No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Vertical Policy Integration
... The networked nature of the targets establishes a priori interrelationships among the different goals [1]. Third, the nature of the SDGs requires multiple goals to be pursued and multiple actors to be involved; thus, it mandates strategies to promote both vertical and horizontal integration [36,37], to bring together disparate policy domains and to mandate the participation of subnational governments in the integration process. ...
... Instruments are thought to be consistent when they work together without any significant trade-offs, while goals are consistent when the goals are achievable simultaneously [37]. Table 1 illustrates the forms of integration commonly discussed in the literature on the subject. ...
The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the UN, in 2015, established a clear global mandate for greater integrated policymaking, but there has been little consensus on how to achieve them. The COVID-19 pandemic amplified the role of policy capacity in mounting this kind of integrated policy response; however, the relationship between pre- and post-pandemic SDG efforts remains largely unexplored. In this article, we seek to address this gap through a conceptual analysis of policy integration and the capacities necessary for its application to the current SDG situation. Building on the literature on policy design, we define policy integration as the process of effectively reconciling policy goals and policy instruments and we offer a typology of policy integration efforts based on the degree of goal and instrument consistency including: policy harmonization, mainstreaming, coordination, and institutionalization. These forms of policy integration dictate the types of strategies that governments need to adopt in order to arrive at a more coherent policy mix. Following the dimensions of policy capacity by Wu et al. (2015), policy capacities are identified that are critical to ensuring successful integration. This information, thus, contributes to both academic- and policy-related debates on policy integration, by advancing conceptual clarity on the different, and sometimes, diverging concepts used in the field.
... The advantage is that processes can be investigated over time and highlight`the many shades of grey between sectoral policymaking and full 6 policy integration' (Candel and Biesbroek, 2016: 23, see also . Furthermore, the aligning of concerns within policy integration usually takes place within two dimensions, i.e. vertically across levels of government and horizontally across dierent sectors or associations (Giessen, 2011a(Giessen, , 2011b. Both perspectives are presented in this study. ...
... In both cases, CPI as policy output or as policy process, integration of policy goals across scales usually takes place within two dimensions, i.e. vertically across levels of government and horizontally across dierent sectors (Giessen, 2011a(Giessen, , 2011b. Both are important aspects of the equation, but as we are primarily interested in looking at whether or not categories have been addressed by national climate policies, we focus on horizontal integration eorts and conceptualize these`policy categories' in our subsequent empirical analysis. ...
This dissertation seeks to advance the academic debate on policy integration and coordination. Using the example of climate policy, I aim to provide a robust understanding of this nascent policy field, investigating both output and process dimensions. The main argument put forward is that increasingly comprehensive climate policy portfolios require greater examination of the opposite direction traditionally examined as climate policy integration: that is to say, while the integration of climate concerns into other policy domains is important, so is the integration of concerns such as agriculture into climate policies. The climate domain’s multidimensional character is often assumed, though it has not yet been systematically traced. The greater display of concerns also requires increased coordination of relevant stakeholders’ involvement to ensure achieving cross-cutting objectives. However, the growing number of calls for greater policy integration and coordination do little to capture its concomitant dilemmas and trade-offs, especially those which appear at the local level. This thesis explores the composition and development of more than 1,000 national climate policies between 1990 and 2017. It also examines determinants and drivers of climate policies in more than 170 countries, thereby providing a truly global perspective. The cross-country quantitative analyses are further substantiated using qualitative evidence from 59 semi-structured interviews with various experts, including scientists, ministerial bureaucrats and politicians to gain a more nuanced understanding of climate policy-making processes. By means of two case studies, which are situated in Israel and Germany, meaning that both non-Annex I (developing) and Annex I/II (developed) countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are represented, this paper highlights the various challenges that bureaucrats in administrations and politicians face when developing climate policies and dealing with the paramount issue of integrating climate concerns. The findings show that the density of policy outcomes increases over time and that energy-related aspects dominate national climate policies. Nevertheless, the portfolio of climate policies is becoming more inclusive as concerns related to adaptation, transportation and agriculture are addressed. The more comprehensive coverage in climate policies is most pronounced for European Union membership, economies with a high Gross Domestic Product per capita, and to a lesser extent for countries that are environmentally vulnerable. Looking at the national adaptation plan in Israel and the integration of climate concerns at the local level in the Rhein-Neckar region in Germany, the challenges during the policy-making processes are manifold. They range from insufficient knowledge to the preference of decision-makers to deal with competing issues instead, such as security or economic concerns. For adaptation policy-making, the perception that Israel has already adapted, or will easily adapt, has negatively affected the policy-making process. Moreover, the incorporation of climate objectives is particularly challenging in the metropolitan region of Rhein-Neckar, since its growing population and economy have reduced the amount of available space. Coordination is fragmented horizontally and vertically in both cases, showing the difficulty of integrative approaches for cross-cutting problems. This is an insightful finding, since it suggests that having more integrated policies might be symbolic, or that the policies themselves merely indicate political intentions, rather than being substantive policies anchored across relevant institutions. Ministerial bureaucrats as well as politicians are aware of the urgency, importance and difficulty of dealing with the long-term policy problem that climate change represents. However, their motivation is often geared more towards short-term approaches, complying with certain policy requirements or mollifying the impacts of climate change, which are already being felt, rather than making the integration of climate aims a priority. Taken together, these findings advance the current state of research in three ways. First, the global perspective and identification of broad empirical patterns highlight the multidimensional character of climate policies. The display of agriculture, for instance, shows that existing databases fail to capture adequately all the concerns that national climate policies address. Crucially, it also highlights the importance of networked and multi-sector approaches. Second, the examination of two previously uninvestigated case studies improves our understanding of the challenges in climate policy-making processes. In particular, the case study also provide qualitative insights into decision makers’ preferences. Lastly, these findings demonstrate the importance of studying policy integration from a multidisciplinary perspective, for doing so broadens our understanding of the challenges inherent in integrative governance approaches.
... Regionale Entwicklung kann primär an regionalen Potentialen und Stoffkreisläufen (Hahne 1985;Krott 1982Krott , 2009Giessen 2010;Böcher 2008) und damit stärker regional nachhaltig (Hahne 2013) gestaltet oder primär auf regionsexterne Nachfrage nach regionalen Gütern, folglich global orientiert (z. B. Vornholz 1997, Nijnik 2004 (Hubo/Krott 2007, 2010Giessen 2010Giessen , 2011Giessen , 2011aGiessen 2012Giessen/Krott 2009;Hasanagas/Krott 2006;Jänicke 2006). Diese regulieren "Konflikte nach eigenen Programmen in einem bestimmten öffentlichen Aufgabenfeld" (Hubo/Krott 2010: 222), konkurrieren um Ressourcen und Einfluss auf zentraler Regierungsebene (Krott 1990(Krott , 2001Jänicke 2006) und stabilisieren bestehende Produktionsweisen. ...
... Regionale Entwicklung kann primär an regionalen Potentialen und Stoffkreisläufen (Hahne 1985;Krott 1982Krott , 2009Giessen 2010;Böcher 2008) und damit stärker regional nachhaltig (Hahne 2013) gestaltet oder primär auf regionsexterne Nachfrage nach regionalen Gütern, folglich global orientiert (z. B. Vornholz 1997, Nijnik 2004 (Hubo/Krott 2007, 2010Giessen 2010Giessen , 2011Giessen , 2011aGiessen 2012Giessen/Krott 2009;Hasanagas/Krott 2006;Jänicke 2006). Diese regulieren "Konflikte nach eigenen Programmen in einem bestimmten öffentlichen Aufgabenfeld" (Hubo/Krott 2010: 222), konkurrieren um Ressourcen und Einfluss auf zentraler Regierungsebene (Krott 1990(Krott , 2001Jänicke 2006) und stabilisieren bestehende Produktionsweisen. ...
Nachhaltigkeit in der Wasserwirtschaft und der wasserwirtschaftlichen Energieerzeugung sind aktuelle Gegenstände des Fach- und Praxisdiskurses. Die Relevanz dieser Gegenstände nimmt im Rahmen der gesamtgesellschaftlichen Energieerzeugungstransformation zu. Doch welche Nachhaltigke
itspotentiale besitzt der Politiksektor Wasserwirtschaft insgesamt? Welche formalen Steuerungspotentiale für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung ländlicher Regionen beinhaltet die Wasserwirtschaftspolitik? Diesen Fragen widmet sich die zu Grunde liegende Analyse. Hierzu wurden die Ziele und Instrumente des Politiksektors Wasserwirtschaft hinsichtlich formaler Beiträge zu
einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung ländlicher Regionen geprüft. Kriterien zur Analyse der Ziele und Instrumente sind die vier Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen Ökologieorientierung, Ökonomieorientierung, regional e und globale Orientierung. Die Analyse der zentralen sektoralen Zielstellungen und Instrumente ergibt, dass der Politiksektor Wasserwirtschaft bezogen auf die Ziele starke Steuerungspotentiale im Bereich Ökologieorientierung, mäßige Steuerungspotentiale bzgl. der Ökonomieorientierung und
keine relevanten Steuerungspotentiale bzgl. der globalen Orientierung aufweist. Regionale Orientierung ist insofern relevant als die Potentiale wasserwirtschaftlicher Ressourcen prioritär regionaler „Entwicklung“ dienen sollen. Auf der Ebene der Instrumente werden die Zielformulierungen unterstützt. Von 19 betrachteten Instrumenten
beinhalten 14 Instrumente formal mäßig starke bis starke Ausrichtungen auf die Ökologieorientierung und 11 Instrumente beinhalten eine mäßig starke bis starke Ausrichtung auf die Entwicklungsdimension Ökonomieorientierung. Regionale und globale
Orientierung sind darüber hinaus wenig relevant. In der Konsequenz ist festzustellen, dass die Steuerungspotentiale des Politiksektors Wasserwirtschaft primär im Bereich Ökologieorientierung liegen, darüber hinaus aber insbesondere regionale energiewirt-
schaftliche Potentiale durch den Wasserwirtschaftssektor befördert werden.
Das diesem Artikel zugrundeliegende Forschungsvorhaben „Nachhaltiges Landmanagement im Norddeutschen Tiefland“ (NaLaMa-nT) wurde mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung unter dem Förderkennzeichen 033L029
gefördert.
... Regionale Entwicklung kann primär an regionalen Potentialen und Stoffkreisläufen (Hahne 1985;Krott 1982Krott , 2009Giessen 2010;Böcher 2008) und damit stärker regional nachhaltig (Hahne 2013) gestaltet oder primär auf regionsexterne Nachfrage nach regionalen Gütern, folglich global orientiert (z. B. Vornholz 1997, Nijnik 2004 (Hubo/Krott 2007, 2010Giessen 2010Giessen , 2011Giessen , 2011aGiessen 2012Giessen/Krott 2009;Hasanagas/Krott 2006;Jänicke 2006). Diese regulieren "Konflikte nach eigenen Programmen in einem bestimmten öffentlichen Aufgabenfeld" (Hubo/Krott 2010: 222), konkurrieren um Ressourcen und Einfluss auf zentraler Regierungsebene (Krott 1990(Krott , 2001Jänicke 2006) und stabilisieren bestehende Produktionsweisen. ...
... Regionale Entwicklung kann primär an regionalen Potentialen und Stoffkreisläufen (Hahne 1985;Krott 1982Krott , 2009Giessen 2010;Böcher 2008) und damit stärker regional nachhaltig (Hahne 2013) gestaltet oder primär auf regionsexterne Nachfrage nach regionalen Gütern, folglich global orientiert (z. B. Vornholz 1997, Nijnik 2004 (Hubo/Krott 2007, 2010Giessen 2010Giessen , 2011Giessen , 2011aGiessen 2012Giessen/Krott 2009;Hasanagas/Krott 2006;Jänicke 2006). Diese regulieren "Konflikte nach eigenen Programmen in einem bestimmten öffentlichen Aufgabenfeld" (Hubo/Krott 2010: 222), konkurrieren um Ressourcen und Einfluss auf zentraler Regierungsebene (Krott 1990(Krott , 2001Jänicke 2006) und stabilisieren bestehende Produktionsweisen. ...
... In their view, a problem that is too narrowly defined during the agenda-setting stage or a siloed policy formulation that is sector specific cannot translate into integrated policy outputs and outcomes (e.g., Briassoulis 2017;Howlett et al., 2017;Vince, 2015). Thus, these scholars assume, like high-ranking officials, that achieving a higher level of integration across different policy sectors (horizontal integration) or different levels of government (vertical integration) will inevitably lead to more effective and efficient policy solutions to crosscutting issues (Giessen, 2011a(Giessen, , 2011bTosun & Lang, 2017: 559ss). ...
Most scholars conceive policy integration (PI) as a top-down process steered by governmental bodies and consider the formulation stage to be the decisive step for achieving PI. Adopting a different stance, this article hypothesizes that PI can also occur throughout the implementation stage thanks to “integration entrepreneurs” who are able and willing to bring together policies that were designed in silos. I test this hypothesis by analyzing the evolution of federal legislation intended to curb urban sprawl in Switzerland over four decades (1980–2020) and investigate three major urban renewal projects that concretely reduced urban sprawl in the cities of Zurich, Bern and Geneva. In line with my hypothesis, these urban renewal projects succeeded thanks to an ex post integration of several policies that occurred during the implementation stage. This integrative process was an unintended outcome of the transformation of the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) from a federal government institution into a state-owned company. Since then, the SBB has become an “integration entrepreneur” who brings together three federal policies that were previously poorly integrated: the spatial planning policy, the railway policy and the agglomeration policy. Case study evidence thus shows that PI can also happen unintentionally, namely through coordination mechanisms that were not foreseen by policymakers at the formulation stage. This finding challenges the top-down sequential approach of the policy process that is dominant among PI studies and calls for more research on the role and the strategies of “integration entrepreneurs” throughout the implementation stage.
... Scholars use different terms to refer to policy integration, including policy coordination/cooperation, policy coherence, policy consistency, environmental policy integration, and sectoral integration (see, Briassoulis, 2004;Lafferty and Hovden, 2003b;Meijers and Stead, 2004;Nilsson and Eckerberg, 2009;Persson, 2004;Peters, 1998;Rogge et al., 2017;Stead et al., 2004;Tosun and Lang, 2017). In this study, Forest Policy Integration (FPI) is defined as policydesign in the forestry domain that takes relevant policy goals of other, arguably adjacent, domains into account (based on Tosun and Lang, 2017 cited from Giessen, 2011aGiessen, , 2011b. Policy integration relies on coherent policies that integrate existing and sometimes competitive policy initiatives into a cohesive strategy and coordinate the activities of multiple agencies and actors (Briassoulis, 2004(Briassoulis, , 2005Howlett, 2009a, 2009b;Stead et al., 2004). ...
Due to widespread over-exploitation, tropical forests became a priority issue on the political agenda in the 1990s. Policy frameworks incorporating forest aspects in different policy sectors and building on existing structures have been implemented in many tropical countries. This poses challenges to policy design, including the consistency of policy instruments and policy instrument mixes. Such instruments need to be coherently integrated across various policy domains affecting forests. The Ecuadorian government has been striving for improved policy design by adjusting the policies and policy instruments over time, considering the multifunctionality of forests and the maintenance of the related ecosystem services. This study aims to amend methodologies of existing policy analysis in tropical forestry, taking into account the increasing complexity of the forest policy domain and applying this in a case study in Ecuador. We present an approach that links overarching sectoral policies with policy instruments and considers structures (mainly objectives and contents of the policy mix), actors and their interactions. The work is based on two empirical components: a qualitative content analysis of policy documents, and key informant interviews. Results for the case of Ecuador show a formally largely coherent and consistent forest policy framework. Challenges are mainly related to institutional responsibilities. The stakeholder perceptions deviate from the results of the content analysis. These deviations are interpreted as being based on specific values and beliefs. We conclude that policy development and design need to take into account these stakeholder perceptions. Based on the key informant interviews, we also highlight challenges, provide recommendations for specific thematic policy areas in Ecuador, and conclude that a specific focus needs to be kept on implementation.
... EPI as a guiding governance principle includes cross-governmental approaches, where policy integration is sought both horizontally between sectors and vertically within sectors [19][20][21][22]. Horizontal integration is about incorporating "new" objectives into existing sectoral policies at a given political level, while vertical integration is about putting in place procedures and mechanisms to improve implementation effectiveness across political levels within a sector [20,23,24]. Thus, EPI not only involves the integration of environmental priorities into sectoral governance, it can also be used for the integration of environmental priorities between sectors [20,25], in this case the water and energy sectors. ...
As concerns around water scarcity and energy security increase, so too has interest in the connections between these resources, through a concept called the water-energy nexus. Efforts to improve the integration of water and energy management and to understand their cross-sector relevance are growing. In particular, this paper develops a better empirical understanding on the extent to which governance settings hinder and/or enable policy coherence between the water and energy sectors through a comparative analysis of two case studies, namely, Los Angeles County, California, the United States, and the city of Beijing, China. This paper examines the extent to which the institutional context enables policy coordination within (vertically) and between (horizontally) the water and energy sectors in Beijing and Los Angeles. To do so, we propose a framework for analyzing policy integration for the water energy nexus based on environmental policy integration (EPI). The results highlight the multiple and flexible approaches of EPI in nexus governance, not least with regards to horizontal and vertical policy integration, but also in terms of explicit (i.e., intended) and implicit (i.e., unintended) coordination. The level of nexus-focused policy integration is highly dependent on the motivation at the local context and the criteria to evaluate policy success in each sector.
... Integrated policy-making is usually analyzed from an institutional perspective by three dimensions of integration: horizontal integration across policy sectors, vertical integration across levels of government, and the engagement of all relevant stakeholders (Breuer, Leininger and Tosun 2018;Giessen 2011a;Giessen 2011b;Tosun and Lang 2017). Thus, stakeholders from the national, sub-national, local, and societal level need to align actions to achieve coherence (Beisheim and Simon 2016;ICSU 2017;UN 2018, p. vi). ...
This chapter argues that most efforts to mobilize non-state and subnational actor engagement so far insufficiently contribute to goal coherence, the balanced implementation of internationally agreed goals. Despite growing attention to the polycentric nature of sustainable development and climate governance, especially the role of non-state and subnational actors, the predominant focus-both by policy makers and researchers-has been on filling functional gaps, e.g. closing the global mitigation or financing gaps. As a result, voluntariness and self-organization in polycentric governance could increase incoherence. Insights on emerging polycentric structures should further be combined with tools that map (goal) coherence. The combination of these fields of knowledge could inform supportive policies, for instance in development cooperation to ensure greater coherence of sustainable development.
... Policy domains cohere around this common organizing idea behind the interlinkages that must be pursued. Third, the nature of the SDGs requires multiple goals to be pursued, and multiple actors to be involved, thus, it mandates strategies to promote both vertical and horizontal integration (Giessen 2011b, a). Implementing the SDGs naturally entails vertical and horizontal integration as necessitated by the process of bringing together disparate policy domains and mandating the participation of subnational governments in the integration process. ...
... In both cases, CPI as policy output or as policy process, integration of policy goals across scales usually takes place within two dimensions, i.e. vertically across levels of government and horizontally across different sectors (Giessen, 2011a(Giessen, , 2011b. Both are important aspects of the equation, but as we are primarily interested in looking at whether or not categories have been addressed by national climate policies, we focus on horizontal integration efforts and conceptualize these 'policy categories' in our subsequent empirical analysis. ...
Over the last decades, a growing number of countries around the world adopted policies towards climate change. However, apart from the remarkable increase in legislative activity, we know little about the composition of country portfolios on climate policy and whether those rely mainly on specific climate policies or the integration of climate objectives across domains. Research on policy integration is often bound by a dearth of suitable data and has to rely on small-n comparative case study designs or a certain type of policy when investigating these phenomena. Our paper addresses this gap by drawing on the Climate Change Laws of the World database for national climate legislation across eight policy categories. Hereby, we systematically assess how climate-related policies have developed over the last 27 years and across 171 countries. The analysis shows that since 1990, the scope of country portfolios has risen considerably. This increase started somewhat slowly in the 1990s but accelerated afterwards across all categories, albeit at different times and to varying degrees of coverage. In particular, climate policies on energy demand and supply as well as administrative arrangements are widespread. Our findings suggest that efforts at CPI were more common in the energy than the transportation domain. The focus of climate specific categories, i.e. no efforts at CPI, were ‘administrative arrangements’, and, albeit to a much lesser extent, policies addressing carbon pricing. With respect to future climate action, the results of our cross-country analysis are two-fold. On the one hand, it is reasonable to assume that countries not having enacted policies in the most commonly addressed categories will soon follow suit. On the other hand, transportation and carbon pricing, specifically, are policy areas that are least addressed in our sample and represent an area where much is yet to be uncovered.
... In the German and European political practice (e.g. Leader) as well as in academic discourses (Jänicke/Joergens 2004, Jacob/Volkery 2004, Jänicke 2006, Jacob/Volkery 2007, Giessen 2011a, 2011bHogl/Nordbeck 2012, 2013 concepts of policy integration are discussed as a corrective for self-serving policy sectors. Different strategies for environmental policy integration are in discussion. ...
Horizontal fragmented structures of politics are a challenge for solving comprehensive and cross-cutting political problems, such as the protection of biological diversity or sustainable development that require the coordination of sector policies. Until now little attention has been given to its strategic dimension. Assuming that the strategic dimension of sector coordination has the power to explain certain cross-sector policy outcomes this article develops a model for analysing this relation and exemplifies it by the cross-sector policy on invasive alien species. The developed model combines options for substantive change with a power analysis based on approaches essentially developed by Max Krott. The case study shows, that policy output of coordination processes can be explained as dependent on the strategic use of power resources. Specifically, the most important power resource of the nature conservation sector is regulatory power but its successful application needs alliances. If this support is not accessible, success can achieved too by making use of informational resources. The model can also be applied for developing promising sector strategies and for evaluating strategies in the frame of coordinating sector policies.
... Policy integrationnow defined more narrowly as the respective strand of literatureconcerns policy-making in certain domains that take policy goals of other, arguably adjacent, domains into account (Giessen 2011a(Giessen , 2011b. As a concept, it developed out of a top-down notion of policy-making in which actors are expected to be aware of policies' cross-sectorial implications and exhibit a willingness to engage in integration. ...
ABSTRACTA growing number of studies have examined the collaboration of actors from two or more policy domains in order to integrate aims and concerns derived from one policy domain into another. In our literature review, we refer to this empirical phenomenon as ?policy integration?, exemplified by the Health in All Policies approach. Despite the wealth of literature on the subject, the scientific community only has access to a portion of the insights that have come out of this field of research, due primarily to the fact that policy integration is discussed using a variety of different terms, which tend to be specific to the policy domain under investigation. To facilitate a more inclusive scientific debate on policy integration, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different terminologies associated with policy integration and analyse the recurring themes in the respective literature strands. What is the motivation for policy-makers to promote policy integration? What is the design of the instruments used for policy integration? How does policy integration affect the policy-making process? And how well does policy integration perform? These are the four questions guiding our study.
This study examines the level of preparedness exhibited through strategy, planning and organization to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. A comparative analysis of four regions revealed that the implementation of pandemic plans was affected by multiple factors. For instance, some planning was outdated and insufficient to cope with the new threat posed by the pandemic; due to a decentralized health care system, there was confusion about whether regional or national decision-making was the coordinating actor; shortages in supplies and equipment such as masks, in some regions, were due to lack of implementation of existing pandemic plans. The study emphasizes the importance of a coordinated response to crises.
Wie bereits eingangs erwähnt, stehen in der Politikfeldanalyse als Teilbereich der Politikwissenschaft Verhandlungen über und das Zustandekommen von Politikinhalten in einzelnen Politikbereichen („Feldern“) im Mittelpunkt des Erkenntnisinteresses. Als Politikfelder unterschieden werden können dabei z.B. diejenigen Politikbereiche, für die es innerhalb der Regierung Ressorts gibt, z.B. die Sozialpolitik, die Agrar- und Verbraucherschutzpolitik und die Umweltpolitik. Die Umweltpolitik hat dabei vielleicht die steilste Karriere „von einer weitgehend belächelten Nischenexistenz über ein wichtiges Mobilisierungsthema bis hin zum anerkannten Politikfeld“ hinter sich (Roose 2009: 109).
Dieser Beitrag identifiziert die inhaltlichen und politischen Innovationen von Regional Governance am Beispiel der integrierten
ländlichen Entwicklung. Die politischen Probleme des Ansatzes werden anhand einer Reihe von Fallstudien analysiert. Hier treten
die Konkurrenz von Regional Governance zum regionalen „Government“, starke sektorale Interessen und Institutionen sowie der
Mehrebenencharakter von Politik für ländliche Räume als Hindernisse in den Vordergrund. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer ausführlichen
und realistischen Diskussion der Handlungsoptionen zur Stärkung der integrierten ländlichen Entwicklung.
This article identifies the programmatic as well as political innovations of Regional Governance in the context of integrated
rural development. Based on a number of case studies it is argued that these innovations do not automatically materialise
in political reality. Regional Governance was shown to compete with regional government. In addition, strong sectoral interests
and institutions and the multi-level character of rural policy are identified as main obstacles to the approach. The paper
closes with a realistic discussion of options for strengthening the integrated approach politically through ambitious rural
policy integration.
SchlüsselwörterIntegrierte ländliche Entwicklung-Ländliche Politikintegration-Sektoren-Politikverflechtung-Multilevel-Governance
KeywordsIntegrated rural development-Rural policy integration-Sectors-Interlocking politics-Multilevel governance
ESRI working papers represent un-refereed work-in-progress by members who are solely responsible for the content and any views expressed therein. Any comments on these papers will be welcome and should be sent to the author(s) by email. Papers may be downloaded for personal use only.
Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 23.3 (2002) 117-146
Although the roots of ecofeminism can be located in the work of women gardeners, outdoor enthusiasts, environmental writers, botanists, scientists, animal welfare activists, and abolitionists over the past two centuries, ecofeminism's first articulation in the 1980s was shaped by the convergence of the peace, antinuclear, and feminist movements. In the past two decades ecofeminism has developed so rapidly that the time for a broad review of it has alread ypassed; even recent taxonomies do not adequately describe its internal variations. For these reasons, I have chosen to trace the branch of ecofeminism that has been the subject of most disagreement by feminists, ecofeminists, and environmentalists and is the least understood. This misunderstanding (and the subsequent misrepresentation) of vegetarian ecofeminism must be addressed, I will argue, because this branch of ecofeminism is the logical outgrowth of both feminism and ecofeminism. For if ecofeminism can be seen as the offspring of feminism, then vegetarian ecofeminism is surely feminism's third generation.
Since its inception ecofeminism has had a contentious relationship with the idea of animal liberation. While some ecofeminists have remained silent on the topic of animals, others have emphasized the oppression of nonhuman animals (speciesism) as implicit within an ecofeminist analysis, arguing that speciesism functions like and is inherently linked to racism, sexism, classism, heterosexism, and naturism. Outside of ecofeminism some feminists have been particularly vocal in their opposition to giving equal moral consideration to the interests or the rights of nonhuman animals. To vegetarian ecofeminists such opposition runs counter to the fundamental aims of feminism. As Lynda Birke explains, "One of the strengths of feminist thought is that it is never 'just' about women: it is a critical discourse that tends to ask uncomfortable questions about everything." Vegetarian ecofeminism puts into action the feminist insight that "the personal is political" and examines the political contexts of dietary choices as well as strategic and operational choices in science and economics. What prevents some feminists and ecofeminists from politicizing their sympathies for animals and interrogating the ethical and political contexts of "personal" choices involving other animals?
This essay explores that question and others through the analyses and practical applications of vegetarian ecofeminism. First the essay surveys vegetarian ecofeminists' diverse origins and motivations. Then it traces the path that many vegetarian ecofeminists followed, beginning by making connections between specific objects of oppression (that is, animals and people of color, women and animals, or animals and the environment), growing to include associations among several objects of oppression (animals, people of color, women, gays and lesbians, nature), and arriving at an analysis of the structure of oppression itself. The essay then examines various conceptual developments of vegetarian ecofeminism that have contributed to ecofeminist theory overall. Finally it suggests directions for future development and activism.
As the various liberatory movements for social and environmental justice strive to build coalitions toward common goals, alliances will have stronger foundations if they are built on an understanding and appreciation of the motivating forces that power one another's activism. To that end this essay provides a window onto the passions and perspectives of vegetarian ecofeminists.
To date vegetarian ecofeminism has been explicitly articulated through the work of scholars and activists such as Carol Adams, Norma Benney, Lynda Birke, Deane Curtin, Josephine Donovan, Greta Gaard, Lori Gruen, Ronnie Zoe Hawkins, Marti Kheel, Brian Luke, Jim Mason, and Deborah Slicer. The development of vegetarian ecofeminism can be traced from its marginal appearance in two ecofeminist anthologies—from Léonie Caldecott and Stephanie Leland's Reclaim the Earth (1983), which featured one essay addressing animal liberation, and Irene Diamond and Gloria Feman Orenstein's Reweaving the World (1990), which included essays critiquing the practices of animal sacrifice and hunting—to the emergence of vegetarian ecofeminism in my Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature (1993). But its roots go back farther, and draw on the experience of sympathy for nonhuman animals, contemporary animal liberation theories, the countercultural movements of the 1960s and 1970s, and decades of activism and thought in feminism.
Most people who are not born into a vegetarian culture but become vegetarians by...
The concept of vegetarianism in different regions of the world differ in their associations. For instance, in the West, vegetarianism has only occasionally been associated with social elites and political power. In South Asia, the consumption and prohibition of meats is a key medium through which social divisions are communicated, enforced and imagined and negotiated. In particular, the abstention from meat has enjoyed a privileged status through its association with the purity of the Brahmin varna. Despite such differences, there is an inadequacy of the distinction between voluntary Western vegetarianism and rule-governed vegetarianism in South Asia. Instead, people in South Asia as elsewhere can make situated decisions to consume or avoid certain foods, which are often embedded in constructions of space and place.
Environmental policy and planning problems are inherently complex societal problems whose solution requires the deployment of particular combinations of environmental and human resources to achieve sustainable socio-spatial development. Resources are subject, however, to diverse resource regimes. A stumbling block in devising and implementing solutions is the variance between actual resource regimes and those associated with proposed plans and policies as well as the possibility of combining them optimally. The paper explores how the institutional setting—the numerous and diverse actors and resource regimes involved—affects the output and outcomes of the principal stages of the policy and planning process, it offers proposals for institutional change and it suggests future research directions. Desertification control is analyzed as an illustrative example of a domain where institutional complexity is pronounced and crucial for the feasibility and effectiveness of policy and planning interventions.
Interest in vegetarian diets is growing due to health and animal welfare concerns. This study examined the experiences of individuals who adopted vegetarian diets as adolescents or adults. Nineteen self-identified adult vegetarians, recruited from a vegetarian group in one city using snowball sampling, participated in qualitative interviews. The majority of respondents were well-educated, middle-class adults of European-American backgrounds, although they varied in age and sex as well as type and duration of vegetarian diet. The constant comparative method was used for analysis of these qualitative data. A process model describing the adoption of vegetarian diets was developed. Two types of vegetarians, health and ethical, were identified based on respondents’ major reasons for adopting a vegetarian diet. Health vegetarians were motivated by a perceived threat of disease and the potential health benefits associated with vegetarian diets. Ethical vegetarians were motivated by moral considerations and viewed a vegetarian diet as a way to align dietary behaviors with beliefs and values about animal welfare. Adoption of a vegetarian diet was influenced by the receipt of information about the health and ethical impacts of vegetarian diets, physical aversions to animal-derived food, and life transitions. These findings can assist nutrition educators in developing strategies to work with clients adopting vegetarian diets and expand understanding of food choice behavior.
Meat as a Social Problem: Rhetorical Strategies in the Contemporary Vegetarian Literature
- Maurer
- Donna
Maurer, Donna. " Meat as a Social Problem: Rhetorical Strategies in the Contemporary Vegetarian Literature. " In Eating Agendas: Food and Nutrition as Social Problems, Donna Maurer and Jeffery Sobal, eds. Berlin, Germany: Aldine De Gruyter, 1995.
Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Briassoulis, Helen. Policy Integration for Complex Environmental Problems—The Example of Mediterranean Desertification
- Steinfeld
- Henning
Steinfeld, Henning, et al. Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2007. Briassoulis, Helen. Policy Integration for Complex Environmental Problems—The Example of Mediterranean Desertification. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005.
Zeitschrift für Umweltpolitik und Umweltrecht
- Martin Jänicke
- Helge Jörgens
Jänicke, Martin and Helge Jörgens. "Neue Steuerungskonzepte in der Umweltpolitik [New
Concepts for Political Steering in Environmental Policy]." Zeitschrift für Umweltpolitik
und Umweltrecht [Journal of Environmental Policy and Environmental Law], 3 (2004).