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Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
GYROMITRA FR. SENSU LATO DISCINACEAE, PEZIZALES
IN MONTENEGRO
Branislav Perić * & Olgica Perić **
* University of Montenegro, Biotechnical Faculty, Mycological center
Podgorica, Mihaila Lalića , Montenegro
branislav@mycolmonten.org
** Podgorica, Đulje Jovanova
Abstract
taxa of the genus Gyromytra Fr. sensu lato recorded in Montenegro are presented. ese are G. esculenta
(Pers.) Fr., G. gigas (Krombh.) Cooke, G. geogenia (Rahm) Harmaja, G. infula (Schae.) Quél., G. martinii
Donadini & Astier, G. megalospora Donadini & Riousset), G. neuwirthi Velen., (= G. esculenta var. fragilis
Marchand ex Réaudin, ), Gyromitra fastigiata (Krombh.) Rehm, G. parma (J. Breitenb. & Maas Geest.)
Kotl. & Pouzar, G. perlata (Fr.) Harmaja and G. tasmanica Berk. & Cooke. e southernmost point of G.
geogenia range, for now, was found in this region. G. neuwirthii, G. fastigiata and G. tasmanica are rare entities,
new for Montenegro. e latter occures in Southern Hemisphere, previously was reported only in Spain in
Northern Hemisphere.
Key words: Discinaceae, Gyromitra, gigas, geogenia, infula, martinii, megalospora, neuwirthi, fastigiata, parma,
tasmanica, Montenegro
I
The genus Gyromitra Fr. s.l. (Pezizales), at the present time, increasingly come to our
attention. Probable reasons for that are, not only the attractiveness of these specic
discomycetes and ambience in which they develop, but also a complete nice atmosphere
during early spring trips. Most species mainly inhabit high mountain areas and should be
sought in the time of melting snow or shortly thereafter. Otherwise, working with them re-
quires great patience due to delayed maturation of ascomata. After collection it is necessary
to be kept in the refrigerator, maintaining an adequate level of humidity, pursuant to natural
conditions, in order to complete maturation.
Branislav P & Olgica P
120
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
M & M
e material was collected in the Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean and continental
region of Montenegro. Investigation was conducted on fresh material while verication was
done, on several occasions, on herbarium specimens. Macroscopic descriptions of species
and photo illustrations were done in situ with Fg reex Nikon camera and digital cameras
Nikon and CD. Microscopic analysis was performed using the optical microscope
(Leica DMLS). Microscopic observations were made on sections, prepared by hand with
razors then mounted in the water, Congo Red, Melzer’s reagent (to monitor amyloid
reaction of ascus), Cotton blue and lacto phenol (to monitor ascospore ornamentation).
Micro illustrations were made with the digital camera (DC ). Drawings of microelements
were done using pen and ink and as well as micro illustrations were processed with Adobe
Photoshop CS. ascospores were measured from dierent apothecia. e material is
stored in the herbarium of Mycological Centre, Biotechnical Faculty in Podgorica.
S
e family Discinaceae Benedix emend. N.S. Weber, Trappe & O’Donnell is characterized
by the following features:
Macroscopic features
epigeous or hypogeous ascomata generally of large stature, sessile or stipitate, cupulate,
cerebriformis or more or less correctly or incorrectly tuberiformis, hymenium in shades of
whitish, through ocher-yellow to a more or less dark brown and dark, almost black and
brown; outward surface smooth or downy, whitish or coloured like hymenium; stalk if
present, less/more cylindrical, with ribes, full or hollow with chamber, whitish or brownish
surface with a pinkish or purple reex; esh broadly at the intersection.
Microscopic features
asci operculate eightspored, uniseriate, J-, cylindrical, base type pleurorinque; paraphyses
at top clavate, with brownish intercellular pigment; ascospores ellipsoidal, fusiform or
spherical with characteristic extensions (apicule) at the poles, hyaline, smooth or ornamented
with cyanophilous episporium in maturity, with four nuclei, containing one to three large
oil drops; excipulum composed of intertwined cells in the form of textura intricata rarely of
textura angularis which is in the ectal excipulum.
In regards to mutual generic boundary of particularly complex entity of the family Discina –
Neogyromitra – Maublancomyces – Paradiscina – Gyromitra – Pseudorhizina, to date, acceptance
has not been established. e discussion about relationship between Discina and Gyromitra is
characterized by mutually opposing opinions. ey can be divided into three groups. e rst
group of authors (D, ; B & K, ; O’D et al., ;
V, and M, ) believe that Discina and Gyromitra are two autonomous
genera. Another group (E, ; D, , ; L, ) has the
opinion that they are subgeneric entities of genus Discina. e point of view of the third
group (H, a, b, , a, b; K & P, ; P,
Gyromitra Fr. sensu lato (Discinaceae, Pezizales) in Montenegro
121
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
; A & C, ; E et al., ; M & M, ;
L & H, ; V V & M, a) is that they are subgeneric
entities of genus Gyromitra. For complete information of this complex issue we refer to:
B (, ) MK (), H [a, ()], D
(), A & C (). In this paper, we rely on the infra-generic systematic
proposed by A & C (), followed by V V & M () and
supplemented by V V (). Also, we follow the position of O’D et al.
() in terms of belonging of this genus to the family Discinaceae not A C
(l.c.), which classify it in Helvellaceae.
T
Subgenus Gyromitra, section Gyromitra
Type: G. esculenta
Basic taxonomic data: all species of subgenus Gyromitra, unlike other subgenera,
have stipitate ascomata. In addition they are characterized by irregularly shaped cap with
cerebriformis surface or more or less grouped irregular lobe. Ascospores are ellipsoidal or
fusiform, smooth (observed by optical microscope) and generally, with two polar drops.
Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.) Fr., , Summa veg. Scand., Sectio post. p. ().
Basionym: Helvella esculenta Pers., Comment fung. Bav. p. (); Helvella esculenta Pers.: Fr.,
Syst. mycol. II (), p. ().
≡ Physomitra esculenta (Pers.) Boud., Icon. mycol., liste prélim., p. [] ().
= Helvella mitra Schae., Fung. Icon., , pl. ().
= Gyrocephalus aginnensis Pers., Mém. Soc. linn. Paris, , p. ().
= Helvella sinuosa Brondeau, in Pers., Mém. Soc. linn. Paris, , p. ().
= Gyromitra suspecta (Krombh.) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand., sect. post., p. (), after N
().
= Helvella suspecta Krombh., Naturgetr. Abbild. Schwämme , pl. ().
= Gyromitra suspectus (Krombh.) Rehm, Rabenhorst’s Kryptog.-Fl., (), p. (), comb.
superua.
= Gyromitra suspecta (Krombh.) J. Schröt., Schles. Krypto. III, , p. (), comb. superua.
= Maublancomyces suspecta (Krombh.) Herter, Rev. Sudam. Bot., (), p. ().
= Gyromitra queletii (Schulzer) Sacc., Syll. fung., , p. (), after K & P ().
= Helvella queletii Schulzer, Hedwigia, (), p. ().
Selected iconography: C () g. ; B (-), pl. ; M ()
n° , photo above; C (), n° ; B & K () n° ; L ()
n° ; P () p. ; D () p. ; R () p. .
Literature: H (); V V & M (b); A & C ().
Distribution: widespread in Europe, Asia and North America.
Branislav P & Olgica P
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
122
New ndings:
- Montenegro, Žabljak, Mlinski potok (Mill brook), . V , one specimen on the
ground in forest Abies alba Mill. and Picea abies (L.) H. Karst, leg. B. Perić & O. Perić, exsicc.
Dgf/CD---.
- Montenegro, Hum Orahovski, V , three specimens near dry stump of Pinus
heldereichii Christ., leg. B. Perić & O. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/CD---.
Note:
Cosmopolitan, polymorphic species, recognizable in the eld. However microscopic
inspection is necessary for reliable determination. Not recommended for consumption due
to toxic and carcinogenic properties.
Gyromitra neuwirthii Velen., České Houby -: ()
Basionym: Gyromitra neuwirthi Velen. České Houby, p. ().
? = Gyromitra esculenta var. fragilis A. Marchand ex Réaudin, Documents Mycologiques (-
): , .
= Gyromitra esculenta var. fragilis A. Marchand, Champ. du Nord et du Midi, , p , , nom.
inval. after Article ..
Selected iconography: M (l.c) n° , bottom photo; R () p. and .
Literature: V (.c); M (); R (l.c); V V & M (b)
Distribution: Czech Republic, France, Montenegro.
References: P & P ( sub nom. G. esculenta)
Our ndings:
- Montenegro, Hum Orahovski, V , above the place where is the mountain
cottage, a dozen specimens on the ground in the Bosnian Pine forest, near rotten trunk, leg.
B. Perić, exsicc. JF(-). Published in P & P ( sub nom. G. esculenta)
- Montenegro, Hum Orahovski, IV , ve specimens on the ground in Bosnian
Pine Forest, leg. B. Perić & O. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/N---.
- Montenegro, Hum Orahovski, V , two specimens on the ground in the Bosnian
Pine forest, on the burned place, a few meters from the G. esculenta, leg. B. Perić & O. Perić,
exsicc. Dgf/CD---a
Note:
ere is no type material for this species. On the other hand, even in the collection of
Marchand’s corresponding dried specimens lack. Only R (l.c.) based on new ndings
valided its variety. V V & M (a) express skepticism towards this variety,
considering that the dierences with the type are minimal to justify its creation.
Gyromitra Fr. sensu lato (Discinaceae, Pezizales) in Montenegro
123
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
Gyromitra tasmanica (Berk.) Berk. & Cooke, in Cooke, Mycographia seu Icones
Fungorum, : , tab. , g. , .
Basionym: Helvella tasmanica Berkeley (herbarium).
Selected iconography: C () g. ; T () p. ; C & T ().
Literature: C (.c.); R (); T (.c.); C & T (l.c.); V V
& M (b).
Distribution: Tasmania, New-Zealand, Spain, Montenegro.
Our ndings:
- Montenegro, Durmitor, Žabljak, Mill Brook, . VI , a few specimens on sandy
soil and moss in the A. alba and P. abies forest, leg. O. Perić & B. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/
CD---.
- Montenegro, Žabljak, Mill Brook, . V , tenth specimens on soil and moss in the
A. alba and P. abies forest, leg. B. Perić & O. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/CD---.
- Montenegro, Plav, Hrid, . VI , on moist sandy soil in the A. alba and P. abies
forest, ten specimens, on two sites hundred meters away from each other, exsicc. Dgf/
CD---.
Note:
R (l.c.) thought that this is a good species which diers from G. esculenta by the
free edge of the pileus, as Morchella semilibera. Species inhabit the Southern Hemisphere
of Planet primarily. e rst European record originated from Spain. Our records are the
second for the European area.
Gyromitra infula (Schae. : Fr.) Quél., Enchir. fung.: , .
Basionym: Helvella infula Schae., Fungorum qui in Bavaria et…, , ind. (); Helvella
infula Schae : Fr., Syst. mycol., II (), p. ().
≡ Physomitra infula (Schae.: Fr.) Boud., Icon. mycol., liste prélim., p. [] ().
= Phallus triceps Muell., Fl. Dan., , pl. ().
= Helvella mitra Afzel., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl., , p. ().
= Helvella brunnea Gmel., Syst. Nat. Linn., éd. XIII, , p. ().
= Helvella erythrophaea Pers., Mycol. Europaea, , p. ().
= Helvella rhodopoda Krombh., Naturgetr. Abbild. Schwämme, , pl. , g. - ().
= Physomitra infula var. rhodopoda (Krombh.) Boud., Hist. class. Discom. Europe, p. ().
= Helvella friesiana Cooke, Mycographia, , p. ().
=Physomitra infula var. friesiana (Cooke) Boud., Hist. class. Discom. Europe, p. ().
≡ Helvella infula f. friesiana (Cooke) Bres., Icon. mycol., pl. ().
= Gyromitra inata (Cumino) Cooke, Mycographia, p. (), nom. inval.
=Helvella inata Cumino, Act. Acad. Reg. Taurin., , p. (), illeg., non H. inata S. ().
=Maublancomyces inatus (Cumino) Herter, Rev. Sudam. Bot., (), p. (), nom. inval.
Branislav P & Olgica P
124
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
= Gyromitra infula f. gyrosa Benedix, Kulturpanze, , p. (), nom. inval.
? = Gyromitra birretum Krombh., Naturgetr. Abbild. Schwämme, , p. , pl. , g. - ().
Selected iconography: C (.c) g. ; B (l.c.) pl. ; M (l.c) n° ;
C () n° , sub nom. Helvella infula); B & K (l.c.) n° ; L
(l.c,) n° ; P (l.c.) p. .
Literature: A & C (); H (b).
Distribution: e species is widespread in Europe. Also in Asia, Turkey (S, ),
Japan, Bhutan, North America (K & W, ; A & C, (l.c.);
M, ).
References: P & P (, ).
New record:
- Montenegro, Komovi, Lučka River, Potok od Bijele vode (Stream from the White
Water), X , a specimen on the ground covered with sawdust after cutting, in a mixed
beech and r forest, leg. B. Peri exsicc. Dgf/CD---.
Note:
Despite the signicant morphological variability (B, ) it is easily recognized
in the eld, but because of possible confusion with G. ambigua it requires a microscopic
analysis. It occurs in autumn, unlike others from the same genus.
Subgenus Discina (Fr.) Harmaja section Discina:
Typ : G. perlata (Fr.) Harmaja
Basic taxonomic data: the species are recognized as sessile or subsessile, apothecia eshy.
Only recently A & C (l.c.) noted anatomical and microscopic anities of these
species with the species of subgenus Gyromitra. Ascospores usually are ellipsoidal, sometimes
fusiform, with one or three drops, smooth or ornamented, always with apicule at the poles,
which can be reduced as a blunt extension.
Gyromitra perlata (Fr. : Fr.) Harmaja, Karstenia, , p. ().
Basionim: Peziza perlata Fr.: Fr., Syst. mycol., II (), p. ().
≡ Discina perlata (Fr. : Fr.) Fr., Summa veg. scand., sect. post., p. ().
= Discina venosa (Pers.) Fr., after V ().
= Rhizina helvetica Fuckel, Symbol. mycol., , p. (), after V ()
≡ Discina helvetica (Fuckel) Sacc., Syll. fung., , p. ().
? = Gyromitra macknightii Harmaja, Karstenia, (), p. ().
? = Gyromitra ancilis (Pers.: Fr.) Kreisel, Boletus, , p. ().
≡
Peziza ancilis Pers., Mycol. Europ., , p. (); Peziza ancilis Pers.: Fr., Syst. mycol., II (),
p. ().
Gyromitra Fr. sensu lato (Discinaceae, Pezizales) in Montenegro
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
125
≡ Aleuria ancilis (Pers.: Fr.) Gillet, Champ. Fr., Discom., p. ().
≡ Acetabula ancilis (Pers.: Fr.) Lambotte, Fl. mycol. belg. , p. ().
≡ Helvella ancilis (Pers.: Fr.) Quél., Enchiridion fung., p. ().
≡ Discina ancilis (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc., Syll. fung., , p. ().
Selected iconography: B (l.c.) pl. ; M (l.c.) n° ; C () n° ;
B & K (l.c.) n° ; L () p. ; P (l.c) p. ; M ()
p. .
Literature: F ( ); A & C (l.c.).
Distribution: Cosmopolitan species, widely distributed in mountain areas in Europe.
Present also on the North American continent, North Africa and Asia (Japan and India).
New ndings:
- Montenegro, Trešnjevik, V , two specimens on tree stump of r, leg. B. Perić &
I. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/N---.
- Montenegro, Jezerine, on the place which is left of the ski resorts, along the creek that
leads to Vranjak, V , more specimens (at sites) on trunks and stumps of r and
spruce, that have begun to rot but otherwise on bare sandy ground, leg. B. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/
CD---.
- Montenegro, Žabljak, Mill Brook, on the three sites from the Mill to Zminje Lake,
V , on the ground and rotten stumps of r and spruce, leg. B. Perić & O. Perić, exsicc.
Dgf/CD---.
- Montenegro, Hrid, above Plav, from katun Bajrović (dwelling for farmers during the
summer gasing) to the Hrid lake, VI , a few specimens in three localities on the
ground and spruce stumps, leg. B. Perić & O. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/CD---.
Note:
e determination of this species is quite easy, but requires microscopic examination of
mature ascospores due to possible confusion with related species.
Gyromitra geogenia (E. Rahm ex Donadini) ) Harmaja, Karstenia (), p. ().
Basionym: Discina geogenia E. Rahm ex Donadini, Mycol. Helv., (), p. ().
= Discina perlata var. geogenia E. Rahm, Schweiz. Z. Pilzk., (), p. (), after Article ..
≡ Paradiscina geogenia (E. Rahm) Benedix, Kulturpanze, , p. (), nom. inval.
≡ Gyromitra geogenia (E. Rahm) Harmaja, Karstenia, , p. (), nom. inval.
= Gyromitra albofuliginosa Donadini, Bull. Féd. mycol. Dauphiné- Savoie, , p. (), nom.
inval.
Selected iconography: R (); R () p. -; V V () p. ;
P () p. -.
Branislav P & Olgica P
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
126
Literature: R (l.c.); D (); H (l.c.); P ().
Distribution: Switzerland, France, Montenegro.
Our ndings: see P (l.c.).
Note:
At rst glance it is similar to G. perlata, but diers by shade of olive color and conical
shape. It occurs along the edge of melting snow. Until recently it was known only in the area
of the Alps and the Pyrenees and more recently in Montenegro, in the area of Mt. Bjelasica
and Massif Žijevo.
Gyromitra megalospora Donadini & Riousset, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. ():
, .
Basionym: Gyromitra megalospora Donadini & Riousset, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr., (), p.
.
≡ Discina megalospora (Donadini & Riousset) Donadini & Riousset, Mycol. Helv., (), p.
().
= Gyromitra megalospora Donadini, Bull. Soc. linn. Provence, , p. (), nom. inval.
? = Discina radiosensilis Falck, Mykol. Untersuch. Ber., , p. ().
? = Discina pseudospora Monti, Tomasi & Maccioni, Micol. Ital., XXX (), p. (), nom. inval.
Selected iconography: D & R () p. ; P () p. .
Literature: D & R (); P (l.c); V V & M (b).
Distribution: France, Montenegro.
Our ndings: see P (l.c.).
New ndings:
- Montenegro, Podgorica, II articial Pinus halepensis forest stands along the
road towards Petrovac, on the ground near by rotten stumps or on them, leg. B. Perić, exsicc.
Dgf/CD---.
- Montenegro, III Podgorica, Golubovci in a stand of P. halepensis. On the
ground next to stumps, leg. B. Perić, Dgf/CD---.
Note:
is is a typical Mediterranean species which develops in the winter, on the stumps
and humus of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) and on the sandy soil near by them. It has an
extremely large ascospores (over µm) ornamented surface with large apicules. It is often
replaced with G. perlata, which requires revision of previous collections.
Gyromitra Fr. sensu lato (Discinaceae, Pezizales) in Montenegro
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
127
Subgenus Discina (Fr.) Harmaja, section Pseudogyromitrae Van Vooren
Typ : G. gigas (Krombh.) Quél.
Syn: genus Gyromitra, section Cerebriformae Cooke, Mycographia, p. (), pro parte.
Gyromitra gigas (Krombh.) Quél., Mém. Soc. émul. Montbéliard, sér. , , p. ().
Basionym: Helvella gigas Krombh., Naturgetr. Abbild. Schwämme, , p. ().
≡ Mitrophora gigas (Krombh.) Léveillé, Ann. sci. nat., sér. , botanique, , p. ().
≡ Neogyromitra gigas (Krombh.) S. Imai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo), , p. ().
≡ Maublancomyces gigas Herter, Rev. Sudam. bot., (), p. ().
≡ Discina gigas (Krombh.) Eckblad, Nytt Mag. Bot., (-), p. ().
= Gyromitra gigas var. pumila Velen., Monogr. Disc. Bohem., p. ().
= Gyromitra curtipes Fr., Ätl. Sw., , pl. ().
= Maublancomyces curtipes (Fr.) Herter, Rev. Sudam. bot., (), p. ().
= Gyromitra ussuriensis Lj. N. Vassiljeva, Notulae Syst. Sect. Crypt. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R.,
(-), p. (), after R ().
= Neogyromitra ussuriensis (Lj. N. Vassiljeva) Raitv., Soobsch. Akad. Nauk. Soyuza SSR, Sibirsk.
Otdel. Dal’nevost Fil., , p. (), nom. inval.
Selective iconography: C (l.c.) g. ; C (l.c.) g. , sub nom. G. curtipes;
B (l.c) pl. ; B (l.c) pl. , sub nom. G. curtipes; C (, n° ); C
() n° , sub nom. G. curtipes; B & K (l.c) n° ; L () p. );
M () p. sub nom. Discina gigas.
Literature: R (); T (l.c); A & C (l.c); B (); M
().
Distribution: Widespread species recorded in Switzerland, France, Spain, Italy,
Netherlands, Poland, Hungary, Estonia, Russia, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Latvia,
Germany, Turkey, Montenegro etc..
References: P & P ( sub nom. G. esculenta)
Our ndings:
- Montenegro, Mojkovac, Minići, in the property Minić, V , on the ground
under Populus tremula near by r stump and trunks, gregarious, leg. Milorad Budiša, exsicc.
Bf(-, -).
- Montenegro, NP Biogradska gora, near by the ascent to Goleš, V , one specimen
on the ground next to rotten r trees in the mixed forest of beech and r, leg. B. Perić, exsicc.
Dgf/CD---.
- Montenegro, Žabljak, along the left bank of Otoka, V , four specimens on the
ground in the spruce forest, leg. B. Perić. & O. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/CD---.
- Montenegro, Žabljak, Mlinski potok (Mill Brook), V , a specimen on the
ground in the spruce forest, leg. B. Perić. & O. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/CD---.
Branislav P & Olgica P
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
128
Note:
Spring species, with characteristic appearance, with a protruding ribbed stem. It can
only be replaced with G. fastigiata (Krombh.) Rehm and G. ticiana Littini, which are not so
widespread.
Subgenus Caroliniana Abbott, section Caroliniana
Typ: G. caroliniana (Bosc : Fr.) Fr.
Syn.: genus Gyromitra, section Cerebriformae Cooke, Mycographia, p. (), pro parte.
Basic taxonomic data: stipitate and non stipitate species. Ascospore are generally
ornamented with network, pseudo network or warty ornamented.
Gyromitra fastigiata (Krombh.) Rehm, Die Pilze, in Rabenhorst Kryptogamen Flora von
Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, nd ed : , ().
Basionim: Helvella fastigiata Krombh., Naturgetr. Abbild. Schwämme, , p. ().
≡ Physomitra infula var. fastigiata (Krombh.) Boud., Hist. class. discom. Europe, p. ().
≡ Maublancomyces fastigiatus (Krombh.) Herter, Rev. Sudam. bot., (), p. ().
≡ Discina fastigiata (Krombh.) Svrček & J. Moravec, Česká Mykol., (), p. ().
≡ Neogyromitra fastigiata (Krombh.) McKnight, Mycologia, , p. ().
= Gyromitra krombholzii Bezděk, Houby jedlé a jim podobné jedovaté, p. (), nom. inval.
= Gyromitra pratensis Velen., Mon. Discom. Bohemiae, , p. ().
=Maublancomyces pratensis (Velen.) Herter, Rev. Sudam. bot., (), p. ().
= Gyromitra brunnea Underw., sensu auct.
Selected iconography: S & M () pl. ; K & P () pl. I et II;
C () n° ; C & P () p. ; R () p. .
Literature: MK (); K & P (); A & C ().
Distribution: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, France,
Italy, Montenegro.
Our ndings:
- Montenegro, NP Biogradska gora, . IV , near the water station bungalows, in
mixed deciduous forest on the humus rich soil, in dense colony of Allium ursinum L., leg. B.
Perić, exsicc. DgfN/---.
- Montenegro, Hum Orahovski, V , in the beech forest (Fagus moesiaca), by the
path horse, on the humus substrate, leg. B. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/C---.
Note:
Very rare species, occurring in spring as G. gigas of which is easily distinguished by
ornamented ascospores.
Gyromitra Fr. sensu lato (Discinaceae, Pezizales) in Montenegro
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
129
Subgenus Caroliniana Abbott, section Parmae
Typ: G. parma (J. Breitenb. & Maas G.) Kotlaba & Pouzar
Gyromitra parma (J. Breitenb. & Maas Geest.) Kotl. & Pouzar, Česká Mykol. ():
().
Basionym: Discina parma J. Breitenb. & Maas G., Proc. Konink. Nedel. Akad. Wetensch., ser. C, ,
p. ().
≡ Gyromitra parma (J. Breitenb. & Maas G.) Donadini, Bull. Féd. mycol. Dauphiné-Savoie, , p.
(), nom. inval. after Article ..
≡ Gyromitra parma (J. Breitenb. & Maas G.) Bozonnet, Bull. ann. Féd. Centre-est hist. nat. et
mycol., , p. (), comb. superua.
Selected iconography: H () p. ; B & K (l.c.) n° ; C
(), n° ; R () p. ; T () p. ; P & P (a) p. ; R ()
p. -); M (l.c.) p. .
Literature: B & M G () B (); D (l.c.).
Distribution: France, Spain, Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia,
Hungary, Montenegro.
References: P & P (l.c.).
Note: it develops on rotten stumps and trunks of deciduous trees (Fraxinus, Ulmus,
Corylus, Alnus and Fagus) and spruce. It is a characterised by distinctive ornamentationed
ascospores.
Gyromitra martinii Donadini & Astier, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr., (), p. ().
Basionym: Gyromitra martinii Donadini & Astier, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr., (), p. ().
≡ Discina martinii (Donadini & Astier) Donadini & Astier, Mycol. Helv., (), p. ().
Selected iconography: D & A () p. ; P () p. .
Literature: D & A (l.c.); P (l.c.); V V & M (b).
Distribution: France, Montenegro.
Our ndings: see Perić (l.c.).
New data:
- Montenegro, NP Biogradska gora, in two sites, IV , near the water supply station,
a lot of samples on the fallen rotten beech trunk, leg. B. Perić, O. Perić & D. Vincek, exsicc.
DgN/---.
Branislav P & Olgica P
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
130
Figs. . – Ascospores Gyromitra s.l. in Montenegro (Photos and arrangement B. Perić)
. – G. esculenta (in water); . – G. neuwirthii (a- in Cotton blue, b- in water);
. – G. tasmanica (in water); . – G. infula (in KOH %); . – G. perlata (a- in Cotton blue, b- in
water . – G. geogenia (in Cotton blue); . – G. megalospora (a- in Cotton blue, b-in water);
. – G. gigas (in water); . – G. fastigiata (in Cotton blue); . – G. parma (in water);
. – G. martinii (a- in Cotton blue, b- in water);
(bar = µm)
- Montenegro, NP Biogradska gora, near by the Biograd Lake, V , more
specimens on the fallen rotten beech trunks with the bark, leg. B. Perić & O. Perić, exsicc.
DgN/---.
- Montenegro, Kolašin, Jezerine, above streams owing from the direction of Vranjak,
IV , on beech tree trunks, in two sites. e material was not mature enough, leg. B.
Perić & M. Prijović. exsicc. Dgf/C---.
- Montenegro, NP Biogradska gora, . IV , many specimens on the attened rotten
beech trunks with the bark, leg. O. Perić & B. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/CD---.
- Montenegro, Komovi, Kurlaj, above the River Lučka, V , two specimens on the
beech tree trunks in the snow, leg. B. Perić & I. Perić, exsicc. Dgf/CD---.
Gyromitra Fr. sensu lato (Discinaceae, Pezizales) in Montenegro
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
131
Figs. . – Gyromitra species in Montenegro (Photos and arrangement B. Perić)
, . – G. tasmanica, . – G. geogenia, ,. – G. martinii, . – G. neuwirhii, , . – G. gigas,
. – G. esculenta, .– G. parma, . – G. fastigiata, . – G. megalospora,
.– G. infula, . – G. perlata
Branislav P & Olgica P
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
132
Note:
It develops on dry beech stumps and trunks. A similarity with G. parma, which also
develops in hardwoods, has led to the hypothesis that it may be a unique species (B,
; V V & M b). According to current insights, it looks that in
Montenegro is not so rare.
D
taxa from the genus Gyromytra Fr. sensu lato presented in the paper were collected in
Montenegro and studied during over the past ten years. During the preparation of this paper,
we revised some of the earlier records and now we give updates. e material previously
reported as Gyromitra esculenta is shown to be G. gigas due to as immature ascocarp as our
incorrect determination. at was at the beginning of our work when we had less experience.
As regards current taxonomic knowledge of the genus, the material previously reported as G.
esculenta according to V V & M () now is recognized as G. neuwirthii.
Due to limited space here, detailed macro and micro descriptions that we have done
for all the species, are not included. is will be done in a forthcoming paper. We provide
the Figure . with microphotos of ascospores of all taxa and Figure . with photos of all
ascomata.
At rst, the material was collected during the usual spring trips to the mountain sites of
Montenegro, and only recently, we have taken systematic visiting certain mountain areas
searching for species from the genus Gyromitra. We have visited localities in Continental
mountain region Hum Orahovski, National Park Durmitor, National Park Biogradska gora,
Hridsko lake above Plav, Jezerine on Mt. Bjelasica, and in Massif Komovi the northern
slopes (Trešnjevik and Štavna) and southern slopes Planinica, Bijela voda and Kurlaj.
Mediterranean forest in site above Budva was viseted only once, after that it was burned.
Sub Mediterranean sites in and near Podgorica (Park Forest: Ljubović, Gorica, Zlatica; forest
stands toward Agricultural combines, Tuzi and Golubovci) were also visited. Seasonalan visits
to Mt. Durmitor, Mt. Bjelasica and recently Hrid above Plav throught years did not yield the
expected results. It appears that the species associated to the genus are not widely distributed
in our mountains as it is the case with the Central European and North European regions.
e majority of species was collected in the conifer stands of Pinus halepensis, P. heldreichii,
Abies alba and Picea abies. Several were found in mixed stands and only two species were
found exclusively on the beech. It is interesting to note that G. gigas, which is usually found
in coniferous forest, we found in the clearing of beech forest. Regarding to substrate, species
occur on rich humus soil, usually near trees, stumps or lodged trunks, on sandy soil and
some of them are lignicolous.
G. neuwirthii, G. fastigiata and G. tasmanica are rare entities, new for Montenegro. e
latter is a mycological element of the Southern Hemisphere. It was observed on the Northern
part of our Planet only in Spain and Montenegro. Our records of G. megalospora and G.
martinii are notable because these species were recorded only in France. For G. geogenia we
found the southernmost point of its range.
According to our current insights, G. perlata and G. martinii are widely distributed
Gyromitra Fr. sensu lato (Discinaceae, Pezizales) in Montenegro
Mycol. Monten. XIII (): -
133
species in the area of Montenegro. at could be said as for G. gigas. We assume that G.
megalospora occurs in our coastal forests of pine trees, although we have not visited these sites
during the spring.
Special attention was devoted to visiting the vicinity of the Black Lake in Mt. Durmitor
searching for Gyromitra macknightii Harmaja, where is its locus classicus. All our collections
from that localities were determinated as D. perlata. A & C () reduced G.
macknightii to synonym of G. perlata. erefore the localities on Mt. Durmitor merit further
monitoring.
e mutual generic boundary of particular complex entity of the family Discinaceae,
Discina – Neogyromitra – Maublancomyces – Paradiscina – Gyromitra – Pseudorhizina,
has been intractable problem for decades. We expect that it should be resolved soon by
biomolecular research. erefore, our collections of dried specimens will be proccesed by
this analyzes.
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