RetractedArticleLiterature Review

Far-infrared therapy for cardiovascular, autoimmune, and other chronic health problems: A systematic review

February 2015
Experimental Biology and Medicine 240(10)

DOI:10.1177/1535370215573391

Source
PubMed

Authors:

Xia Wang

Northwest A & F University

John Y. Chiang

National Sun Yat-sen University

Lei Zheng

Hefei University of Technology

Physical therapy (physiotherapy), a complementary and alternative medicine therapy, has been widely applied in diagnosing and treating various diseases and defects. Increasing evidence suggests that convenient and non-invasive far-infrared (FIR) rays, a vital type of physiotherapy, improve the health of patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms by which FIR functions remain elusive. Hence, the purpose of this study was to review and summarize the results of previous investigations and to elaborate on the molecular mechanisms of FIR therapy in various types of disease. In conclusion, FIR therapy may be closely related to the increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase as well as nitric oxide production and may modulate the profiles of some circulating miRNAs; thus, it may be a beneficial complement to treatments for some chronic diseases that yields no adverse effects. © 2015 by the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

Sinar Infra Merah dengan Otomatis Kontrol Suhu (SIMOKS) untuk Meningkatkan Kenyamanan Terapi pada Lansia

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Terapi infra merah merupakan salah satu terapi panas yang dapat digunakan oleh lansia. Manfaat terapi infra merah bagi lansia, salah satunya untuk menurunkan rasa nyeri akibat peradangan pada sistem muskuloskeletal. Efek yang masih sering ditemukan adalah terbakar ringan pada kulit. Tujuan dari penelitian untuk memberikan keamanan terapi pada lansia yang mengalami penurunan fungsi sensitivitas kulit dengan menambahkan sistem otomatis kontrol suhu dengan dikenalkan nama SIMOKS. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian pengembangan dan menghasilkan alat terapi infra merah baru dengan menambahkan sensor panas dan sensor jarak. Sensor panas sebagai pengendali panas maksimum yang aman bagi lansia antara suhu 39,50 - 410 C. Sensor jarak sebagai pengaman terapi panas ke kulit. Hasil pengembangan alat terapi sinar infra merah dengan otomatis kontrol suhu (SIMOKS) ini aman bagi lansia.

Effect of far infrared therapy on arteriovenous fistula maturation, survival and stenosis in hemodialysis patients, a randomized, controlled clinical trial: the FAITH on fistula trial

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021
BMC Nephrol

Background An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis treatment. After creation many of the AVFs will never mature or if functioning will need an intervention within 1 year due to an AVF stenosis. Studies investigating possible therapies that improves the AVF maturation and survival are scarce. Far infrared therapy (FIR) has shown promising results. In minor single centre and industry supported trials FIR has shown improved AVF maturation and survival. There is a need of a randomized multicentre controlled trial to examine the effect of FIR on the AVF maturation and survival and to explore the possible AVF protective mechanism induced by the FIR treatment. Methods This investigator initiated, randomized, controlled, open-labeled, multicenter clinical trial will examine the effect of FIR on AVF maturation in patients with a newly created AVF (incident) and AVF patency rate after 1 year of treatment in patients with an existing AVF (prevalent) compared to a control group. The intervention group will receive FIR to the skin above their AVF three times a week for 1 year. The control group will be observed without any treatment. The primary outcome for incident AVFs is the time from surgically creation of the AVF to successful cannulation. The primary outcome for the prevalent AVFs is the difference in number of AVFs without intervention and still functioning in the treatment and control group after 12 months. Furthermore, the acute changes in inflammatory and vasodilating factors during FIR will be explored. Arterial stiffness as a marker of long term AVF patency will also be examined. Discussion FIR is a promising new treatment modality that may potentially lead to improved AVF maturation and survival. This randomized controlled open-labelled trial will investigate the effect of FIR and its possible mechanisms. Trial registration Clinicaltrialsgov NCT04011072 (7th of July 2019).

Effect of different thermal stimuli on improving microcirculation in the contralateral foot

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2021
BIOMED ENG ONLINE

Background The lower extremities of the body often suffer from impaired microcirculation, particularly in the elderly or people with underlying conditions such as diabetes. Especially for people suffering from peripheral vascular diseases, skin lesions or wearing an external fixator in one side of limbs, direct contact treatments are not suitable for them to improve microcirculation. Heating the contralateral limb has been reported to improve blood flow in the impaired limb. However, its effect on plantar microvascular responses has not been previously investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore how heating by warm bath and infrared radiation affects the circulations in the contralateral foot. Twelve healthy adults participated in this study and were randomly assigned to either placing the left foot in a warm bath or exposing it to infrared radiation for 10 min intervention every other day. The skin temperature (Temp) and skin blood flow (SBF) in the second metatarsal head of the contralateral foot were measured before and after the intervention. Results The results showed that both Temp (Bath: from 29.05 ± 3.56 °C to 31.03 ± 4.14 °C; Infrared: from 29.98 ± 3.86 °C to 31.07 ± 3.92 °C) and SBF (Bath: from 62.26 ± 48.12 PU to 97.76 ± 63.90 PU; Infrared: from 63.37 ± 39.88 PU to 85.27 ± 47.62 PU) in the contralateral foot were significantly increased after heating in both tests ( p < 0.05). However, the contralateral SBF increased for 5 min after heating in warm bath test, but only for 1 min in infrared radiation test. Conclusions The results of this study show that both heating methods are the effective at increasing contralateral Temp and SBF, but the warm bath has a stronger residual thermal effect.

Effect of different thermal stimuli on improving microcirculation in the contralateral foot

Preprint

Full-text available

Aug 2020

Backgroud: The lower extremities of the body often suffer from impaired microcirculation, particularly in the elderly or people with underlying conditions such as diabetes. Especially for people suffering from peripheral vascular diseases, skin lesions or wearing an external fixator in one side of limbs, direct contact treatments are not suitable for them to improve microcirculation. Heating the contralateral limb has been reported to improve blood flow in the impaired limb. However, its effect on plantar microvascular responses has not been previously investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore how heating by warm bath and infrared radiation affects the circulations in the contralateral foot. Twelve healthy adults participated in this study and were randomly assigned to either placing the left foot in a warm bath or exposing it to infrared radiation for 10 minutes intervention every other day. The skin temperature (Temp) and skin blood flow (SBF) in the second metatarsal head of the contralateral foot were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The results showed that both Temp (Bath: from 29.05±3.56 °С to 31.03±4.14 °С; Infrared: from 29.98±3.86 °С to 31.07±3.92 °С) and SBF (Bath: from 62.26±48.12 PU to 97.76±63.90 PU; Infrared: from 63.37±39.88 PU to 85.27±47.62 PU) in the contralateral foot were significantly increased after heating in both tests (P<0.05). However, the contralateral SBF increased for 5 minutes after heating in warm bath test, but only for 1 minute in infrared radiation test. Conclusions: The results of this study show that both heating methods are the effective at increasing contralateral Temp and SBF, but the warm bath has a stronger residual thermal effect.

Effect of different thermal stimuli on improving microcirculation in the contralateral foot

Preprint

Full-text available

Aug 2020

Effect of Different Thermal Stimuli on Improving Microcirculation in the Contralateral foot

Preprint

Full-text available

Aug 2020

Backgroud: The lower extremities of the body often suffer from impaired microcirculation, particularly in the elderly or people with underlying conditions such as diabetes. Especially for people suffering from peripheral vascular diseases, skin lesions or wearing an external fixator in one side of limbs, direct contact treatments are not suitable for them to improve microcirculation. Heating the contralateral limb has been reported to improve blood flow in the impaired limb. However, its effect on microvascular responses has not been previously investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore how heating by warm bath and infrared radiation affects the circulations in the contralateral foot. Twelve healthy adults participated in this study and were randomly assigned to either placing the left foot in a warm bath or exposing it to infrared radiation every other day. The temperature (Temp) and skin blood flow (SBF) in the second metatarsal head of the contralateral foot were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The results showed that both Temp (Bath: from 29.05±3.56 °С to 31.03±4.14 °С; Infrared: from 29.98±3.86 °С to 31.07±3.92 °С) and SBF (Bath: from 62.26±48.12 PU to 97.76±63.90 PU; Infrared: from 63.37±39.88 PU to 85.27±47.62 PU) in the contralateral foot were significantly increased after heating in both tests (P<0.05). However, the increase in contralateral SBF lasted 5 minutes after heating in a warm bath, but only lasted for 1 minute after infrared exposure. Moreover, the increase in Temp from the baseline in the first minute of the Recovery stage was significantly greater when using the warm bath than infrared radiation. Conclusions: The results of this study show that both heating methods are the effective at increasing contralateral Temp and SBF, but the warm bath has a stronger residual thermal effect.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treated with “Onnetsu” Far Infrared Rays: Case Report

Article

Aug 2019

Tatsumura Hillyer Kazuko

Use of infrared as a complementary treatment approach in medicine and aesthetic medicine

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2019

Luigi Cristiano

Infrared radiation has wavelengths between 780nm and 1000μm. It is well absorbed by living organisms and is perceived as heat. The mechanisms of action of infrared rays on humans are still little known, however their effects on living tissues are well known, particularly useful in the treatment of various diseases and disorders, in the reduction of wound healing times, in weight loss, in non-surgical body remodelling, in photo-rejuvenation, in muscle recovery, in improving sleep quality, in relaxation and in many other applications in medicine, non-invasive aesthetic medicine, beauty, fitness and wellness. This brief communication aims to provide an overview of the use of infrared and related devices in these fields of application, grouping them according to (1) medical applications, (2) non-invasive aesthetic medicine applications and beauty treatments and (3) for home wellness use.

“Let there be light.” Research on phototherapy, light therapy, and photobiomodulation for healing – Alternative therapy becomes mainstream

Article

Oct 2018
COMPLEMENT THER MED

Kathi J Kemper

The Effect of Thermal Therapy on Uremic Pruritus in Hemodialysis Patients

Article

Full-text available

May 2018

Far infrared treatment on the arteriovenous fistula induces changes in sVCAM and sICAM in patients on hemodialysis

Article

Feb 2023
NEPHROL DIAL TRANSPL

Introduction: There is a substantial risk of developing stenosis and dysfunction in the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in patients on hemodialysis. Far infrared radiation (FIR) is a non-invasive local intervention with a potentially beneficial effect on AVF patency. The underlying mechanism is not clear. It was hypothesized that a single FIR treatment reduces factors of inflammation and promotes endothelial vasodilators in the AVF. Methods: Forty hemodialysis patients with an AVF were included in an open-label intervention study.. Patients were randomized to receive either FIR (FIR group) or no FIR (control group). Blood samples were drawn directly from the AVF and from a peripheral vein in the non-AVF arm before (T0 minutes) and after (T40 minutes) treatment during a hemodialysis session. The changes (median [interquartile range]) in circulating factors of inflammation, endothelial function and vasoreactivity during FIR were measured. Results: In the AVF a single FIR treatment during dialysis resulted in a significantly diminished decrease in soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule, sVCAM (-31.6 [-54.3;22.1] vs. -89.9 [-121.6; -29.3], P = 0.005) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule, sICAM (-24.2 [-43.5;25.3] vs. -49 [-79.9; -11.6], P = 0.02) compared to the control group.Other factors, such as interleukins, nitrite, nitrate, and tumor-necrosis-factor 1 also declined during dialysis, but with no significant differences related to FIR in neither the AVF nor non-AVF arm. Conclusion: A single FIR treatment attenuated the decrease in sVCAM and sICAM in the AVF compared to a control group during hemodialysis. Findings do not support the hypothesis of a vaso-protective effect of FIR. The long-term effects of FIR on the AVF are unknown.

Far infrared light irradiation enhances Aβ clearance via increased exocytotic microglial ATP and ameliorates cognitive deficit in Alzheimer’s disease-like mice

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022
J NEUROINFLAMM

Background Exposure to sunlight may decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and visible and near infrared light have been proposed as a possible therapeutic strategy for AD. Here, we investigated the effects of the visible, near infrared and far infrared (FIR) light on the cognitive ability of AD mice, and found that FIR light also showed potential in the improvement of cognitive dysfunction in AD. However, the related mechanism remains to be elucidated. Methods Morris water maze was used to evaluate the cognitive ability of APPswe/PSEN1dE9 double-transgenic AD mice after light treatment. Western blot was carried out to detect the expression of protein involved in synaptic function and amyloid-β (Aβ) production. The protein amount of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA level of receptors was performed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Immunostaining was performed to characterize the Aβ burden and microglial Aβ phagocytosis in the brain of AD mice. The Aβ phagocytosis of primary cultured microglia and BV2 were assessed by flow cytometry. The energy metabolism changes were evaluated using related assay kits, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactate content, mitochondrial respiratory chain complex enzymatic activity and oxidized/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide assay kits. Results Our results showed that FIR light reduced Aβ burden, a hallmark of AD neuropathology, alleviated neuroinflammation, restored the expression of the presynaptic protein synaptophysin, and ameliorated learning and memory impairment in the AD mice. FIR light enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway to increase ATP production. This increased intracellular ATP promoted the extracellular ATP release from microglia stimulated by Aβ, leading to the enhanced Aβ phagocytosis through phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways for Aβ clearance. Conclusions Our findings have uncovered a previously unappreciated function of FIR light in inducing microglial phagocytosis to clean Aβ, which may be the mechanisms for FIR light to improve cognitive dysfunction in AD mice. These results suggest that FIR light treatment is a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.

Positive and negative aspects of sauna bathing – current knowledge status

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Introduction: Sauna bathing as a health-promoting activity has been known to mankind for millennia. Sauna session, which consists of alternate overheating and then rapidly cooling the body, has a beneficial effect on the health of the body confirmed by scientific research. In the last few decades, sauna bathing has become more available due to the growing market of recreational services such as water parks and sauna parks. Regular use of sauna bathing reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, mental stress, accelerates the process of regeneration after physical exertion, as well as increases resistance to the harmful effects of certain environmental factors. Despite the health benefits known for many years, the physiological mechanisms occurring in the body during sauna sessions still remain unknown. Sauna bathing treatments can be an effective complement to the process of treatment and rehabilitation of patients with cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory tract diseases, skin diseases and many others. Material and methods: A literature analysis on sauna bathing was carried out within the Pubmed and Google scholar platforms. The following keywords were used in search: sauna bathing, infrared sauna, cardiovascular diseases. Purpose of the work: The aim of the following analysis is to present a historical outline of the use of sauna bathing, the health aspect, risks and the assumptions and indicating an important need for further research into the effects of sauna bathing on the body.

The Biological Effectiveness and Medical Significance of Far Infrared Radiation (FIR)

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

The electromagnetic waves constitute different wavelengths of light from which Far infrared (FIR) is beneficial for living cells. Extensive studies and trials have been conducted over the last two decades in multidimensional biological domains to identify its unlimited health benefits. FIR radiations improve the microcirculation of the human body, stimulate cell growth, penetrate through skin tissues non-invasively, create intramolecular vibrations create an overall healthy metabolism, which ultimately affects overall improved cardiac and metabolic activity. This phenomenon is used to explore different pathological conditions to identify their significance in the medical field. In this review, we explored the biological effectiveness and the medical significance of Far infrared radiation (FIR) in murine melanoma Cell Growth, Lymphedema, airborne viruses, Cardiac diseases, Wound healing and burns, Autonomic Activities, Hemodialysis, Allergic Rhinitis, Aesthetic medicine, textiles, and other domains such as obesity and gut microbiota.

The ‘Enseki’ Sandbath’: A novel, safe and effective far-infrared bathing procedure for health

Article

Aug 2018

Background Far‐infrared is well known with various therapeutic benefits. Recently, we have developed a novel far‐infrared bathing system called the Enseki sandbath. In this regard, we focused on physical nature of ceramic to radiate far‐infrared rays when heated adequately. Methods A bathtub was filled with ceramic beads and was equipped with computerized system which enabled to supply hot water over the ceramic beads and to drain out when beads were sufficiently heated. This system was used like sand‐bathing. Healthy volunteers were laid in bathtubs, covered in heated ceramic beads and were bathed for 15 min. Microbiological analysis was done in samples obtained from the skin surface, ceramic beads or drained water. Furthermore, various physiological parameters were monitored, including blood pressure, heart rates, oral temperature, body weight, blood viscosity. Blood samples were simultaneously collected and subjected to biochemical analysis, including blood glucose, HbA1c, uric acid, lactate, fatty acid and others. Results All data showed no physiological overload for tested individuals, and any biochemical analysis did not present abnormal score. Bacteriological culture grew no pathogens. Results of questionnaires demonstrated that 90% of the participants answered the comfort and wished to further repeat the bathing. Limitations This is a non‐randomized prospective case study. Conclusion We concluded that the Enseki method is a safe and well tolerated far‐infrared bathing procedure for regeneration and relaxation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Far-infrared Radiation Improves Motor Dysfunction and Neuropathology in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 Mice

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2019
CEREBELLUM

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a polyglutamine neurodegenerative disease resulting from the misfolding and accumulation of a pathogenic protein, causing cerebellar dysfunction, and this disease currently has no effective treatments. Far-infrared radiation (FIR) has been found to protect the viability of SCA3 cells by preventing mutant ataxin-3 protein aggregation and promoting autophagy. However, this possible treatment still lacks in vivo evidence. This study assessed the effect of FIR therapy on SCA3 in vivo by using a mouse model over 28 weeks. Control mice carried a healthy wild-type ATXN3 allele that had a polyglutamine tract with 15 CAG repeats (15Q), whereas SCA3 transgenic mice possessed an allele with a pathological polyglutamine tract with expanded 84 CAG (84Q) repeats. The results showed that the 84Q SCA3 mice displayed impaired motor coordination, balance abilities, and gait performance, along with the associated loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, compared with the normal 15Q controls; nevertheless, FIR treatment was sufficient to prevent those defects. FIR significantly improved performance in terms of maximal contact area, stride length, and base support in the forepaws, hindpaws, or both. Moreover, FIR treatment supported the survival of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and promoted the autophagy, as reflected by the induction of autophagic markers, LC3II and Beclin-1, concomitant with the reduction of p62 and ataxin-3 accumulation in cerebellar Purkinje cells, which might partially contribute to the rescue mechanism. In summary, our results reveal that FIR confers therapeutic effects in an SCA3 transgenic animal model and therefore has considerable potential for future clinical use.

Effect of infrared belt and hot water bag on labor pain intensity among primiparous: a randomized controlled trial

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

Background Labor pain is complex, paradoxical and varied in every parturient woman. Management of labor pain has been a crucial component in maternity care. Heat therapy is one of the proposed method for labor pain relief. Infrared is one of the methods of heat therapy but there is any study in this regard. This study aimed to compare the effect of the infrared belt and hot water bag on the severity of pain in the first stage of labor among primiparous women. Methods In this clinical trial in the first stage of labor, 20-min cycles of heat therapy were conducted at the dilations of 4–5 and 6–7 cm in the intervention group 1 by an infrared belt and in the intervention group 2 by hot water bag, respectively. The control group received routine care. The severity of the pain was measured by the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Results In total, 136 women consented to participate in this clinical trial study. The mean score of pain intensity was significantly lower in the two intervention groups compared to the control group (P < 0.001). The mean pain intensity was significantly lower in the infrared belt group than in the hot water bag group (P < 0.001). Conclusions Based on these findings, heat therapy with an infrared belt reduced the severity of pain in the first stage of labor. The infrared belt could be used and recommended as a safe and effective pain relief in childbirth and maternity care. Trial registration This study was registered in the Iran Clinical Trial Center with the code of IRCT20190805044446N1.

Which Factors Influence Healthy Aging? A Lesson from the Longevity Village of Bama in China

Article

Jan 2022

A growing aging population is associated with increasing incidences of aging-related diseases and socioeconomic burdens. Hence, research into healthy longevity and aging is urgently needed. Longevity is an important phenomenon in healthy aging. The present review summarizes the characteristics of longevity in the elderly population in Bama, China, where the proportion of centenarians is 5.7-fold greater than the international standard. We examined the impact of genetic and environmental factors on longevity from multiple perspectives. We proposed that the phenomenon of longevity in this region is of high value for future investigations in healthy aging and aging-related disease and may provide guidance for fostering the establishment and maintenance of a healthy aging society.

Physiological benefits of ambient far infrared energy within the 4-24 micron range

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Far infrared (FIR) radiation (3-100 µm) is an electromagnetic spectrum commonly studied for biological effects. This article aims to discuss using Far infrared radiation with sub-division (4-24 µm) of this waveband to stimulate tissues and cells and is considered an effective therapeutic modality for specific medical disorders. The IR application as a medical therapy has advanced rapidly in recent years. For example, IR therapy like IR-emitting apparel and materials that can be run solely by body heat (does not need an external power supply) have been developed. New methods for providing FIR radiation to the human body have emerged due to technological advancements. Specialty saunas and lamps that emit pure FIR radiation have become effective, safe, and widely used therapeutic sources. Fibers infused with thermide, FIR emitting ceramic nanomaterials, and knitted into fabrics are used as clothes and apparel to produce FIR radiation and benefit from its effects. A deeper understanding of FIR's significant innovations and biological implications could aid in improving therapeutic efficacy or developing new methods that use FIR wavelengths.

Effects of Far-Infrared Radiation-Lamp Therapy on Recovery From Simulated Soccer Match Running Activities in Elite Soccer Players

Article

Jul 2022

Purpose: The authors investigated whether far-infrared radiation (FIR) lamp therapy would reduce muscle damage and enhance recovery from multiple soccer-match-related running activities. Methods: Twenty-four elite female soccer players (20-24 y) were assigned into a FIR or a sham treatment group (n = 12/group). They performed a daily 90-minute Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) for 6 consecutive days. Maximal voluntary contraction torque of the knee extensors (KEs) and flexors, muscle soreness, plasma creatine kinase activity, countermovement jump, and several other performance measures (eg, 30-m dash, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1) were taken before the first LIST, 1 hour after each LIST, and 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after the last LIST. All participants received a 30-minute FIR or sham treatment on KEs and knee flexors, respectively, at 2 hour after each LIST and 25, 49, 73, and 97 hours after the last LIST. Results: All measures changed significantly (P < .05) at 1 hour after the first LIST without difference (P > .05) between groups. Maximal voluntary contraction torque (eg, the largest decrease of KE for FIR: 13% [4%], sham: 25% [5%]), countermovement jump height (4% [3%] vs 14% [4%]), and other performance measures (eg, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test: 11% [5%] vs 26% [5%]) decreased less, and peak muscle soreness (eg, KE: 26 [9] vs 51 [18] mm) and plasma creatine kinase activity (172 [32] vs 1289 [610] IU/L) were smaller for the FIR than for the sham group (P < .05), and they returned to the baseline earlier (P < .05) for the FIR group. Conclusions: These results suggest that the FIR therapy provided potent effects on reducing accumulated muscle damage and enhancing recovery.

Far-Infrared Therapy Decreases Orthotopic Allograft Transplantation Vasculopathy

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

Orthotopic allograft transplantation (OAT) is a major strategy for solid heart and kidney failure. However, the recipient’s immunity-induced chronic rejection induces OAT vasculopathy that results in donor organ failure. With the exception of immunosuppressive agents, there are currently no specific means to inhibit the occurrence of OAT vasculopathy. On the other hand, far-infrared (FIR) therapy uses low-power electromagnetic waves given by FIR, with a wavelength of 3–25 μm, to improve human physiological functions. Previous studies have shown that FIR therapy can effectively inhibit inflammation. It has also been widely used in adjuvant therapy for various clinical diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, in recent years. Thus, we used this study to explore the feasibility of FIR in preventing OAT vasculopathy. In this study, the model of transplantation of an aorta graft from PVG/Seac rat to ACI/NKyo rat, and in vitro model of human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) was used. In this report, we presented that FIR therapy decreased the serious of vasculopathy in OAT-recipient ACI/NKyo rats via inhibiting proliferation of smooth muscle cells, accumulation of collagen, and infiltration of fibroblast in the vessel wall; humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were decreased in the spleen. The production of inflammatory proteins/cytokines also decreased in the plasma. Additionally, FIR therapy presented higher mobilization and circulating EPC levels associated with vessel repair in OAT-recipient ACI/NKyo rats. In vitro studies demonstrated that the underlying mechanisms of FIR therapy inhibiting OAT vasculopathy may be associated with the inhibition of the Smad2-Slug axis endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Thus, FIR therapy may be the strategy to prevent chronic rejection-induced vasculopathy.

Enseki Far-Infrared Sandbath: Its Basic and Future Therapeutic Possibilities

Article

Apr 2020

Yoshinori Aragane

The interaction between citronellol and bovine serum albumin: Spectroscopic, computational and thermal imaging studies

Article

Nov 2021
J MOL STRUCT

Citronellol (Cit), a typical component of rose essential oil, has a variety of physiological activities and is widely used in physiotherapy with tourmaline powder (TP). But the reaction mechanism with biomolecules was not concerned. Therefore, the action mechanism of Cit/TP to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied through spectroscopic, docking, dynamic simulation and thermal imaging methods. The results suggested that Cit and BSA could bind at site I chiefly under the driving forces of hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces, and the endogenous fluorescence quenching mode of BSA was static. Synchronous, three-dimensional fluorescence spectra, UV-vis, FT-IR reflected Cit could affect the microenvironment near tryptophan and promote the aggregation of the protein structure to change the conformation of BSA. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation confirmed the conformational change of BSA after ligand binding. Besides, the analysis showed that the existence of TP could improve the affinity of Cit-BSA binding. Infrared thermal images proved that Cit and/or TP could improve the radiation temperature of BSA system. In brief, Cit could spontaneously bind to BSA and change the protein conformation, and the presence of TP would affect the binding mode of Cit-BSA. These findings will be beneficial to further research of Cit and TP in physiotherapy.

Research Progress of the Clinical Application of Far Infrared Radiation

Article

Sep 2020

Far Infrared Light Irradiation Enhances Microglial Aβ Clearance and Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit in Alzheimer’s Disease-like Mice

Preprint

Full-text available

Dec 2020

Background: Exposure to sunlight may decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the wavelength of the light with this therapeutic effect and the related mechanism remain elusive. Failure to clear amyloid-β (Aβ), the main component of amyloid plaque, has been considered as a key risk to cause the development of AD. As the resident immune cell in the brain, microglia is able to carry out Aβ clearance. We hypothesize that a component of sunlight improves AD-related cognitive dysfunction and that this beneficial effect may be via Aβ clearance by microglia. Method: The APP/PS1 mice by 8.5 months of age were exposed to the visible light (λ = 500 nm), near infrared light (λ = 800 nm) and far infrared light (λ = 3 - 25 µm) for 60 min per day. After 5-week treatment with different light, all mice began to be subjected to Morris water maze behavior test under SPF environment. Western blotting was carried out to detect the expression of postsynaptic density-95 protein and synaptophysin in the hippocampus. The protein amount of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the cerebral cortex were determined by using ELISA kits. Immunostaining was performed to characterize the Aβ, microglia, cluster of differentiation 68. Under the condition of Aβ existing, primary cultured microglia were treated with light for 2 h before Aβ phagocytosis assay. Results: The APP/PS1 mice with different light (VIS, NIR and FIR) treatments showed a trend of improvement in learning compared to those without light treatment during training stage. Moreover, FIR light-treated APP/PS1 mice had better spatial memory than APP/PS1 mice in the probe test. Simultaneously, FIR light treatment restored synaptophysin protein expression, promoted the recruitment of microglia to Aβ plaques, enhanced the phagocytosis of Aβ, reduced Aβ burden and alleviated neuroinflammation. Conclusions: Taken together, FIR light treatment ameliorates the learning and memory impairment in AD-like mice. Our findings uncovered a previously unappreciated function of FIR light, suggesting that FIR light treatment may be a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.

The effectiveness of far-infrared irradiation on foot skin surface temperature and heart rate variability in healthy adults over 50 years of age: A randomized study

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020

Background: Far-infrared irradiation (FIR) is used in the medical field to improve wound healing, hemodialysis with peripheral artery occlusive disease, and osteoarthritis but seldom used in ameliorating poor lower extremity circulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of FIR on changes in foot skin surface temperature (FSST) and autonomic nerve system (ANS) activity to evaluate its effectiveness in improving lower limb circulation. Methods: A randomized controlled study was conducted. Subjects (n = 44), all over the age of 50 years and satisfying the inclusion criteria, were randomly allocated into 2 groups. The intervention group received FIR on a lower limb for 40 minutes and the control group received no intervention. Left big toe (LBT), right big toe (RBT), left foot dorsal (LFD), right foot dorsal (RFD) surface skin temperature, autonomic nervous activity, and blood pressure were assessed. Results: The main results were skin surface temperature at the LBT increased from 30.8 ± 0.4°C to 34.8 ± 0.4°C, at RBT increased from 29.6 ± 0.4°C to 35.3 ± 0.4°C and LFD increased from 31.9 ± 0.3°C to 36.4 ± 0.4°C, RFD increased from 30.7 ± 0.3°C to 37.7 ± 0.2°C. FIR caused a significant increase of the FSST ranging in a 4°C to 7°C increase after 40 minutes irradiation (P < .001). The ANS low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) activity showed a statistically significant increase in the FIR group (P < .05) but not the LF/HF ratio. Conclusion: FIR significantly increased the FSST from between 4°C and 7°C after 40 minutes irradiation, which might improve lower extremity circulation and regulation of ANS activity.

WARMING EFFECT OF BLANKETS WITH HIGH FAR-INFRARED EMISSIVITY ON SKIN MICROCIRCULATION IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS

Article

Nov 2020

Vascular complications are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Effective strategies to improve circulation appear to be another important issue in addition to the interventions of blood glucose control. Previous studies have shown that the biological effects on humans after using the materials containing ceramic particles emits far infrared radiation (FIR). The present study is to investigate the warming effect of the fabrics containing specified metals in diabetic patients. A total of 28 diabetic patients were blinded and randomly assigned to treatment group ([Formula: see text]) and control group ([Formula: see text]), respectively. The subjects of treatment group were ministered with the blankets with fibers containing the specified metals, while the subjects of control group were provided with blankets of ordinary material. The skin temperature and microcirculatory perfusion were monitored before and after 20-min use of the blankets at shoulder and bilateral calves. After warming with blankets, the treatment group revealed a higher increased ratio of skin perfusion than control ([Formula: see text]), while there was no prominent variation on the wavelet spectrum of the perfusion signal. Although it is already a known fact that passive FIR warming has the advantages of safety and convenience, our results suggest that warming by wearing the textiles containing the specified metals with high FIR emissivity is a solution for daily skin care of diabetic patients.

Far Infrared Light Irradiation Enhances Microglial Aβ Clearance and Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit in Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Mice

Preprint

Full-text available

Nov 2020

Background Exposure to sunlight may decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the wavelength of the light with this therapeutic effect and the related mechanism remain elusive. Method We evaluated the behaviors of AD-like mice treated by light of different wavelengths and showed that far infrared (FIR) light (λ = 3 - 25 μm) had a great potential in ameliorating cognition dysfunction. ResultsFIR light treatment promoted the recruitment of microglia to Aβ plaques, enhanced the phagocytosis of Aβ and decreased neuroinflammatory responses. Thus, FIR light treatment had a broad spectrum of beneficial effects on the brain, including alleviating the Aβ burden and neuroinflammation. ConclusionsAs a result, FIR light treatment ameliorates the learning and memory impairment in AD-like mice. Our findings uncovered a previously unappreciated function of FIR light, suggesting that FIR light treatment may be a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.

Instability of Nucleic Acids in Airborne Microorganisms under Far Infrared Radiation

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2020

THE ROLES OF CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 ROLURILE FIZIOTERAPIEI RESPIRATORII ÎN MANAGEMENTUL PACIENTULUI CU COVID-19

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020

Background: The high rate of mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19 mainly due to complications associated with acute respiratory failure urgently calls for effective therapeutic strategies to improve ventilation and alleviate the condition. While chest physiotherapy management techniques improve ventilation and help to keep the bloodoxygen saturation high enough to prevent acute respiratory failure and death, there are limited reports on their utilization in the management of patients with COVID-19. Objective: To highlight the roles of chest physiotherapy in the management of patients with COVID-19. Review: A review of COVID-19 pneumonia and the roles of some chest physiotherapy techniques for the alleviation of its clinical manifestations was done. Conclusion: The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 which are largely respiratory have solutions rooted in very many of the techniques that Cardiopulmonary physiotherapists use in managing respiratory conditions. Therefore, chest physiotherapy is an important adjunct therapy in the management of patients with COVID-19.

Sunlight and health: shifting the focus from vitamin D3 to photobiomodulation by red and near-infrared light

Article

May 2020
AGEING RES REV

Both sun exposure and serum vitamin D levels have been associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality and chronic age-related diseases, e.g., cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, in epidemiological studies. These associations have mainly been ascribed to beneficial effects of vitamin D. However, a vast body of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and Mendelian randomization studies have failed to confirm any major health benefits from vitamin D supplementation. In this review, we present tentative evidence showing that red and near-infrared light, both being present in sunlight, could explain the associations between sunlight exposure and better health status. Body irradiation with red and near-infrared light, usually termed as photobiomodulation (PBM), has demonstrated beneficial effects in animal models of chronic diseases. Beyond this, preliminary evidence from RCTs suggest potential clinical benefit from PBM for chronic diseases. PBM is currently being investigated in many pre-registered clinical trials, results of which will eventually clarify the role of red and near-infrared light in the prevention and treatment of common age-related chronic diseases.

Effects of Far-Infrared Therapy on Foot Circulation Among Hemodialysis Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

Article

Full-text available

May 2020

Background Far-infrared radiation (FIR) therapy improves vessel dilation, circulation, vessel endothelial function, and angiogenesis and reduces atherosclerosis. However, evidence of FIR therapy’s effects on foot circulation among diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis is scarce. Aim To determine whether FIR therapy improves foot circulation in diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis. Design Quasi-experimental. Methods In June to November 2017, diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis ( N = 58) at a hemodialysis center in northern Taiwan were divided into two groups: the experimental group ( n = 31) received FIR therapy to the bilateral dorsalis pedis artery (40 min/session, 3 times/week for 6 months) and the control group ( n = 27) received conventional dialysis care. Paired t test, independent samples t test, two-proportion Z test, and repeated-measures analysis of covariance were performed to compare changes from baseline to the end of the 6-month intervention between the groups. Results Significant positive effects of FIR therapy on temperature, pulse, and blood flow of the dorsalis pedis artery were observed. Sensitivity to pain, tactility, and pressure also improved significantly in the experimental group. The Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire revealed that the experimental group had reductions in subjective experiences of soreness, tingling, and coldness in the feet. Conclusion The findings of significant improvements to objective and subjective measures of blood flow and neural function in the experimental group indicate that FIR therapy improves blood circulation to the feet. This therapy thus has great potential to be an effective adjuvant treatment for patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis.

AN INTEGRATIVE AND NOVEL APPROACH TO COMBAT SARS-COV-2: APPLICATION OF FAR INFRARED RADIATION, ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM OF MEDICINES AND NUTRACEUTICALS

Article

Full-text available

May 2020

AN INTEGRATIVE AND NOVEL APPROACH TO COMBAT SARS-COV-2: APPLICATION OF FAR INFRARED RADIATION, ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM OF MEDICINES AND NUTRACEUTICALS

Article

Full-text available

May 2020

CORONA-19 cases in the world are approximately 20 lacs till April 17, 2020, while deaths reported so far is around 1.25 lacs; and there is no vaccine/no exact medicine. In India, the total cases till 17th April, are about 14000; and deaths reported are about 450. Humanity is facing a tough time in the whole globe; more than 200 countries are in the grip of the pandemic CORONA -19. Then, what’s to be done! The doctors are trying drugs like Hydroxychloroquine, HIV drugs, and so; but there is no respite. Then why not to use some other drugs/methods which are less expensive, easy to administer and having no side effect. Therefore, it becomes important to combat the tenacity of the SARS-CoV2, by adopting alternative system of medicines and nutritional approaches. Earlier, some of the authors of the paper have discussed the concept of ‘Biogeogens’, to deal with any health issues, taking into account all the concerned factors holistically. Therefore, on the basis of extensive research and earlier evidences, an integrative and novel approach of utilizing the far infrared radiation, homeopathic medicine and nutraceuticals, has been suggested to prevent the spread and viral infectivity of SARS- CoV-2.

Applications and benefits of the infrared rays and infrared-based devices in sports and rehabilitation

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019

Luigi Cristiano

Background: Infrared rays, that comprise NIR, MIR and FIR rays, are increasingly used for enhancing athletic performance and muscle recovery but also for neuromuscular rehabilitation and in sports medicine. Infrared-based devices frequently used on athletes include infrared thermal blankets, infrared lipo laser paddles (soft-laser), infrared heat lamps, infrared bands, infrared saunas, infrared pens, far infrared-emitting ceramic or stone beads and far infrared-emitting apparel (technical sportswear). Methods: A literature analysis of the last twenty years was made regards the application of infrared rays on athletes. Results: Although the mechanisms of action of infrared rays are still unclearly, they develop endogenous heat and show many interesting heat-related effects and non-heat-related effects on the human tissues included skeletal muscles, tendons and ligaments. Conclusions: Infrared has a positive effect on all disorders of the locomotor system and concurs to the improvement of skeletal muscle performance, decreases exercise-induced oxidative stress, delays of muscle fatigue, reduces pain (also chronic pain) and inflammatory responses of muscles, protects against muscle injuries and stimulates general psychophysical well-being.

The complex genetics and biology of human temperament: a review of traditional concepts in relation to new molecular findings

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2019

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that temperament is strongly influenced by more than 700 genes that modulate associative conditioning by molecular processes for synaptic plasticity and long-term learning and memory. The results were replicated in three independent samples despite variable cultures and environments. The identified genes were enriched in pathways activated by behavioral conditioning in animals, including the two major molecular pathways for response to extracellular stimuli, the Ras-MEK-ERK and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR cascades. These pathways are activated by a wide variety of physiological and psychosocial stimuli that vary in positive and negative valence and in consequences for health and survival. Changes in these pathways are orchestrated to maintain cellular homeostasis despite changing conditions by modulating temperament and its circadian and seasonal rhythms. In this review we first consider traditional concepts of temperament in relation to the new genetic findings by examining the partial overlap of alternative measures of temperament. Then we propose a definition of temperament as the disposition of a person to learn how to behave, react emotionally, and form attachments automatically by associative conditioning. This definition provides necessary and sufficient criteria to distinguish temperament from other aspects of personality that become integrated with it across the life span. We describe the effects of specific stimuli on the molecular processes underlying temperament from functional, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives. Our new knowledge can improve communication among investigators, increase the power and efficacy of clinical trials, and improve the effectiveness of treatment of personality and its disorders.

Use of infrared-based devices in aesthetic medicine and for beauty and wellness treatments

Article

Nov 2019
INFRARED PHYS TECHN

Luigi Cristiano

Infrared devices and technologies are used for weight loss, cellulite treatment, body remodeling, beauty treatments, and wellness. Infrared (IR) is a type of electromagnetic radiation that has the ability to stimulate living tissues resulting in numerous biological responses. Exposure to IR is perceived as heat and their mechanism of action is related to the absorption of energy by photoacceptor molecules. Adverse reactions have also been documented. The studies, research papers and reviews of the last thirty years have been collected and examined and this review describes in more detail the main devices that use infrared: infrared thermal blankets, far-infrared thermal blanket, infrared lipo laser paddles, infrared lamps, far-infrared lamps, infrared saunas, far-infrared saunas, and infrared caps. IR thermal blanket improves blood circulation and the metabolism of the whole body, accelerate the detoxification, trigger the consumption of calories and fat burning. It is an alternative treatment to saunas but more effective. IR lipo laser paddles are a non-invasive alternative to traditional liposuction that helps to remove fat accumulated in specific areas of the body. IR lamps increase the absorption of cosmetic products, improve local blood circulation and relieve muscle and joint pain. IR saunas have a relaxing effect and the same effects of the thermal blanket and the IR lamps. IR caps can stimulate hair follicles and hair regrowth. Despite numerous studies, the precise mechanisms of action of the infrared need more research as well as the molecular targets that are directly or indirectly involved by their thermal effects and their non-thermal effects.

Heating Up for Health -Exploring the Results of a Global Sauna Survey

Article

Full-text available

May 2019

Advances in Integrative Medicine Volume 6, Supplement 1, May 2019, Page S135 Abstract for Poster Presentation at the 14th International Congress on Complementary Medicine Research in Brisbane, Australia – “Heating Up for Health -Exploring the Results of a Global Sauna Survey” Background Many people worldwide sauna-bathe regularly. This study reports findings from the first ever online global sauna survey polling men and women on their demographics, motivations and health-related experiences. Methods A 71-item purposed questionnaire was designed and posted on a dedicated website. A link to the e-survey was then distributed via sauna-related social media from October 2016 to October 2017. Results There were 482 valid responses with 78.4% (378 of 482) fully completing the questionnaire. Participants sauna-bathed an average of 8 – 9 times per month. Almost a third of respondents had medical conditions. The top reasons motivating participants to sauna-bathe were rest and relaxation, pain relief and socializing. Sleep benefits after sauna use were indicated by 83.5% (353 of 423) of respondents. After stratifying sauna bather’s frequency into three groups and using the validated ‘SF-12 quality of life scoring tool’, those who reported sauna-bathing 5 -15 times per month had summated mental health well-being scores that were significantly higher (Chi square 6.603 > ꭔ2 of 5.991, p = 0.0368, df = 2) compared to the other two groups who sauna-bathed either more or less frequently. The most commonly reported adverse reactions to sauna bathing were mild symptoms of dizziness, dehydration and headache. Conclusion Sauna-bathing is used by populations worldwide as a lifestyle tool for rest and relaxation. The results of this cross-sectional study suggest frequent sauna-bathing has expanded health benefits that deserve further consideration from health practitioners and researchers as a complementary therapy, especially for mental wellness.

A Hot Topic for Health: Results of the Global Sauna Survey

Article

Apr 2019
COMPLEMENT THER MED

Far-infrared radiation stimulates platelet-derived growth factor mediated skeletal muscle cell migration through extracellular matrix-integrin signaling

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2019

Despite increased evidence of bio-activity following far-infrared (FIR) radiation, susceptibility of cell signaling to FIR radiation-induced homeostasis is poorly understood. To observe the effects of FIR radiation, FIR-radiated materials-coated fabric was put on experimental rats or applied to L6 cells, and microarray analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and wound healing assays were performed. Microarray analysis revealed that messenger RNA expressions of rat muscle were stimulated by FIR radiation in a dose-dependent manner in amount of 10% and 30% materials-coated. In 30% group, 1,473 differentially expressed genes were identified (fold change [FC] > 1.5), and 218 genes were significantly regulated (FC > 1.5 and p < 0.05). Microarray analysis showed that extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and cell migration-related pathways were significantly stimulated in rat muscle. ECM and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-mediated cell migration-related genes were increased. And, results showed that the relative gene expression of actin beta was increased. FIR radiation also stimulated actin subunit and actin-related genes. We observed that wound healing was certainly promoted by FIR radiation over 48 h in L6 cells. Therefore, we suggest that FIR radiation can penetrate the body and stimulate PDGF-mediated cell migration through ECM-integrin signaling in rats.

Folic acid supplementation improves vascular endothelial function, yet not skin blood flow during exercise in the heat, in patients with heart failure

Article

Jul 2018

Heart failure (HF) patients are susceptible to heat strain during exercise, secondary to blunted skin blood flow (SkBF) responses which may be explained by impaired nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation. Folic acid improves vascular endothelial function and SkBF through NO-dependent mechanisms in healthy older individuals and cardiovascular disease patients. We examined the effect of folic acid supplementation (5 mg/d for 6wk) on vascular function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation [FMD]), and SkBF responses (cutaneous vascular conductance [CVC]) during 60-min of exercise at a fixed metabolic heat production (300 ẆHprod) in a 30{degree sign}C environment in ten HF (New York Heart Association Class I-II) patients and ten healthy controls (CON). Serum folic acid concentration increased in HF (pre-intervention: 1.4{plus minus}0.2; post-intervention: 8.9{plus minus}6.7 ng/ml, p=0.01) and CON (pre-intervention: 1.3{plus minus}0.6; post-intervention: 5.2{plus minus}4.9 ng/ml, p=0.03). FMD improved by 2.1 {plus minus} 1.3% in HF (p<0.01), but no change was observed in CON post-intervention (p=0.20). During exercise, the external workload performed on the cycle ergometer to attain the fixed level of Hprod for exercise was similar between groups (HF: 60 {plus minus} 13; CON: 65 {plus minus} 20 Ẇext, p = 0.52). Increases in CVC during exercise were similar in HF (pre: 0.89{plus minus}0.43; post: 0.83{plus minus}0.45au/mmHg, p=0.80) and CON (pre: 2.01{plus minus}0.79; post: 2.03{plus minus}0.72au/mmHg, p=0.73), although the values were consistently lower in HF for both pre- and post-intervention measurement intervals (p<0.05). These findings demonstrate that folic acid improves vascular endothelial function in patients with HF, but does not enhance SkBF during exercise at a fixed metabolic heat production in a warm environment.

A pressure-sensitive adhesive made from macca carbon for medical use

Article

Sep 2022

Macca carbon (MC), derived from high-temperature carbonized macadamia nut-in-shell wastes from macadamia nut processing, exhibits a high surface area, high number of electrons, and high efficiency in emitting far-infrared (FIR) radiation at wavelengths between 4 and 20 μm. Numerous inventions have demonstrated promising results in health improvement applications, such as increased blood circulation, less inflammation, and enhanced life expectancy. In this study, MC and a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) were coupled to form a new bandage called an MC cohesive bandage. It was manufactured by combining various quantities of MC powder with PSA and applying it to a spandex fabric tape. The peeling test, water permeability, and skin irritation were examined. The quantity of FIR radiation between 6 and 14 μm and the thermal properties of MC cohesive bandages were investigated. The FIR penetration effectiveness was determined by measuring the temperature rises from the streaky pig skin covered with MC cohesive bandages at various depths.

Effect of far-infrared fabrics on proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells

Article

Aug 2022
INT J CLOTH SCI TECH

Purpose In order to study whether far-infrared fabrics can be used as a garment for breast cancer patients, or as an adjuvant rehabilitation underwear for breast cancer patients after postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy, to eliminate tissue edema. To explore the effect of different far-infrared fabrics on the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells as a basic in vitro study. Design/methodology/approach Six kinds of fabrics of the same specification with different far-infrared nanoparticles were selected. MCF7 and Bcap37 breast cancer cells were used to study the effect of far-infrared fabrics on cell proliferation and invasion. Six kinds of far-infrared fabrics were used to culture breast cancer cells and explore their effects on breast cancer cell growth and the difference between different far-infrared fabrics. Findings It is found that the far-infrared emissivity of six kinds of fabrics are different, among which tea carbon fabric is the highest, followed by volcanic fabric, graphene fabric and biomass graphene fabric are the lowest. The results show that the far-infrared fabrics can significantly inhibit the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells, the higher the far-infrared emissivity is, and the longer the time of far-infrared radiation, the more significant the inhibition effect is. Originality/value Far-infrared fabrics can inhibit proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro . Therefore, far-infrared fabrics can be used for adjuvant rehabilitation of breast cancer patients. This conclusion provides a basis for the application of far-infrared functional fabrics in the medical field. This conclusion provides a basis for the application of far-infrared functional fabrics in medical field.

To Evaluate the Photo-activation Effect on Human Foot Under Near- or Far- Infrared Illumination by Using a Novel 2D Oxygen Saturation Image

Conference Paper

Jun 2022

Acute Hemodynamic Improvement by Thermal Vasodilation inside the Abdominal and Iliac Arterial Segments of Young Sedentary Individuals

Article

Apr 2021

Objective: To study the hemodynamic response to lower leg heating intervention (LLHI) inside the abdominal and iliac arterial segments (AIAS) of young sedentary individuals. Methods: A Doppler measurement of blood flow was conducted for 5 young sedentary adults with LLHI. Heating durations of 0, 20, and 40 min were considered. A lumped parameter model (LPM) was used to ascertain the hemodynamic mechanism. The hemodynamics were determined via numerical approaches. Results: Ultrasonography revealed that the blood flow waveform shifted upwards under LLHI; in particular, the mean flow increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing heating duration. The LPM showed that its mechanism depends on the reduction in afterload resistance, not on the inertia of blood flow and arterial compliance. The time-averaged wall shear stress, time-averaged production rate of nitric oxide, and helicity in the external iliac arteries increased more significantly than in other segments as the heating duration increased, while the oscillation shear index (OSI) and relative residence time (RRT) in the AIAS declined with increasing heating duration. There was a more obvious helicity response in the bilateral external iliac arteries than the OSI and RRT responses. Conclusion: LLHI can effectively induce a positive hemodynamic environment in the AIAS of young sedentary individuals.

Effects of Combined Exercise and Far-Infrared Radiation Therapy on The Body Composition, Blood Level, Cortisol, Range of Motion (ROM) and Chronic Pain Level in Elderly Women with Chronic Diseases

Article

Mar 2021

miR-548aq-3p is a novel target of Far infrared radiation which predicts coronary artery disease endothelial colony forming cell responsiveness

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2020

Non-invasive far infrared radiation (FIR) has been observed to improve the health of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) contribute to vascular repair and CAD. The goal of this study was to uncover the role of FIR in ECFCs function and to reveal potential biomarkers for indication of FIR therapy in CAD patients. FIR significantly enhanced in vitro migration (transwell assay) and tube formation (tube length) capacities in a subpopulation of CAD ECFCs. Clinical parameters associated with the responsiveness of ECFCs to FIR include smoking and gender. ECFCs from CAD patients that smoke did not respond to FIR in most cases. In contrast, ECFCs from females showed a higher responsiveness to FIR than ECFCs from males. To decipher the molecular mechanisms by which FIR modulates ECFCs functions, regardless of sex, RNA sequencing analysis was performed in both genders of FIR-responsive and FIR-non/unresponsive ECFCs. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of FIR up-regulated genes indicated that the pathways enriched in FIR-responsive ECFCs were involved in cell viability, angiogenesis and transcription. Small RNA sequencing illustrated 18 and 14 miRNAs that are up- and down-regulated, respectively, in FIR-responsive CAD ECFCs in both genders. Among the top 5 up- and down-regulated miRNAs, down-regulation of miR-548aq-3p in CAD ECFCs after FIR treatment was observed in FIR-responsive CAD ECFCs by RT-qPCR. Down-regulation of miR-548aq-3p was correlated with the tube formation activity of CAD ECFCs enhanced by FIR. After establishment of the down-regulation of miR-548aq-3p by FIR in CAD ECFCs, we demonstrated through overexpression and knockdown experiments that miR-548aq-3p contributes to the inhibition of the tube formation of ECFCs. This study suggests the down-regulation of miR-548aq-3p by FIR may contribute to the improvement of ECFCs function, and represents a novel biomarker for therapeutic usage of FIR in CAD patients.

Correspondence: Daylighting: Why infra-red should be explored

Article

Nov 2019

P Veto

Far-infrared Ray-mediated Antioxidant Potentials are Important for Attenuating Psychotoxic Disorders

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2019
CURR NEUROPHARMACOL

Far-infrared ray (FIR) is an electromagnetic wave that produces various health benefits against pathophysiological conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, renocardiovascular disorders, stress, and depression etc. However, the therapeutic application on the FIR-mediated protective potentials remains to be further extended. To achieve the better understanding on FIR-mediated therapeutic potentials, we summarized additional findings in the present study that exposure to FIR ameliorates stressful condition, memory impairments, drug dependence, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the central nervous system. In this review, we underlined that FIR requires modulations of janus kinase 2 / signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR), dopamine D1 receptor, protein kinase C δ gene, and glutathione peroxidase-1 gene for exerting the protective potentials in response to neuropsychotoxic conditions.

Perbedaan Keefektifan Masase Olahraga, Pemberian Infrared dan Penggabungan Masase Olahraga Serta Infrared Terhadap Penurunan Sistolik dan Diastolik Pada Penderita Hipertensi

Article

Jul 2018

Taufik Adi Guna

AbsrakPenelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kefektifitasan terapi non-farmakologis untuk menurunkan tekanan sistolik dan diastolik pada penderita hipertensi pada lansia perempuan di RW 02 Kelurahan Lidah Wetan Surabaya Jawa Timur dengan perlakuan masase olahraga, pemberian infrared dan gabungan masase olahraga serta infrared.Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif, penelitian kuantitatif biasanya digunakan pada populasi atau sampel tertentu yang bersifat representatif. dengan desain penelitian Quasi Experimental (Pretest-Postest Design). Data hasil penelitian yang peroleh sebagai berikut: pretest dan posttest kelompok masase olahraga terhadap penurunan sistolik (0,006 <0,05) dan diastolik (0,016< 0,05), artinya terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan, kelompok infrared terhadap penurunan sistolik (0,045<0,05) dan sedangkan pada penurunan diastolik tidak terjadi perdaan yang signifikan (0,164> 0,05) dan kelompok gabungan masase olahraga dan infrared terhadap penurunan sistolik (0,002<0,05) dan tekanan diastolik (0,00<0,05), artinya terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan.Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, dapat disimpulkan kelompok gabungan masase dan infared yang peling efektif untuk menurukan tekanan sistolik dan diastolik pada pederita hipertensi. Kata-kata Kunci: Masase Olahraga, Infrared, Hipertensi.

A Study of Sauna Therapy in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients Shows Sauna Action via Raised Tetrahydrobiopterin and Three Predictions of the NO/ONOO- Cycle.

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2013

A series of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients have been studied to test two previous predictions: 1. Sauna therapy acts, at least in part, by raising the availability of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and 2. ME/CFS is caused by a biochemical vicious cycle mechanism known as the NO/ONOO- cycle. Sauna therapy is shown here to increase BH4 synthesis, acting by raising the rate limiting enzyme in BH4 synthesis, GPCH. This confirms, then, the first prediction. ME/CFS patients have very high levels of peroxynitrite as measured by the peroxynitrite marker 3-nitrotyrosine, 4.3 times the levels of health controls and also have low levels of BH4, confirming predictions of the NO/ONOO- cycle mechanism. Sauna treatment, presumably acting via increased BH4 availability, lowers peroxynitrite levels, again in agreement with prediction. Sauna treatment also lowers the very high levels of neopterin found in these patients, possibly by stimulating the signaling of the IL-1β cytokine. Three important conclusions can be drawn here. Sauna therapy does not act solely via detoxification, as has been widely assumed but acts, at least in part, by raising BH4 levels. Secondly, three important predictions of the NO/ONOO- cycle mechanism are confirmed for the first time in ME/CFS patients, providing support for this mechanism as the etiologic mechanism of this disease. Thirdly, three biochemical parameters are partially normalized by sauna treatment, BH4 levels, peroxynitrite levels and neopterin levels, suggesting that ME/CFS is fundamentally biochemical in nature.

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2011
DIABETES CARE

ADA American Diabetes Association

Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2013
J CELL MOL MED

Martin L Pall

The direct targets of extremely low and microwave frequency range electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in producing non-thermal effects have not been clearly established. However, studies in the literature, reviewed here, provide substantial support for such direct targets. Twenty-three studies have shown that voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) produce these and other EMF effects, such that the L-type or other VGCC blockers block or greatly lower diverse EMF effects. Furthermore, the voltage-gated properties of these channels may provide biophysically plausible mechanisms for EMF biological effects. Downstream responses of such EMF exposures may be mediated through Ca(2+) /calmodulin stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis. Potentially, physiological/therapeutic responses may be largely as a result of nitric oxide-cGMP-protein kinase G pathway stimulation. A well-studied example of such an apparent therapeutic response, EMF stimulation of bone growth, appears to work along this pathway. However, pathophysiological responses to EMFs may be as a result of nitric oxide-peroxynitrite-oxidative stress pathway of action. A single such well-documented example, EMF induction of DNA single-strand breaks in cells, as measured by alkaline comet assays, is reviewed here. Such single-strand breaks are known to be produced through the action of this pathway. Data on the mechanism of EMF induction of such breaks are limited; what data are available support this proposed mechanism. Other Ca(2+) -mediated regulatory changes, independent of nitric oxide, may also have roles. This article reviews, then, a substantially supported set of targets, VGCCs, whose stimulation produces non-thermal EMF responses by humans/higher animals with downstream effects involving Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide increases, which may explain therapeutic and pathophysiological effects.

Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2012

Far infrared (FIR) radiation (λ = 3 – 100 μ m) is a subdivision of the electromagnetic spectrum that has been investigated for biological effects. The goal of this review is to cover the use of a further subdivision (3 – 12 μ m) of this waveband, that has been observed in both in vitro and in vivo studies, to stimulate cells and tissue, and is considered a promising treatment modality for certain medical conditions. Technological advances have provided new techniques for delivering FIR radiation to the human body. Specialty lamps and saunas, delivering pure FIR radiation (eliminating completely the near and mid infrared bands), have became safe, effective, and widely used sources to generate therapeutic effects. Fibers impregnated with FIR emitting ceramic nanoparticles and woven into fabrics, are being used as garments and wraps to generate FIR radiation, and attain health benefits from its effects.

Vascular Aging: Facts and Factors

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2012

“Man is as old as his arteries.” This old aphorism has been widely confirmed by epidemiological and observational studies establishing that cardiovascular diseases can be age-related in terms of their onset and progression. Besides, with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alters cardiovascular function and lead to subsequently increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in health asymptomatic individuals. Even though different adaptive mechanisms to protect blood vessels against mild stress have been described, the aging process induces a progressive failure of protective mechanisms, leading to vascular changes. The outcomes of the aging-related modifications are the impairment of homeostasis of the irrigated organs and resultant target organ damage. The increasing mean age of the population in industrialized countries has turned out to be an economic and public health problem, as the increase in life expectancy goes in parallel with high incidence of several pathological conditions, despite unprecedented advances in prevention, diagnostics, and treatment. Of all aging-related illness, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, and thus it is imperative to understand the mechanism underlying cardiovascular senescence. This Research Topic presents a forum of comprehensive reviews on distinct aspects of the pathophysiology of vascular aging to provide insights into the causes and consequences of this complex process and attempts to propose new therapeutic strategies for the management of vascular senescence. Such as the idea proposed by Ming et al. (2012) and discussed by Cau and Tostes (2012), which suggests that targeting mTORC1-S6K1 signaling could be a promising therapeutic modality to retard the aging process and treat cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Vascular aging could be simply described as a consequence of natural physical stress and fatigue that could account for the major physical changes seen in elderly: dilation (after fracture of load-bearing material) and stiffening (by transfer of stress to the more rigid collagenous component of the arterial wall). Although aging-associated changes on vascular functioning are considered a set up for cardiovascular disease, modifications on cardiac, and central function could slow down or accelerate this set point. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how aging and other pathophysiological states affect the interaction between the heart and arterial network. The article by Wojciechowska et al. (2012) provides information on the changes with age in central and peripheral systolic blood pressure, based on data collected from randomly recruited European and Chinese subjects supporting a vicious circle between age-related stiffness, increasing systolic blood pressure, and cardiovascular complications. Chantler and Lakatta (2012) elegantly describe the concept of arterial ventricular coupling and provide valuable information on how aging, in the absence and presence of cardiovascular disease, affects the coupling both at rest and during exercise, and its pathophysiological consequences. In addition, vascular aging has been largely associated with senescence of the vascular endothelium. El Assar et al. (2012) present a wide overview of the mechanisms that participate on endothelial dysfunction that accompanies vascular aging, analyzing the synergisms, and interactions between them, some of the cellular mechanisms related to endothelial senescence as well as the prevention or reversion of those mechanisms that produce endothelial dysfunction. Cau et al. (2012) based on evidence from experimental models review the contribution of NO synthase (NOS) isoform alterations on aging-associated vascular dysfunctions, addressing the potential prevention by some drugs that modulate the expression/activity of NOS. Finally, Blanco and Bernabéu (2012) summarize data supporting the link between the splicing factor SRSF1 and endothelial cell senescence and suggest the existence of a common genetic program involving alternative splicing of a cluster of genes, which contributes to a senescent environment in the vessels. Nonetheless, aging-associated damage to the endothelium may not simply be a consequence of the endothelial cell malfunctioning, but also as a result of impaired maintenance repair systems by endothelial progenitor cell (EPC). As discussed by Williamson et al. (2012), a deterioration of endogenous EPC function with age may culminate in a decreased capacity for neovascularization and/or reduced re-endothelialization of vascular lesions, facilitating the development, progression, and clinical sequelae of cardiovascular disease. Growing evidence show that the progress of vascular aging in women follows a different chronology than in men. The gender-associated difference in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease has generated heated discussion, although a general consensus has validated a role of sex hormones in the modulation of vascular function and dysfunction. This research topic covers two fronts in this field: Novella et al. (2012) review clinical and experimental data to clarify how menopause and aging contribute jointly to vascular senescence and how estrogen modulates vascular response at different ages; Lopes et al. (2012) discuss the conflicting information on the role of testosterone to the regulation of vascular function in elder men and women. Last but not least, as suggested by Gragasin et al. (2012) the elderly is more frequently represented in common medical procedures and surgeries. Thus, understanding the circulatory changes that accompany the aging process is therefore becoming increasingly timely and relevant. These authors discuss aspects of vascular control in aging that are particularly relevant in the maintenance of intraoperative hemodynamic stability reviewing the effect of certain notable anesthetic agents with respect to the aging vasculature. Given the growing clinical relevance of the subject, we are pleased that our Research Topic has brought together basic and clinical scientists to spotlight on one of the greatest enemies of elder population: i.e., the vascular senescence. We hope that this Research Topic also place a special call on the need of studies to establish treatments and procedures to reduce the detrimental effects of vascular aging. It has been a great pleasure to be involved in this Research Topic and we would like to thank all of the authors, reviewers, and Frontiers staff for helping to make this Research Topic possible.

Far infra-red therapy promotes ischemia-induced angiogenesis in diabetic mice and restores high glucose-suppressed endothelial progenitor cell functions

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2012
CARDIOVASC DIABETOL

Far infra-red (IFR) therapy was shown to exert beneficial effects in cardiovascular system, but effects of IFR on endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) and EPC-related vasculogenesis remain unclear. We hypothesized that IFR radiation can restore blood flow recovery in ischemic hindlimb in diabetic mice by enhancement of EPCs functions and homing process. Starting at 4 weeks after the onset of diabetes, unilateral hindlimb ischemia was induced in streptozotocine (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, which were divided into control and IFR therapy groups (n = 6 per group). The latter mice were placed in an IFR dry sauna at 34°C for 30 min once per day for 5 weeks. Doppler perfusion imaging demonstrated that the ischemic limb/normal side blood perfusion ratio in the thermal therapy group was significantly increased beyond that in controls, and significantly greater capillary density was seen in the IFR therapy group. Flow cytometry analysis showed impaired EPCs (Sca-1+/Flk-1+) mobilization after ischemia surgery in diabetic mice with or without IFR therapy (n = 6 per group). However, as compared to those in the control group, bone marrow-derived EPCs differentiated into endothelial cells defined as GFP+/CD31+ double-positive cells were significantly increased in ischemic tissue around the vessels in diabetic mice that received IFR radiation. In in-vitro studies, cultured EPCs treated with IFR radiation markedly augmented high glucose-impaired EPC functions, inhibited high glucose-induced EPC senescence and reduced H2O2 production. Nude mice received human EPCs treated with IFR in high glucose medium showed a significant improvement in blood flow recovery in ischemic limb compared to those without IFR therapy. IFR therapy promoted blood flow recovery and new vessel formation in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Administration of IFR therapy promoted collateral flow recovery and new vessel formation in STZ-induced diabetic mice, and these beneficial effects may derive from enhancement of EPC functions and homing process.

Circulating microRNAs as novel and sensitive biomarkers of acute myocardial Infarction

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2012

Coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are the leading causes of death for both men and women. Serum cardiac-specific troponin level is now used for the "early" diagnosis of AMI. However, due to the "delayed" release of troponin, an earlier, more sensitive and specific biomarker is urgently demanded to further reduce AMI mortality. Recent studies have found that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are closely linked to myocardial injury. Due to the cell-specific physiological functions and the stability of miRNAs in plasma, serum, and urine, they are emerging as sensitive biomarkers of AMI. This review summarizes the latest insights into the identification and potential application of plasma and serum miRNAs as novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of AMI.

Far-Infrared Therapy Induces the Nuclear Translocation of PLZF Which Inhibits VEGF-Induced Proliferation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012
PLOS ONE

Many studies suggest that far-infrared (FIR) therapy can reduce the frequency of some vascular-related diseases. The non-thermal effect of FIR was recently found to play a role in the long-term protective effect on vascular function, but its molecular mechanism is still unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the biological effect of FIR on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced proliferation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that FIR ranging 3∼10 µm significantly inhibited VEGF-induced proliferation in HUVECs. According to intensity and time course analyses, the inhibitory effect of FIR peaked at an effective intensity of 0.13 mW/cm(2) at 30 min. On the other hand, a thermal effect did not inhibit VEGF-induced proliferation in HUVECs. FIR exposure also inhibited the VEGF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in HUVECs. FIR exposure further induced the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and NO generation in VEGF-treated HUVECs. Both VEGF-induced NO and reactive oxygen species generation was involved in the inhibitory effect of FIR. Nitrotyrosine formation significantly increased in HUVECs treated with VEGF and FIR together. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) by wortmannin abolished the FIR-induced phosphorylation of eNOS and Akt in HUVECs. FIR exposure upregulated the expression of PI3K p85 at the transcriptional level. We further found that FIR exposure induced the nuclear translocation of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) in HUVECs. This induction was independent of a thermal effect. The small interfering RNA transfection of PLZF blocked FIR-increased PI3K levels and the inhibitory effect of FIR. These data suggest that FIR induces the nuclear translocation of PLZF which inhibits VEGF-induced proliferation in HUVECs.

Effects of Whole-Body Cryotherapy vs. Far-Infrared vs. Passive Modalities on Recovery from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Highly-Trained Runners

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2011
PLOS ONE

Enhanced recovery following physical activity and exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) has become a priority for athletes. Consequently, a number of post-exercise recovery strategies are used, often without scientific evidence of their benefits. Within this framework, the purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of whole body cryotherapy (WBC), far infrared (FIR) or passive (PAS) modalities in hastening muscular recovery within the 48 hours after a simulated trail running race. In 3 non-adjoining weeks, 9 well-trained runners performed 3 repetitions of a simulated trail run on a motorized treadmill, designed to induce muscle damage. Immediately (post), post 24 h, and post 48 h after exercise, all participants tested three different recovery modalities (WBC, FIR, PAS) in a random order over the three separate weeks. Markers of muscle damage (maximal isometric muscle strength, plasma creatine kinase [CK] activity and perceived sensations [i.e. pain, tiredness, well-being]) were recorded before, immediately after (post), post 1 h, post 24 h, and post 48 h after exercise. In all testing sessions, the simulated 48 min trail run induced a similar, significant amount of muscle damage. Maximal muscle strength and perceived sensations were recovered after the first WBC session (post 1 h), while recovery took 24 h with FIR, and was not attained through the PAS recovery modality. No differences in plasma CK activity were recorded between conditions. Three WBC sessions performed within the 48 hours after a damaging running exercise accelerate recovery from EIMD to a greater extent than FIR or PAS modalities.

The Effect of Leg Hyperthermia Using Far Infrared Rays in Bedridden Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2010
ACTA MED OKAYAMA

We examined the effect of leg hyperthermia on oxidative stress in bedridden subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus using 15-min sessions of far infrared rays over a two-week period. Four subjects (male 1, female 3) incapacitated by a stroke were recruited for this study. All patients were admitted to Takahashi Central Hospital and ate the same hospital meals. Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, free fatty acid, leptin, adiponectin and plasma 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha (8-epi-PGF2alpha) levels as a marker of oxidative stress were measured on admission, just before and 2 weeks after local heating of the leg. Results showed that plasma total 8-epi-PGF2alpha levels were decreased significantly while TNFalpha levels were increased significantly. On the other hand, glucose, HbA1c, free fatty acid, leptin and adiponectin levels were not changed during the study period. These results suggest that repeated leg hyperthermia may protect against oxidative stress.

Phantom Limb Pain Treated by Far Infrared Ray

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2009

We have treated a patient with severe phantom limb pain by a novel far infrared ray (FIR) therapy. The patient has suffered persistent and progressively worsening phantom limb pain after amputation ten years ago. He also experienced severe muscle spasm and twitch of stump during the attacks. His phantom limb pain was excruciating and was rated up to 9 by the Visual Analog Pain Scale. Various pain treatment modalities have been used but in vain, including medications and rehabilitation. He also underwent two episodes of sympathectomy, only achieving short-term effects for three months. Then he underwent our new treatment method. We applied FIR to the amputated limb site instead of the stump of the patient for 40 minutes for each treatment session twice a week. One month after the FIR treatment, he felt much improved and rated his phantom pain at 4, and down to 2-3 after two months of treatment. The duration of each phantom limb pain attack has significantly reduced from over 24 hours to only a few minutes or seconds after five months of FIR treatment. During a six-month post-treatment follow-up, his phantom limb pain occurred seldom for only a few seconds at a low 1-2 rating on the pain scale. The analgesic effect of FIR treatment has prevented him from the scheduled third sympathectomy and the risk of heart attack followed by severe twitch of stump. The results of this study demonstrate an easy, non-invasive and effective treatment modality for phantom limb pain.

Nitric Oxide Suppresses Cerebral Vasomotion by sGC-Independent Effects on Ryanodine Receptors and Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2009
J VASC RES

In cerebral arteries, nitric oxide (NO) release plays a key role in suppressing vasomotion. Our aim was to establish the pathways affected by NO in rat middle cerebral arteries. In isolated segments of artery, isometric tension and simultaneous measurements of either smooth muscle membrane potential or intracellular [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](SMC)) changes were recorded. In the absence of L-NAME, asynchronous propagating Ca(2+) waves were recorded that were sensitive to block with ryanodine, but not nifedipine. L-NAME stimulated pronounced vasomotion and synchronous Ca(2+) oscillations with close temporal coupling between membrane potential, tone and [Ca(2+)](SMC). If nifedipine was applied together with L-NAME, [Ca(2+)](SMC) decreased and synchronous Ca(2+) oscillations were lost, but asynchronous propagating Ca(2+) waves persisted. Vasomotion was similarly evoked by either iberiotoxin, or by ryanodine, and to a lesser extent by ODQ. Exogenous application of NONOate stimulated endothelium-independent hyperpolarization and relaxation of either L-NAME-induced or spontaneous arterial tone. NO-evoked hyperpolarization involved activation of BK(Ca) channels via ryanodine receptors (RYRs), with little involvement of sGC. Further, in whole cell mode, NO inhibited current through L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCC), which was independent of both voltage and sGC. NO exerts sGC-independent actions at RYRs and at VGCC, both of which normally suppress cerebral artery myogenic tone.

Integration of microRNA miR-122 in hepatic circadian gene expression

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2009

In liver, most metabolic pathways are under circadian control, and hundreds of protein-encoding genes are thus transcribed in a cyclic fashion. Here we show that rhythmic transcription extends to the locus specifying miR-122, a highly abundant, hepatocyte-specific microRNA. Genetic loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments have identified the orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha as the major circadian regulator of mir-122 transcription. Although due to its long half-life mature miR-122 accumulates at nearly constant rates throughout the day, this miRNA is tightly associated with control mechanisms governing circadian gene expression. Thus, the knockdown of miR-122 expression via an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) strategy resulted in the up- and down-regulation of hundreds of mRNAs, of which a disproportionately high fraction accumulates in a circadian fashion. miR-122 has previously been linked to the regulation of cholesterol and lipid metabolism. The transcripts associated with these pathways indeed show the strongest time point-specific changes upon miR-122 depletion. The identification of Pparbeta/delta and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) coactivator Smarcd1/Baf60a as novel miR-122 targets suggests an involvement of the circadian metabolic regulators of the PPAR family in miR-122-mediated metabolic control.

Comprehensive analysis of microRNA-mRNA co-expression in circadian rhythm

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2009

To investigate the potential role of microRNA (miRNA) in the regulation of circadian rhythm, we performed microarray-based expression profiling study of both miRNA and mRNA in mouse liver for 48 h at 4-hour intervals. Circadian miRNA-mRNA target pair is defined as the pair both elements of which show circadian expression patterns and the sequence-based target relationship of which can be predicted. Circadian initiators, Clock and Bmal1, showed inversely correlated circadian expression patterns against their corresponding miRNAs, miR-181d and miR-191, targeting them. In contrast, circadian suppressors, Per, Cry, CKIe and Rev-erba, exhibited positively correlated circadian expression patterns to their corresponding miRNAs. Genomic location analysis revealed that intronic region showed higher abundance of cyclic than non-cyclic miRNAs targeting circadian genes while other (i.e., 3-UTR, exon and intergenic) regions showed no difference. It is suggested that miRNAs are involved in the regulation of peripheral circadian rhythm in mouse liver by modulating Clock:Bmal1 complex. Identifying specific miRNAs and their targets that are critically involved in circadian rhythm will provide a better understanding of the regulation of circadian- clock system.

Infrared sauna in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2008
CLIN RHEUMATOL

To study the effects of infrared (IR) Sauna, a form of total-body hyperthermia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients were treated for a 4-week period with a series of eight IR treatments. Seventeen RA patients and 17 AS patients were studied. IR was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were reported, no exacerbation of disease. Pain and stiffness decreased clinically, and improvements were statistically significant (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001 in RA and AS patients, respectively) during an IR session. Fatigue also decreased. Both RA and AS patients felt comfortable on average during and especially after treatment. In the RA and AS patients, pain, stiffness, and fatigue also showed clinical improvements during the 4-week treatment period, but these did not reach statistical significance. No relevant changes in disease activity scores were found, indicating no exacerbation of disease activity. In conclusion, infrared treatment has statistically significant short-term beneficial effects and clinically relevant period effects during treatment in RA and AS patients without enhancing disease activity. IR has good tolerability and no adverse effects.

Panza JA, Quyyumi AA, Brush Jr JE, Epstein SE. Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 323, 22-27

Article

Full-text available

Aug 1990

Endothelium regulates vascular tone by influencing the contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle. This regulatory effect of the endothelium on blood vessels has been shown to be impaired in atherosclerotic arteries in humans and animals and in animal models of hypertension. To determine whether patients with essential hypertension have an endothelium-dependent abnormality in vascular relaxation, we studied the response of the forearm vasculature to acetylcholine (an endothelium-dependent vasodilator) and sodium nitroprusside (a direct dilator of smooth muscle) in 18 hypertensive patients (mean age [+/- SD], 50.7 +/- 10 years; 10 men and 8 women) two weeks after the withdrawal of antihypertensive medications and in 18 normal controls (mean age, 49.9 +/- 9; 9 men and 9 women). The drugs were infused at increasing concentrations into the brachial artery, and the response in forearm blood flow was measured by strain-gauge plethysmography. The basal forearm blood flow was similar in the patients and controls (mean +/- SD, 3.4 +/- 1.3 and 3.7 +/- 0.8 ml per minute per 100 ml of forearm tissue, respectively; P not significant). The responses of blood flow and vascular resistance to acetylcholine were significantly reduced in the hypertensive patients (P less than 0.0001); maximal forearm flow was 9.1 +/- 5 ml per minute per 100 ml in the patients and 20.0 +/- 8 ml per minute per 100 ml in the controls (P less than 0.0002). However, there were no significant differences between groups in the responses of blood flow and vascular resistance to sodium nitroprusside. Because the vasodilator effect of acetylcholine might also be due to presynaptic inhibition of the release of norepinephrine by adrenergic nerve terminals, the effect of acetylcholine was assessed during phentolamine-induced alpha-adrenergic blockade. Under these conditions, it was also evident that the responses to acetylcholine were significantly blunted in the hypertensive patients (P less than 0.03). Endothelium-mediated vasodilation is impaired in patients with essential hypertension. This defect may play an important part in the functional abnormalities of resistance vessels that are observed in hypertensive patients.

Promoting cardiovascular health in the developing world: A critical challenge to achieve global health

Book

Jul 2010

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), once thought to be confined primarily to industrialized nations, has emerged as a major health threat in developing countries. Cardiovascular disease now accounts for nearly 30 percent of deaths in low and middle income countries each year, and is accompanied by significant economic repercussions. Yet most governments, global health institutions, and development agencies have largely overlooked CVD as they have invested in health in developing countries. Recognizing the gap between the compelling evidence of the global CVD burden and the investment needed to prevent and control CVD, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) turned to the IOM for advice on how to catalyze change. In this report, the IOM recommends that the NHLBI, development agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and governments work toward two essential goals: creating environments that promote heart healthy lifestyle choices and help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and building public health infrastructure and health systems with the capacity to implement programs that will effectively detect and reduce risk and manage CVD. To meet these goals, the IOM recommends several steps, including improving cooperation and collaboration; implementing effective and feasible strategies; and informing efforts through research and health surveillance. Without better efforts to promote cardiovascular health, global health as a whole will be undermined. © 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

REPERFUSION AFTER THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY IN ISCHEMIC STROKE MEASURED BY SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY

Article

Jan 1994

Background and Purpose We used Tc-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to study cerebral perfusion in patients treated with streptokinase for acute ischemic stroke in an open and prospective study. Our primary aims were (1) to compare the extent of reperfusion between patients who had received thrombolytic therapy and a control group studied during the same period who were ineligible to receive such therapy and (2) to determine if, among all patients, reperfusion led to improved outcome. Methods Fifty-seven patients (22 treated with streptokinase) had two SPECT studies performed, the first before streptokinase administration and the second 24 hours later. Results On the first SPECT study hypoperfusion was present in the middle cerebral artery or anterior cerebral artery territories in 40 patients (17 treated with streptokinase). Patients in the treatment and control groups with initial hypoperfusion on SPECT were well matched for the volume of the perfusion defect and the severity of neurological deficit. A greater number of patients who received streptokinase developed at least partial reperfusion (streptokinase, 65%; control, 52%) on the second study but not significantly so (P=.43). Similarly, the proportion of each hypoperfused region that reperfused (P=.74) and the reduction in the size of the perfusion defect (P=.06) were higher in the streptokinase group but did not reach statistical significance. When ali patients were considered, those who did not reperfuse had higher mortality rates (P=.008), less neurological improvement (P=.016), and more functional disability (P<.001) than patients who had reperfusion or normal perfusion initially. Conclusions These findings suggest that at least some reperfusion during the first 48 hours of ischemic stroke is a common natural occurrence and is of prognostic significance. The observed trend toward better reperfusion indexes among patients treated with streptokinase is encouraging, but larger controlled trials are required to answer this definitively.

Nitric oxide synthase mediates vascular endothelial growth factor but not basic fibroblast growth factor induced angiogenesis

Article

Jun 1997

The role of nitric oxide in angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been investigated in vivo and in vitro. Systemic administration of the nitric oxide (NO)-synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) to rabbits bearing a corneal implant of VEGF165 completely blocked VEGF, but not bFGF induced angiogenesis. The effect of NO-synthase inhibition on angiogenesis elicited by human breast carcinoma cell (MCF7) transfected with VEGF was also examined in the rabbit cornea. L-NAME blocked neovascularization induced by the VEGF transfectants, while D-NAME was without effect. Post-capillary endothelial cell mobilization and growth induced by VEGF were blocked by the NO synthase inhibitor L-NMMA and by the guanylate cyclase inhibitor LY 83583, while these inhibitors did not modify bFGF effects. We conclude that nitric oxide is a downstream imperative of VEGF but not bFGF induced angiogenesis and suggest that the NO synthase/guanylate cyclase pathway is a molecular target for controlling tumour angiogenesis associated to specific growth factors.

Waon therapy: Soothing warmth therapy

Article

Jan 2007
J Cardiol

C. Tel

Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis

Article

Jan 1997

Abnormal endotheliumdependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension

Article

Jan 1990

Far Infrared Ray Irradiation Induces Intracellular Generation of Nitric Oxide in Breast Cancer Cells

Article

Mar 2009

Far infrared (FIR) radiation has been used in many health-promoting applications, but the cellular mechanisms have not been elucidated. We investigated the influence of non-thermal-enhanced FIR for generating nitric oxide (NO) in breast cancer cells. We used MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with FIR irradiation or left untreated, and measured the inducible NO concentrations using the DAF-FM diacetate (4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'- difluorofluorescein) technique. Mean fluorescence intensities of DAF-FM assays from different breast cancer cells showed progressive and cumulative increases in NO with FIR irradiation. Significant inductions of NO synthesis in breast cancer cells were observed both during and after FIR irradiation. Including data from a literature review, we discuss possible therapeutic roles of FIR for breast cancers through the induction of NO generation.

National Kidney Foundation Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification

Article

Jul 2003

Andrew S. Levey

The MDRD study equation has many advantages. It is more accurate and precise than the Cockcroft–Gault equation for persons with a GFR less than approximately 90 mL/min per 1.73 m²(34–35). This equation predicts GFR as measured by using an accepted method (urinary clearance of ¹²⁵I-iothalamate). It was developed on a large (n > 1000) database containing persons with various kidney diseases and was tested on a validation database containing more than 500 additional patients. It does not require height or weight and has been validated in kidney transplant recipients and African-Americans with nephrosclerosis (36). Nonetheless, questions remain about the equation's generalizability because it has not been validated in diabetic kidney disease, in patients with serious comorbid conditions, in normal persons, or in persons older than 70 years of age. Clinical conditions in which it may be necessary to measure GFR by using clearance methods include extremes of age and body size, severe malnutrition or obesity, diseases of skeletal muscle, paraplegia or quadriplegia, vegetarian diet, rapidly changing kidney function, and calculation of the dose of potentially toxic drugs that are excreted by the kidneys. Chronic kidney disease affects approximately 11% of the U.S. adult population (20 million people from 1988 to 1994). The prevalence of earlier stages of disease (10.8%) is more than 100 times greater than the prevalence of kidney failure (0.1%). Adverse outcomes of chronic kidney disease, including loss of kidney function and development of kidney failure and CVD, can often be prevented or delayed through early detection and treatment. In particular, physicians should consider using interventions to slow the progression of kidney disease in all patients with chronic kidney disease and should place patients with chronic kidney disease in the highest-risk group for CVD risk factor reduction and other treatments for CVD. Each patient with chronic kidney disease should have a clinical action plan, based on the stage of disease, as defined by the NKF K/DOQI guidelines. All patients with chronic kidney disease and persons at increased risk for chronic kidney disease should undergo measurement of proteinuria (as a marker of kidney damage) and GFR. Quantitative assessment of proteinuria is useful for detection, differential diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of chronic kidney disease. The ratio of concentration of albumin to creatinine in untimed urine samples should be used to detect and monitor proteinuria. Glomerular filtration rate, as estimated by prediction equations based on serum creatinine concentration, age, race, sex, and body size, is useful for detecting chronic kidney disease, classifying its severity, estimating progression, managing complications, and deciding on referral to a nephrologist.

Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease

Article

Mar 2014
NATURE

Increases in brain blood flow, evoked by neuronal activity, power neural computation and form the basis of BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) functional imaging. Whether blood flow is controlled solely by arteriole smooth muscle, or also by capillary pericytes, is controversial. We demonstrate that neuronal activity and the neurotransmitter glutamate evoke the release of messengers that dilate capillaries by actively relaxing pericytes. Dilation is mediated by prostaglandin E2, but requires nitric oxide release to suppress vasoconstricting 20-HETE synthesis. In vivo, when sensory input increases blood flow, capillaries dilate before arterioles and are estimated to produce 84% of the blood flow increase. In pathology, ischaemia evokes capillary constriction by pericytes. We show that this is followed by pericyte death in rigor, which may irreversibly constrict capillaries and damage the blood-brain barrier. Thus, pericytes are major regulators of cerebral blood flow and initiators of functional imaging signals. Prevention of pericyte constriction and death may reduce the long-lasting blood flow decrease that damages neurons after stroke.

Deficiency of the MicroRNA-31-MicroRNA-720 Pathway in the Plasma and Endothelial Progenitor Cells From Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Article

Feb 2014
ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS

Defects in angiogenesis/vasculogenesis or vessel repair are major complications of coronary artery disease (CAD). Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a fundamental role in postnatal vascular repair and CAD. The role of microRNAs in CAD pathogenesis and their potential as biomarkers remain to be elucidated. MicroRNA-31 (miR-31) level in both the plasma and EPCs of patients with CAD is found lower. miR-31 regulates EPC activities by targeting FAT atypical cadherin 4 and thromboxane A2 receptor, which show increased expression in CAD EPCs. Overexpressing miR-31 in CAD EPCs rescued their angiogenic and vasculogenic abilities both in vitro and in vivo. When exploring approaches to restore endogenous miR-31, we found that far-infrared treatment enhanced the expression of not only miR-31, but also miR-720 in CAD EPCs. miR-720, which was also decreased in EPCs and the plasma of patients with CAD, stimulated EPC activity by targeting vasohibin 1. The miR720-vasohibin 1 pair was shown to be downstream of FAT atypical cadherin 4, but not of thromboxane A2 receptor. FAT atypical cadherin 4 inhibited miR-720 expression via repression of the planar cell polarity signaling gene four-jointed box 1 (FJX1), which was required for miR-720 expression through a hypoxia-inducible factor 1, α subunit-dependent mechanism. Restoring miR-720 level strengthened activity of CAD EPCs. The miR31-miR720 pathway is shown critical to EPC activation and that downregulation of this pathway contributes to CAD pathogenesis. Circulating levels of miR-31, miR-720, and vasohibin 1 have the potential to allow early diagnosis of CAD and to act as prognosis biomarkers for CAD and other EPC-related diseases. Manipulating the expression of the miR31-miR720 pathway in malfunction EPCs should help develop novel therapeutic modalities.

Far-infrared radiation inhibits proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by suppressing secretory clusterin levels

Article

Dec 2013

Far-infrared (FIR) radiation is known to lessen the risk of angiogenesis-related diseases including cancer. Because deficiency of secretory clusterin (sCLU) has been reported to inhibit angiogenesis of endothelial cells (EC), we investigated using human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) whether sCLU mediates the inhibitory effects of FIR radiation. Although FIR radiation ranging 3-25 μm wavelength at room temperature for 60 min did not alter EC viability, further incubation in the culture incubator (at 37 °C under 5% CO2) after radiation significantly inhibited EC proliferation, in vitro migration, and tube formation in a time-dependent manner. Under these conditions, we found decreased sCLU mRNA and protein expression in HUVEC and decreased sCLU protein secreted in culture medium. Expectedly, the replacement of control culture medium with the FIR-irradiated conditioned medium significantly decreased wound closure and tube formation of HUVEC, and vice versa. Furthermore, neutralization of sCLU with anti-sCLU antibody also mimicked all observed inhibitory effects of FIR radiation. Moreover, treatment with recombinant human sCLU protein completely reversed the inhibitory effects of FIR radiation on EC migration and angiogenesis. Lastly, vascular endothelial growth factor also increased sCLU secretion in the culture medium, and wound closure and tube formation of HUVEC, which were significantly reduced by FIR radiation. Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which FIR radiation inhibits the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVEC, via decreasing sCLU.

Preliminary results of pinpoint plantar long-wavelength infrared light irradiation on blood glucose, insulin and stress hormones in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Article

Nov 2013

Background and aims: This study was aimed at the development of a novel noninvasive treatment system, "pinpoint plantar long-wavelength infrared light irradiation (PP-LILI)", which may be able to relieve mental stress and normalize blood glucose level via the reduction of stress hormones in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Based on this hypothesis, the present study was undertaken to examine effects of PP-LILI on stress hormones (ACTH and cortisol), blood glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels in 10 patients with type 2 DM. Each patient received PP-LILI of the foot for 15 minutes once weekly using a stress free apparatus (infrared wavelength, 9,000-12,000 nm/power 30 mW). Results: In response to this therapy, ACTH (P<0.01) and cortisol (P<0.05) levels decreased significantly. Fasting blood glucose (P<0.05) and insulin (P<0.05) levels also decreased significantly along with a tendency for HbA1c to decrease. Conclusions: The present data raise the possibility that PP-LILI can normalize blood glucose levels by reducing stress hormones such as cortisol, which aggravate DM, and by improving insulin sensitivity, thereby contributing to prevention and treatment of DM.

Effect of pinpoint plantar long-wavelength infrared light irradiation on subcutaneous temperature and stress markers

Article

Oct 2013

Background and aims: The current investigation was aimed at the development of a novel non-invasive treatment system, "pinpoint plantar long-wavelength infrared light irradiation (PP-LILI)", which may be able to relieve mental stress and reduce stress-related hormones. Materials (Subjects) and methods: We compared the subcutaneous temperature, blood pressure, the degree of secretion of stress hormones before and after pinpoint irradiations (wavelength: 8-11 μm; output: 30mW). The study enrolled 15 subjects (Japanese healthy adults; 8 males, 7 females; average age 47.8 ± 14.6 years). Two parts of the planter region were irradiated for 15 min respectively. The stress markers such as ACTH, salivary amylase and cortisol were measured. As well, core body temperature and blood pressure were analyzed before and after the irradiation. Results: A series of experiments revealed increased body temperature, decreased levels of blood pressure and stress markers described above after the irradiation. Conclusions: These results clearly suggest that the PP-LILI system will be quite useful for relieving stress and improvement of homeostatic functions in the body.

Far-infrared therapy for cardiovascular, autoimmune, and other chronic health problems: A systematic review

Abstract

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