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DOI: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v33i1.6425
Acta Scientiarum. Technology Maringá, v. 33, n. 1, p. 81-85 2011
Characterization and sensorial evaluation of cereal bars with jackfruit
Calila Teixeira Santos, Renata Ferreira Bonomo, Rafael da Costa Ilhéu Fontan,
Paulo Bonomo, Cristiane Martins Veloso and Gabrielle Cardoso Reis Fontan
Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Praça Primavera, 40, 45700-000,
Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: bonomorcf@pq.cnpq.br
ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to elaborate a homemade and alternative
cereal bar using dehydrated jackfruit and seed meal as fiber source, due to the availability of
this fruit in the region, without reducing the nutritional values if comparing to those
already existent in the market. In order to evaluate the centesimal content and the
acceptance of the homemade bars, both light and traditional bars were used as reference.
The results showed that the elaborated bar presented protein values very close with
products already found in the market. However, the new bars presented higher content of
fibers. Formulations of 30 and 40% of seed meal were the ones with the best acceptance.
Keywords: functional product, Artocarpus integrifolia, nutritional value, food fiber, jackfruit.
RESUMO. Caracterização e avaliação sensorial de barras de cereais com jaca.
Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho elaborar uma barra de cereal caseira e alternativa,
utilizando a jaca desidratada e o farelo da semente como fonte de fibras, a fim de aproveitar a
disponibilidade dessa fruta regional, sem reduzir o valor nutricional em relação às existentes
no mercado. Para avaliar a composição centesimal e aceitação das barras caseiras foram
utilizadas barras comerciais na forma light e tradicional, como parâmetros de referências. Os
resultados obtidos demonstraram que a barra formulada apresentou valores bem próximos
aos produtos comercializados no mercado no que se refere à proteína, mas com teores de
fibras superiores. As formulações com 30 e 40% de teor de farelo da semente foram as que
tiveram maior aceitação.
Palavras-chave: produto funcional, Artocarpus integrifolia, valor nutricional, fibra alimentar, jaca.
Introduction
Due to the easiness of acquiring pre-prepared
and frozen food in the market, together with
several options offered by fast-foods and self-
service restaurants, the consumption of this type
of food has increased. Nowadays, eating habits
have demonstrated low ingestion of fiber, which
leads to nutritional problems (FREITAS;
MORETTI, 2006). According to few authors,
high ingestion of fiber is recommended for
intestinal treatments of adults and children. The
regular consumption of fiber is constantly
recommended by nutritionists and official food
departments (SUN-WATERHOUSE et al.,
2010). Such recommendations are based on the
fact that fiber presents certain effects responsible
for significant modifications in human
physiology, preventing chronic diseases
(DREHER, 1999; AACC, 2001). The
consumption of fatty food, with high energetic
density and the reduction in practicing exercises
have strongly influenced nutritional problems for
the youth and adults worldwide. Among these
problems it is worth to point out obesity and
hypertension (BRITO et al., 2004).
Cereal bars appear due to the necessity of
having a product combining easiness and
nutritional quality, in order to either improve or
substitute snacks between meals, to complement
meals, or simply gain energy in a healthy way
(MURPHY, 2001; DUTCOSK et al., 2006;
RYLAND et al., 2010). The consumption of
cereal bars has increased mainly among young
consumers. Recent research has showed that
young adults raging from 15 to 24 years old
represent 62.5% of the consumers of cereal bars
(BRITO et al., 2004).
Food industries have sought to identify and to
attend consumers’ needs, considering that this is
the only way they can maintain themselves in an
increasingly competitive market. The
determination of acceptance by the consumer is a
crucial part in a development and improvement
process of products. Affective tests require a team
82 Santos et al.
Acta Scientiarum. Technology Maringá, v. 33, n. 1, p. 81-85, 2011
composed of several participants who represent
the consumers population and/or potential
consumers. Among these most applied methods
used to measure acceptance of products is the
hedonic scale, in which consumers express their
acceptance following a pre-established scale,
which gradually varies based on terms such as like
and dislike (MORI et al., 1998; SILVA et al.,
2005).
Jackfruit (Artocarpus integrifolia), is originally
from Asia and it has acclimated well in Brazil. It is
a fruit rich in carbohydrates, complex B vitamins,
and minerals (RAHMAN et al., 1999;
JAGADEESH et al., 2007, SOUZA et al., 2009).
Jackfruit is freshly consumed, and it can be
processed to candies, sweeties, frozen pulps,
juices, among others. Its seed can be consumed
baked or used in culinary to develop several
menus. Nowadays, there are studies concerning
the use of seed meal for preparing cookies,
sweeties, and bread as an alternative source of
carbohydrate.
The shortage of low-cost products with high
nutritional value has gathered researches to seek
for alternative protein sources which attend to
matters concerning low production costs.
Due to its different flavor, jackfruit can
become an innovator ingredient of cereal bars,
which offers an exotic flavor, and an increase in
its nutritional quality. Also, it can be used for
reducing production costs due to its low cost.
Therefore, the objective of this study it to
elaborate a homemade and alternative cereal bar
of jackfruit without reducing nutritional values
comparing to those already available for
consumers.
Material and methods
Jackfruit was obtained in the free market of
Itapetinga and region. They were opened and seeds
were selected. The last were washed in water in
order to remove fiber, dried at room temperature,
and ground. Further, the product was stored in
plastic recipients at room temperature. Jackfruit pulp
with 75.4% (wet basis) of moisture was dried in a
trail drier at 65°C with an air velocity of 1.5 m s-1,
for 6 hours, until a moisture content near to 20%
(wet basis), and then it was submitted to grounding.
Three formulations of cereal bars were tested, with a
variation only in relation to dehydrated jackfruit
seed meal, respectively 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30 for
formulations I, II and III. These relationships were
used to verify the influence of seed meal
concentration on product acceptance. Cereal bars
were prepared according to the formulation
presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Final formulation of jackfruit cereal bars.
Formulations (g 100 g-1)
Ingredient I II III
Sugar 25.5 g 25.5 g 25.5 g
Glucose syrup 14 g 14 g 14 g
Vegetable fat 2.5 g 2.5 g 2.5 g
Fine oat 10 g 10 g 10 g
Thick oat 10 g 10 g 10 g
Dehydrated Jackfruit 19 g 22.8 g 26.6 g
Seed meal 19 g 15.2 g 11.4 g
Elaboration of bars
The ingredients were mixed manually in a plastic
recipient for 20 minutes approximately, until
obtaining homogeneous mass. Furthermore, the
mass was put on aluminum trays covered with
aluminum paper and submitted to the oven at
110°C for 15 minutes. After cooling, bars were cut,
wrapped with flexible film and let at rest until
analyses. Cereal bars were produced in the morning
and sensorial analyses carried out in the afternoon at
the same day. The Figure 1 shows the production of
different cereal bars.
Jack
fruit Dehydration Grinding Toasting Seed meal
Dry ingredients
Mixture
Glucose syrup
Homogenize
Shape
Heating
Colling
Cut
Packing
Figure 1. Scheme of elaboration of cereal bars.
Cereal bars with jackfruit 83
Acta Scientiarum. Technology Maringá, v. 33, n. 1, p. 81-85, 2011
Proximate analysis
Dehydrated jackfruit, seed meal and cereal bars
were submitted to physical chemical analyses for
protein determination (Kjeldahl method), fat
(Soxhlet method), ash content, and moisture
content in a oven at 105°C, as described by AOAC
(1996) and determination of pure fiber in accordance
to the method described by Silva and Queiroz (2002).
Samples of 50 g by repetition were used to analyses,
conduced in triplicate each one.
Sensory analysis
Samples of each formulation of cereal bars
were evaluated by 60 non-trained testers ranging
from 18 to 50 years old, of both sexes. Acceptance
test was conducted in individual cabins under
light bulb, at the Laboratory of Sensory Analysis
located at the Southwest Bahia State University.
Samples of cereal bars were presented to
testers under room temperature, in a three digit
code. The order of presentation was randomly
established by the design of a table of numbers.
The section was conducted presenting three
samples of cereal bars corresponding to three
formulations varying in their seed meal content
and dehydrates jackfruit in 50/50 (formulation I),
40/60 (formulation II) and 30/70 (formulation
III), monadically presented. The hedonic scale
was structured in nine points, which the
minimum grade corresponded to the term
“extremely disliked” and the highest grade
corresponded to the term “extremely liked”. The
following characteristics were evaluated by the
tester: global impression, aroma, flavor, color, and
texture.
Statistical analysis
In order to test the differences among the
formulation, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
was conducted. Data obtained from the sensorial
analysis were evaluated using the Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA), comparing averages using
Duncan’s test at 10% probability, using the
statistic software SAEG v 8.1 (RIBEIRO
JUNIOR, 2001).
Results and Discussion
Characterization of the raw-material and cereal bars
The values of protein, lipids, ashes and moisture
content of the three formulations found in this work
were not different among themselves. Results of
centesimal content of elaborated cereal bars, as well
as dehydrated jackfruit and seed meal are shown in
Table 2. The formulations of cereal bars presented
in an average 4.8 and 4.6% of protein, a desirable
value if compared to values found in the market
(which average values range from 3.0 to 4.0%). Seed
meal presented a considerable protein value (4.61%)
taking into account that it is a residual.
Formulations I, II and III contain, in percentages,
proteins from FJ (seed meal) + JD (dehydrated
jackfruit) of 76.76%, 75.43 and 72.17%, in dry
bases. According to the results shown in Table 2,
one verifies that the selection of fruit and seed
meal as a protein source is adequate, because
dehydrated jackfruit and seed meal contributes to
75% of the protein content of this cereal bar, and
the rest was from the oat. Brito et al. (2004), once
formulating cereal bars, obtained higher protein
values (6.27 g 100 g-1) if compared to those
obtained in this study (4.8 and 4.6 g 100 g-1). This
may be explained by the use of oat formulation
and corn starch cookies, which probably had more
influence in the total protein content of the bar if
compared to seed meal and dehydrated jackfruit
used in the formulations of this study. Lipid
content in bars I, II and III, if compared to bars of
other authors (BRITO et al., 2004; FREITAS;
MORETTI, 2006) was high. This was probably
due to the amount of hydrogenated fat (2.5 g 100
g-1) used in these formulations. The objective of
this addition was to avoid water addition in order
to promote uniformity, due to the fact that water
could promote rehydration of jackfruit, which is
not interesting if concerning the final texture of
the bar. According to Mattos and Martins (2000),
the value found for fibers (among 4.10 and 4.60 g
100 g-1) allows to classify homemade cereal bars as
a product of moderate fiber content.
Comparing portions of the product (25 g-1) with
brands found in the market, as described in Table 3,
it may be observed that the lipid value found in this
study is close to the ones commercially used.
Regarding carbohydrate and fiber contents,
elaborated bars presented a lower carbohydrate
content and higher fiber content if compared to
other bars. This fact may be explained by the
addition of seed meal, which has high total fiber
content (24.4 g 100 g-1) and low carbohydrate
content (3.76 g 100 g-1).
84 Santos et al.
Acta Scientiarum. Technology Maringá, v. 33, n. 1, p. 81-85 2011
Table 2. Approximate centesimal content (% wet base) of jackfruit cereal bar.
Dehydrated jackfruit Seed meal Formulation I Formulation II Formulation III
Caloric value (kca l 100 g-1) 271.18 242.88 419.06 414.85 413.21
Protein (Nx6.25) 2.73±0.03 4.61±0.04 4.80±0.035 4.60±0.029 4.60±0.03
Fat 1.94±0.02 0.80±0.007 8.68±0.04 6.22±0.03 7.81±0.03
Ash 2.47±0.03 12.12±0.09 1.59±0.03 1.38±0.029 1.56±0.025
Moisture 19.83±0.09 54.31±0.10 21.02±0.09 21.40±0.08 20.26±0.10
Carbohydrate* 63.43 3.76 42.50 44.10 45.40
Fiber 9.60±0.30 24.40±0.25 4.60±0.09 4.10±0.09 4.50±0.08
*Calculated by difference.
Table 3. Centesimal content of Formulations I, II and III of
cereal bars and commercial bars (D (light) and E (traditional)).
I II III D* E*
Carbohydrate (g) 10.625 11.025 11.350 19.000 17.000
Fat (g) 2.17 1.56 1.95 1.00 4.00
Protein (g) 1.21 1.15 1.15 1.00 1.00
Fiber (g) 1.15 1.03 1.13 1.00 1.00
*Composition of labels.
Sensory analysis
The grades given by testers concerning sensorial
preference is shown in Table 4. The three
formulations presented a good sensory acceptance,
in a general standpoint. However, texture sensation
caused by the combination of the ingredients
obtained lower averages of sensory preference.
Table 4. Averages of grades given by testers for sensorial preferences
of jackfruit cereal bars.1
Formulation Aroma Color Taste Texture Global
Impression
III 6.9 a 6.9a 7.1a 6.6a 7.1a
II 6.5 a 6.6a 6.8a 6.3ab 6.8ab
I 5.9 b 6.1b 5.9b 5.7b 6.3 b
1Means, in the same column, followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(Duncan’s test, p > 0.1).
Concerning sensory characteristics: global
impression and texture, formulation II obtained
intermediary average, which did not significantly
differed (p > 0.1) from Formulations III
(30% of seed meal) and I (50% of seed meal).
Regarding color and aroma, Formulation III,
with a lower content of seed meal (30%) obtained
the best averages (6.9 and 6.9, respectively), but it
did not significantly differed (p > 0.1) from
Formulation II which contained 40% of seed meal.
Considering taste, Formulation III obtained the
highest grade, 7.1, but it did not significantly
differed (p > 0.1) from Formulation II. Formulation
1 which contains 50% of dehydrated jackfruit and
50% of seed meal presented lower preference grades
if compared to the others.
Figure 2 shows the frequency of grades for the
following characteristics: Global Impression and
Flavor, due to the relevance of these characteristics,
from the three formulation of jackfruit cereal bar. It
is possible to verify that 30% of the grades
concerning Global Impression for formulations B
and C are among 7 and 9, which indicates
“moderately liked” and “extremely liked”.
Furthermore, more than 25% of the grades
concerning flavor of the three formulations were
among this same grade interval.
Frequency (%)
Hedonic scale score
Figure 2. Distribution of grade frequencies for global impression
and taste of the three formulations of jackfruit cereal bar.
Conclusion
Based on the obtained results we can conclude
that the cereal bar elaborated from seed meal of
jackfruit and dehydrated jackfruit satisfactorily
attends nutritional values if compared to other in the
market. Concerning sensorial characteristics,
formulations containing 30 and 40% of seed meal of
jackfruit were preferred by testers. Regarding
nutritional value, the variation of seed meal and
dehydrated jackfruit content did not present
significant differences. However, if considering the
testers’ acceptance, the best formulation is the one
which contains 40% of seed meal and 60% of
dehydrated jackfruit, due to the use of higher
amount of seed meal. Moreover, this formulation
did not differ from formulations containing 30% of
seed meal and 60% of dehydrated jackfruit.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Bahia
State Research Fund Agency (Fapesb) and CNPq
for their financial support.
Cereal bars with jackfruit 85
Acta Scientiarum. Technology Maringá, v. 33, n. 1, p. 81-85, 2011
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