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An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal
... Perhaps due to human activity, there is no forest in the valley; in the surrounding area in general, the forest, dominated by Abies spectabilis, Betula utilis and Rhododendron campanulatum, does not reach 3,600 m. Compared to the altitudinal range of alpine areas in Nepal in general (Hara et al. 1978;Polunin and Stainton 1984), the alpine vegetation in the valley is found at a comparatively low altitude. Ohba (1988) notes that it is difficult to delimit the alpine zone by altitude since alpine flora variations also depend on local environments. ...
... Due to an indigenous system of management of MAP resources practiced in the studied valley and surrounding areas, it was possible to time the fieldwork to undertake it just before the villagers commenced collection. Voucher specimens were collected of all species; identification was done using appropriate floras (Hara et al. 1978(Hara et al. , 1982Hara and Williams 1979;HMG 1976;Polunin and Stainton 1984;Stainton 1988) and by reference to the herbarium collections at Godavari (KATH) in Nepal and the British Museum, Natural History (BM) in London. Collected voucher specimens are lodged in the Kathmandu National Herbarium (KATH) in Godavari, Nepal. ...
... The nomenclature follows POWO (2019). However, in the case of sedges (Kobresia spp.), traditional nomenclature was followed (Hara et al. 1978). ...
There is a lack of historical data on the composition of alpine plant communities in the Himalayas. Such baseline data is essential to understand community dynamics and changes over time. Here, for the first time, we present data and findings on the composition of economically important alpine communities in central Nepal using data from 1994. Lower alpine vegetation on the southeastern side of Himal Chuli in Gorkha District in central Nepal was phytosociologically examined with particular reference to the occurrence of commercial medicinal and aromatic plants. Eight new plant communities were recognized, comprising five meadow communities and three shrub communities. They were classified into two new groups (higher-ranked syntaxa): lower alpine Rhododendron anthopogon-Bergenia purpurascens shrub found on north-facing slopes and lower alpine Cremanthodium meadows on south-facing slopes. Twelve commercial medicinal and aromatic plant species were found; of main economic importance were Nardostachys jatamansi, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Aconitum orochryseum, Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora, and Rheum australe. Both north and south-facing communities were important with regard to the collection of plants and income for the local farmers. Harvester risks, e.g. arising from price fluctuations, were reduced with access to many plant communities. Of particular economic importance were the vegetation types Kobresia meadows for the harvest of Nardostachys jatamansi and Cyananthus meadows for the harvest of Dactylorhiza hatagirea.
... Broadly, Nepal lies at the junction of two major phytogeographical divisions of the world, the Holarctic Kingdom in the north and the Paleotropical Kingdom in the south (Takhtajan 1988). On general grounds longitude 83 o E is taken as the boundary between the Western Himalaya and the Eastern Himalaya botanical provinces (Hara et al. 1978), most of Nepal comes within the latter. The high species diversity in the Himalayas is due to species turnover associated with elevational variation in habitat, as well as variation in species composition along the range (Martens andEck 1995, Price et al. 2003). ...
... Regarding the flowering plants, based on various publications related to Flora of Nepal, about 5160 species of higher plants have been recorded by Hara et al. (1978Hara et al. ( , 1979Hara et al. ( , 1982, 5833 plant species by Koba et al. (1994), 5345 plant species by Press et al. (2000), Bista et al. (2001), Shrestha and Press (2005) (www.efloras.org), 6,973 species by (Groombridge andJenkins 2000, MFSC 2014), 6,653 species of flowering plants by Kunwar et al. (2010), and recently reported 5,309 species under 1,515 genera and 193 families. ...
... Some information and lists on Nepalese endemic flowering plants have been reported by several researchers, but the first information on the endemic flowering plants of Nepal was provided by Hara and Williams (1979) and Hara et al. (1978Hara et al. ( , 1982 in their books 'An enumeration of the flowering plants of . This book became the source for preparing the list of the endemic flowering plants of Nepal. ...
... ex Watt, Oryza officinalis Wall. ex Watt and Oryza minuta J.Presl (Hara et al 1978, Koba et al 1994, Lu 1998, Shrestha and Vaughan 1989, Shrestha and Upadhyay 1999, Joshi 2005 and two wild relatives Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Wight & Arn. and Leersia hexandra Sw. and several weedy rice Oryza sativa f. spontanea Roshev. ...
... Upadhaya and Joshi (2003) reported 33 wild species of 5 cereal crops, 40 wild species of 14 grain legume crops, 56 species of 17 vegetable crops and 28 species of fruits. At least five wild species of rice has been reported to be found in the country (Hara et al 1978, Koba et al 1994, Lu 1998, Shrestha and Vaughan 1989, Shrestha and Upadhaya 1999, Joshi 2016. For wheat, Nepal being the proximal secondary origin, wild relative of wheat has been reported to be found in Northwestern districts of Jumla and Humla (Mudwari 1999, Joshi et al 2006 and five species of Aegiolops has been reported (Koba et al 1994, Joshi 2016. ...
Nepal being the hotspot of biodiversity, over 500 wild relatives of cultivated agricultural crop except maize and potato exists in the country. This study is primarily based on the desk review in combination with qualitative survey such as key informant survey, individual interviews conducted during field collections. Nepal being primary and secondary sources of origin of different cultivated plants, thus has harbored numerous crops wild relatives (CWR) like rice, wheat, barley, buckwheat, citrus and other fruits and vegetables. Based on Vavilov's center of origin, Nepal is the primary center of origin of 29 species of 11 genera under agronomical crops and 12 species of 6 genera under horticultural crops. Based on the classification of gene pool concept, 13 species of 10 genera of different wild related crops categorized under primary gene pool, are reported to be present in the country. About 40 species of 8 cereals, 55 species of 24 legumes, 73 species of 48 fruits, 68 species of 18 vegetables and 73 species of 24 aromatic/ spices have been reported to exist in Nepal. A significant portion of crop wild relatives has been lost since four decades. The CWR availability is in decreasing trend and 20-50% has been lost since a decade due to pressure of population growth, habit modification, urbanization, agriculture commercialization and climate change. However, the major two reasons for decreasing trend mentioned by the local people are due to lack of proper knowledge of its use value and lack of strong policy for conservation. Some of the wild genotypes have been identified and domesticated for economic value based on indigenous knowledge. Few wild fruits like Malus, Pyrus are used as rootstocks and few grain legumes; Avena, Lathyrus as fodder and feeds for livestock. The second Global Plan of Action (GPA) emphasizes the in-situ and ex-situ conservation of CWR for combating the extreme conditions of climate change. There are many wild relatives of cultivated food plants distributed all over the country but very scanty numbers of species are conserved in National Genebank. However, extensive collection and conservation work has been initiated in past two years along with the use of GIS tools for identification of analogue sites of different species. Ex-situ conservation in seed bank and field genebank has been the priority work for CWR in Genebank.
... Topole są roślinami dwupiennymi, tylko rzadko jednopiennymi (Haines, 1906;Hara, 1982;Eckenwalder, 1996a), o wiatropylnych kwiatach zebranych w kotkowate, zwisające kwiatostany o różnej długości, które pojawiają się przed lub równocześnie z liśćmi (ryc. 3). ...
... Wielu autorów, pomimo podobieństwa P. glauca do P. wilsonii, przedstawia cechy, które mogą świadczyć o odrębności gatunkowej pierwszego z nich; niekiedy opisują ją także jako P. jacquemontiana Dode lub P. jacquemontiana var. glauca (Haines) Kimura (Haines, 1906;Schneider, 1917;Hara, 1982;Fang et al., 1999;Schilling, 1999; "Trees and Shrubs Online"). Cechy różniące te dwa taksony stwierdziłem również na podstawie własnych obserwacji, są to m.in. ...
Populus is a genus that contains numerous taxa that are often difficult to identify. They are grouped into six sections which are mainly based on the differences in the structure of flowers and leaves. Nevertheless, other features are also of great importance in identifying individual sections. In this paper, individual sections are characterized. Two subsections within the Populus section (syn. Leuce Duby) are distinguished, due to the clear differences between white poplars and aspens. The sections are as follows: sect. 1. Abaso Eckenw. (mexican poplar), sect. 2. Turanga Bunge (arid and tropical poplars), sect. 3. Leucoides Spach (bigleaf poplars), sect. 4. Aigeiros Duby (cottonwoods and black poplar), sect. 5. Tacamahaca Spach (balsam poplars), sect. 6. Populus, with two subsections: 6a. Populus (white poplars) and 6b. Trepidae (Dode) Tamm (aspens).
... Nepal is rich in its culture and natural resources. There are numerous wild flowering plants in natural habitat, the attractive flowers, fruits, foliage which can be specially used as ornamental plants for the purpose of beauty and pleasant aroma (Joshi 2011).The Himalayan country Nepal is considered as rich in biodiversity due to its own unique climate and varied vegetation from tropical region to temperate and alpine region (NBS 2002).In the past, Hara et al. (1978Hara et al. ( , 1982, Hara and Williams (1979) enumerated 5067 species of flowering plants of Nepal. Well over 6000 species of flowering plants has so far been recorded from Nepal ( Press et al. 2002).The floral diversity of Nepal includes 6973 species of Angiosperms (UNEP-WCMC 2004). ...
... The collected specimens were identified in the field with local people's information and by consulting relevant references (Hara & Williams, 1979;Hara et al. 1978;1982;Shrestha et al. 2018;Stainton & Polunin 1984;Stainton 1988;Watson et al. 2011). Pearce & Cribb (2002), Rajbhandari & Bhattarai (2001) and Raskoti (2009) were used as references for the identification of Orchids. ...
... Fertile plant twigs from all tree species were collected randomly from different habitats of GNP during the visit, and voucher specimens were processed through conventional herbarium techniques (Jain and Rao, 1977;Paul et al., 2020). The specimens were identified by consulting various literatures (Hooker, 1872(Hooker, -1897Prain, 1903;Hara, 1966;Ohashi, 1975;Hara et al., 1978Hara et al., , 1979Hara et al., , 1982Grierson and Long, 1983, 1984, 1991, 1999Noltie, 1994Noltie, , 2000 and matching with previously collected specimens in NBU and CAL herbaria. POWO (www.powo.org) ...
Exploration of the diverse tree species in moist deciduous forests is the urgent need to conserve and restore the degraded forest ecosystem in this sub-Himalayan Terai-Duars part of Eastern India. From Red Data Book and IUCN Red List their threatened status and diversity in the unique ecosystem of Gorumara National Park (GNP), India, were assessed carefully to develop baseline data for natural resource study that will help to prepare a master plan for proper conservation of the sustainable ecosystem of the national park. The study used random sampling in different seasons in various micro-habitats within the National Park. The diversity of trees was observed, with 315 taxa representing 198 genera belonging to 61 families. Phytosociology and diversity of the tree layer was also analysed through quadrate sampling. The study reflects very rich tree diversity in the area, with 211 species of wild medicinal plants and NTFP species frequently used in indigenous medicine systems and other uses by locals. The study also reveals that the forest provides a unique environment for wildlife by maintaining an ideal ecosystem and acting as a wildlife corridor by connecting several nearby forest landscapes.
... Photographs of the plants in their vegetative and reproductive conditions were taken. The specimens were identified with the help of various literatures (Hooker 1872(Hooker -1897Prain, 1903;Hara, 1966;Ohashi, 1975;Hara et al., 1978Hara et al., , 1979Hara et al., , 1982Grierson & Long, 1983, 1984, 1991, 1999, 2001Noltie, 1994Noltie, , 2000. For correct nomenclature and family delimitation reliable websites (www.theplantlist.org and www.ipni.org) ...
Weeds are the plants with generally undesirable properties. They spread rapidly and competitively. When it grows in garden it reduces air flow in garden, keeping plants wetter and more prone to pathogens. They are unattractive and can cause health problems such as Hay fever, skin rashes, etc. It also affects quality of product and income of grower. Traditionally, weed control in India has been largely dependent on manual weeding. Understand weed ecology, biology and using information technology should be part of developing and disseminating effective, economical and ecologically advantageous in India. Some weeds release nitrogen from root nodules into soil which automatically add fertilizer into the soil. A survey was conducted in NBU Garden of Medicinal Plants in West Bengal to identify most common and prevalent weeds associated with medicinal plants. A total of 86 different weed species belong to 25 families were identified of which 53 annual and 32 perennial. Among the most abundant weed species are Axonopus compressus, Eleusine indica, Cyperus rotandus, Cyperus haspan, Kylinga brevifolia, Melastoma malabathricum, Osbeckia nepalensis, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, Persicaria orientalis.
... The collected plant specimens were brought to the laboratory and processed for herbarium specimen preparation (Rao and Sharma, 1990;and Woodland, 1997) and identified with the help of available floras and other potential literatures (Hara et al., 1978;Hara and Williams, 1979;Hara et al., 1982;Polunin and Stainton, 1984;Stainton, 1988;Noltie, 1994;Rajbhandari, 2001;and Manandhar, 2002) The collected specimens were arranged alphabetically with their scientific and local names, families, plant parts used and the ailments treated are summarized in Table 1. The details of the ailments cured the methods of preparation and treatment is further described. ...
Medicinal plants used for the cure of various diseases since time immemorial. The majority of population of developing countries also used traditional medicine because of poverty and no side effect. Ethnobotany survey was undertaken to collect information from traditional healers on the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders such as indigestion, lack of hunger, stomach pain, dysentery, diarrhea, constipation, and piles in western Nepal during different season of March 2020 to November 2020. The indigenous knowledge of local traditional healers having practical knowledge of plants in medicine was interviewed in 10 villages of Rupandehi district of western Nepal and native plants used for medicinal purposes were collected through questionnaire and personal interviews during fieldtrips. A total of 34 plant species belonging to 33 genera, and 27 families are documented in this study. The medicinal plants used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders by people are listed with botanical name (in binomial form), family, local names, habits, and parts used. This study showed that many people in the studied areas of Rupandehi district still continue to depend on the medicinal plants at least for the treatment of primary healthcare.
... The flowers on the upper portion of the tree form the appearance of a flame from a distance (Kirtikar and Basu 1935;Hara et al., 1987). The fruit of the palas is a flat legume, pods stalked 12.5−20 by 2.5−5 cm, thickened at the sutures. ...
... So far 28 species of gymnosperms, including 20 indigenous species, have been reported from Nepal (Bista, 2006). Based on various publications related to Flora of Nepal, 6653 species of flowering plants have been reported so far (Hara et al., 1978(Hara et al., , 1982Hara and Williams, 1979;Press et al., 2000;Bista et al. 2001;Kunwar et al., 2010), and may go up to 7,000 species in future (Table 13.2). The top 10 largest families of flowering plants in Nepal are: Orchidaceae (452 species; Rajbhandari, 2015), Asteraceae or Compositae (395 species), Poaceae or Gramineae (366 species), Fabaceae or Leguminosae (304 species), Rosaceae (192 species), Cyperaceae (191 species), Scrophulariaceae sensu lato (167 species), Lamiaceae or Labiatae (150 species), Ranunculaceae (143 species) and Apiaceae or Umbelliferae with 123 species (Press et al., 2000;Rajbhandari, 2016). ...
This is the first volume in the new multi-volume set, Global Biodiversity. Each volume in this series aims to provide insightful information on the biodiversity of selected nations in particular regions. The volumes summarize the available data on both wild and cultivated plants, wild and domesticated animals, and microbes of the different nations.
The first chapter in the volume provides an informative overview of what is biodiversity along with biogeographic classifications. It provides explanations of biodiversity patterns and species number; biodiversity conservation, protection, and international commitments and cooperation; biodiversity threats and drivers of change (such as human population growth, climate change, land use change); and the economics of biodiversity as well.
Volume 1: Selected Countries in Asia provides an abundance of
biodiversity information on Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia,
Iran, Iraq, Japan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia (page 351-394), Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam. (119 color and 2 b/w illustrations. 548 pages with index.)
... Voucher specimens were collected and processed into mounted herbarium sheets following standard herbarium techniques (Jain & Rao 1977;Das 2018) and were identified using available literature (Prain 1903;Hara 1966Hara , 1971Hooker 1872Hooker -1897Ohashi 1975;Hara et al., 1978Hara et al., , 1982Hara & Williams 1979;Grierson & Long 1983, 1987, 1991, 1999Noltie 1994Noltie , 2000Pearce & Cribb 2002). Identified specimens were finally matched at CAL for confirmation. ...
Terai-Duars belt is covered by the IUCN recognised Himalaya Hotspot for biodiversity conservation and is rich in medicinally important herbs, shrubs and trees. The area is home to numerous rare and threatened species also. The present investigation recorded occurrence of 397 species of medicinally important plants belonging to 283 genera and 96 families, including 9 spp. of pteridophytes. Most of the recorded plants were herbs and found to be used medicinally and few for their aromatic property. Of these, 38 species were recognized as threatened ones. Comparison with previous report nicely showed fruitfulness of establishing the MPCAs to conserve threatened medicinal and accompanying non-medicinal plants those required conservational attention. It also suggests proper conservation strategies to protect this important green wealth of the country.
... The voucher specimens were processed through entire conventional herbarium techniques (Jain and Rao, 1977;Paul et al., 2020) and then deposited in the NBU herbarium [NBU]. The specimens were identified with the help of various literatures (Hooker, 1872(Hooker, -1897Prain, 1903;Hara, 1966, 1971, Ohashi, 1975Hara et al., 1978Hara et al., , 1979Hara et al., , 1982Grierson and Long, 1983, 1984, 1991, 1999Noltie, 1994Noltie, , 2000. For correct nomenclature and family delimitation www.theplantlist.org and www.ipni.org ...
Medicinal Plant Conservation Areas (MPCAs) are the patches in protected forests with rich indigenous medicinal plant species. Arboreal spermatophyte heterogeneity and floristic arrangement of three Medicinal Plant Conservation Area (MPCAs) of West Bengal were assessed with an aim to acquire a baseline data assumption for medicinally important trees and their proper in situ conservation strategies for the floristically affluent ecosystem. The study was made during the period of 2014-2020 by following standard sampling method and by random quadrates. It was observed that study areas are quite enriched with about 164 trees species representing 52 families and maximum species are found to be used to treat various ailments in Indian system of medicines. Various diversity indices were calculated to understand the community structure for the tree layer and it was found quite significant. These quantitative measures pointed the diversity of the arboreal spermatophytes of the study area in its structure, composition, function and vegetation dynamics. The present study also highlights various types of anthropogenic intervention, including NTFPs (Non Timber Forest Products) collection and artificial forest-fire causing dangerous threats for the maintenance of its original vegetation and survival of numerous threatened and endangered species in all the strata of the vegetation.
... Identification and growth form categories were determined by standard literature (Hooker, 1872(Hooker, -1897Cook, 1996). The nomenclature of the plants was based on Hara et al. 1978Hara et al. -1982. Availability of the plants were noticed as abundant (++++), frequent (+++), occasional (++) and scarce (+) by visual observation. ...
Growth forms, availability and uses of macrophytes found in Rajarani Dhimal Pokhari wetland, Churia hills, eastern Nepal was carried out in 2016. Altogether, 75 species belonging to 64 genera, 30 families, and 7 growth forms were recorded. Growth form classes were: helophytes and hyperhydates (34.7%)> tenagophytes (16%)> pleustophytes (8%) rosulates, epihydates (2.6%)> vittates (1.4%). Nymphea nauchelii, Rorrippa indica; and Cephalanths tetrandra were new aquatic macrophytes to eastern Terai and Nepal, respectively. Aquatic macrophytes useful to local socioeconomy were: feed for livestock (17 sp), edible as pot herbs and wild fruits (5 sp), medicinal (19 sp), green manure/compost (7 sp), fish poison (2 sp), handicrafts as mats/brooms/basketry (8 sp), breeding genetic stock (2 sp) and religious (3 sp). The key species of the wetland Cephalanhus tetrandra is under threat. of Mikania micrantha-an invasive alien species (IAS).
... The nomenclature of plants is based on Hara et al. (1978Hara et al. ( -1982 and Press et al. (2000). Growth form categories of the plants were determined as per Cook (1996). ...
In total, 128 species of aquatic macrophytes (angiosperms 120, pteridophytes 6, bryophyte 1 and alga 1) were recorded among which 37 species were helophytes, 35 tenagophytes, 37 hyperhydates, 6 epihydates, 5 vittates, 1 rosulate and 5 pleustophytes on the basis of growth form. Based on the frequency of occurrence 2% were abundant, 12% frequent, 76% occasional and 10% scarce. Seven macrophyte communities were recorded on the basis of habitat. These were: 1. deep water submerged associes; 2. shallow water submerged associes; 3. Floating- leaf form associes; 4. free floating-leaf form associes; 5. Amphibious-marsh associes; 6. moist meadow associes; and 7. dry mud associes.
... The plant species referred to be useful by respondents were collected, pressed, dried, mounted and preserved based on standard methods as given by (Forman & Bridson 1989). Before preservation all the collected vouchers were examined and identified with the help literature (Hooker 1872;Hara et al. 1978Hara et al. , 1982Hara & Williams 1979;Grierson & Long 1983;Press et al. 2000). Furthermore, the species were confirmed by comparing with herbarium specimens deposited at KATH (National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Godawari, Lalitpur, Nepal) ...
... The plant grows on grassy areas on rocky hillsides on the edge of mixed woodlands, between 2740 -3050 m. Although McCosh's collection from Junbesi in May 1964 at 3050 m was formerly treated as R. tumjensis (Hara et al. 1978;Cowley 1982), later it was confirmed that the species occurring at Junbesi is actually R. auriculata (Cowley & Wilford 1998). Thus, till date, R. tumjensis has not been recorded beyond its type locality. ...
... Rauvolfia from east to west at an altitude of 100-900 m(Hara and Williams 1979;GoN 2007;Kunwar 2019). Rauvolfia serpentina has so far been reported from 17 districts of Nepal (Banke, Bardia, Chitwan, Dhading, Gorkha, Ilam, Jajarkot, Kavre, Makwanpur, Morang, Myagdi, Nawalparasi, Pyuthan, Sindhuli, Sunsari, Tanahun, Taplejung)(ESON 2009;Bhattarai 2013). ...
Rauvolfia serpentina(L.) Benth. ex Kurz:Ophioxylon album Gaertn.; Ophioxylon obversum Miq.; Ophioxylon salutiferum Salisb.; Ophioxylon serpentinum L.; Ophioxylon trifoliatum Gaertn.; Rauvolfia obversa (Miq.) Baill.; Rauvolfia trifoliata (Gaertn.) Baill. Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill
... The vernacular names were collected with the help of local people. The specimens were identified with the help of standard literature (Hara et al. 1978(Hara et al. , 1982Hara and Williams 1979;Polunin and Stainton 1984;Stainton 1988;Grierson andLong 1983-2000;Press et al. 2000;Rajbhandari and Rai 2017;Shrestha et al. 2018). The specimens are deposited at Tribhuvan University Central Herbarium (TUCH), Central Department of Botany, Tribhuwan University. ...
The present study had been conducted in Swathi village of Nawalparasi district, which is rich in traditional knowledge. The primary aim of the study was to document medicinal plants used to cure various ailments in Tharu community in Swathi village. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, household survey, and focus group discussion. Altogether 105 plant species of medicinal values were recorded belonging to 94 genera and 50 families, among which Fabaceae accounts as the most dominant species, i.e., 12 species. Most of the species found in the study area found in wild of which herbs account as the most used lifeform. Leaves were the widely used plant part practiced to treat human ailments. These plant species were evaluated in terms of parts use category, habit category, mode of use category, disease use category, medicinal use pattern and multiple uses, number of use reports, and number of taxa uses to treat different ailments. These medicinal plants were documented with their scientific name, local name, family, and lifeform of plants. Especially local faith healers, Guruwas, and elderly people had rich knowledge about the traditional use of medicinal plants. Women of the study area had rich knowledge on the use of plants for different purposes. Respiratory diseases and fever ailments have the highest ICF (0.80), whereas ureno-genital disorders have the lowest (0.25) ICF. Euphorbia royleana, Cuscuta reflexa, Bryophyllum pinnatum, and Artemisia indica have the highest FL (100% each) being used for respiratory disease and fever, others (jaundice), and gastrointestinal disorders, respectively. Further biological studies should also be conducted on the reported medicinal plant species of the study area to utilize them in drug development. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacies and possible side effects of the traditional medicinal plants before they are recommended for their wider use in both the study area and elsewhere in the country.
... The plant species referred to be useful by respondents were collected, pressed, dried, mounted and preserved based on standard methods as given by (Forman & Bridson 1989). Before preservation all the collected vouchers were examined and identified with the help of literature (Hooker 1872, Hara et al. 1978, 1982, Hara & Williams 1979, Grierson & Long 1983, Press et al.2000. Furthermore, the species were confirmed by comparing with herbarium specimens deposited at KATH (National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Godawari, Lalitpur, Nepal) Information about vernacular name of the weed and parts used to treat the specific disease were collected through questionnaires and interviews . ...
Background: Far-Western Terai Region of Nepal is a large source of floral diversity. Most of the plants are medicinal and available as wild or weeds. Weeds are unwanted plants and competing with crop plants for common resources (water, mineral nutrients, space, and light) and reduce the yield of wanted plants. However, the weeds and their medicinal properties were scarcely documented. The aim of the present study was to explore the diversity of commonly used weeds of Kanchanpur district, to be precise on cataloguing the indigenous knowledge how local weeds are managed and utilized by local people.
... There are four different types of omega-3 fatty acids found in Purslane, with α-linolenic acid, an 18carbon essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid being the highest in amount (46%), followed by Lenolice (ω-6) C18:2(12%), Palmitic C16:0 (9%) and Oleic C18:1 (5%) fatty acids (Table 2). Alpha-linolenic acid is required for normal health, growth, inhibition of various cardiovascular (Prabhakar et al. 1990; Khullar and Dutta 1973;Shukla 1971;Bhandari 1978) Indonesia Java, Kalimanthu (Holm et al. 1991) Iran (Holm et al. 1991) Iraq (Holm et al. 1991) Israel (Novoplansky 1991) Japan Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku (Ohwi 1965) Jordan (Holm et al. 1991) Republic of Korea (Kim 1993) Lebanon (Post 1932) Malaysia (Waterhouse 1993) Myanmar (Waterhouse 1993) Nepal (Hara et al. 1978) Pakistan (Stewart 1972) Philippines (Merrill 1912) Saudi Arabia (Chaudhary et al. 1981) Singapore (Waterhouse 1993) Sri Lanka, Syria (Gunawardena 1968;Post 1932) Taiwan, Thailand (Li 1975;Geesink 1975) Turkey (Walters 1964) Vietnam (Jeanplong 1973) Environmental Management sicknesses, and support of a sound immune framework (Gill and Valivety 1997). Omega-3 fatty acids may also increase compliance of arteries, affects metabolism, thereby reducing atherosclerosis, and reduce inflammatory markers in the body (Lim and Quah 2007). ...
Sustainable food production through integrating knowledge of indigenous and local communities has significance for meeting the UN-SDGs (sustainable development goals). The majority of the food supply comes from cereal crops, which are exceptionally delicate to changing weather and climate conditions. Therefore, climate-resilient underutilized local crops may be a good option to be considered as potential crops for dietary diversification. The present review on Portulaca oleracea L. commonly called Purslane, having remarkable nutritional, medicinal, and pharmacological, and phytoremediation properties show significance. It is highly nutritious and has all essential minerals, vitamins, and proteins. About 93% of water, 3% of carbohydrates, and 2% of protein are present in raw Purslane. It contains dietary minerals like potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, etc. Potassium is the most abundant electrolyte present in Purslane. It contains the highest content of vitamin among green leafy vegetables. There are four different types of omega-3 fatty acids found in Purslane. This is required for typical wellbeing, improvement and anticipation of various cardiovascular illnesses, and upkeep of a sound resistant framework. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) species is highly nutritious and can be easily grown with high production efficiency in tropical, subtropical, and underdeveloped districts of the world. The species can be easily cultivated and act as an ideal substitute for resource-poor farmers in the developing region. Considering immense nourishing benefits, this species has great potential for its utilization in the future under changing climate. Further, the species has a huge scope that can be advantageous for accomplishing the food and health benefits at the local and regional levels and may preserve agro-biodiversity for sustainable development.
... One of the principal charms of Nepal is a great variety of climate and vegetation within a comparatively small country (Stainton 1972, Miehe et al. 2015. Due to its significant variations in altitude, topography and climate, Nepal has an important floral biodiversity comprising nearly 6500 species of flowering plants (Hara et al. 1978, Hara & Williams 1979, Hara et al. 1982, WCMC 1992, Press et al. 2000, Frodin 2001, Groombridge & Jenkins 2002, MoFSC 2014, Shrestha et al. 2018) of which about 2000 species are commonly used in traditional healing practices (Gaire & Subedi 2011). So, Nepal is a land of topographic contrast, floristic diversity, and ethnic variation. ...
Background: This study was aimed to document the important medicinal plants and their herbal preparation method. The investigation and documentation of medicinal plants and their associated indigenous knowledge are crucial to raise the socio-economic status of the indigenous Magar ethnic community, and for the conservation of biological resources. Methods: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) that involved direct interaction with local people and observations was used to collect data. Informant Consensus Factor (Fic) and Relative Frequency Citation (RFCs) were applied to explore the cultural importance of ethnomedicinal plants. Results: Forty medicinal plants, out of 58 ethnobotanically useful plant species were reported. Fic value was found to be high (1) for treatment of maternal ailment, followed by eye irritation (0.95), rheumatism and urinary ailments (0.92). Similarly, cancer (0.90), skin diseases (0.87), asthma (0.83), nervous system disorders (0.73), fever (0.67), gastrointestinal (0.53), and least value was recorded for respiratory problems (0.48). Based on the RFCs values, the most important ethnomedicinal species were Cissampelos pariera (0.86), Centella asiatica (0.78), Bergenia ciliata (0.54), Delphinium vestitum (0.48), Clematis buchananiana (0.44), Oxalis corniculata (0.42), Cassia fistula (0.32), Cuscuta reflexa and Asparagus racemosus (0.26), Corchorus aestuans (0.24), and Nicotiana tabacum (0.22). Conclusions: Further research on high valued plants for investigation of particular chemical components and their commercialization into national level is recommended. Results on such aspects would help local communities to conserve and disseminate their ethnomedicinal knowledge, and also to transfer their unique healthcare practices to young generations. Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, Magar ethnic community, Medicinal practices, Palpa District
... All plants below the monodominant canopy cover of Quercus semecarpifolia are part of the understorey, which includes sub-canopy trees, shrubs, and herbaceous herbs and grasses. The nomenclature in both studies is based on Press et al. (2000), which is an elaboration of Hara et al. (1978); Hara & Williams, (1979), and Hara Chater & Williams, (1982). ...
What will happen to species diversity in a forest when exploitation of the canopy foliage terminates? The foliage of the main canopy tree of a mountain evergreen oak forest was harvested at different intensities prior to a forest survey in 1993 and resampled in 2013 after the harvest of canopy foliage ceased (1995). We predict a decrease in herbaceous species richness with increasing canopy cover, and an opposite trend for vines and woody species. We hypothesise that plant species alpha and beta diversity will change most in the plots where foliage was most intensively harvested while showing less change in the plots that underwent almost no harvesting. Temperate evergreen laurel‐oak forest in the Himalaya, Nepal. We resampled all non‐epiphytic vascular plants in 64 plots of 10 m x 10 m in 2013, following the same protocol used in 1993. Plant species were categorised into three life‐forms; woody (except woody vines), herbaceous, and vines. Uni‐ and multivariate numerical methods were used to assess the significance of the changes in species diversity for different life‐forms. Vines and woody species increased, whereas herbaceous species decreased, but overall gamma diversity remained unchanged. The overall alpha richness for herbaceous species decreased, while the opposite is true for woody and vine richness. Herbaceous richness decreased and woody richness increased in the areas with low and intermediate disturbance (in 1993), whereas vines remained unchanged. Only vine richness increased in the area that was very disturbed in 1993. Total species richness as well as herbaceous and vine richness decreased with increasing tree canopy cover. Plots that were intensively harvested in 1993 did not recover their richness because vines dominated the forest floor. Management should prevent overexploitation, and only allow low intensity canopy disturbance, which may facilitate habitat diversity and thereby enhances species richness.
... The collected plant specimens [34] were identi ed using standard oras and taxonomic literature [35][36][37][38][39][40][41] and by consulting digital databases of the National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories (KATH) and Herbarium of the University of Tokyo (TI). The collected specimens were deposited in the Tribhuvan University Central Herbarium (TUCH). ...
Background: Chyangthapu-Phalaicha located in the northeastern Panchthar District, is a biodiversity hotspot in the Eastern Himalaya. The area is dominated by the Kirat indigenous community. The present study was conducted to document the knowledge of the ethnomedicinal uses and practices that exist in the area before the associated socio-cultural knowledge on biological diversity is lost.
Methods: Ethnomedicinal data were collected through three focus group discussions and 47 key informant interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. The importance of medicinal plant species was assessed using quantitative indices such as informant consensus factor, relative frequency of citation, relative importance, fidelity level and Rahman’s similarity index.
Results: Altogether, 140 medicinal plant species from 68 families and 127 genera were reported, which were used to treat 12 diseases categories. The dominant families were Asteraceae and Fabaceae which contributed eight species each. Fifty-five percent of the total medicinal plant species comprised of herbs. The most frequently used plant parts were underground parts (33%) and leaf (15%). The most common remedies preparation method was extract. Oral administration was the most common therapeutic mode (60%). Maximum informant consensus factor (0.96) was calculated for gastrointestinal diseases. The highest relative frequency of citation and fidelity level was observed for Swertia chirayita (0.83 and 100% respectively). Artemisia dubia depicted the highest relative importance (91.67). A thorough review of previous literature and analysis of field data revealed 90 new therapeutic use reports for 42 ailments belonging to 64 plant species.
Conclusions: The ethnomedicinal study of the Chyangthapu-Phalaicha biological sub-corridor in the Kangchenjunga Landscape indicates that the area supports significant medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge. The varied use of reported medicinal plants in the area indicates the need for their cultivation, processing and phytochemical investigation, especially for those with high ethnobotanical indices.
... The genus Begonia L. (Begoniaceae) is the sixth largest genus of flowering plants (Frodin, 2004). The genus was previously represented by 18 species in Nepal (Hara et al., 1978;Doorenbos et al., 1998;Press et al., 2000), one new record (Rajbhandary and Shrestha, 2009) and three new species (Rajbhandary et al., 2010) (Smith et. al., 1986;Doorenbos et al., 1998). ...
... Habitat & Ecology -Growing in rock crevices along stream sides in dry evergreen forest at an elevation of c. 400 m a.s.l., and the associated plants are Note -Peliosanthes macrophylla has been reported from Assam, NE India (Hara et al. 1978, Roy et al. 2017). Since var. ...
Peliosanthes macrophylla var. assamensis, a new variety from Behali Reserve Forest in Assam, Northeast India, is described with accompanying photos and relevant taxonomic data. It differs from var. macrophylla from Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, Northeast India, mainly by the staminal corona internally protruding near the middle (vs internally upright corona without a particular inward protrusion), shorter anthers somewhat divergent distally (vs nearly upright anthers), and longer, papillulate pistils exceeding the anthers (vs glabrous pistils not exceeding the anthers).
... This herb usually prefers shady areas of temperate regions. In temperate Asia, the plant is distributed in China, Tibet, Western Asia and Afghanistan while in Tropical Asia the plant is distributed in the Indian Subcontinent, East Himalaya, Nepal, Pakistan and West Himalaya (Karthikeyan et al., 1989;Hara et al., 1978;Rechinger et al., 1990;Zhengyi and Raven, 2000). A survey conducted by Dad (2016) in high altitude grassland at Bandipora, Kashmir reported T. govanianum existence, with dense and large patches of Juniperus walichiana. ...
Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don (Family Trilliaceae) is a threatened medicinal plant of the Himalayan region that has much therapeutic value. It is also known as Himalayan trillium or Nagchhatri with important phytoconstituents named as steroid saponins which are extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry. The root extract of plants has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antifungal and wound healing properties. Acknowledging the significance of this plant, this review aims to explore the historical background, morphology, distribution, chemical properties and pharmacological activities together with the chemical constituents of it. Efforts should be made to protect it in its natural habitat. The present review also deals with agro-techniques and conservational aspects of the plant.
... For thenationally protected and CITES-listed plants, only two specimens were collected, one each for KATH and TUCH. Following the fieldwork, specimens were identified through diverse means: expert opinion, use of standard literature (Hara et al., 1978;Polunin & Stainton, 1981;Stainton, 1984;Press et al., 2000;Wu & Raven, 2001) and herbarium consultation (KATH & PE). ...
As part of Flora of Pan-Himalaya project, the first-ever Sino-Nepal Joint Botanical Expedition was carried out in Bajhang district of West Nepal. Here we summarize the objectives and achievements of this collaborative venture. This joint work included field visit in West Nepal supplemented by herbarium consultation in Nepal and China. During the fieldwork, herbarium specimens of 625 species were collected.The specimens are preserved at National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories (KATH) and Chinese National Herbarium (PE). Of the total collection, a list of 503 species is presented here.Itea nutans Royle (Iteaceae), collected during the expedition, is reported as a new generic and family record for the flora of Nepal. The description, distribution notes and collection details of the newly reported taxon are provided.
... However, some workers have found it difficult to separate A. densa from A. spectabilis (Ohsawa et al. 1986). Here, we have considered two separate species, following Hara et al. (1978), who have recorded several morphological differences between these two firs. Our survey studies of Sikkim showed that A. densa forms much sparser canopy with different branch and leaf characters than A. spectabilis. ...
Increase in endemism with elevation is a common feature in Himalayas because of increased isolation of higher areas like treelines. To protect species of treeline, we at least need to record their numbers and distribution. We estimated that the total number of tree species in Himalayan treeline is 58, and they belong to 14 genera and 8 families. It is impressive, given that globally alpine treeline species richness is unlikely to be considerably higher than 100. While estimating the species number, we confronted uncertainties in some cases concerning synonyms of species, weak demarcation between species and incorrect identification. Because of a high species differentiation in the Hengduan Mountains and Western Sichuan Province in Tibet, the eastern part of the Himalayan arc (88°E and more) has much higher species richness than the western part (less than 88°E), despite similar number of genera. These areas of high species differentiation accounted for nearly half of the total species. The dominant genera in terms of geographical distribution are Juniperus, Abies, Rhododendron, and Betula. Among the families, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Ericaceae, Betulaceae, and Rosaceae were prominent. Because of global climatic change, species shifts are predicted to occur along an altitudinal gradient (representing temperature gradient) as well as along the 31º longitudinal range, representing a moisture gradient. The Himalayan treelines are relatively species-rich, largely because of variations in precipitation, topography, continentality, and cultural factors, among others along the east-to-west arc. There is a need to undertake additional taxonomic studies, using tools such as molecular techniques to provide solution to confusion relating to incorrect identification of some species.
... All the voucher specimens were processed into mounted herbarium-sheets following Jain & Rao (1977). The plants were basically identified in the laboratory using different available floras (Grierson & Long 1983, 1987, 1991, 1994, 2001Noltie 1994Noltie , 2000Hara 1966Hara , 1971Hara et al 1978Hara et al , 1979Hara et al , 1982Anonymous 1997Anonymous , 2015Anonymous , 2016 and were deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Tea Science, University of North Bengal. For updated nomenclature and family delimitation www.plantsoftheworldonline.org and www.theplantlist.org were largely consulted. ...
A survey among the tea garden workers in Darjeeling Terai and Darjeeling Hills was conducted. Workers are mostly Santhals and Oraons (in Terai) and Nepalese (in Hills). The survey recorded 150 species of edible plants representing 63 families. This includes 18 species of monocots (covering 11 families) and 128 species of dicotyledons (covering 48 families) and 04 species of Pteridophytes from 04 families. Out of the recorded plants, 71 species are from Terai, 47 species from Hills and 32 species are common for Tea gardens of both the regions. Their traditional knowledge can be used for future food security of human races. At the same time proper awareness need to be generated among them as these plants might be contaminated with different types of chemicals used in such plantations. Scientific name, local name, habit, edible part and mode of use etc. of these plants have been presented and discussed.
... The collected specimens were pressed, dried, mounted and preserved based on standard methods as given by (Forman & Bridson 1989). The specimens were identified with the help of standard literatures (Hooker 1872, Hara et al. 1978, 1982, Hara & Williams 1979, Grierson & Long 1983Press et al. 2000, Pearce & Cribb 2002, Polunin & Stainton 1984, Polunin et al. 1987, Stainton 1988, Obha et al. 2008, Rajbhandari & Rai 2017. Furthermore, the species were confirmed by comparing with herbarium specimens deposited at KATH (National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Godawori, Lalitpur, Nepal), TUCH (Tribhuvan University Herbarium, Department of Botany, Kirtipur, Kathmandu) and digital specimens deposited at TI (Herbarium of the University of Tokyo, Japan), K (Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, UK) and E (Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, UK). ...
Background: Medicinal plants (MP) are the primary source of health care in developing countries like Nepal. Specially, indigenous people depend on MP species for their basic livelihood. In this study, we aimed to document MP species and assess their indigenous use among Magar (Kham) community in Western Nepal.
... The paper is based on the species collected during September 2010 and May 2011. Information was collected by making regular field visits and species were identified by using available literature (Watson et al. 2011, Press et al. 2000, Hara et al. 1978, 1982, Polunin & Stainton 2003, Stainton 2003, Hara & Williams 1979, The Plant List 2010, version 1 ). Plant collection route was Basantapur (2250m), Tute Deurali (2475m), Ghurbise (2660m), Pancha Pokhari (2850m), Tinjure (2900m), Phedi (267m), Chouki (2690m), Mangalabare (2635m), Shreemane, Bhalukhop, Lampokhari (2800m), Gupha (2890m), Jorpokhari (2905m), Milke (3016m), Lampokhari (Thadelung) (2880m), Khoping (3000m), Harkate (3200m), Dobate (3450m), Gorujure (3600m), Hile, Gidde, Manebhanjyang (3400m), Khambole (3500m), Gurgutte (Tree line 3850m asl), Thumki (3950m), Bhakari Chhiruwa (4000m) and Jaljale Pokhari (4100m asl). ...
The soil microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon ratio is a useful measure to monitor soil organic matter and serves as a sensitive index than soil organic carbon alone. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify and quantify the present status of ratio of soil microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon in Himalayan rangeland and to make recommendations for enhancing balance between microbial carbon and organic carbon of the soil. To meet the aforementioned objective, a field study was conducted from 2011 to 2013 following the Walkley-Black, Chromic acid wet oxidation method, and chloroform fumigation method for analysis of microbial carbon and organic carbon respectively. The study showed that the heavily grazed plot had significantly less value of ratio than occasionally grazed and ungrazed plots. The ratio was significantly high on legume seeding plot compared to nonlegume plot, but the ratio was independent of soil depth. Soil microbial biomass appeared to be more responsive than soil organic matter.
... Proper written consent, PIC was also taken from the local councils of the village where the data was collected after explaining the purpose of the work. The recorded specimens were processed into mounted herbarium sheets following Jain & Rao (1977) and were identified using various literatures which includes Kanjilal et al. (1934Kanjilal et al. ( -1940, Prain (1903), Hooker (1872 -1897) Hara & Williams (1979), Hara et al. (1978Hara et al. ( , 1982, Grierson & Long (1983,1987 and Noltie (1994Noltie ( , 2000. The specimens collected were submitted to Nagaland university herbarium for future studies. ...
This paper reports an Ethnobotanical study that focused on the traditional medicinal plants used by the Khiamniungan tribe living in the Tuensang district of Nagaland. The study was conducted during the period 2017 – 2018 and is reported for the first time. The study design include oral interview, group discussions with village elders, medicine practitioners and personal observation of plants in use. A total of 76 species belonging to 48 families and 68 genera were recorded which were used as medicinal plants by the Khiamniungan tribe of Nagaland. According to the study, leaves, barks, seeds, flowers, shoots are some of the important plant parts which were dominantly used as medicine for various sickness and ailments. A brief account of the genera, local name, parts used and mode of uses are presented in this paper in the form of table.
... We obtained species lists and elevation ranges of angiosperms in Nepal from the Enumeration of flowering plants in Nepal (Hara, Stearn & Williams, 1978;Hara & Williams, 1979;Hara, Chater & Williams, 1982) and the Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (Press, Shrestha & Sutton, 2000; available at http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=110). ...
Ecologists have embraced phylogenetic measures of assemblage structure, in large part for the promise of better mechanistic inferences. However, phylogenetic structure is driven by a wide array of factors from local biotic interactions to biogeographical history, complicating the mechanistic interpretation of a pattern. This may be particularly problematic along elevational gradients, where rapidly changing physical and biological conditions overlap with geological and biogeographical history, potentially producing complex patterns of phylogenetic dispersion (relatedness). We focus on the longest elevational gradient of vegetation in the world (i.e. c. 6000 m in Nepal) to explore patterns of phylogenetic dispersion for angiosperms (flowering plants) along this elevational gradient. We used the net relatedness index to quantify phylogenetic dispersion for each elevational band of 100 m. We found a zigzag pattern of phylogenetic dispersion along this elevational gradient. With increasing elevation, the phylogenetic relatedness of species decreased for the elevational segment between 0 and c. 2100 m, increased for the elevational segment between 2100 and c. 4200 m, and decreased for the elevational segment above c. 4200 m. We consider this pattern to be a result of the interaction of geophysical (e.g. plate tectonics) and eco-evolutionary processes (e.g. niche conservatism and trait convergence). We speculate on the mechanisms that might have generated this zigzag pattern of phylogenetic dispersion.
Orchids are the most largest and diverse groups among angiosperms. Orchids are known to produce one of the most varied, fascinating, colorful and attractive flowers in the whole plant kingdom. Orchids are perennial or rarely annual, epiphytic, terrestrial or lithophytic herbs with root which have multi-layered spongy tissue. They are capable of absorbing and storing considerable quantity of moisture. Due to their beautiful flowers, long blooming period, orchids have become great favorites in the horticultural trade and for internal decoration. We discuss about the orchids distribution in Nepal and their importance in this paper.
Tofieldia coccinea Richardson is described as a new distributional record for India, and the genus is recorded first time with two species for Flora of Arunachal Pradesh.
Background:
Chyangthapu-Phalaicha located in the northeastern Panchthar District, is a biodiversity hotspot in the Eastern Himalaya. The present study was conducted to document the knowledge of the ethnomedicinal uses and practices that exist in the area before the associated socio-cultural knowledge on biological diversity is lost.
Methods:
Ethnomedicinal data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires. The importance of medicinal plant species was assessed using quantitative indices such as informant consensus factor, relative frequency of citation, relative importance, fidelity level and Rahman’s similarity index.
Results:
Altogether, 140 medicinal plant species from 68 families and 127 genera were reported, which were used to treat 12 health disorder categories. The dominant families were Asteraceae and Fabaceae which contributed eight species each. Maximum informant consensus factor (0.96) was calculated for gastrointestinal disorders. The
highest relative frequency of citation and fidelity level was observed for Swertia chirayita (0.83 and 100%
respectively). Artemisia dubia depicted the highest relative importance (91.67). A thorough review of previous literature and analysis of field data revealed new therapeutic use reports for 41 ailments associated with 52 plantspecies. The Rahman’s similarity index showed a high use similarity with the studies in neighbouring areas and a low similarity with the geographically distant studies.
Conclusions:
These findings show that the area supports significant medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge. The varied use of reported medicinal plants in the area indicates the need for phytochemical investigation, especially for those with high ethnobotanical indices.
The Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL) is a transboundary landscape, which spreads across an area of over 31,000 km2 and includes southwestern part of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) of China, northwestern part of Nepal, and northeastern part of Uttarakhand State in India. The Nepalese part of the KSL (known as KSL Nepal) includes three districts (Baitadi, Bajhang and Darchula) of Sudurpashchim Province and Humla District of Karnali Province. The landscape comprises rich natural resources, and cultural heritage including ethnic diversity. The diverse habitat types in the landscape extending from tropical forests to alpine pastures in the monsoon-dominated slopes and dry alpine meadows and scrubs in the trans-Himalayan valleys support high plant diversity.
The present work is an attempt to document all the known gymnosperm and angiosperm flora of KSL Nepal in the form of a comprehensive checklist. The entire checklist will form three volumes, of which the present book represents the first. It is primarly based on the study of herbarium specimens, investigation of the relevant floristic literature, online catalogue and databases, and direct field surveys.
The first part of this volume introduces KSL Nepal, its biodiversity and vegetation pattern, trade and conservation status of plant biodiversity, and provides a brief account of the botanical explorations carried out in the landscape. The second part provides a comprehensive checklist featuring 661 accepted taxa, belonging to 231 genera in 42 families, each with information about nomenclature, vernacular name(s), growth characteristics, habitat, distribution, ethnobotanical uses and threat status. All gymnosperms recorded from KSL Nepal are included, comprising 15 species belonging to 9 genera in 4 families. Angiosperms covered in this volume represent 627 species, 8 subspecies and 11 varieties belonging to 222 genera in 38 families (Schisandraceae – Buxaceae). The checklist further features 1515 botanical synonyms of the taxa covered in this volume, and lists about 935 vernacular plant names with more than 300 names from the KSL region. It also documents ethnobotanical uses of 133 taxa.
There are 61 endemic flowering plant species in the Karnali Province, Nepal.
The morphological diversity within Dendrobium Sw., comprising 29 species of Nepal Himalaya, is presented. The paper provides detailed information about the range of diversity in vegetative and reproductive characteristics. An artificial key to the species is provided for their identification. According to the updated classification of Orchidaceae, genera like Epigeneium and Flickingeria of subtribe Dendrobiinae are merged into genus Dendrobium sensu lato. In the present investigation, the morphological diversity within 29 species of Dendrobium viz. D.
The morphological diversity within Dendrobium Sw. comprising 29 species of Nepal Himalaya is presented. The paper provides the detailed information about the range of diversity in vegetative and reproductive characteristics. An artificial key to the species is provided for their identification. Genera like Epigeneium and Flickingeria of subtribe Dendrobiinae are merged into genus Dendrobium sensu lato according to update classification of Orchidaceae.
Keywords: Dendrobium, Orchidaceae, Morphological diversity.
The morphological diversity within Dendrobium Sw., comprising 29 species of Nepal Himalaya, is presented. The paper provides detailed information about the range of diversity in vegetative and reproductive characteristics. An artificial key to the species is provided for their identification. According to the updated classification of Orchidaceae, genera like Epigeneium and Flickingeria of subtribe Dendrobiinae are merged into genus Dendrobium sensu lato. In the present investigation, the morphological diversity within 29 species of Dendrobium viz. D.
Chromosome number, morphology, and behavior in the mitotic cycle were examined for 334 individuals from 34 local populations of Chamaelirium japonicum, including two infraspecific taxa so far chromosomally uninvestigated, and for 20 individuals from three populations of C. koidzumianum, including one variety cytologically unexplored to date. All of the individuals proved to have holocentric chromosomes, and 351 out of the 354 individuals exhibited 2n=24=4L+20S (where L and S denote ‘long’ and ‘short,’ respectively) and were regarded as diploids (2x). Of the other three individuals of C. japonicum ssp. japonicum, two were triploids (3x) with 2n=36=6L+30S, and one was a hyperploid (2x+1) with 2n=25=4L+19S+2f, of which the two small chromosomes (f) presumably arose by fission in one short chromosome. The triploid and the hyperploid showed lower pollen stainability (16.3 and 71.7%, respectively) with cotton blue than normal diploids (98.0–99.5%). Factors leading to the high stability of chromosomal traits in the two species are suggested.
In this study, We have tried to find out simple chemical reactions between wood powders of some important timbers and chemical reagents to identify which are often brought to the National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories of the Department of Plant Resources (DPR), Nepal for their identification. Eight timber tress were chosen for this study. detail of instant reaction and result after 24 hours was observed and explained.
Nepal’s rich biodiversity has tremendous potential for economic development of the country. To materialize
the national policy of development through the optimum and sustainable utilization of natural resources,
the Government of Nepal has prioritized 33 plant species for further research and agro-technology
development. Being one of the species included in the list and having high medicinal value in traditional as
well as modern health care systems, Yew (Taxus), that has extensive distribution in Nepal offers unlimited
prospects of economic development and social prosperity. This plant is globally renowned natural source
of Taxol. Taxol is a chemotherapy drug to treat cancer having generic name as Paclitaxel, which is extracted
mainly from the leaves of the yew trees. Taxol is widely used in the treatment of breast, ovarian, lung,
bladder, prostate, melanoma, esophageal as well as other types of solid tumor cancers.
Yews are slow growing evergreen dioecious trees, with trunk sizes reaching more than 5m and a height of
up to 30m in Nepal. Traditionally yew is highly valued to make household tools, religious artifacts and
construction of suspension bridge and buildings. In the last two decades, the pressure on the natural
population of Yew along the Himalaya has increased severely due to commercial exploitation. This plant is
not only in the pressure of indiscriminate felling for taxol production but is also suffering from intensified
human activities like habitat destruction and global climate change impacts. Although Forest Act of Nepal
has recognized this species as a threatened plant and is giving highest priority for its protection, few gaps
about number of species in Nepal, their distribution range and nomenclature have been identified which
has caused discrepancies in the existing conservation efforts and its trade.
Based on extensive field visits and review of literature and herbarium records, an actual distribution range
of Taxus species in Nepal has been thoroughly assessed. Morphologically, ecologically and genetically
distinct three species were found distributed into three different eco-climatic zones of Nepal. Taxus contorta,
a west Himalayan temperate species is spreading from Darchula District of West Nepal to the northern belt
of Gorkha District in Central Nepal. Taxus mairei is found scattered in relatively low lying areas of
Kavrepalanchok, Makwanpur and Sindhuli Districts of Central Nepal, while Taxus wallichiana, being an
east Himalayan species covers the temperate regions of east to central Nepal extending from Taplejung to
the south east part of Baglung District to the west. Improved management practices needed to restore
natural population and appropriate cultivation techniques necessary for extensive farming of all three species
in the respective geographic and eco-climatic zones of Nepal are discussed. Recommendations are provided
to revise existing policies and carry out interdisciplinary research on natural population restoration, farming
and commercialization for economic prosperity.
Pictorial Book on Orchids of Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.