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Dublin, the Deposed Capital (1860-1914)
... The harbour docks on the north wall saw the introduction of new trade; the southern riverfront had industries such as salt works, boat building, foundries and glass works using imported coal. According to Daly (1984) the food industry was not prominent in Dublin, but several breweries and bakeries such as Guinness and Jacob's were largely successful. Textile was also produced in Dublin, but it reached the market later than Belfast as it was specialised in silk and cotton. ...
The contribution highlights the reasons that, from the Middle Ages and increasingly with the early modern period, have made Milan an extremely important inland gateway with very specific features. In the first part, the long-term reasons which led Milan to establish its role as an inland gateway will be discussed pointing out the presence of favourable environmental conditions, of a well-structured urban network exploiting a dense communication network, of a region which was economically diversified and vital. In the second part, the focus will be on the period between the mid-eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries, a period of very important changes which consolidated Milan’s role, i.e. the political reunification of the Lombard region after over three centuries of division and the advent of the railway.
... 11 Though the main emphasis remained more on re-examining the grand narrative through concentration on local variations and aberrations than on analysing the local community per se, these three influences accelerated the growth-rate of locally based studies on issues including urban growth, popular politicisation and regional agrarian change, using the regional experience to cast new light on broader historical developments in the island as a whole. 12 In the 1980s the approach to local historical research was further sharpened and refined by the increasing prominence of historical geographers in the area, a development prompting among historians a more open attitude to the interdisciplinary nature of local history and a greater awareness of the importance of examing the locale in its own right. This was reflected in Geography Publications' launching of the ground-breaking History and Society series, interdisciplinary studies which sought to 'explore at county level the dynamics of economic, cultural and social change.' 13 The emerging preeminence of the 'new' local history was also made manifest in the establishment in the 1990s of local history degree and certificate courses at the National University of Ireland Maynooth, the University of Limerick, and University College Cork. ...
Local history is the history of place, but, though place is central to its meaning, it is much more than this. Local historical research, in the first place, teases out the interplay of landscape, economy, culture and population to explain the shaping of the local community over time. Secondly, by asking ‘big questions about small places’, it prompts the reassessment of assumptions about developments over a wider spatial canvas.1 Thus, local history is about both people and place, and it provides a lens through which one can view the evolution of both the micro world of the locality and the wider world composed of many such localities. Modern Irish local history has been in the making since the mid-eighteenth century, the first significant landmark in its development being the work of the Physico-Historical Society. Established to investigate the roots of contemporary economic development and to combat Ireland’s image as a barbaric country, this society initiated a series of county studies, only four of which were published.2 Though primarily economic in focus, these surveys into ‘the ancient and present state’ of the counties in question effectively linked past with present, and prefigured the interdisciplinary approach of two centuries later by combining elements of geographical, economic, historical and political enquiry.3
... Camblin's (1951) book The town in Ulster, showing large-scale Ordnance Survey maps and plantation maps of towns in Northern Ireland, was a treasure in its time, because it was the only one of its kind. The otherwise useful book on the town in Ireland, edited by the historians Harkness and O'Dowd (1981), did not contain a single map: nor did Daly's (1985) book on Dublin: the deposed capital. In this respect the volume edited by the geographer Butlin (1977) on The development of the Irish town had been more successful, containing a number of town plans. ...
Urban form is studied in a variety of disciplines in Ireland, but it has not, until recently, been central to urban studies. Histories of individual towns have usually been preoccupied with political, socio-economic and cultural issues. Archaeological excavations have made an important contribution to the reconstruction of Viking and Anglo-Norman towns. Map evidence is good for early-modern plantation towns. The Irish historic towns atlas provides detailed cartographic and topographical information for a growing number of towns within a chronological and thematic framework. Urban form is often considered as a container for socio-economic processes or as a marker in the search for cultural identity. Architectural studies have focused by and large on buildings of importance. While no Irish scholar has in a strict sense adopted Conzen's method of town-plan analysis, there is evidence for the emergence of a new focus on the fabric of the urban area rather than on the special event represented by the particular building. The 'cultural turn' in the social sciences has favoured discussions on town plans as ideological constructs and on the importance of urban space for civic society. There appears to be an increasingly strong morphological perspective in urban studies which is likely to be a reaction to the loss of historical fabric in the context of large-scale urban renewal schemes.
... 17. Daly (1985) provides a comprehensive account of Dublin's social and economic development in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 18. ...
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1985. Bibliography: p. 278-288. Photocopy.
The significance of the Second World War in Europe as an impactful historical event in Beckett’s life cannot be overstated, but it must also be borne in mind that the whole of his life to that point was experienced in the shadow of an equally strong environment of political, military and social upheaval in his native country. Born in Ireland in 1906, he witnessed the unsuccessful military rebellion of 1916, the prolonged guerrilla war of Independence of 1919–1921, and the short but savage Civil War of 1922–1923. While certainly unequal in scale, the uncertainty and violence Beckett experienced in France from 1939 to 1945 should be read as a continuum which began for him with the mayhem that ultimately led to the creation of the Irish Free State. With this in mind, this chapter argues that the political concerns of early twentieth-century Irish life, which are inescapable given their ubiquity in the national discourse, informed much of Beckett’s thinking when he came to compose the novel Watt.
This article traces the significance of offices which preceded that of President of Ireland (the lord lieutenancy and the governor-generalship) and of models on which the President of Ireland was based, notably the British monarchy, for the post-1937 presidency. It argues that the relatively powerless role of the Irish President – a political anomaly, as the office holder is directly elected – is attributable to an important historical legacy. A key component in this is the set of attitudes towards Great Britain and its monarch that has formed a central part of Irish nationalist ideology, and that has sought to marginalise or eliminate the British presence in Ireland, as symbolised by the monarch and his or her representative in Dublin. This created a distribution of power that was strongly tilted in the direction first of the President of the Executive Council (1922–1937) and then of the Taoiseach. Reversing this political cultural bias has presented a major challenge for Irish presidents.
Purpose
– The aim of this paper is to explore the marketing strategies and tools used by W&R Jacob & Co. in the first four decades of the twentieth century.
Design/methodology/approach
– This paper is based on close analysis of W&R Jacob & Co. labels and other primary material supported by secondary sources.
Findings
– The paper explores the company's initial focus on the development of an export market and their competition with similar firms in England for that business. It reveals the ways in which the firm contributed to the development of product naming and labelling conventions within the biscuit industry in this period. Labelling and product presentation strategies are examined to show methods of origination that coped with a prolific rate of introduction of new lines. Political change in Ireland in the 1920s and 1930s imposed limits on Jacob's markets and precipitated a reorientation of labelling strategies.
Originality/value
– The paper is based on extensive original research and makes a solid contribution to the understanding of new product development and marketing strategies within the biscuit industry in the first four decades of the twentieth century. It also furthers understanding of the effects of Irish Free State policies on export industry.
The world of the mews, former stable lanes, is a unique environment hidden behind the bustling thoroughfares of the city. In looking at the evolution of mews over the past centuries, it is possible to identify elements of continuity and change in the urban landscape and its social structure. This paper explores the nature and origin of mews, their physical and social characteristics and evolution over time, as well as the unique planning issues which they face. Mixed land use and varied architectural styles give rise to a wealth of interesting juxtapositions within mews, but current planning guidelines are likely to have a major impact in homogenising their character and function. While the focus is on Dublin, comparisons are made with London's mews. These hidden back streets have always been ambiguous spaces which have taken on renewed importance in the context of urban densification strategies.
Recent scholarship reveals that women's employment patterns in the nineteenth century were more complex than the prevailing family wage ideology might suggest. This was especially true for those women living in female-headed households. Although female-headed households represented a sizeable minority of the working class, there has been little systematic analysis of them in Ireland. This article addresses this gap and contributes to a more differentiated perspective by examining several survival strategies utilized by female-headed households to ensure independence in the Ulster parish of Tullylish, in 1900, including employment patterns, household formation, marriage patterns, literacy, and schooling.
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