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Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde mısırda zararlı Lepidoptera türleri, yoğunlukları ve yayılışlarının belirlenmesi üzerinde çalışmalar

June 2005

Authors:

Celalettin Gözüaçık

Igdir Universtiy

Cafer Mart

Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) Institute, Adana, Turkey

This study was carried out first in main crop and second maize fields in order to determine the lepidopterous pests and their ditribution and density in Adıyaman, Batman, Diyarbakır, Mardin and Şanlıurfa provinces in South-east Anatolia in 2002-2003. Sesamia cretica Led., S. nonagrioides (Lef.), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), Acantholeucania loreyi (Duponchel), Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel, A. segetum (Schiff)., Helicoverpa sp., and Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) were found to be pest of maize.

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  46:15 

 46(15   4!15 '

  46(15" 

# %  (% 4D#

1@951

&E171B1F;!%%!%0&(G&!&!!!((1

8H.)%;!%%!-(&

;E171B1H%F&%!%&EE

9(>B=5B"C1) #)&I1)







 ' &)  ! (%&!

$ ' $%! # (& (

&! $$% % %&%1

   !" ! %

 & ! #  

&#(%

    

 !"!&&$'

$%! # $$% % &+

'!$%!%1

+.!"%D+!.#.

J *+,   

! "  %"  -+

(&"  ' /0" 9 & #

%$  % &)  ! !

"  %" * -(&"

 ." A ' /0"  &

#%$,%%%1

  !   .!

(%(('!+

%! (%%1K&)!!

 #  ( '

;!(%%1

J ! (%&! 0?& +

  4L %%0  %0

 ' 8 5 % & +

%%1

C25EF=5E

066:5F=?G7=7?H!(%&!

&& &! ' $& # $

$$% % (&   !

%!  #  0& &% ' %$

 (%& &% & ( &!

(%''$$%$%1

2>I5= ?G7=7? H 6 ! %!

0&  &% %$  % !

(%&!!$$&%$'&$!&

#  % ' ' (+

& (%& %  (&% &!&

%$%1

#5B75BJ?G7=7?H  ! %! 

0&&%%$%!(%&!

' ' %0   (

%''$$%$%1

%K>6BD25EF=5E

 ' &)  ! %

%$ 0& (?& & &+

 &% &% (! (&% +

2%&%(  '(%& 0?&+

 &%1 D& (# &( 

(%' %& ' ' %

# %(%  &$% ' %&% ( 

# $!%& &% &  M N<

!)&& O  M %  ' 9 !%

#  % & ! &%

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47)!%'G&@A51

 " ! *1 ,1 1 ' 1

  '  #*1

 $% (%1   

' "!,1 0+

?& &!&

!%&  "   #

! A1 ' 91  $% !$%+

%1

 % ! (%& $%

#     

 %1E'%4@AA5;  +

!" $  (  !

(%&!0?&!$%'

&& & # $  )!

4  1 5 (

%   #  (+

%1K!4@9@5.!""

!(%&!(#  '

&(& (%& ( + ) 

%(&% ,)

 %) %% % &

(%& & &# $ & (&%

'&&#(%&

%&!(%1

 " ! 1 

 &  ! & !%%1

=!!  1 4@A5 ! & &

! 0  %( 0&!

$(& .! &  )1"

&& ! 0&! $! (

'!(!(T-S.8U

 '  .! & #

&!0&%!&&+

(1

 % ! 91 ' @1

 !% ' ! 

( # %)&  

%1 6!  1 4@9,5 %

 ! (%&! & $!&+

 ( ! 4F' )!5"

&% ' (!  

'%%&'

 ' # 8% '  &"

! & )  &( 

 ' '% #  !

% & # & 

&(%(1

%M?>M6.L57"@E5EF5E

 ' &)  ! 

* ' ,  ! &

  $ ' ( 

!$% $$% %  J# 

*',"%'%1

J#  *"%  (  

 !     

!  0#  !% %2 

     '  

4% -(& ' /05 %1

 % '   -(& '

/0" !$%&  !$$1"

!)-(&"!%%1



2C5N !"*+,

%!!$%$$%%1

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













!$$1

 + + + R R + R +

% R R R + + + R +

-(& R R R R R R R R

/0 R R R R R R R R

2C5 !"*+,

%&)!!$%$$%%1

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













!$$1

 + + + R R + R +

% R + R R R + R +

-(& R R R R R R R R

. + + R R R R R R

/0 R R R R R R R R

J# ,"%  (2&)

!  0#  !% %2 

     4

% -(& . ' /05

&!$%%1  #';  4@@5

  -(&" .&#

;  -)2 P0" .&# 7'&2

." .% 7' & &

& ! ( ' /&

4@995-'  !"

 ! '  $%  !

-(& .&# ' ; 

!% (1 B  

4@@5  V  J&'"  

&&! ! (%&!  ' (

% /0  %!$% %%&

(1

  % -(& .

'/0"!$%%1E 4@@5

" ( !"

 ' -(&  (

(%1

 " % -(& '

/0"2 " -(& '

/0""-(&.

' /0" !% 

!$$1"!-(& .'/0"

!$%%1 D# 4@95   



  &  E#  !"

$ ' ( % &# ! &

((%1P 

1 4@@5"    "

/0   !$$1" !2

 -(& /0 ' .

&%!%&

(%1

%M?>M6.L577">IB75BJ5E

J#  "%  (2 * '

,  $  !)2 

!   4O*1+15 & !

 &  % &

!!2   4O919+,,15   

4O91A+15 4O1*+15 

4O*1A+15   4O1+15 '

  4O1+15 & (%1 

#   ! && &

# $)&   !$%+

%1

K&)  !2   4O,1+*1*5

  & !   ' 

% ! !!2   4O91+A15 

 4O1+*1*5   4OA1+

A1,5   4O1+15   '

4O1+15&(%1

 !$$1 ! 

%  ' &) ! 4O15

#!%%%1

J !)  " &)

 ! & $ % 

  '! &  $

  # % +

%1  !$$1" %  '

 !$$1" ! /0  

#% !$%%1"

(     $$!

 &!&   #

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&!# +

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3$$% #  

 !" ! & +

   # %)& +

&%    (!&! &+

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&! &&#%1

.!1!//

J %$ & %!+

$27G1-1-1H8&"

%&&#1

/" /%

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$   31 #

%1  ! " # 

*9+@,1

1 1 $%% &1  '

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&=$&,1!01

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$%% 0 % )& <%:  0

)1'((1P A,+A,A1

6! 1=1 H( .171 - 3131

 -1 =( 311 ' X!! 1<1

@9,1 ;'%  %(%) 0)% 

# !&! !  ! 0 ) ;:

43$$% C)%5 !$$!!1 '

((1PP,9A+,@1

K! S1S1 @9@1 F (!'%!  %

'$!% (' 0 00% <

!  !%% 0 ))

%!!1   ( (

+1

E'%61@AA1;  !".!'

7  # # 0!%& !+

'' #$$!+

 & # %1

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GK#@!01

2C5 !"*+,%

'&)!!$%$$%%&4O51

7L7 )J7L7

3$$% *

4O5

,

4O5

*

4O5

,

4O5

 1 1 1 1

 *1A 1 1 1

 919 ,,1 1 *1*

 1* 1 91 A1

 1 1 A1 A1,

 91A 1 1 1

 *1 1 ,1 *1*

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

E 71 @@1 &# ' 

   $$

43$$%C)%5F!#

!!%%& %1 )" **

(+ !  !% 9+

*8)&,A+,91

3!C1@91.#>!%!%$+

%)  &1 (  

9A9+9A@1

D# C1 @91 E#  !

! # $ .! E

4  6(1 3$1 >5"

 (+&?! # %1

)%  %,%  -

. $" /% (""

$"""," /% (  >

9+91

D# C1 ' P# 71 @91 C)%

!$)! )!    % # 

&1   (

$  

@A+@@1

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The Determination of Lepidopterous Pest Species and Their Distributions, Densities, and Damages in Corn Fields of Iğdır Province in Turkey

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Feb 2016

Celalettin Gözüaçık

THE DETERMINATION OF LEPIDOPTEROUS PEST SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTIONS, DENSITIES, AND DAMAGES IN CORN FIELDS OF IĞDIR PROVINCE IN TURKEY

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Oct 2015

Celalettin Gözüaçık

This Thisstudy studywas carriedcarried carried carriedout firstfirst in first and second second crop cropcorn cornfields in order orderto determinedetermine determine determinedetermine the lepidopterous lepidopterouslepidopterous lepidopterous lepidopterous pest species speciesspecies in 29 corn cornfields fields of Iğdır province provinceof East East Anatolia AnatoliaAnatolia AnatoliaRegion Region in 20132013 -2014 yearsyearsyears .In study studywas applied applied applied in visualvisual inspection inspection inspection inspection methodmethod method .The sampling sampling sampling were done in 5adjacent adjacent plantsplants plantsplantsplantson the thesame samerow in 5different different different pointspoints pointsof field field field.EachEach Eachplantplant plant havinghaving having been beenexamined examinedexamined examinedlarvae larvae larvae1404 were werecollected collected collectedcollected collected this thisfromfrom plant plant and their their theiradults adults were rearedreared reared at the laboratory laboratory laboratory laboratory laboratory.As aresult result of study study,BlackBlack BlackBlackcutworm cutworm ,Agrotis Agrotis Agrotisipsilon ipsilon Hufnagel Hufnagel,BeetBeet Beetarmyworm armywormarmyworm ,Spodoptera SpodopteraSpodoptera exigua (Hübner ), Loreyi LoreyiLoreyiLoreyileafworm leafworm ,Acantholeucania Acantholeucania AcantholeucaniaAcantholeucania Acantholeucania Acantholeucanialoreyi loreyi (Duponchel Duponchel), CottonCotton Cotton bollworm bollworm ,Helicoverpa Helicoverpa armigera armigera armigera (Hübner )(Noctuidae Noctuidae )and European European corn cornborerborer borer,Ostrinia Ostrinia Ostrinianubilalis nubilalis nubilalis nubilalis(Hübner )(Crambidae )were weredetermined determined determined.TheThe rate of the thespeceis speceis speceisin the composition composition composition of these these lepidopterous lepidopterous species species species,as A.ipsilon ipsilon 0.93 %,H.armigera armigera armigera 30 .5%,S.exigua exigua 27 .9%,A.loreyi loreyi loreyi34 .1%,O.nubilalis nubilalis nubilalis6.6%were found .It was found S.exigua exigua damaged damagedin the first and second second crop cropand H.armigera armigera armigera and O.nubilalis nubilalis nubilalisin second second crop crop.In addition addition addition ,this thisstudy has been beenthe first study on corn cornpests in Iğdır province province.

Mardin ili ikinci ürün mısır ekim alanlarındaki önemli yaprakpiresi (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) türlerinin popülasyon gelişimi, yaygınlığı ve yoğunluğu

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Jul 2024

Bu çalışma Mardin ili ikinci ürün mısırdaki yaprakpiresi türleri ile önemli türlerin popülasyon değişimlerinin izlenmesi amacıyla 2022-2023 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada ikinci ürün mısır alanlarında toplam 17 cicadellid türü belirlenmiş ve bunların Anaceratagallia ribauti (Ossiannilsson, 1938)), Agallia laevis (Ribaut, 1935), Aconurella prolixa (Lethierry,1885), Asymmetrasca decedens (Paoli, 1932), Austroagallia sinuata (Mulsant et Rey,1855), Balclutha punctata (Fabricius, 1977), Cicadulina bipunctella (Matsumura, 1908), Neoaliturus opacipennis (Lethierry, 1876), Doratura homophyla (Flor, 1871), Empoasca decipiens (Paoli, 1930), Mogangella straminea (Dlabola,1957), Euscelidus variegatus (Kirschbaum, 1858), Orosius orientalis (Matsumura, 1914), Paralimnus intricatus (Rey, 1981), Phlepsius intricatus (Hemich&Schaffer,1838), Psammotettix striatus (Linnaeus,1758) ve Zyginidia sohrab (Zachvatkin, 1947) olduğu kaydedilmiştir. En yaygın ve yoğun türün E. decipiens & A. decedens olduğu (2022 yılı %56, 2023 yılı %67) bu türleri Z. sohrab (2022 yılı %40, 2023 yılı %30) ve P. striatus’un takip ettiği belirlenmiştir. A.decedens & E. decipiens ile Z. sohrab’ın ikinci ürün mısırın fide döneminden itibaren görülmeye başladığı ve bitkilerin generatif dönem sonu ile olgunlaşma dönemi başında popülasyonlarının en üst seviyeye ulaştığı belirlenmiştir.

The invasion of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) toward Southeastern Türkiye

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Dec 2023

Adil Tonğa

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has rapidly expanded its distribution on a worldwide scale and was recently introduced in Türkiye from the eastern side of the Mediterranean region. Regular surveys were followed in the Southeastern region, Türkiye and confirmed the expansion of the pest in new territories. The larval specimens were noticed by specific diagnostic features, particularly an inverted Y-shape marking on the head capsule and four black spots in a square pattern on the dorsal side of the eighth abdominal segment. The pest has very recently arrived in Suruç county of Şanlıurfa province in Southeastern Türkiye. However, its early invasion remained restricted since other surrounding maize lands in other counties of Şanlıurfa, namely, Akçakale, Bozova, Harran, Karaköprü, and Siverek, and other neighboring provinces, Diyarbakır and Mardin, as well as far eastern provinces such as Batman and Şırnak were found uninfested. This study emphasizes the requirement of continuous monitoring efforts to establish an understanding of Integrated Pest Management strategies (IPMs) including native and invasive maize pests.

THE INVESTIGATION OF TURKISH ORIGIN FABA BEAN (VICIA FABA L.) GENOTYPES REGARDING COLD RESISTANCE Türkiye Orijinli Bakla (Vicia faba L.) Genotiplerinin Soğuğa Dayanıklılık Yönünden İncelenmesi

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Sep 2015

The study was aimed to select cold tolerant accessions of faba bean genotypes in the Middle Anatolia region (Sivas) of Turkey. A total of 140 local genotype and three commercial varieties Faba bean species was screened for cold tolerance. Accessions were evaluated by using 1–5 scale. Six accessions of Faba bean from Batman, Diyarbakır, Erzincan, Kars, Konya, Van were highly cold tolerant, while 16 accessions from Amasya, Artvin, Balıkesir, Bilecik, Burdur, Bursa, Elazığ, Isparta, KahramanmaraĢ, Kastamonu, Kayseri, KırĢehir, Kocaeli, Sivas, Tokat ve Yozgat were cold tolerant. 11 accessions from Antakya, Aydın, Çanakkale, Edirne, EskiĢehir, Ġzmir, Ġstanbul, Malatya, Mardin, Samsun, Sinop and 1 commercial variety (Kıtık-2003) were intermediate (Some leaves, between 25 and 50%, were withered and then turned black by freezing but there was no plant killing). Whereas Filiz-99 and Salkım commercial varieties were killed. The cold tolerant accessions of faba bean accessions were superior to the best cultivar as far as hardiness is concerned.

Studies on Bio-ecology of Zyginidia sohrab Zachvatkin (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), harmful leafhopper on maize plant in Diyarbakir Province

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Jan 2015

Çetin Mutlu

Studies on Bio-ecology of Zyginidia sohrab Zachvatkin (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), harmful leafhopper on maize plant in Diyarbakir Province This study was carried out in order to determine the bio-ecology of harmful corn leafhopper, Zyginidia sohrab Zatchvakin (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on maize plant in Diyarbakir province in the years of 2010 and 2012. For this purpose, its first emergence time to the nature, alternative host plants, population development in main and second crop maize and the number of generations per year were determined. The studies were done weekly from March to December at the maize cultivated areas and non agriculture land. It was found that Z. sohrab was came out at the earliest in the middle of April to nature, fed on narrow leaf weeds, especially the most preferred as weed was Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnson grass), and passed to the main crop maize in the beginning of June. The population of Z. sohrab reached to peak level at the maturity stage on main crop maize, after the harvest, the population of Z. sohrab passed to the second crop maize and reached also to a peak level at the generative and maturity stage on the second crop maize was determined. The mean number of Z. sohrab adults detected on the yellow sticky traps at the second crop maize were eight time more than the main crop maize and it was also determined that the rate of population Z. sohrab became only dominated species by increasing over 90% among the other leafhopper species (E. decipiens and A. decedens, P. striatus) feeding on the maize plant. Besides it was determined that Z. sohrab gave five generations per year and entered to diapause period as adult depending on temperature in December. It was concluded that effective control against the weeds increasing density of the pest should be performed and except for chemical control, alternative control methods and biological control must be conducted on Z.sohrab.

Maize Pest and Their Natural Enemies in the North-West of Türkiye

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Jul 2024

Maize is one of the most significant cereal crops in the world, and insect pests cause the highest economic loss. The objective of this study was to assess the level of insect pests and their natural enemies during 2020 and 2022 in the maize fields of Düzce and Sakarya, Türkiye. We performed weekly surveys from the vegetative growth stage of maize to harvest from April through November. A hundred plants were selected with regular and irregular samplings from each field. In addition, light traps and pheromone traps were placed in regularly sampled fields. To detect overwintering larvae, the stalks left in the field after the harvest were cut just above the soil. In the maize fields, a total of 13 pest species from six families in four orders, along with 19 natural enemies from eight families in five orders, were identified. Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Was found as the primary pest, followed by Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. and Mythimna unipuncta Haw. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Meteorus pendulus Müller (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was a new record for the East Marmara and Western Black Sea regions and a new host record in Türkiye. Larval parasitoids of M. unipuncta, Nemoraea pellucida Meigen, and Pales pavida Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae) represent new host records for Türkiye. Among the predators, Orius minutus L. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and coccinellids showed an especially notable common in the maize fields of both provinces.

Chapter 7 SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION INSECT FAUNA III (ORDER LEPIDOPTERA II: SUPERFAMILIES Papilionoidea, Pyraloidea, Tineoidea, Yponomeutoidea, Tortricoidea, Zygaenoidea) OF TURKEY

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Oct 2023

Halil Bolu

Şırnak İli Mısır Tarlalarında Zarar Yapan Lepidoptera Türlerinin ve Popülasyon Yoğunluklarının BelirlenmesiDetermination of Lepidoptera Species and Their Population Densities in the Maize Fields of Sirnak Province

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Mar 2023

Bu çalışma, Şırnak ili mısır tarlalarında zarar yapan Lepidoptera türlerinin ve popülasyon yoğunluklarının belirlenebilmesi amacıyla 2016-2017 yıllarında Şırnak ilinin Silopi ve Cizre ilçelerinde yürütülmüştür. Mısır alanlarında en yüksek oranda elde edilen türler, Sesamia cretica (Lederer) ve Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) olmuştur. Daha düşük oranlarda zararlı türler ise Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), Ostrina nubilalis (Hubner) ve Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) olarak belirlenmiştir. Özellikle S. cretica’nın koçanlara büyük oranda zarar verdiği ve verim kayıplarına neden olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

IĞDIR İLİ İKİNCİ ÜRÜN MISIR ALANLARINDA HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)'NIN DAĞILIMI, ZARAR DURUMU VE DOĞAL DÜŞMANLARI Celalettin GÖZÜAÇIK DISTRIBUTION, DAMAGE STATUS AND NATURAL ENEMIES OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN SECOND CROP CORN FIELDS OF IĞDIR PROVINCE

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Nov 2018

The corn earworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an insect in EPPO quarantine list causing economic losses in many cultivated plants. This study was conducted to determine the distribution, damage status and natural enemies of H. armigera in 24 second crop corn fields of Merkez, Aralık, Karakoyunlu and Tuzluca districts in Iğdır province. Larva counts were performed on 5 plants of each row at 10 different locations of each field during the 7., 8. and 9. plant stages (generative and maturity stages). Natural enemy predators were observed, and parasitoids larvae were determined by culturing at 25 ± 1 °C and %70 ± 5 humidity. H. armigera was detected in all corn fields tested. Larval density per plant was found different for each corn field (P <0,01). The highest larval density per plant (0,86 ± 0,06 larva/plant) was detected in Saraçlı4 field of Aralık district, and the lowest (0,04 ± 0,06 larva/plant) in Kadıkışlak field of Merkez district. Saraçlı4 and Kadıkışlak showed %84,3 and %3,9 infected corncobs, respectively. Damage status (Economic injury level (EIL) ~ 1 larva/plant) was close to the EIL level in Saraçlı3, Saraçlı4 and Ramazankent. The following natural enemies of H. armigera were detected: The larva parasitoid Bracon hebetor Say. (Hym.: Braconidae); and the predators Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neu.: Crysopidae), Coccinella septempunctata L., Adonia variegata (Goeze) (Col.: Coccinellidae), Heteroptera takımından Nabis sp. (Nabidae), Orius sp. (Anthocoridae), Geocoris sp. (Lygaeidae), Macrolophus sp., Campylomma sp., Deraecoris sp. (Miridae).

Realized and Potential Fecundity, Egg Fertility, and Longevity of Laboratory-Reared Female Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Under Different Adult Diet Regimes

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Jan 2001
ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM

Longevity, duration of the oviposition period, realized fecundity, potential fecundity, and egg fertility of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hü bner), were examined in the laboratory under three different adult diet regimes. All parameters were signiÞcantly reduced for the water-only diet compared with 10% honey or sucrose diets, except fertility, which could not be measured after 5 d because of high mortality of water-fed females. Oviposition was highest the night after mating and decreased in a logarithmic manner thereafter. In the carbohydrate-fed moths, 92% of lifetime realized fecundity occurred by the fourth night of oviposition. Although our data indicate that carbohydrates in the adult diet can increase realized and potential fecundity, most of the lifetime complement of oocytes (91%) is present at the time of eclosion from the pupa. Pupal weight was signiÞcantly correlated with lifetime potential fecundity, explaining 37Ð 66% of the variation among moths depending on adult diet, and this effect was substantial. Taken together, our results suggest that the bulk of variation in realized fecundity is generated in the larval stage, provided suitable oviposition substrate is available for the adults. This information will be important in understanding population dynamics of beet armyworm and to improving our ability to predict population outbreaks from sampling data. KEY WORDS Spodoptera exigua, beet armyworm, fecundity, oviposition, longevity BEET ARMYWORM, Spodoptera exigua (Hü bner), is a highly polyphagous pest, attacking many important crops worldwide (Hassanein et al. 1972, Aarvik 1981, Stewart et al. 1996). Some of its hosts that occur in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas include pigweed (Amaranthus spp.), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), sunßower (Heli-anthus annuus L.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The beet armyworm is an increasingly damaging pest of cotton in the southern United States (Mas-carenhas et al. 1998). In 1995, two of the most de-structive outbreaks on cotton occurred in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (Summy et al. 1996) and the South-ern Rolling Plains of Texas (Huffman 1996). Outbreaks of beet armyworm are sporadic but de-velop rapidly, and because older larvae are difÞcult to kill with insecticides, early warning of population buildup is essential to effective intervention. Many factors contribute to beet armyworm population ßuc-tuations, including adult immigration (potentially from distant populations) and emigration; quality, availability, distribution, and preference hierarchies of alternate hosts; and abundance, distribution, and com-munity composition of natural enemies. All of these factors involve complex interactions which are difÞ-cult to assess, and which make population predictions difÞcult. To make progress in understanding these challenging ecological and behavioral questions, it is critical that we understand components of the under-lying basic biology of the insect. Several studies have dealt with beet armyworm fecundity and some of the environmental factors that may affect it (El-Sawaf et al. 1965; AÞfy et al. 1970; Fye and Poole 1971; Fye and McAda 1972; Ebeid 1981; Rogers and Marti 1996, 1997), but results have been variable, and issues such as the relationship between pupal weight (a function of larval food quality and quantity) and adult nutrition on fecundity have not been examined. For example, it is not known whether environmental conditions the adults face during their relatively short life span are important determinants of offspring production. Such information, which takes into account the age structure of the population, is requisite to creating baseline pop-ulation growth models. Our objectives were to examine the relationships among pupal weight and potential and realized fecundity, to quantify oviposition and fertility proÞles as a function of age, and to determine the effects of different adult diets on these parameters.

Egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua on maize in Turkey

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2004

The present study was conducted to determine egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is an important but sporadic pest in Turkey. High beet armyworm population levels were recently observed in fields of first and second crop maize in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. The parasitoid species complex and its impact on the pest were analyzed in a 4-year study in first and second crop maize. The braconid larval parasitoidsMicroplitis rufiventris Kokujev,M. tuberculifer Wesmael,Meteorus ictericus Nees,Chelonus obscuratus (Herrich Schäffer) (an egg-larval parasitoid),Apanteles ruficrus (Haliday); the ichneumonid larval parasitoidsHyposoter didymator (Thunberg) andSinophorus xanthostomus Gravenhorst; and the egg parasitoidTrichogramma evanescens (Westwood) were found to be the natural enemies attacking the pest. Among the parasitoid species the solitary endoparasitoidH. didymator was the most prevalent species, being reared from 40.5% of the parasitized larvae found. Higher parasitism rates were recorded on first crop than on second crop maize in every year. Possible reasons for this difference in larval parasitism between two growing seasons include lower population of the pest and reduced insecticide applications in first crop maize fields which permitted higher parasitism. However, parasitoid activity was insufficient to counterbalance the population growth of the pest on subsequent second crop maize.

Effect of cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) caused injury on maize grain content, especially regarding to the protein alteration

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2011

The cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner), which migrated in the Carpathian-basin from Mediterraneum in the last decades, is becoming an increasingly serious problem for maize producers in Hungary. In several regions the damage it causes has reached the threshold of economic loss, especially in the case of the sweet maize cultivation. The aim of the research was to determine the changing of ears weights and in-kernel accumulation and alteration in grain as a function of cotton bollworm mastication.Our investigation confirmed that there is an in-kernel and protein pattern change of maize grain by cotton bollworm. Our results proved the significant damaging of each part of ears by cotton bollworm masticating (the average weight loss of ears: 13.99%; the average weight loss of grains: 14.03%; the average weight loss of cobs: 13.74%), with the exception of the increasing of the grain-cob ratio. Our examinations did not prove the water loss - that is the "forced maturing" - caused by the damage. Decreasing of raw fat (control: 2.8%; part-damaged: 2.6%; damaged: 2.4%) and starch content (control: 53.1%; part-damaged: 46.6%; damaged: 44.7%) were registered as a function of injury. In contrast, the raw protein content was increased (control: 4.7%; part-damaged: 5.3%; damaged: 7.4%) by maize ear masticating. The most conspicuous effect on protein composition changing was proved by comparison of damaged grain samples by SDS PAGE. Increased amounts of 114, 50, 46 and 35 kDa molecular mass proteins were detected which explained the more than 50% elevation of raw protein content. The statistical analysis of molecular weights proved the protein realignment as a function of the pest injuries, too.

Modern Dünyanin Vazgeçilmez Bitkisi Misir: Genetiği Değiştirilmiş (Transgenik) Misirin Tarimsal Üretime Katkisi

Article

Corn is the largest grown (785 million tons) cereal in the world with doubled grain yield per unit area compared to wheat and barley. In Turkey, corn is produced on approximately 550 thousand hectares with annual production of 3,5 million tons, of which nearly half is produced in the Mediterranean region. The share of corn production as second crop in the Mediterranean region is very high. Although, corn as second crop had 65% share in production during 2005 in Çukurova region, today this ratio has sharp drop due to infestation of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides). European corn borer fertilise 2-3 times per year in the Mediterranean region and Mediterranean corn borer fertilise 4-5 times a year and if insecticides are not applied the losses could rise to 100% in late and second crop production. Application of chemicals against these harmful insects is recommended 2-3 times. However, yield losses could rise up to 30% during years with severe insect outbreaks even after 4-5 application of these insecticides. On the other hand, without using insecticides it is possible to get 30% increase in yield by production of insect-resistant genetically modified (GM) corn varieties using biotechnological approaches. Insect-resistant GM corn varieties are currently grown in 17 countries including 7 EU countries on approximately 37 million hectares and are used as food and feed in 54 countries. Intensive risk analysis and the results of 13 years global production of GM corn cultivars showed no significant risks on environment, human and animal health. The countries who apply a good risk management for the unpredictable effects on environmental and agricultural systems produce GM crops and farmers can achieve important gains in their agricultural practices and in their income. Production of GM corn cultivars as second crop in Mediterranean and GAP regions of Turkey will lead to important contributions to the farmers' income and result in significant increase in corn production. Moreover, the foreign currency that is paid to purchase on the average one million tons of corn every year from GM corn producing countries such as USA will return to our own farmers as their income.

Cutting Potential of the Black Cutworm on Field Corn

Article

Dec 1977
J ECON ENTOMOL

A method to predict damage by Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) in field corn, Zea mays L., was developed. It encompasses the cutting potential at given points in larval development and the influence of the corn growth stage on damage potential. Last instars cut more plants and lived ca. 3 times longer than any other. Therefore, a procedure to estimate the age of last instars based on body length (mm) was developed to improve control decisions. A head capsule measuring gauge was devised as an aid for determining the instar structure (% of the larvae in each instar) of black cutworm field populations.

Evaluating Artificial Infestations of Black Cutworms1,2

Article

Aug 1967
J ECON ENTOMOL

Seedling corn plants enclosed by aluminum barriers were manually infested with varying numbers of laboratory-reared larvae of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) to determine extent of damage caused by this insect One 4th-instar larva per 4 plants damaged 24.5% of corn, 1 per 2 plants damaged 23.6%, 1 per plant damaged 31.7%, and 2 per plant damaged 68.7%. Regrowth of damaged plants varied with stage of development, but plants that arc cut off can usually be considered of little value as ear-producing plants.

Maize Pests and their Importance in Turkey1

Article

Jun 1981

N. LODOS

Maize and related crops suffer from a large number of insect pests in Turkey but all are not of the same importance in different parts of the country. This paper lists about 80 species, of which only a few (Sesamia nonagrioides, Helicoverpa armigera, Ostrinia nubilalis, cutworms (Agrotis spp.), Tanymecus dilaticollis, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa) are of primary importance. The pest status and distribution of each species is described.

Iğdır Tarım İl Müdürlüğü Kayıtları

Jan 2009

Anonymous

Anonymous, (2009). Iğdır Tarım İl Müdürlüğü Kayıtları, Iğdır.

Population dynamic and natural enemies of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in potato fields in Van province

Jan 2003
39-43

R Atlıhan
E N Yardım
M S Özgökçe
M B Kaydan

Atlıhan, R, Yardım, E.N., Özgökçe, M.S., Kaydan M.B. (2003). Population dynamic and natural enemies of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in potato fields in Van province. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal Of Agricultural Sciences, 13(1): 39-43.

The European corn borer in Switzerland -distribution and damage in 1991

Jan 1992
287-292

F Bigler
S Bosshart

Bigler, F., Bosshart, S. (1992). The European corn borer in Switzerland -distribution and damage in 1991. Landwirtschaft Schweiz 5(6):287-292

Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde mısırda zararlı Lepidoptera türleri, yoğunlukları ve yayılışlarının belirlenmesi üzerinde çalışmalar

Abstract

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