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Habsburgs and Ottomans between Vienna and Belgrade (1683-1739).
Stosunki polsko-węgierskie pozostają czymś niezwykłym na skalę europejską. Choć w świadomości społeczeństw obu narodów dominuje pozytywne postrzeganie wzajemnych relacji, nie było to zjawisko stale występujące w historii. Najintensywniej zachodziło, gdy oba kraje opierały się dominacji pierwiastka germańskiego. Węgry jako pierwsze utraciły niepodległość, ulegając naciskom ze Wschodu. Również Polska podzieliła los Węgier, ulegając presji zarówno ze Wschodu, jak i Zachodu. Doświadczenia historyczne obu krajów pokazały konieczność współdziałania wobec zagrożeń płynących z obu kierunków. Warunki po 1886 roku nie sprzyjały realizacji tego założenia, choć w XIX i XX wieku Polacy i Węgrzy snuli wizje geopolityczne określające skalę możliwych przemian w Europie Środkowej. Zmiana nastąpiła po zakończeniu II wojny światowej. Niezależnie od naturalnie występujących rozbieżności w postrzeganiu własnego otoczenia, w XXI wieku trudno wskazać polską koncepcję geopolityczną, która nie uwzględnia regionalnej roli Węgier, czy też węgierską, ignorującą Rzeczpospolitą Polską.
Abstract
XVIII. entered the Ottoman Empire with the destruction given by the Carlowıtz Treaty, and in 1718 the Warsaw Peace Treaty
was signed with the two states in 1718 with a heavy defeat against Austria and Venice during the wars that began in 1716. The treaty
left Banat, Little Wallachia (until the Aluta River), and northern Serbia, including Belgrade and northern Bosnia, to Austria. In the
Venetians, Atik Mora and some places were taken and the territory of the Bosnia-Herzegovina coast was covered. These developments
made significant changes in the borders of the Ottoman State with Austria and Venice. For this purpose, after the treaty, the border
control commissions formed by the concerned states established new boundaries after the work. The study focuses on the border
restraint studies carried out within the new borders determined after the Passarowıtz Peace Treaty.
Keywords: Ottoman, Austrian, Venice, Borderline Threat Report, Boundary.
XVIII. yüzyıla Karlofça Antlaşması’nın verdiği yıkım ile giren Osmanlı Devleti, 1716 yılında başlayan savaşlarda Avusturya
ve Venedik karşısında ağır bir yenilgi alarak 1718’de her iki devlet ile Pasarofça Barış Antlaşması’nı imzaladı. Antlaşma ile Banat,
Küçük Eflak (Aluta Nehri’ne kadar), ve Belgrad dahil Kuzey Sırbistan ve Bosna’nın kuzeyi Avusturya’ya bırakıldı. Venediklilerden ise
Atik Mora ve bazı yerler alınarak, karşılığında Bosna-Hersek sahilindeki bölgeler verildi. Yaşanan bu gelişmeler Osmanlı Devleti’nin
Avusturya ve Venedik ile olan sınırlarında önemli değişikler ortaya çıkardı. Bu amaçla antlaşmadan sonra ilgili devletler tarafından
oluşturulan sınır tahdit komisyonlarının yaptıkları çalışmalar sonrasında yeni sınırların tespit ve tahdit işlemleri gerçekleştirildi.
Araştırmada Pasarofça Barış Antlaşması sonrasında belirlenen yeni sınırlar dahilinde yapılan sınır tahdit çalışmaları üzerinde
durulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı, Avusturya, Venedik, Sınır Tahdit Raporu, Hudutname.
After the 1683 Siege of Vienna, an anti-Islamic inscription and sculpture – possibly representing the head of Muhammad – were affixed onto the tower of St. Stephen’s cathedral in Vienna. In the 21st century, this story highlights the difficulties that arise when the collective memory of the former Catholic empire or nation collides with human rights norms of the modern constitutional republic as well with the norms of religious dialogue in the Catholic Church.
At about 11 a.m. on 11 May 1745 a large column of British and Hanoverian infantry approached a line of French troops near the village of Fontenoy, close to the modern Franco-Belgian border. When the opposing forces were only 30 metres apart, an English officer allegedly stepped forward and cordially invited the French to fire first. This story, though almost certainly apocryphal, nonetheless seems to epitomise warfare in old-regime Europe.
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