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Effect of Relative Time Period on Mooring Forces of Floating Pipe Breakwater with Relative Spacing of Three

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The paper presents the results of model scale experiments on horizontal interlaced, multi-layer, moored floating pipe breakwater (HIMMFPB). The studies are conducted with breakwater models having five layers, wave steepness, Hi/L (Hi is incident wave height and L is incident wave length) varying from 0.0066 to 0.0464 and relative spacing, S/D (S is the horizontal spacing of pipes and D is diameter of pipe) of three. The forces in the seaward side mooring are measured and analyzed by plotting non-dimensional graphs depicting the variation of force parameterf/γW2 (f is force in the mooring per unit length of the breakwater, γ is weight density of seawater) with Tn/T (Tn is natural time period of breakwater and T is wave period) relative time of breakwater, and for various values of wave steepness. It is observed that the force in the seaward side mooring decreases with increase in relative time period for the range of wave steepness values considered in the present experimental studies. The experimental results also reveal that the forces in the seaward side mooring increases as relative wave steepness increases.
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The hydrodynamic performance characteristics of a floating pipe breakwater (FPBW) model (row of pipes separated by a distance equivalent to the pipe diameter) moored to the flume floor with slack moorings has been investigated in random waves through an experimental programme. The tests have been conducted on three models each with pipes of different diameter. The average reflection and transmission coefficients are evaluated from measurements and reported as a function of relative breakwater width. The motion responses, as well as the variations in the forces on the seaside and lee side mooring lines, are also presented. In addition, statistical analysis has been carried out to prove that the heave and surge motions, as well as the peak mooring forces, follow the Raleigh distribution. The details of the models, set-up, experimental procedure and analysis of results are presented and discussed.
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The engineering and subsequent construction of the “Bombardon” floating break-waters was an important episode in the historical development of floating break-water technology. These floating structures were elements in two artificial “Mulberry” harbors constructed along the coast of France for the D-Day invasion in June 1944. The “Bombardon” floating break-water, which is discussed in detail in Lochner et al. (1948), consisted of a steel structure in the shape of a Maltese Cross with a 7.6 m beam, a 5.8 m draft, and a total height of 7.6 m. The breakwater units were constructed in 61-m lengths and placed with a 15.2-m longitudinal gap between each unit. The breakwaters were constructed in two lines, roughly 244 m apart, to obtain the desired wave height reduction.
Article
THE PROBLEM OF COMPUTING THE RESPONSE OF A FLOATING-BREAKWATER SYSTEM ACTED UPON BY INCIDENT WAVES IS CONSIDERED.A THEORETICAL, LINEAR MODEL IS DEVELOPED BASED ON THE ASSUMPTIONS OF DEEP WATER, AN INVISCID FLUID, IRROTATIONAL FLUID FLOW, SMALL INCIDENT WAVES AND SMALL BREAKWATER MOTIONS.THE BREAKWATER IS ASSUMED TO BE LONG AND UNIFORM IN THE DIRECTION PARALLEL TO THE INCIDENT WAVE CRESTS.THESE ASSUMPTIONS PERMIT THE FORMULATION OF A SET OF COUPLED, LINEAR, SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR THE BREAKWATER SWAY, HEAVE AND ROLL MOTIONS.THE SOLUTIONS TO FOUR SIMILAR BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS FOR THE VELOCITY POTENTIAL PERMIT THE COMPUTATION OF THE EXCITING FORCES AND HYDRODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS REQUIRED IN THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION.THE DIFFRACTED AND BREAKWATER-MOTION GENERATED WAVE FIELDS ARE OBTAINED FROM THE SOLUTION OF THE BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS.COMPUTER-CALCULATED BREAKWATER SYSTEM RESPONSE IS COMPARED WITH EXPERIMENTALLY OBTAINED DATA FOR A BREAKWATER OF RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION.ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME DISCREPANCEIES, THE THEORETICAL MODEL PROVIDES REASONABLE PREDICTIONS OF THE TRANSMITTED WAVES AND BREAKWATER MOTIONS.(A) (MICROFICHE)
Article
The two-dimensional problem of wave transformation by, and motions of, moored floating objects is solved numerically as a boundary value problem by direct use of Green's identity formula for a potential function. The cross-sectional shape of the floating object, the bottom configuration and the mooring arrangements may be all arbitrary. For a given incident wave, the three modes of body motion, the wave system and mooring forces are all solved at the same time. A laboratory experiment is conducted to verify the theory. Generally good agreements between the theory and experiments are obtained as long as the viscous damping due to flow separation is small. A numerical experiment indicates that a conventional sluck mooring is to worsen the wave attenuation by a floating breakwater and that a properly arranged elastic mooring can considerably improve the wave attenuation by a floating breakwater.
Article
The simple, yet versatile numerical technique particularly suitable for investigating the problem of the wave attenuation by moored floating breakwater was recently developed by the author. In order to verift the theory, nearly full scale model tests were conducted in a large wave tank (). Both random waves and monochromatic waves were used to compare the results. A breakwater with a rectangular cross-section and a hydrodynamically shaped «three-cycle cylinderå breakwater were tested. Incident wave spectra were successfully decomposed from the multi-reflected sea spectra. Frequency response functions of transmitted wave, sway, heave and roll motions of the breakwater as well as mooring forces were all experimentally determined and compared with the theory. Generally, excellent agreements between the theory, the random wave tests and the monochromatic wave tests were obtained for the hydrodynamically shaped breakwater. Except near the modal frequencies of body motion generally good agreement between theory and experiment was obtained for the rectangular breakwater. Near the modal frequencies, the body motion was damped by the flow separation at the sharp corners of the rectangular breakwater. Generation of higher harmonics in wave, body motion and mooring forces was observed and measured, but was generally small. The slow drift oscillation and its effects on the performance of the spring moored breakwaters were also small. From the comaprisons of the small scale test and the large scale tests, it was found that the scale effects were negligibly small on the performance of the spring-moored breakwaters.
Floating Breakwaters Marine structural engineering: specialized applications An approximate theory of floating breakwatersHydrodynamic characteristics of moored floating pipe breakwater in random waves
  • J R Headland
  • P Gregory
  • Tsinker
  • Springer
  • Y Ito
  • S Chiba
  • V Sundar
  • R Sundaravadivelu
  • S Purushotham
Headland, J.R., 1995.Floating Breakwaters. Marine structural engineering: specialized applications, Gregory.P.Tsinker, Springer. Ito, Y.,Chiba, S., 1972. An approximate theory of floating breakwaters. Report of the Port and Harbor Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Japan, Vol. 11 (2), 138-213. (cross reference from Tsinker) Sundar, V., Sundaravadivelu.R., Purushotham, S., 2003.Hydrodynamic characteristics of moored floating pipe breakwater in random waves. Proceedings Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Journal of Engineering Maritime Environment, 217(M), 95-108
An approximate theory of floating breakwaters. Report of the Port and Harbor Research Institute
  • J R Headland
  • P Gregory
  • Tsinker
  • Springer
  • Y Ito
  • S Chiba
Headland, J.R., 1995.Floating Breakwaters. Marine structural engineering: specialized applications, Gregory.P.Tsinker, Springer. Ito, Y.,Chiba, S., 1972. An approximate theory of floating breakwaters. Report of the Port and Harbor Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Japan, Vol. 11 (2), 138-213. (cross reference from Tsinker)