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Biju, SD, Van Bocxlaer, I, Mahony, S, Dinesh, KP, Radhakrishnan, C, Zachariah, A, Giri, VB, & F Bossuyt. 2011. A taxonomic review of the Night Frog genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 in the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) with description of twelve new species.
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Une nouvelle classification provisoire de la superfamille des Ranoidea, et plus particulierement de la famille des Ranidae et du genre Rana, est proposee. Le genre Rana est ici subdivise, principalement sur la base de criteres phenetiques, en trente-trois groupes, auxquels est ici provisoirement attribue le rang de sous-genres. Le but principal de cette classification provisoire, qui doit etre comprise comme un outil de travail et non pas comme une proposition definitive, est de servir de guide pour de futures etudes sur la phylogenie de cette famille tres vaste et a repartition quasi cosmopolite : cette classification aidera a selectionner des especes representatives de chaque groupe phenetique pour l'etude des etats de caracteres, et a choisir les hors-groupes appropries pour l'etablissement de la polarite des morphoclines de caracteres. Ce n'est que lorsque la phylogenie de la famille dans son ensemble sera resolue qu'il sera possible d'elaborer une classification plus stable, qui s'averera peut-etre tres differente de celle qui est presentee ci-dessous.
A new species of Nyctibatrachus is described from the Western Ghats part of Kudremukh National Park, Karnataka, South India. This torrent species is differentiated from all known species in the genus by its very large size (SVL: snout vent length range 52-84 mm), stout body, rough and highly wrinkled dorsum, presence of two prominent folds in the tympanic region, prominent vomerine teeth located horizontally on highly-elevated strong ridges situated far behind the choanae, Hindlimb is short, tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the tympanic region, tips of fingers and toes dilated into prominent discs with circum-marginal grooves. Prominent and highly developed tubercles equal to the size of their respective terminal phalangial discs are present, The new species is compared with closely related congeneric species (N, humayuni. N. major and N, vasanthi). It markedly differs in colouration, size of tubercles, length of the forelimb, hindlimb, foot and tibia (calculated as a per cent of respective SVL) with a high degree of squared Euclidean dissimilarity.
Begins with a description and summary of the phylogenetic distribution of parental care. Next, the five major modes of parental care (egg attendance, egg transport, tadpole attendance, tadpole transport, and tadpole feeding) and their presumed functions are discussed. Three correlates of parental care in amphibians are then reviewed: large egg size, small clutch size, and terrestrial modes of reproduction. Fourth, various aspects of the evolution of parental care in amphibians are addressed. What factors influence the existence and type of parental care? What empirical data are available on the benefits and costs of parental care? Why do some species have parental care whereas others do not? Why do only females provide care in some species, only males in others? Why is biparental care so rare in amphibians? Lastly, evidence for flexibility in parental behaviours is reviewed and the extent to which parental care is adjusted to variation in the benefits to offspring and costs to parents is examined. -from Author
A new species of Indian nyctibatrachid frog, Nyctibatrachus sholai (Amphibia: Anura), is described based on a series of 6 specimens from the Eravikulam National Park, southern Western Ghats of the State Kerala, India. The new species is compared with all known congeners. It is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: skin with glandular corrugations with metallic green coloration; head wider than long; snout not projecting beyond mouth; irregular longitudinal corrugations on the dorsum and extending up to the dorsal surface of arms and thighs; faint supratympanic fold; a fold from posterior corner of eye to angle of jaw clearly defined; tympanum partially visible; webbing on toes 1/4th, except that on yd toe reaching penultimate subarticular tubercle; tips of digits and toes flattened to form minute disks with dorsal longitudinal grooves; femoral gland present. The largest specimen in the type series has a snout-vent length of 22.1 mm. A key to the species of Nyctibatrachus is provided.
A new species of Indian nyctibatrachid frog, Nyctibatrachus dattatreyaensis sp. nov. (Amphibia: Anura), is described from the montane Shola forests of Dattatreya Peeta, Bhadra Wildlife sanctuary, Karnataka, southwestern India, on the basis of unique combination of characters: head wider than long; skin on the dorsum highly wrinkled with transverse corrugated folds; three discontinuous longitudinal folds, one dorsolaterally and two laterally; webbing on toes medium (3/ 4th); two yellowish bands on the dorsolateral area, prominent from sub-adult to adult stage; femoral glands present. The largest specimen in the type series has a snout-vent length of 41.0 mm. A revised key to the species of Nyctibatrachus is provided.