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Plato and Aristotle On Music and Music Education: Lessons From Ancient Greece
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Athenian views of music and music education as these are presented in the works of the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle and to suggest ways in which the issues raised by them are still relevant for music education today. Their philosophical and practical views on music education, apart from being an excellent and very up-to-date source for advocacy, can also initiate thoughts and promote solutions on problems that still remain unsolved. During the study, of their works, the reader surprisingly realizes that these philosophers had stated 2,500 years ago what the music education community has, just recently, come to realize concerning the value of music education, children's musical development, and instructional strategies in music.
... Οι πιθανές επιδράσεις που έχει η ακρόαση μουσικής στη λειτουργία του ανθρώπινου σώματος και νου θεωρούνται σημαντικές από την αρχαιότητα ακόμα (Stamou, 2002), ενώ φαίνεται να είναι πολλαπλές και πολυδιάστατες σύμφωνα με τον αυξανόμενο όγκο βιβλιογραφίας στα πεδία των νευροεπιστημών και της ψυχολογίας της μουσικής. Η ακρόαση μουσικής κατά τη διάρκεια της άθλησης, της προετοιμασίας γι' αυτήν ή της αποθεραπείας αποτελεί κοινή πρακτική στο δυτικό κόσμο (Karageorghis & Priest, 2012). ...
... ριβάλλοντα (εστίασης, άθλησης, ψυχαγωγίας ή εμπορικά) έχει ως στόχο τη δημιουργία συγκεκριμένης διάθεσης ή την αυξομείωση των επιπέδων συναισθηματικής διέγερσης, γι' αυτό και θεωρείται εργαλείο αναδόμησης των στόχων των δραστηριοτήτων που συνοδεύει και όχι μόνο υπόβαθρο (Juslin & Laukka, 2004˙ North et al., 2004. Οι πιθανές επιδράσεις που έχει η ακρόαση μουσικής στη λειτουργία του ανθρώπινου σώματος και νου θεωρούνται σημαντικές από την αρχαιότητα ακόμα (Stamou, 2002) ενώ η μουσική ως τέχνη συνδέεται με τον αθλητισμό επίσης από τα αρχαία χρόνια. Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα αποτελεί ότι κατά τη διενέργεια των Ολυμπιακών Αγώνων στην Αρχαία Ελλάδα υπήρχαν και μουσικοί αγώνες, κατά τους οποίους βραβεύονταν οι αοιδοί για ύμνους που έγραφαν για τους αθλητές, ενώ ορισμένοι αγώνες, όπως του πεντάθλου, διεξάγονταν υπό την υπόκρουση αυλητών (Bateman, 2014). ...
... Listening to music is considered to have important effects on the functions of the human mind and body, since antiquity (Stamou, 2002). These effects seem to be multiple and multidimensional according to the rising literature in the fields of neuroscience and psychology of music. ...
Οι πιθανές επιδράσεις που έχει η ακρόαση μουσικής στη λειτουργία του ανθρώπινου σώματος και νου θεωρούνται σημαντικές από την αρχαιότητα ακόμα (Stamou, 2002), ενώ φαίνεται να είναι πολλαπλές και πολυδιάστατες σύμφωνα με τον αυξανόμενο όγκο βιβλιογραφίας στα πεδία των νευροεπιστημών και της ψυχολογίας της μουσικής. Η ακρόαση μουσικής κατά τη διάρκεια της άθλησης, της προετοιμασίας γι' αυτήν ή της αποθεραπείας αποτελεί κοινή πρακτική στο δυτικό κόσμο (Karageorghis & Priest, 2012). H παρούσα εισήγηση έχει ως σκοπό την παρουσίαση των δεδομένων που προκύπτουν από έρευνες του πεδίου, μέσα από την ανασκόπηση της σχετικής βιβλιογραφίας, αναφορικά με τους τρόπους με τους οποίους ορισμένα χαρακτηριστικά της μουσικής προς ακρόαση, μπορούν να επιδράσουν στο άτομο ή στην ομάδα πριν, κατά τη διάρκεια και μετά την άθληση. Τα ευρήματα παρουσιάζο-νται σε θεματικές κατηγορίες ανάλογα με το αν αφορούν την προετοιμασία, την α-θλητική δραστηριότητα ή την αποθεραπεία ενώ κάθε μία από τις παραπάνω κατηγο-ρίες περιλαμβάνει υποκατηγορίες αναφορικά με το αθλητικό υπόβαθρο των ατόμων και το είδος της φυσικής δραστηριότητας (Hallet & Lamont, 2017˙ Stork, & Martin Ginis, 2017˙ Yu, 2014). Κατ' επέκταση, αναφέρονται οι παράμετροι που οφείλουν να λαμβάνονται υπόψιν κατά τη χρήση της μουσικής, πριν, κατά τη διάρκεια και μετά την άθληση, ώστε να μεγιστοποιούνται τα οφέλη τόσο σωματικά όσο και ψυχολογικά για τους εμπλεκόμενους και τις εμπλεκόμενες (μείωση του στρες, αυξομείωση της διέγερσης, μεγιστοποίηση της απόδοσης κ.ο.κ). Η παρούσα εισήγηση, μέσα από την ανασκόπηση της σχετικής βιβλιογραφίας, φιλοδοξεί να προτείνει καλές πρακτικές, για τη χρήση της ακρόασης μουσικής, πριν, κατά τη διάρκεια και μετά την άθληση.
... Οι Boer και Fischer (2011) στη μελέτη τους για την ακρόαση μουσικής σε διαφορετικά πολιτισμικά περιβάλλοντα υποστηρίζουν ότι διαπολιτισμικά αναδεικνύονται δέκα βασικές λειτουργικές χρήσεις της μουσικής στις οποίες περιλαμβάνονται: η μουσική ως υπόκρουση, η μουσική για χορό, η διαχείριση των συναισθημάτων, η συγκέντρωση, η ενίσχυση της κοινωνικής και της οικογενειακής συνοχής, η διαμόρφωση της πολιτισμικής ταυτότητας, η διαμόρφωση αξιών και η επικοινωνία πολιτικών στάσεων. Από την αρχαιότητα έχουν παρατηρηθεί πολλαπλές επιδράσεις της ακρόασης μουσικής στο άτομο ενώ η ακρόαση μουσικής χρησιμοποιούνταν συχνά ακόμα και για θεραπευτικούς σκοπούς (Horden, 2017· Pauwels et al., 2014· Schoen-Nazzaro, 1978· Stamou, 2002· Thaut, 2015· Woerther, 2008. Τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες η επιστημονική έρευνα επιβεβαιώνει τα οφέλη της ακρόασης μουσικής τόσο στην καθημερινότητα του ατόμου όσο και σε κλινικά περιβάλλοντα και το γεγονός αυτό οδηγεί στην αυξανόμενη χρήση της για την ενίσχυση της ευζωίας του ανθρώπου (Altenmüller & Schlaug, 2015· Batt-Rawden, 2010· Chanda & Levitin, 2013· Chin & Rickard, 2014· Goarke & Hogan, 2016· Pauwels et al., 2014· Siedliecki & Good, 2006· Stamou et al., 2016. ...
Η ακρόαση μουσικής είναι μία καθημερινή δραστηριότητα η οποία πραγματοποιείται ακούσια ή εκούσια σε ποικίλα περιβάλλοντα. Μία από τις λειτουργίες της είναι η μουσική ως υπόβαθρο κατά την εκτέλεση παράλληλων δραστηριοτήτων με στόχο να επιδράσει στο άτομο και να επηρεάσει την εκτέλεση της παράλληλης δραστηριότητας. Η επιστημονική έρευνα αναδεικνύει τις επιδράσεις της μουσικής ως υπόβαθρο στη συμπεριφορά του ατόμου, στον τρόπο που βιώνει την παράλληλη δραστηριότητα, στην απόδοσή του σε αυτήν, στην αντίληψή του και στη συναισθηματική του κατάσταση. Στο παρόν κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα ευρήματα από τις σχετικές έρευνες του πεδίου και αναδεικνύονται τα χαρακτηριστικά των μουσικών ερεθισμάτων τα οποία φαίνεται να επηρεάζουν τον τρόπο που η μουσική υποβάθρου θα επιδράσει στον ακροατή. Ως ιδιαίτερα σημαντικοί παράγοντες για την επίδραση που θα ασκήσει η μουσική υποβάθρου στον ακροατή αναδεικνύονται η ταχύτητα (τέμπο - ρυθμική αγωγή) της μουσικής, ο βαθμός εξοικείωσης του ακροατή με τα μουσικά ερεθίσματα, οι μουσικές του προτιμήσεις, η ένταση της μουσικής, ο χώρος και οι συνθήκες στις οποίες πραγματοποιείται η ακρόαση, το κοινωνικό πλαίσιο και η καταλληλότητα των μουσικών ερεθισμάτων σύμφωνα με τη λειτουργία που επιτελεί η μουσική τη δεδομένη στιγμή.
... Aristotle, one of the most prominent ancient Greek philosophers, emphasized the ethical and emotional dimensions of aesthetics, notably focusing on the purifying effect of music on the purification effect of music on people's souls to cultivate temperament (Anderson, 1983). According to Stamou (2002), Aristotle not only recognized the role of music in moral education but also recognized the role of music entertainment, that it can make people experience the spiritual aspects of leisure and obtain soul purification. ...
Chinese and Western music aesthetics arise from two different cultural backgrounds. While previous research has explored the evolution and interaction of Chinese and Western aesthetics, their specific impact on Traditional Chinese Instrumental Performance (TCIP) has been overlooked. This study investigates the intersection of Chinese and Western music aesthetics in TCIP, focusing on the perspectives of music scholars and students. To address this gap, the study employed narrative inquiry with music scholars (n=4) and semi-structured interviews with music major students (n=8). It explores how Confucianism and Taoism aesthetics, alongside Western concepts of autonomy and heteronomy, influence music scholars’ and students’ perspectives and practices in TCIP. The findings reveal that these aesthetic principles shape musicians’ artistic choices and interpretations. This research highlights the importance of integrating aesthetic thoughts into TCIP, offering insights for fostering Chinese and Western aesthetic appreciation and understanding of TCIP. These explorations extend to enhancing educational practices and promoting a more comprehensive interpretation of music aesthetics in both scholarly and performance contexts.
... Aristotle clearly recognizes music's affective qualities and potential in social engineering. These ideas have influenced music therapy (Garrido et al. 2013;Garrido and Schubert 2015;Provenza 2017;, music education (Regelski 1998;Stamou 2002) as well as approaches to music and politics (Klette-Bøhler 2024), and broader interpretations of music and culture. ...
The ‘affective turn’ suggests that we pay attention to how affects create subjectivities, build communities, and shape new forms of politics in the making. It invites us to move beyond established humanities and social science paradigms and toward richer forms of contextual analysis by studying how bodies – human and otherwise – ‘act and are acted upon’ (Gregg and Seigworth 2010, 1). The ‘affective turn’ requires sensitive attention to a host of cognate terms and concepts – sentiment, emotion, reverberation, resonance, atmosphere, and far beyond, including the more specific trans-category of ‘affective politics’ as well as affective reinterpretations of the social. Music has long been recognized as a site where affective politics play out. However, existing scholarship often view Baruch Spinoza, Silvan Tomkins, Gilles Deleuze, and Brian Massumi as the founding fathers of affective thinking at the expense of related work in the broader tradition of music philosophy. We address this lacuna by discussing the relationship between music, affect, and politics in the work of Plato, Aristotle, Al-Farabi, Qian Sima, Johannes Tinctoris, René Descartes, Johann Gottfried von Herder, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Theodor Adorno, Antoine Hennion, and Tia DeNora, as we aim to broaden, nuance, sharpen, and situate contemporary understandings of affective politics in music studies. In doing so, we discuss whether the affective turn is, perhaps, better understood as a ‘return’ to cross-disciplinary music research that situates the understandings of affective politics, relational agency, and political emotions within a longer history of music philosophy that, taken together, provide a more robust theoretical argument for the social and political force of musical sounds.
... Pemikirin Phythagoras lebih jauh kemudian berkembang dalam tradisi filsafat barat, dibantu juga dengan kontribusi tokoh seperti Plato dan Aristoteles dengan ciri ekplorasi peran seni musik dalam dunia pendidikan dan moralitas. Lebih jelasnya Plato meyakini bahwa musik adalah sarana edukasi yang dapat merubah manusia menjadi lebih baik, ataupun menjadi lebih buruk bergantung dengan tujuan penggunaannya (Stamou, 2002). Sedangkan Aristoteles meyakini bahwa musik adalah sebuah kesenangan tingkat tinggi yang dapat kita jadikan sebagai medium relaksasi pasca menghadapi kepedihan hidup (Mangoulia & Ouzounidou, 2013). ...
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyelidiki serta menguraikan ilmu filsafat musik dari banyak dimensi, mulai dari pendefinisian esensinya hingga perkembangan keilmuannya sepanjang sejarah dan relevansinya di era kontemporer. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam peneltian kali ini adalah metode kualitatif, dengan ciri lebih mengedepankan pada analisis fenomena sosial budaya yang luas dan mendalam. Teori analisis data yang diaplikasikan pada penelitian ini adalah model dari Miles dan Huberman dengan konsep empat tahapan analisis data yaitu pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan kesimpulan. Adapun temuan dari peneltian ini adalah (1) filsafat musik bukan hanya sekedar analisis teoritis bentuk belaka, tetapi juga berkaitan dengan makna mendalam musik pada konteks yang lebih luas yaitu, sosial, budaya, individual maupun kelompok yang menyertainya. (2) Sejarah dari filsafat musik menggambarkan bagaimana perjalanan atau evolusi dari pemikiran tentang musik dari masa ke masa yang akhirnya memberikan pemahaman utuh terhadap fenomena musik era saat ini. (3) Pada era kontemporer analisis wacana filsafat musik condong kepada masalah-masalah seperti tren musik modern, teknologi yang menyertainya dan dampak perubahannya terhadap masyarakat global. (4) Urgensi dari mempelari filsafat musik sangat erat kaitannya pada, dihasilkannya keterbukaan wawasan mendalam tentang musik, yang pada akhirnya akan membuat siapapun yang mendalaminya akan lebih menghargai musik dan memiliki daya analisis kritis lebih pada fenomena musik di sekitar. Kata kunci: Filsafat musik, esensi, perkembangan, relevansi Philosophy of music: Understanding its essence, development, and relevance AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate and describe the science of music philosophy from many dimensions, from defining its essence to its scientific development throughout history and its relevance in the contemporary era. The research method used in this research is a qualitative method, characterized by prioritizing the analysis of broad and in-depth socio-cultural phenomena. The theory of data analysis applied in this research is the model of Miles and Huberman with the concept of four stages of data analysis, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. The findings of this research are (1) the philosophy of music is not just a theoretical analysis of form, but also related to the deep meaning of music in a broader context, namely, social, cultural, individual and group that accompanies it. (2) The history of the philosophy of music illustrates how the journey or evolution of thinking about music from time to time which ultimately provides a complete understanding of the phenomenon of music in the current era. (3) In the contemporary era, the analysis of music philosophy discourse leans towards issues such as modern music trends, the technology that accompanies them and the impact of their changes on global society. (4) The urgency of studying the philosophy of music is closely related to, the resulting openness to deep insight into music, which will ultimately make anyone who deepens it will appreciate music more and have more critical analysis power on the phenomenon of music around. Keywords: Philosophy of music, essence, development, relevance
... In the Republic, Plato argued that the guardians of his ideal state ought to undergo substantial musical training (Pelosi, 2010). A similar understanding can be found in Aristotle, who in the Politics, emphasized the crucial importance of music in youth training, stressing the merits of musical education and practice in forging character traits and in developing a healthy mind (Simpson, 2000;Stamou, 2002). ...
Over the past 20 years agile methodologies revolutionized Information Technology, offering tremendous opportunities for the development of Software Engineering as an independent discipline. More specifically, agile methodologies contributed to enhancing the effectiveness and the speed of the production process as well as to improving the productivity and motivations of software developers organized in high performing teams. The agile philosophy can be and has been applied in different contexts and across several domains. This work analyses the relationship between Agile methodologies used by software engineers and the practices pursued by musicians in their daily lives. Our findings suggests that collaborative, strongly planned software development life cycle models (such as Waterfall, V-model, iterative, and Spiral) are not adequate models to describe the daily practices of musical composers. This is because their work requires a lot of flexibility, which such models intrinsically lack, because they are oriented to ensuring some form of monitorable progress. Interestingly, our findings also show that nine out of 12 Agile Principles are consciously or unconsciously followed by musicians in their practices. This suggests that there are some deep connections between these two prima facie different fields, which are both very creative. Even though our findings await replication, possibly with larger statistical samples, they contribute to open up a new strand of research in the field.
... Plato (dalam Sinn et al., 2022) membagikan sebuah klaim dimana bayi distimulus bunyi dan gerakan sehingga ia menari dan bernyanyi, secara tidak langsung belajar musik dan tarian bersama ibu mereka sejak dalam kandungan. Peran penting dalam pengetahuan musik bagi anak dalam mengolah jiwa mereka didasari atas keseimbangan musik dan gerakan (Sinn et al., 2022;Stamou, 2002). Diikuti dengan bukti intervensi musik dan gerakan menurut (Kolodziejski et al., 2014;Sinn et al., 2023) bahwa hal tersebut memungkinkan pendidik agar dapat menyusun kurikulum sesuai setting kelas dalam tata ruang, usia anak serta capaian yang diharapkan. ...
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the phenomenon of music intervention on children's language skills. Music interventions are commonly used for children with special needs, but there are advantages to using music as a medium of intervention for children in general. Method: Systematic literature review is the method in this research with the SPIDER strategy. Result and Discussion: The results found eight selected studies that were relevant to the inclusion criteria. The samples were early childhood and elementary school-aged children whose interest phenomenon included musical activities such as listening and singing songs. The interventions were conducted with various designs and evaluations, and the selected research types covered both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Conclusion: This research implies that the overall research in the intervention can improve children's ability in language. It is expected to be a reference, reference, and comprehensive understanding for educators to conduct music interventions for children's language skills.
... Music (mousiké) at the first stage, has a broader concept than in our days, meaning the unity of melody, poetry, and dance (Petraki, 2008;Brann, 2004;Stamou, 2002). The aim of this stage is the cultivation of both the human soul and body through an educational program with music and gymnastics (Republic, 376 e). ...
The purpose of this study is to discuss Plato's views concerning the mathematical aspects of music and its educational role, through the science of harmonics in Republic VII. Plato in his Republic includes harmonics as the fifth of the courses in a program of mathematical sciences (arithmetic, geometry, stereometry, astronomy, and harmonics) to be studied by the future philosopher-rulers, who are to become the best guardians and govern the ideal State. These mathematical sciences constitute the preparatory courses of the highest of all, which is dialectics. Τhe prominent place that mathematical sciences occupy in Plato's educational system, as that stage of education which helps the soul to turn towards true philosophy, is based on the fact that they contribute to the cultivation of cognitive skills, teach people how to think and help in the exercise of abstract thought. Harmonics have an equal, if not superior position, among the other mathematical sciences. Τhey are all connected with each other in terms of the result achieved by their study, that is, the conversion of the soul from the visible world to the intelligible world. This happens due to their mathematical way of thinking and their intelligible character, excluding their practical use and their involvement with empirical objects.
... Historically, dance movements were largely traditional and could be semi-improvised on the spot (Landels, 2002). Many books have been written about Greek dance, and great doctors and philosophers of the ancient world left many written texts covering almost all areas of philosophy and medical science, with Hippocrates, Plato, and Aristotle being among the most important (Jaeger, 1965;Stamou, 2002;Φούντα, 2006), in the time of ...
Aim The aim of this research is to understand the application of rhythm in judo through the experience of expert Japanese coaches.
In this manuscript, we introduce four philosophical camps and provide bulletin board and classroom decoration examples of how music teachers can visually communicate their teaching philosophies to their students, parents, colleagues, and administrators. The categories emerged from our review of bulletin board examples created by our music teacher colleagues and include (1) music, emotion, and expression; (2) praxialism; (3) extramusical benefits; and (4) social justice. Bulletin boards may indirectly represent teachers’ philosophies when compared with explicit curricula, such as lesson plans, textbooks, and other instructional materials. However, teachers can foster holistic learning experiences for students by harmonizing their implicit messages on bulletin boards and classroom decorations with the explicit curriculum.
Taking Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of hope as a point of departure, I explore points of intersection between Freire's educational perspectives and my own regarding aspects of the artist's role in society and education in the arts. I suggest that education ought to seek to realize such ideals as freedom, justice, equality of opportunity, and civility, and a more just, humane society. I agree with Freire that hope provides the impetus in the struggle to improve the situation. The artist is an educator who imaginatively envisions how things are, how they might be, and presents lived reality for our intellectual contemplation, emotional grasp, and corporeal response. The arts provide means whereby hope can be instilled and a more humane society foreshadowed. If education is to grapple with the central issues of life, it ought to be vitally concerned not only with deconstructing and struggling against present realities but envisioning and celebrating alternative and prospective realities. The arts are uniquely suited to this project. As such, they ought not only to be at the centre of general education, but the artistic community can and ought to constitute a beachhead for hope, faith, and joy in the school, and a model for an education still to come.
Examines the relationship between music and human development. Gives an overview of research on children's musical responses. Says music educators can create an environment where children can develop musical knowledge and skills. Urges more longitudinal research like Harvard University's Project Zero where characteristics of developmental stages are identified. (NL)
Music education for preschool children holds much growth potential for music educators. Parents should be encouraged to sing lullabies to their babies and to provide a home atmosphere rich with music. Music educators should serve as guides to parents in an effort to influence positively the musical development of children. (RM)