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Differentiation of stand individuals impacts allometry and biomass allocation of Larix gmelinii trees

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Differentiation of stand individuals results from the competition of limited resources and thus affects allometry and allocation of tree biomass, but the extent to its impact has rarely been quantified. In this study, 38 Larix gmelinii trees, including 15 dominant, 16 intermediate, and 7 suppressed trees that were classified using a relative diameter method, were harvested for quantifying the effect of tree differentiation in the stand on the allometry and allocation of biomass. The results showed that the diameter at crown base was the most reliable predictor for branch and foliage biomass, whereas the diameter at breast height (DBH) was the best predictor for the other biomass components. For a specific value within a certain range of the DBH, the allometric models for belowground biomass components did not differ significantly among the tree differentiation classes (P > 0.05). However, the dominant trees allocated more biomass to branch and foliage components, whereas the intermediate trees allocated more biomass to stem component than the dominant, and more biomass to aboveground component than the suppressed. The tree height of the suppressed and intermediate trees was significantly greater than the dominant for a given DBH. The proportions of all the components except for stump to the total biomass did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among the tree differentiation classes. The root shoot ratio was relatively constant for all the tree-differentiation classes. These results suggest that the differentiation of stand individuals in the larch trees mainly caused by resource competition diverts the allometry and allocation of the aboveground biomass components, but the relative allocation pattern is conservative.
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35 卷第 6
2015 3生态学
ACTA ECOLOGICA SINICA
Vol. 35No. 6
Mar.
2015
http/ /www. ecologica. cn
基金项林业公益性业专201104009-05十二五
科技支撑项目2011BAD37B01教育部长江学者和创新团队发展计划
IRT1054
收稿日2013-03-17网络出版日期2014-07-18
*通讯作者 Corresponding author. E-mailwangck-cf@ nefu. edu. cn
DOI10. 5846 / stxb201403170466
李巍王传宽张全智林木分化对兴安落叶松异速生长方程和生物量分配的影响生态学报20153561679-
1687.
Li WWang C KZhang Q Z. Differentiation of stand individuals impacts allometry and biomass allocation of Larix gmelinii trees. Acta Ecologica Sinica
20153561679-1687.
林木分化对兴安落叶松异速生长方程和生物量分配的
李 巍王传宽*张全智
东北林业大学生态研究中心哈尔滨 150040
摘要林木因对资源竞争而产生分化
从而影响林木的异速长方程和生物量分配
但其影响程度还不清楚采用林木相对直
径法将 38 株兴安落叶松Larix gmelinii样木在林分中的分化等级分为优势木
中等木和被压木
量化林木分化对林木异速生长
方程和生物量分配的影响结果显示生物量组分异速生长方程多以胸径DBH为自变量为好
但以枝下高处的树干直径为
自变量估测其枝
叶生物量时更精确在一定的胸径范围内
同一胸径下不同林木分化等级的地下部分各组分生物量没有显著
差异P> 0 . 05
但优势木分配更多的生物量给枝和叶
中等木比优势木分配更多的生物量给树干
中等木比被压木分配更多
的生物量给地上部分
而且被压木和中等木的树高显著高于优势木除根茎生物量之外
不同林木分化等级的生物量组分
括枝
树干和根系的相对分配比例无显著差异P> 0. 05
根冠比保持相对稳定这些结果表明
主要由竞争而引起的林
木分化改变了兴安落叶松地上生物量组分的异速生长和分配
但其相对分配格局较为保守
关键词林木分化异速生长方程生物量分配竞争优势木被压木
Differentiation of stand individuals impacts allometry and biomass allocation of
Larix gmelinii trees
LI WeiWANG Chuankuan*ZHANG Quanzhi
Center for Ecological ResearchNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040China
AbstractDifferentiation of stand individuals results from the competition of limited resources and thus affects allometry and
allocation of tree biomassbut the extent to its impact has rarely been quantified. In this study38 Larix gmelinii trees
including 15 dominant16 intermediateand 7 suppressed trees that were classified using a relative diameter methodwere
harvested for quantifying the effect of tree differentiation in the stand on the allometry and allocation of biomass. The results
showed that the diameter at crown base was the most reliable predictor for branch and foliage biomasswhereas the diameter
at breast height DBHwas the best predictor for the other biomass components. For a specific value within a certain range
of the DBHthe allometric models for belowground biomass components did not differ significantly among the tree
differentiation classes P> 0 . 05. Howeverthe dominant trees allocated more biomass to branch and foliage components
whereas the intermediate trees allocated more biomass to stem component than the dominantand more biomass to
aboveground component than the suppressed. The tree height of the suppressed and intermediate trees was significantly
greater than the dominant for a given DBH. The proportions of all the components except for stump to the total biomass did
not differ significantly P> 0. 05among the tree differentiation classes. The root shoot ratio was relatively constant for all
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the tree-differentiation classes. These results suggest that the differentiation of stand individuals in the larch trees mainly
caused by resource competition diverts the allometry and allocation of the aboveground biomass componentsbut the relative
allocation pattern is conservative.
Key Wordsdifferentiation of stand individualsallometrybiomass allocationcompetitiondominant tree
suppressed tree
森林拥有陆地生态系统最大的碳库
储存了80% 的地表碳140% 的地下2森林生物量占全球
陆地植被生物量的73%
其总初级生产力约占全球陆地生态系统总量的一半3因此
森林在全球碳循环中
起着重要的作用
而森林生物量的精确估测是森固碳效应正确评价的基础4目前
森林生物量的估测方
包括皆伐法
标准木法
异速生长方程法
生物量转换因子法
遥感估测法等
各有其优缺点5其中
异速
长方程法通过建立相对容易测量的变量如胸径
树高与树木生物量的关系估测生物量组分以及森林生
产力6
不但精确度较高
而且能有效地降低对森林植被的破坏性取样7
因而成为应用最为广泛的森林生
物量测定方法Ter-Mikaelian Korzukhin 综合了北美66 种温带树种的异速生长方程8Wang 建立
包括兴安落叶松在内的10 种中国温带森林主要树种的异速生长方程9
树木的生长及其生物量分配受许多因素的影响
林龄
样地特征
林木密度
林木分化等级等10-11
闭林分内
由于林木对有限的光
养分等资源的竞争而产生了分化12
相对大小或冠层位置常用优势
中等木
被压木等林木等级来描述13优势木处于林冠上层
因光照充足而光合作用强
同时也因干燥风
大而耗水量大14相反
被压木位于林冠下层
主要受光照限制而生长衰退
最终死亡而产生林分自然稀疏现
15-16因此
不同等级的林木
其异速生长
木材密度
树木结构等均有差异17
最终影响林木的异速生长
方程和生物量分配18例如Naidu19研究发
直径相同的火炬松Pinus taeda的被压木分配到树干的生
物量比优势木多
而分配到枝
叶的生物量比优势木少Peri10研究报
中等立地上 160 年生假山毛榉
Nothofagus antartica优势木的整株生物量为336 kg /
而被压木仅为47 kg / Wang9分析量化了采用异
速生长方程法估算中国温带森林主要树种生物量的一些误差来源
诸如自变量选取
特定树种与混合树种模
不同组分生物量估测误差等
但尚未量化林木分化对树木异速生长方程及生物量分配格局的影响
兴安落叶松Larix gmelinii是寒温带针叶林的建群种
也是东北地区速生造林树种
其林分面积和蓄积
分别占我国寒温带有林地面积和蓄积量的 55% 75%20
因此在我国森林碳汇研究中有重要意义
本研究运用全树收获法将38 株兴安落叶松全部收获
测定其地上和地下生物量组分
同时采用林木相对直
21将样木分为优势木
中等木和被压木
旨在比较建立不同林木等级的兴安落叶松生物量异速生长方程
量化林木等级对生物量分配格局的影响
为东北森林群区的碳计量提供数据基础和理论依据
1究方法
11研究区概况和样地设置
研究区位于黑龙江帽儿山森林生态定位研究站45°24'N127°40'E平均海拔 400 m
平均坡度10°
15°地带性土壤为暗棕色森林土该地区气候属于大陆性温带季风气候
四季分明
夏季短促而湿热
冬季
寒冷干燥年均降水量629 mm
年均蒸发量864 mm
年平均温度3 . 1 ℃ 1月份7月份的平均气温分别为
- 18. 5℃ + 22 . 0℃ 早霜出现在 8
晚霜出现在5
无霜期为120140d植被属于长白山植物区
现有植被是原地带性植被阔叶红松林受到多次人为干扰采伐
火烧
开垦等后演替成的天然次生林
和人工林
代表了东北东部山区典型的森林类型9
12生物量测定
本研究选择15 m ×20 m 的兴安落叶松人工林
将样地内31 株兴安落叶松全部收获
用林木相对直径方
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法确定样木的林木分化等级21此同
在相同立地条件下
用林木相对直径方法选取小径级的优势木和
大径级的被压木7每木检尺后
38 株样木分成优势木
中等木
被压木3个等级1
采用全树
收获法测定林木各组分生物量
1样木基本特征值
Table 1 Basic characteristics of the sampled trees
等级
Tree class 株数/
Number 胸径/ cm
DBH 树高/ m
Tree height 树冠长度 /m
Crown length 整株生物量/kg
Total biomass
被压木 Suppressed 7 14. 5 ±5. 8 14. 2 ±5. 5 8. 4 ±3. 9 86. 2 ±98. 5
中等木 Intermediate 16 18 . 3 ±3. 2 19. 1 ±3. 8 10. 5 ±3. 9 167. 7 ±63 . 9
优势木 Dominant 15 24 . 4 ±6. 3 19. 9 ±4. 8 11. 8 ±2. 7 327. 4 ±164 . 3
值为平均±标准差 The numbers are mean ±SD
样木伐倒前
测量其冠幅分成 8个方位
西
东南
东北
西南
西北
胸径DBH和距基部
10cm 处直径DH10 样木伐倒后
测量其树高H
枝下高HB
枝下高处直径DHB 以及10%处直径
DH10%
将整个树冠分成冠上
冠中
冠下三层测定枝
叶生物量
将树枝从树干分离后
按长枝
短枝
长枝叶
枝叶分开后分别测定鲜重
其中短枝
短枝叶
长枝叶分别取样5001000g
长枝取样10002000g每个冠
每个组分取样3个重复样品 4 h 内放入6522恒温箱中烘干至恒重
测定样品含水率以计算枝
叶生物
量干重
将树干按1m 区分段截取
测定其鲜重
并在一端截取5cm 厚圆盘 1
测定圆盘鲜重后在65℃ 恒温下烘
干至恒重
测定样品含水率以计算树干生物量干重
采用滑轮装置和手动挖掘相结合的方法将样木的粗根> 5mm和细根< 5mm全部挖出9
测定粗
和细根总鲜重
分别取样5001000g3个重复将样品置于 65℃ 恒温下烘干至恒重
测定样品含水率以计
根系生物量干重
13数据分析
以往有关树木异速生长研究中采用的异速生长方程形式有多种
其中幂函数关系最常见23为了满
齐差性
常将幂函数取对数作线性化824-25许多树木异速生长方程包括直径和树高两个自变量
但我们前
期研究表明
林木树高测定难度大
精度较低
而且与 DBH 有极显著的相关性虽然在异速生长方程添加树高
对生物量变异性的解释率达到显著水平P< 0 . 05
但其贡献率通常低于 4%9为此
本文建立异速生长
方程
log10 W=a+blog10 D
式中W为各组分生物量D为直
并根2SEE925来选择最佳方程采用协方差分析ANCOVA
较分析不同林木分化等级的异速生长方程的斜率和截距的显著性差异19统计分析采用 SPSS 18. 0 统计软
件完成
2结果
21生物量异速生长方程的自变量选择
以胸径
距基部10cm 处直径
枝下高处直径
树高 10% 处直径为自变量
分别拟合各组分生物量异速生
长方程2波动在0. 5890. 959 之间
SEE 波动在 0. 0850. 246 之间1基于胸径的整株生物量方
程最优
基于距基部10cm 处直径的叶生物量方程最差树干生物量
根茎生物量
细根生物量
整株生物量
均以基于胸径的生长方程的拟合精度最高
叶生物量以基于枝下高处直径的生长方程的拟合精度最高
22林木分化等级对生物量异速生长方程的影响
林木分化等级对兴安落叶松根茎
地下部分生物量与 DBH 之间的异速生长方程的斜率和截距均无显著
1861
6 李巍 等林木分化对兴安落叶松异速生长方程和生物量分配的影响
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1基于不同高度树干直径拟合各组分生物量异速生长方程的决定系数2和标准估计误差 SEE
Fig. 1 Coefficients of determination and standard error of estimate in models log10 W=a+blog10 Dfor each component biomass W
with stem diameters at different tree heights D
DBHDH10 DHB DH10%分别表示胸径
距基部 10cm 处直径
枝下高处直径
树高 10% 处直径
2不同林木分化等级的树干直径与各组分生物量之间的关系
Fig. 2 Relationships between each component biomass and stem diameters for different tree differentiation classes
DBH胸径W枝生物W叶生物W树干生物量W根茎生物量W地上地上部分生物量W地下地下部分生物量
影响2P> 0. 05
但对其枝
树干
地上部分生物量与 DBH 之间的异速生长方程的截距有显著影响
P< 0. 05在样木 DBH 范围内
对某一特定 DBH 的林木的枝
叶生物量而言
均存在优势木 中等木
压木的趋势对树干生物量而言
被压木与中等木
被压木与优势木均无显著差异P> 0. 05
中等木与被压
木有显著差异P< 0. 05中等木 优势木
中等木比优势木分配更多的生物量给树对地上部分生物量而
优势木与被压木
优势木与中等木均无显著差异P> 0. 05
中等木与被压木有显著差异P< 0. 05中等
被压木
中等木比被压木分配更多的生物量给地上部分
不同林木分化等级的总根生物量与整株生物量
地上部分生物量与地下部分生物量之间的相对生长方程
斜率和截距均无显著差异P> 0. 053
2861 生态学报 35
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不同林木分化等级的胸径与树高相对生长方程
优势木与被压木
优势木与中等木的斜率存在显著差异
P< 0. 05
被压木与中等木无显著差异P> 0. 05对某一DBH 林木
被压木和中等木的树高显著高
于优势木枝生物量与整株生物量相对生长方程
被压木与优势木
中等木与优势木的截距存在显著差异P
< 0. 05被压木与中等木无显著差异P> 0 . 05
对某一特定整株生物量的林木
优势木比被压木和中等木
分配更多的生物量给枝叶生物量与整株生物量相对生长方
被压木与优势木
中等木与优势木的斜率存
在显著差异P< 0. 05
被压木与中等木无显著差异P> 0. 05
对某一特定整株生物量的林木
优势木比被
压木和中等木分配更多的生物量给叶被压木与优势木的树干生物量与整株生物量相对生长方程的斜率和
截距均有显著差异P< 0.05
中等木与被压木
中等木与优势木的斜率和截距均无显著差异P> 0. 05
在整株生物量小时
被压木比优势木分配更多的生物量给树干达到一定整株生物量时
优势木比被压木分配
多的生物量给树干叶生物量与总根生物量相对生长方程
被压木与中等木截距无显著差异P> 0. 05
优势木与被压木和中等木截距有显著差异P< 0. 05对某一特定总根生物量林
优势木比被压木和中等
木分配更多的生物量给叶短枝生物量与枝生物量相对生长方程
被压木与中等木和优势木截距均有显著差
P< 0.05
中等木与优势木无显著差P> 0. 05 对某一特定枝生物量
被压木与中等木和优势
木相比
分配更少的生物量给短枝
23林木分化等级对生物量分配的影响
将所有样木不分等级共38 综合分析枝生物量
叶生物量
树干生物量
根茎生物量
根系生物量
包括粗根和细根占整株生物量的相对百分比分别为97±7. 8%2. 7 ±2. 0%68. 9 ±9. 7%7. 1
±1.7%11. 7 ±2. 8%
其中树干生物量占的比例最大
叶生物量占的比例最小4采用 Duncan
比较表明优势木与中等木和被压木的根茎生物量相对分配比例存在显著差异P< 0. 05
而中等木与被
压木的根茎生物量无显著差异P> 0. 05不同等级的枝生物量
叶生物量
树干生物量和根系生物量相对
分配比例无显著差异P> 0. 05
将被压木和优势木胸径均标准化为9cm 左右比较
整株生物量分别1554624015g其中比例差异最显
著的组分是树枝和树干5优势木的枝生物量占整株生物量的 38. 7%
而被压木仅为 11. 7% 优势木的
树干生物量占整株生物量的42. 1%
而被压木却达73. 0%
3讨论
31生物量异速生长方程的自变量选择
虽然有学者建议采用不同高度的树干直径作为自变量建立树木生物量异速生长方程
0. 3m 处树干直
2610% 树高处的树干直径27
但绝大多数文献报道的异速生长方程是建立在 DBH 基础上的8-9
究采4个不同高度的树干直径作为自变量DBH
距树干基部 10cm 处直径
枝下高处直径
树高 10%
的直径拟合不同生物量组分的异速生长方程结果发
除了枝
叶和粗根之外的其他组分均以 DBH
自变量的拟合效果最好1
这与前人研究结果一致28-29
叶生物量的异速生长方程不但 2最低
而且变异性最大1
反映了
叶受生物和非生物因子如林龄
光照
水分
温度
营养及土壤条件的影
响可能较大30Shipley31在建立22 种不同树种异速生长关系也发现
根与外界的营养和光照条件有显
著相关性采用枝下高处的直径作为枝
叶生物量异速生长方程的自变量时的拟合效果最好这一结果支持
Shinozaki32提出的管道模型理论
即树干内单位数量的管道支持树冠内单位数量的叶
使树木的叶量或
叶面积与树干的边材面积成正比枝下高处直径是距树冠最近树干直径
因此拟合枝叶生物量的效果优
DBH
32林木分化等级对生物量异速生长方程及其分配的影响
林木生物量分配格局并不是固定不变的
而是随个体年龄
生长环境
植物特性
竞争分化等不断调节各
组分的生物量以获得受限资源的最大化33-35在弱光环境下树木可通过增加树高
树干生物量和叶生物量
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6 李巍 等林木分化对兴安落叶松异速生长方程和生物量分配的影响
http/ /www. ecologica. cn
3不同林木分化等级各组分生物量的关系
Fig. 3 Relationships between each component biomass for different tree differentiation classes
HDBH胸径W枝生物W生物W树干生物量W总根生物量W短枝生W地上部分生物
W地下地下部分生物量W整株整株生物量
来增加光合面积
弥补林下光照不足以维持树木正常的光合代谢及其他生命活动36IIomki37研究报
与优势木相比
被压木生物量更多地分配到树干和叶
以便获取更多的光然而
本研究发现
在一定范围内
4861 生态学报 35
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特定胸径林木的枝
叶生物量的分配大小顺序为优势木 被压木2
即被压木分配给枝
叶的
生物量少于优势木5这个结果似乎与上述研究结果相悖
但兴安落叶松是一个强阳性树种
一旦处于
弱光条件下就会产生自然整枝现象
从而使得处于林冠上层的优势木比处于弱光条件下的被压木会将更多的
生物量分配到枝
叶上38本文中等木与优势木相比
分配更多的生物量给树干
这与 IIomki 研究结果一
然而
同一 DBH 下被压木和中等木的树高均显著高于优势木3
反映了兴安落叶松通过增加高生长
来获取更多的光照
弥补弱光限制的另一种策略39
4不同林木分化等级的生物量相对分配
Fig. 4 Relative allocation of biomass components for different tree
differentiation classes
5将胸径标准化为9 cm 时被压木与优势木的生物量相对分配
Fig. 5 Relative allocation of biomass components between dominant
and suppressed trees normalized to DBH of 9 cm
根冠比通常用于反映植物为了获取资源最大化而采取的生物量最优分配策略35我们发现林木分化等
对林木的根冠比影响不显著3
与一些以往研究相符39-40Poorter33报道
植物处于弱光状态下时
会将更多的光合产物分配到地上部分这可能与树种本身及生长环境的差异有关Gargaglione41研究
被压木要在获取更多光的同时
也要建立强大的地下系统以稳固林木在无竞争存在时
植物因光限制而增
加地上部分但当竞争存在时
资源分配是否仍符合上述的最优分配策略尚需更多的研究
证实40
4结论
从拟合效果和实用性角度看
兴安落叶松生物量异速生长方程多以胸径为自变量为好
但以枝下高处的
树干直径为自变量估测其枝
叶生物量时更精确在一定的胸径范围内
同一胸径下
优势木将更多的生物量
分配到枝和叶上
中等木比优势木分配更多的生物量给树干
中等木比被压木分配更多的生物量给地上部分
被压木和中等木的树高显著高于优势木除根茎生物量之
不同林木分化等级的生物量组分包括枝
树干和根系的相对分配比例无显著差异
并保持根冠比相对稳定
反映了兴安落叶松生物量分配在应对林
木竞争分化时所采取的一种相对保守的特殊方式
致谢帽儿山森林生态站提供了野外基础支持
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6 李巍 等林木分化对兴安落叶松异速生长方程和生物量分配的影响
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We investigated above- and below-ground biomass allocation and allometric relationships of canopy dominant and suppressed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees from a range of diameters at breast height (DBH = 3.5-35.6 cm) to determine if shifts in allocation may influence the growth and persistence of suppressed toes in the understory. Using mass and volume conversions from harvested trees (15 dominant and 15 suppressed), we developed regressions to predict total and component biomass from DBH. Bole, branch, needle, and total mass differed between dominance categories (ANCOVA, P < 0.10). For a representative size (15 cm DBH), dominant trees allocated 63.4, 13.2, 11.3, and 12.0% of biomass to bole, branch, needle, and root tissue compared with 75.9, 6.7, 5.6, and 11.7% for suppressed trees. At any given DBH, suppressed trees were also taller than dominant trees and had a greater porportion of heterotrophic (bole plus branch plus root mass) to autotrophic (needle mass) tissue. Percent carbon and nitrogen of tissues did not differ between dominance categories. Unlike the increased investment in leaf area observed for seedlings and saplings of shade-tolerant species, suppressed loblolly pine increased allocation to bole mass and height growth. An increase in height for this shade-intolerant species may enable some suppressed individuals to escape competition for light. However, increased allocation to heterotrophic versus autotrophic tissue in suppressed trees may confer a cumulative disadvantage over time because of increased respiratory load.
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A simple conceptual model is proposed concerning how leaf area efficiency (stemwood growth per unit leaf area) changes with leaf area for trees within a stand. Greater leaf area is generally associated with (i) improved light environment due to greater height and (ii) a lower ratio of photosynthetic to nonphotosynthetic tissue. Greater height and improved light environment result in higher photosynthetic production, which should increase leaf area efficiency. A lower ratio of photosynthetic to nonphotosynthetic tissue suggests that the ratio of respiration to photosynthesis increases, which should decrease leaf area efficiency. In relatively small trees, the influence of increased height (associated with greater leaf area) should more than offset the influence of the increased respiration:photosynthesis ratio; as a result, leaf area efficiency should increase with leaf area. In large trees, further increases in leaf area are associated with minimal increases in height, and leaf area efficiency should decline as the respiration:photosynthesis ratio increases. Predictions from this conceptual model were examined with data from stands of subalpine fir (Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.).
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Logarithmic regression equations were developed to predict component biomass and leaf area for an 18-yr-old genetic test of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco var. menziesii) based on stem diameter or cross-sectional sapwood area. Equations did not differ among open-pollinated families in slope, but intercepts assuming equal slopes did differ for equations predicting leaf, branch, or bark biomass, or leaf area. These results may be explained by family differences in partitioning between stemwood and bark and between stem and crown. Predictions of biomass and leaf area based on equations developed in this study differed from predictions based on equations from other studies by as much as a factor of two, suggesting that discretion is needed when applying equations to other sites at other stages of stand development and with other ranges of tree sizes. For. Sci. 39(4): 743-755.