Khorasan wheat population researching (Triticum turgidum, ssp. Turanicum (McKey) in the minimum tillage conditions

Abstract

Khorasan wheat occupies a special place in the group of new-old cereals (Triticum turgidum, ssp. Turanicum McKey). It is an ancient species, native to eastern Persia, that is very close to durum wheat by morphological characteristics. Investigations were carried out in agro ecological conditions of the eastern Srem, with two wheat populations with dark and bright awns as objects of study. The following morphological and productive characteristics were investigated: plant height (PH), spike length (SH), number of spikelets per spike (NSS), absolute weight (AW) and grain weight per spike (GW), seed germination (G) and grains yield (YG). Field micro-experiments were set on the carbonate chernozem soil type on loess plateau in 2011 and 2012. Hand wheat sowing was conducted in early March with drill row spacing of 12 cm. The experiment was established as complete randomized block system with four replications. Tending crops measures were not applied during the growing season. Plants were grown without usage of NPK mineral nutrients. Chemical crop protection measures were not applied, although powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) was appeared before plants spike formation in a small extent. The results showed that both populations have a genetic yield potential. In general, both populations manifested a satisfactory tolerance on lodging and there was no seed dispersal. Plants from bright awns population were higher, had longer spikes and larger number of spikelet's per spike. However, plants from dark awns population had higher absolute weight and grains weight per spike, as well as grain yield per plant. Strong correlation connections were identified among the investigated characteristics. The determination of correlations, as well as direct and indirect affects, enabled easier understanding of the mutual relationships and their balancing in order to improve the yield per unit area.

Full text

___________________________
Corresponding author: Jela Ikanovic, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Tel: +381 11 2615 315;
E-mail: jela@agrif.bg.ac.rs
UDC 575:630
DOI: 10.2298/GENSR1401105I
Original scientific paper
KHORASAN WHEAT POPULATION RESEARCHING (Triticum turgidum, SSP.
turanicum (McKEY) IN THE MINIMUM TILLAGE CONDITIONS
Jela IKANOVIĆ
1
, Vera POPOVIĆ
2
, Snežana JANKOVIĆ
3
, Ljubiša ŽIVANOVIĆ
1
,
Sveto RAKIĆ
1
, Dalibor DONČIĆ
4
1
University in Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia
2
Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia
3
Institute of applyed research in Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia
4
Syngenta-Agro, Gradiska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ikanović J., V. Popović, S. Janković, Lj. Živanović, S.Rakić and D.
Dončić (2014): Khorasan wheat population researching (Triticum turgidum, ssp.
turanicum (McKEY) in the minimum tillage conditions - Genetika, Vol 46, No. 1,
105 -115.
Khorasan wheat occupies a special place in the group of new-old
cereals (Triticum turgidum, ssp. Turanicum McKey). It is an ancient species,
native to eastern Persia, that is very close to durum wheat by morphological
characteristics. Investigations were carried out in agro ecological conditions of
the eastern Srem, with two wheat populations with dark and bright awns as
objects of study. The following morphological and productive characteristics
were investigated: plant height (PH), spike length (SH), number of spikelets per
spike (NSS), absolute weight (AW) and grain weight per spike (GW), seed
germination (G) and grains yield (YG). Field micro-experiments were set on the
carbonate chernozem soil type on loess plateau in 2011 and 2012. Hand wheat
sowing was conducted in early March with drill row spacing of 12 cm. The
experiment was established as complete randomized block system with four
replications. Tending crops measures were not applied during the growing
season. Plants were grown without usage of NPK mineral nutrients. Chemical
crop protection measures were not applied, although powdery mildew (Erysiphe
graminis) was appeared before plants spike formation in a small extent.
The results showed that both populations have a genetic yield potential.
In general, both populations manifested a satisfactory tolerance on lodging and
there was no seed dispersal. Plants from bright awns population were higher,
had longer spikes and larger number of spikelet’s per spike. However, plants
from dark awns population had higher absolute weight and grains weight per
spike, as well as grain yield per plant. Strong correlation connections were
identified among the investigated characteristics. The determination of

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GENETIKA, Vol. 46, No.1, 105-115, 2014
correlations, as well as direct and indirect affects, enabled easier understanding
of the mutual relationships and their balancing in order to improve the yield per
unit area.
Key words: Triticum turgidum, population with dark and bright awns,
genetic potential, morphological and productive characteristics.
INTRODUCTION
Khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum, ssp. turanicum McKey) represents an ancient
species that is in accordance with morphological characteristics close to durum wheat (
SACKS
,
2005). Although there is no data on its origin, according the DNA analysis, this species is most
likely originated from spontaneous crossbreeding between field and durum wheat (
KHLESTKINA
et al., 2006). Khorasan wheat (engl. Kamut) was grown in ancient Egypt 4,000 years ago, known
as the Tutankhamun or Pharaoh wheat. An American scientist Bob Quinn gave the commercial
name – kamut to this type of wheat in 1990 and introduced it into commercial production on the
Americas (
GLAMOCLIJA
et al., 2012). Khorasan wheat is characterized with a high genetic yield
potential (Fig. 1, 2). In addition, it exhibits greater tolerance to drought and pests, and shows
that it has a significantly higher
coefficient of plant asimilativ usage from the soil than soft
wheat (
GLAMOCLIJA
et al., 2012).
Pict.1. Triticum turgidum
Kamut grain is 20-30% larger and has significantly higher nutritional value compared
with the grain of the most widespread species of soft wheat. There are 20-40% more total
proteins than common wheat, and essential amino acids for about 65%. In addition, it is richer in
the oils content, vitamins and mineral salts.
Due to the increased content of mono-saccharides it has a sweet taste so it is called
sweet wheat, also. Flour obtained by kamut grain grinding is addition to the wheat flour in a
different proportions and is in usage for bread and baking products of increased nutritional and

J. IKANOVIC et al: KHORASAN WHEAT POPULATION
107
energy values making, for example, a special bread, biscuits, pasta, pastries or pancakes. Such
groceries are suitable for physically more active people nutrition. According to IFAA
(International Food Allergy Association) investigations, the kamut flour has less gluten, so this
groceries are suitable for the people who are allergic to this protein (
GLAMOCLIJA
et al., 2012).
Wheat breeding to productivity, videlicet on yield increasing by certain plant
characteristics changing, has always been the main goal of breeding process (
HRISTOV
et al.,
2008). Determining of the attributes that are important for the selection process in breeding
applying based on the model is particularly important, as well as definning their desired values
and their interrelations. Breeding for yield perse ultimately consist of breeding for certain traits
while maintaining a harmonious interrelations among them. By changing the individual
components of yield and harvest index, what individually presents breeding over variety model,
the yield of wheat was increased (
GLAMOCLIJA
et al., 2012). As demand for alternative grains
increasing in the world market, there should pursue opportunities to advance our rural areas,
where there are natural resources for the production of the crop plants.
Pic. 2. Kamut grain
Traditional production of the most abundant crop plants of sterling wheat grains, barley
and oats, often does not meet the needs of the household because the yields of these products run
from the application of inappropriate agricultural techniques. Good production characteristics
have included Kamut in the system of ecological farming (organic farming). The increasing
demand for groceries based on flour caused the increase in the area under this type of wheat.
Thanks to expressed ksero-morphological structure, it better tolerates drought and high air
temperatures and it is tolerant to pathogens. Kamut has a high yield potential and responds very
well on increased plant nutrition both yield and grain quality. On the other hand, it can be grown
in less favorable agro-ecological and soil conditions than common wheat. Kamut is suitable for
production in the highland areas with poorer soils and extensive use of agricultural technology
(
GLAMOCLIJA
et al., 2012). Alternative grain products are highly appreciated for storing high-
quality as safe food (
POPOVIC
et al., 2012,
RAKIC
et al., 2013,
IKANOVIC
et al., 2013,
JANKOVIC
et
al, 2013).
Meteorological conditions have significant affect on the productivity and grain quality
(
POPOVIC
et al., 2011,
GLAMOCLIJA
et al., 2013). Improvement of the crop production general

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GENETIKA, Vol. 46, No.1, 105-115, 2014
conditions in mountainous areas without major investments in agricultural technology can be
achieved by modifying the structure of sowing. So instead of winter wheat, which yields on poor
soils and whit application of inadequate nutrition of plants not exceeding 3,000 kg ha
-1
, should
be sown any other sterling cereals that are better adapted to the agro-ecological conditions of
these areas. These are triticale, krupnik wheat and bare oat, respectively the sterling grains that
are due to their high nutritional value, more and more in the usage directly for human
consumption or for the preparation of groceries that are categorized as functional and safe food.
Total crop production would be significantly increased by changing of maize varieties
assortment.
As the demand for products made of alternative grains increasing in the world market,
Khorasan wheat should be included in the production, with the aim of our rural areas prosperity,
where there are natural resources for the production of this kind of the crop plants. The aim of
this investigation was to determine the correlations, as well as direct and indirect affects and
allowing an easier understanding of interrelations population with dark and bright awns, their
balancing and Khorasan wheat populations yields improvement per unit area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Investigations were carried out in the eastern agro-ecological conditions of Srem in
Nova Pazova. The subject of the investigation was korason wheat population with dark and
bright awns. The folowing morphological and productive characteristics were investigated: plant
height (PH), spike length (SH), number of spikelets per spike (NSS), absolute weight (AW) and
grain weight per spike (GW), seed germination (G) and grains yield (YG). Field micro-
experiments were set during 2011 and 2012 on loess plateau on carbonate chernozem soil type in
New Pazova. Kamut preceding crop was potatoes. Hand sowing of wheat was conducted in early
March in both years with 12 cm rows distance. The experimental design was a randomized
complete block system with four replications. Tending crops measures were not applied during
the growing season. Plants were grown without NPK mineral nutrients usage.
Chemical crop protection measures were not applied, although powdery mildew
(Erysiphe graminis) had appeared to a small extent before plants heading. Harvesting was
performed on July the 7
th
in 2011 and July the 10
th
in 2012. Before harvest, samples for
determination of the following parameters were taken: plant height, spike length, number of
spikelets, grain number per spike, grain weight and seed germination. Morphological
characteristics were analyzed after the crop harvest and yields per unit area were calculated. All
data were processed with statistical analysis for double-factorial experiments.
The most important meteorological indices were monitored and analyzed during the
study - distribution and amount of precipitation and thermal conditions during the plants growing
season (Graph. 1 and 2). Data on monthly rainfall and air temperatures for the 2011/12 ware
taken from the Hydro-meteorological Service of Serbia, for New Pazova.
The total amount of precipitation during 2010 and 2011 (509 mm and 520 mm) were
relatively uniform and were lower than long-term average of 117 mm and 128 mm. In 2010, the
average temperature was 12.09 °C and was lower for 0.33 °C compared to 2011, respectively for
1.36 °C compared with the long-term average (Graph. 1 and 2).

J. IKANOVIC et al: KHORASAN WHEAT POPULATION
109
mm
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Precipitation, 2010 Precipitation, 2011 Precipitation, 2001-2011
Graph.1, 2. Total precipitation (mm) and average temperature (°C), New Pazova, 2010-2012
Meteorological conditions, such as temperature evolution, light duration and intensity,
and precipitation amount and distribution, as well as how much the crops is affected by diseases,
pests and weeds, are the main factors which influence the crop yield variability from year to
year. This variability is in inverse relationship with yield stability. Yield fluctuation
becomes
more a concern in the actual global climate change projections (
COCIU
, 2012).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Morphological and productive characteristics of Khorasan wheat
Biannual investigation results of the affect of agro-meteorological conditions on
morphological and productive characteristics of Khorasan wheat showed that they significantly
affect on this alternative grain production success. Year, genotype and their interaction had a
significant affect on plant height, spike length and the absolute grain weight, p ≤ 0.05. Among
the investigated years at tested genotypes there were no significant differences for following
morphological features: germination, spike length and grain weight per spike. Observed
genotypes had on an average high germination of 98.45 and high seed weight of 1.38 g (Tables 1
and 2).
Investigations show that among tested genotypes statistically significant differences were
achieved on plant height, spike length and absolute weight. The plants were significantly higher
in 2011 (71.92 cm, 73.36 cm) compared with 2010th (70.88 cm, 72.42 cm). Absolute weight of

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GENETIKA, Vol. 46, No.1, 105-115, 2014
produced seeds was significantly higher in 2010 (68.3 g, 66.96 g) compared with 2011 (67.74 g,
66.36 g), at both tested genotypes (Table 1). Genotypes with bright awns had significantly longer
spike (7.16 cm) and plant height (72.89 cm), but plants with dark awns had significantly greater
absolute grain weight of 68.02 g (Table 1).
The interaction G x Y had significantly affect on the spikelets number (table 1). Dark
awns genotype had a higher number of spikelets (16.22) in 2010 compared with light awns
genotype (15.76) and smaller number during the 2011th (Table 1).
Table 1. Morphological traits of the populations Khorasan wheat, 2010-2011
Morphological
traits
Khorasan wheat genotypes
Population with dark awns Population with bright awns Average
2010 2011 Average 2010 2011 Average 2010 2011
Germination
98.20 98.40 98.3 96.00 97.20 96.6 97.1 97.8
LSD
AB, 0.05
4.10 LSD
B, 0.05
2.9 LSD
A, 0.05
2.9
LSD
AB, 0.01
5.75 LSD
B, 0.01
4.06 LSD
A, 0.01
4.06
The absolute
weight, g
68.3 67.74 68.02 66.96 66.36 66.66 67.63 67.05
LSD
AB, 0.05
0.72 LSD
B, 0.05
0.51 LSD
A, 0.05
0.51
LSD
AB, 0.01
1.00 LSD
B, 0.01
0.71 LSD
A, 0.01
0.71
Grain
weightper
spike, g
1.44 1.35 1.40 1.36 1.34 1.35 1.40 1.35
LSD
AB, 0.05
0.11 LSD
B, 0.05
0.08 LSD
A, 0.05
0.08
LSD
AB, 0.01
0.16 LSD
B, 0.01
0.11 LSD
A, 0.01
0.11
Number of
spikelets per
spike
16.22 15.36 15.79 15.76 15.84 15.8 15.99 15.60
LSD
AB, 0.05
0.40 LSD
B, 0.05
0.28 LSD
A, 0.05
0.28
LSD
AB, 0.01
0.56 LSD
B, 0.01
0.39 LSD
A, 0.01
0.39
Spike length,
cm
6.84 6.7 6.77 7.08 7.24 7.16 6.96 6.97
LSD
AB, 0.05
0.34 LSD
B, 0.05
0.24 LSD
A, 0.05
0.24
LSD
AB, 0.01
0.47 LSD
B, 0.01
0.33 LSD
A, 0.01
0.33
Plant height,
cm
70.88 71.92 71.40 72.42 73.36 72.89 71.65 72.64
LSD
AB, 0.05
0.98 LSD
B, 0.05
0.70 LSD
A, 0.05
0.70
LSD
AB, 0.01
1.38 LSD
B, 0.01
0.97 LSD
A, 0.01
0.97

J. IKANOVIC et al: KHORASAN WHEAT POPULATION
111
Table 2. Analysis of variance of morphological traits of populations Khorasan wheat
Morphological
characteristics Effect DF MS F LSD Test
0.05 0.01
Germination
Year, A 1 14.450 1.634 ns 2.90 4.06
Genotyp, B 1 2.450 0.277 ns 2.90 4.06
Interaction, AB 1 1.250 0.141 ns 4.10 5.75
Error 12 8.842
The absolute
weight
Year, A 1 1.682 6.224 * 0.51 0.71
Genotyp, B 1 9.248 34.220 ** 0.51 0.71
Interaction, AB 1 0.002 0.007 ns 0.72 1.00
Error 12 0.270
Grain weight per
spike
Year, A 1 0.015 2.269 ns 0.08 0.11
Genotyp, B 1 0.010 1.461 ns 0.08 0.11
Interaction, AB 1 0.006 0.841 ns 0.11 0.16
Error 12 0.007
No. of spikelets
per spike
Year, A 1 0.760 9.153 * 0.28 0.39
Genotyp, B 1 0.0005 0.006 ns 0.28 0.39
Interaction, AB 1 1.105 13.294 ** 0.40 0.56
Error 12 0.083
Spike length
Year, A 1 0.0005 0.008 ns 0.239 0.334
Genotyp, B 1 0.760 12.693 ** 0.239 0.334
Interaction, AB 1 0.113 1.878 ns 0.337 0.473
Error 12 0.060
Plant height
Year, A 1 4.901 9.626 ** 0.70 0.97
Genotyp, B 1 11.101 21.805 ** 0.70 0.97
Interaction, AB 1 0.012 0.025 ns 0.98 1.38
Error 12 0.509
ns- non significante, * and ** significant at p≤0.05 and p≤0.01
Yield of the populations of Khorasan wheat
The yield is the most important economic characteristic, polygenic inherited and strongly
influenced by environmental factors (
POPOVIC
et al., 2012,
SIKORA
et al., 2013, GARRIDO et
al., 2013). Agronomic practices, climatic variables, and soil conditions are key factors in crop
productivity (
RISTIC
et al., 2009,
GORJANOVIC
et al., 2010,
HIRZEL
and
MATUS
, 2013). Genotype
and G x Y interaction had a statistically great influence on the grain yield, p ≤ 0.01 (Tables 3, 4).

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Table 3. Yield of the populations of Khorasan wheat, 2010-2011
Parameter Genotyp, B Year, A _
X Average B LSD
AB
0.05 0.01
Yield, kg/ha
Population with
dark awns
2010 4352 4348
89 123
2011 4346
Population with
bright awns
2010 4113 4193
2011 4254
Average A 2010 4241
2011 4230
The year, based on the F test of variance analysis had no statistically significant affect
on average seed yield. There are obvious significant differences in yields, depended on the
cultivated genotype (Tables 3 and 4).
The average yield for Khorasan genotype with dark awns amounted 4348 kg / ha and was
statistically significantly higher than in Khorasan genotype with bright awns (4193 kg / ha).
Table 4. Analysis of variance of yield populations of Khorasan wheat
Parameter Effect DF MS F LSD Test
0.05 0.01
Yield
Year, A 1 17464 4.00 ns 62.96 87.14
Genotyp, B 1 120901* 27.66 ** 62.96 87.14
Interaction, AB 1 20416* 4.67 ** 89 123
Error 16 4371
ns- non significante, * and ** significant at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01
Differences related to average yields of genotype with dark awns, among years, were
not statistically significant, while the differences in yields of genotype with bright Khorasan
awns, among years, were statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05. We ended from the results that the
Khorasan genotype with dark spikes was more adaptable and robust compared to Khorasan
genotype with bright spikes.
The correlations of the khorasan wheat investigated characteristics
Analysis of individual Khorasan wheat characteristics contribute to greater efficiency
on yield components breeding. The yield was in positive non significant correlated interrelation
with spikelets number in the spike and grain weight and in the non significant correlation with
plant height and spike length. Plant height was in positive significant correlation with spike
length, r = 0.48 *, and negatively correlated with the number of spikelets and grain weight.

J. IKANOVIC et al: KHORASAN WHEAT POPULATION
113
Table 5. Correlation interrelations of populations Khorasan wheat investigated characteristics
Parameters Yield Plant
height
Spike
length
No. of spikelets
per spike
Grain weight
per spike
Yield 1,00 -0,29
ns
-0,41
ns
0,20
ns
0,23
ns
Plant height -0,29
ns
1,00
0,48 * -0,21
ns
-0,30
ns
Spike length -0,41
ns
0,48 * 1,00 0,12
ns
-0,28
ns
No. of spikelets
per spike 0,20
ns
-0,21
ns
0,12
ns
1,00
0,21
ns
Grain weight
per spike 0,23
ns
-0,30
ns
-0,28
ns
0,21
ns
1,00
ns- non significante, * significant at p ≤ 0.05
The determination of correlations, as well as direct and indirect affects, enabled easier
understanding of the interrelations and their balancing in order to improve the Khorasan wheat
yield per unit area. Our investigation is consistent with Christ et al., 2008 research, where the
authors state that the Path analysis revealed highly significant direct affects of grain per spike
and 1000 grain yield per plant.
CONCLUSION
Analysis of wheat characteristics improves higher breeding efficiency on yield
components. The results showed that both Khorasan wheat populations have the great genetic
yield potential. In general, both populations exhibited a satisfactory tolerance to lodging and
there was no seed shedding. Plants from the bright awns population were higher, had longer
spikes and larger number of spikelets per spike. However, plants from the dark awns population
had higher absolute mass and grains weight per spike as well as grains yield per plant. By
correlations determination, as well as direct and indirect affects, it was found that plant height
was positively significantly related with spike length, r = 0.48*. Grain yield was positively not
significantly correlated with number of spikelets per spike and grain weight, and not
significantly, negatively correlated with plants height and spike length. The determination of
correlations, as well as direct and indirect affects, enabled easier understanding of the
interrelationships and their balancing in order to improve the yield per unit area.
.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Research was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological
development of the Republic of Serbia (Projects: TR 31078 and TR 31022).
Received May 15
th
, 2013
Accepted Januar 05
th
, 2014

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J. IKANOVIC et al: KHORASAN WHEAT POPULATION
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PROUČAVANJE POPULACIJA KORASAN PŠENICE (Triticum turgidum, ssp.
turanicum (McKey) U USLOVIMA MINIMALNE OBRADE ZEMLJIŠTA
Jela IKANOVIĆ
1
, Vera POPOVIĆ
2
, Snežana JANKOVIĆ
3
, Ljubiša ŽIVANOVIĆ
1
,
Sveto RAKIĆ
1
, Dalibor DONČIĆ
4
1
Univerzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Beograd-Zemun, Srbija
2
Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, Srbija
3
Institut za za primenu nauke u poljoprivredi, Beograd, Srbija
4
Syngenta-Agro, Gradiška, Bosna i Hercegovina
Izvod
U grupi novih starih žita posebno mesto zauzima korasan pšenica (Triticum turgidum,
ssp. Turanicum McKey). Korasan pšenica predstavlja drevnu vrstu, poreklom iz istočne Persije,
koja je po morfološkim osobinama vrlo bliska tvrdoj pšenici. Istraživanja su izvedena u
agroekološkim uslovima istočnog Srema, a predmet proučavanja bile su dve populacije ove
pšenice, sa tamnim i sa svetlim osjem. Proučavane su sledeće morfološke i produktivne osobine:
visina biljke, dužina klasa, broj klasića u klasu, apsolutna masa i masa zrna u klasu. Poljski
mikroogledi postavljeni su 2011. i 2012. godine na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem na lesnoj
zaravni. Ručna setva pšenice obavljena je početkom marta u redove na rastojanju 12 cm. Ogled
je postavljen po slučajnom blok sistemu u četiri ponavljanja. Tokom vegetacionog perioda nisu
primenjene mere nege useva. Biljke su gajene bez upotrebe NPK mineralnih hraniva. Nisu
primenjene hemijske mere zaštite useva, iako se pre klasanja biljaka pojavila pepelnica (Erysiphe
graminis) u malom stepenu.
Rezultati su pokazali da obe populacije imaju visok genetički potencijal rodnosti. U
celini obe populacije ispoljile su zadovoljavajuću tolerantnost na poleganje i nije bilo osipanja
zrna. Biljke populacije svetlog osja bile su više, imale su duže klasove i veći broj klasića u
klasu. Međutim, biljke populacije tamnog osja imale su veću apsolutnu masu i masu zrna u
klasu, kao i prinos zrna po biljci. Utvrđivanje korelativnih odnosa, kao i direktnih i indirektnih
efekata, omogućilo je lakše sagledavanje međusobnih veza i njihovo balansiranje u cilju
unapređenja prinosa po jedinici površine.
Primljeno 15.V.2013.
Odobreno 05.I.2014.