural-Oral
Skills
Graphic-Motor
Skills
Listening
Speaking
Writing
Reading
Proper Skills)
Casual Skills)
Listening
Writing
Speakin
Reading
Writing
3
Forms of Language:
A language normally proceeds from the spoken language to the written language. So it has two
forms-
(a) Spoken Language
(b) Written Language
Language is a System of Systems:
A language is a system. Language is a complex whole like the human body. The system of language
functions through sounds, words and structure. These are integrated with one another and constitute the
complex whole which is language. A language is a system of phonetics, grammar and vocabulary which
themselves are systems. The systems are-
(1) Phonology
The sound system of a language is called phonology. Language has a set of sounds peculiar to it. The
sound stands for words; the words stand for object, ideas, process, etc. For example, pen, advice, relative,
selling and singing etc. Each word has a meaning.
(2) Morphology
Words what they are, their formation and their various changes in their form, is called
morphology.
(3) Semantics
Words’ formation, giving the meaning in a systematic way is called semantics.
(4) Syntax
Constructions and arrangements of words into definite meaning i.e. phrases, formulae and sentences are
called syntax.
The Organs of Speech
Language is primarily speech. We produce sounds with the help of various organs in the mouth
which are generally called the organs of speech. The organs of speech can be divided into three
groups-
4
The Organs of Speech
1-nasal cavity
2
-lips
3
-teeth
4
-aveolar ridge
5
-hard palate
6
-velum (soft palate)
7
-uvula
8
-apex (tip) of tongue
9
-blade (front) of tongue
10
-
dorsum (back) of tongue
11
-oral cavity
12
-pharynx
13
-epiglottis
14
-larynx
15
-vocal cords
16
-trachea
17
-esophagus
Groups of Organs of Speech
Respiratory
System
Articulatory
System
Phonatory
System
5
Organs of Speech
Source: http://myhome.hanafos.com/~philoint
LL
Lips
TT
Teeth
TR
Alveolar ridge, convex part of the mouth,
immediately behind the teeth
H
Hard palate, concave part of the roof of the mouth
S
Soft palate in lowered position
U
Uvula, the loose hanging end of the soft palate
P
Pharynx
BL
Blade of the tongue, including the tip, the part
opposite the teeth ridge
F
Front of the tongue, the part opposite the hard palate
B
Back of the tongue, the part opposite the soft palate
E
Epiglottis; this is drawn over the windpipe when
swallowing
W
Windpipe
FP
Food passage
V
Vocal cords or vocal lips
Larynx
The upper extremity of the windpipe (Adam’s
apple) which contains and protects the vocal cords
• The place of obstruction of air at some
points in the vocal cords.
• Used to classify consonants
• Each place of articulation has an
adjective applied to a consonant
Nouns
Adjectives
Lips
Labial/ Bilabial
Teeth
Dental
Alveolar ridge
Alveolar
Hard palate
Palatal
Soft palate
Velar
Uvula
Uvular
Pharynx
Pharyngeal
Tip
Apical
6
Blade
Laminal
Front
Dorsal
Back
Dorsal
Consonants
Place
/p/
Bilabial
/b/
Bilabial
/t/
Tip-alveolar
/d/
Tip-alveolar
/k/
Back-velar
/g/
Back-velar
/ /
Blade/front –palato-alveolar
/ /
Blade/front –palato-alveolar
/m/
Bilabial
/n/
Tip-alveolar
7
/ /
Back-velar
/f/
Labio-dental
/v/
Labio-dental
/ /
Tip-dental
/ /
Tip-dental
/s/
Blade-alveolar
/z/
Blade-alveolar
/ /
Blade/front –palato-alveolar
/ /
Blade/front –palato-alveolar
/h/
Glottal
/l/
Tip-alveolar
/r/
Blade-postalveolar
/w/
Bilabial back-velar
/j/
Front-palatal
8
Phonetics & Phonology it's important to know the Vocal Organs places; to be able to pronounce
correctly...
The Vocal organs of speech are:
• Upper Lip
• Teeth
• Alveolar Ridge
• Hard Palate
• Soft Palate
• Uvula
• Pharynx
• Lower Lip
• Tip
• Blade
• Front
• Center
• Back
• Root
(1) The Respiratory System
The respiratory system consists of the following organs-
• Lungs
• Muscles of chest
• Wind pipe (trachea)
(2) The Phonatory System
This system is formed by the larynx. It is generally called ‘voice-box’. It is a box like space at
the top of the wind-pipe, containing the vocal cords which produce the voice.
(3) The Articulatory System
It consists of the following organs-
• Nose
9
• Mouth: The mouth includes the following organs-
(I) Tongue
(II) Teeth
(III) Roof of the mouth
(IV) Lips
10
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