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Cupressaceae - Cypress family.

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Jim Bartel at San Diego Botanic Garden, Encinitas, California, United States
Jim Bartel
  • San Diego Botanic Garden, Encinitas, California, United States
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Abstract

Treatment of the family Cupressaceae developed for the Vascular Plants of Arizona Project
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CUPRESSACEAE CYPRESS FAMILY
Jim A. Bartel
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
911 N.E. 11th
Avenue
Portland,
OR 97232-4181
ISSUE 2, 1993 CUPRESSACEAE 195
Trees or shrubs, evergreen, monoecious or dioecious. LEAVES decussate or tricussate (in whorls of
three); awl- or needle-like to usually scale-like (juvenile leaves awl- or needle-like, sometimes present in
more or less mature
plants, especially in response to grazing or infection), decurrent,
completely covering
young stems. POLLEN CONES small, axillary
or terminal. SEED CONES woody to more or less fleshy,
usually hard at maturity;
scales decussate or tricussate. SEEDS 1 to many per fertile scale usually angled
or winged. -17 genera, ca. 120 spp.; worldwide, all N. Amer. genera cultivated. Dallimore, W., and A.
B. Jackson. 1966. A Handbook
of Coniferae
and Ginkgoaceae. London, St. Martin's Press; Elias, T. S.
1980. The Complete
Trees of North America. New York, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co.; Rushforth, K. D.
1987. Conifers. London, Christopher
Helm; Siba, J. 1984. An International Census of the Coniferae, I.
Phytologia Memoirs VII:
1-79.
1. Seed cone woody, not berry-like; scales more or less free; seeds winged; leaves decussate
Cupressus
V Seed cones usually fleshy to fibrous, berry-like; scales fused; seeds unwinged; leaves decussate or
tricussate Juniper
us
Cupressus L. Cypress
Trees or large shrubs, often pyramidal
in youth; monoecious. STEMS: short shoots 4-angled or flat
to usually cylindric;
in flat sprays
or usually arrayed
in 3 dimensions. LEAVES decussate, scale-like, closely
appressed
overlapping. POLLEN CONES terminal, usually yellow. SEED CONES terminal, 6-50 mm
long, woody, more or less spheric
to broad
cylindric, maturing
first or second year, usually closed more than
2 years; scales 6-12, peltate, abutting,
shield or wedge-shaped;
scale projection
often present, small, pointed,
usually less visible with age. SEEDS 2-many per scale, more or less flat to angled, winged; cotyledons
2-5.
ca. 22 spp.; w N. Amer, Medit. to e Asia. (Latin
name for Cypress). Wolf, C. B. 1948. Aliso 1:1-250.
Cupressus arizonica Greene (of Arizona). Arizona Cypress. -Trees 5-25 m tall. STEMS short
shoots 1-2 mm diameter, 4-sided; bark partially peeling in thin strips or plates to fibrous and furrowed,
especially in age, smooth to furrowed, cherry-red
to brown to gray. LEAVES dusty green to gray-green,
often glaucous, often appearing
blue-green, glandular, sometimes inconspicuous, sometimes sparsely to
densely resin-covered. POLLEN CONES (2-)3-5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm diameter, more or less cylindric to
4-sided; sporophylls 8-16, opposite; pollen sacs 3-6 per sporophyll. SEED CONES 10-25(-35) mm long,
spheric
to ovoid, often warty, dull gray to brown, opening upon maturation;
scales 4-8; scale projection
0-4
mm long, often conspicuous
conic. SEEDS (3-)4-8 mm long, light tan to dark
brown, slightly warty, usually
glaucous; attachment scar sometimes conspicuous. In = 22(23,24). -3 subspp. in AZ, CA, NM, TX, and
n Mex.
subsp. arizonica. -Leaves gray-green, glaucous, appearing
blue-green, sometimes sparsely resin-
covered. SEED CONES 10-25 mm long. [C. arizonica var. bonita Lemmon; C.arizonica var. revealiana
J. Silba; C. glabra Sudw.; C. stephensonii C. Wolf]. -Canyon bottoms and mountain
slopes; Madrean
evergreen
woodland, chaparral, riparian
woodland; Apache, Cochise, Coconino, Gila, Graham,
Greenlee,
Maricopa,
Navajo, Pima, and Yavapai cos.; 900-2300 m (3000-7500 ft); Nov-Mar; s CA, sw NM, sw TX;
Baja C. Norte, Chih., Coah., Dgo., Son., Tamp., and Zac. Mex. Widely planted as a windbreak.
196 JOURNAL OF THE ARIZONA-NEVADA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOL. 27
Juniper
us L. Juniper
Shrubs or trees, usually dioecious. STEMS: short shoots 4 angled to cylindric; bark usually thin,
peeling in strips or in one species thick, deeply fissured into rectangular
plates. LEAVES decussate or
tricussate;
scale-like to less often awl- or needle-like. POLLEN CONES: 3-5 mm long; sporophylls
6-24,
decussate
or tricussate;
pollen sacs 2-8 per sporophyll. SEED CONES 3-20 mm long, fleshy to fibrous to
rarely obscurely woody, berry-like, dry or fleshy, flavorless to resinous (bitter)
to sweet, usually glaucous,
formed
by fusion of scales, more or less spheric, surrounded
at base by minute scale-like bracts;
scales 3-8,
decussate or tricussate. SEEDS 1-3 per scale, terete or angled, unwinged, usually dispersed by animals;
cotyledons 2-6. -ca. 60 spp; N. Hemisphere. (Latin name for juniper). Adams, R.P. and T.A. Zanoni.
1979. Southw. Naturalist 24:323-329; Vasek, F.C. 1966. Brittonia 18:350-372; Zanoni, T.A. 1978.
Phytologia 38:433-454.
1. Leaves awl- or needle-like, sub-erect to spreading;
cones axillary; shrubs
usually less than 1 m tall
(sect. Juniperus)  J. communis
1. Leaves mostly scale-like, closely appressed;
cones terminal;
trees or shrubs
more than 1 m tall
(sect. Sabina.)
2. Bark thick, deeply fissured into rectangular
plates; cones ("juniper
berries")
usually 4-5 seeded
 J. deppeana
T Bark thin, vertically fissured, peeling in strips, fibrous; cones 1-3 seeded.
3. Leaf margins entire under magnification,
sometimes hyaline; trees 5-20 m tall
 J. scopidorum
3' Leaf margins denticulate
or serrulate under magnification;
shrubs to small trees l-8(-18)
m.
4. Seed cones hard, fibrous to obscurely woody, dry, tasteless, not wrinkled
upon
drying, usually greater
than 8 mm long.
5. Leaf gland obvious; plants dioecious; short shoots terete; trunks
several at base
 /. californica
5' Leaf gland obscure; plants usually monoecious; short shoots 3-or 4-sided; trunk
usually 1 at base  /. osteospenna
4' Seed cones soft, fibrous to usually fleshy, resinous, bitter to sweet, often wrinkled
upon drying, usually less than 8 mm long.
6. Seed cones rose to pink to yellow-orange
to dark red; glands on awl-like leaves
often (more than 25 percent) covered with conspicuous
white resin
 /. coahuilensis
6' Seed cones red-blue
to brown-blue;
glands on awl-like leaves rarely (less than 20
percent) covered with conspicuous
white resin  J. monosperma
Juniperus californica Carrfere
(of California). California
Juniper. -Shrub or tree, multi-trunked at
base, l-4(-10) m tall; dioecious or rarely monoecious. STEMS: short shoots terete; bark gray. LEAVES
usually tricussate, closely appressed, scale-like; gland obvious; margin denticulate or serrulate under
magnification. POLLEN CONES terminal,
2-3 mm long, oblong. SEED CONES terminal, (7-)10-12(-16)
mm long, spheric
to ovoid bluish, maturing
brown-blue
to usually red-brown
second year, dry, hard, fibrous.
SEEDS l(-3) per cone, 5-7 mm long, pointed, angled, brown. -Dry slopes and flats; pinyon-juniper
woodland,
Mojave desertscrub: Mohave and
Yavapai
cos.; 450-1200 m (1500-4000 ft); Nov-Feb; CA, s NV;
Baja C. Norte (including Cedros and Guadalupe
Island), Mex.
Juniperus coahuilensis (Martinez)
Gaussen
ex R. P. Adams (of Coahuila). Coahuila
Juniper. -Shrub
to small tree, 3-8 m tall, crown flattened or irregular; dioecious. STEMS: bark ashy gray to brown.
LEAVES usually decussate, closely appressed, scale-like; glands on awl-like leaves often (more than 25
percent) covered with conspicuous white resin; margin denticulate or serrulate under magnification.
POLLEN CONES terminal, 3-4 mm long, oblong. SEED CONES terminal,
6-7 mm long, spheric
to ovate,
ISSUE 2, 1993 CUPRESSACEAE 197
green with blooms, maturing
rose, pink, yellow-orange, orange, or red in first year, glaucous, fleshy, soft,
thin-skinned,
somewhat sweet. SEEDS l(-2) per cone, 4-5 mm long, ovate to pyriform, grooved, brown;
tip acuminate. -Canyons and dry rolling hills; semidesert grassland, oak-juniper woodland: Cochise,
Coconino, Gila, Graham,
Greenlee, Maricopa, Mohave, Pima, Pinal, Santa Cruz, and Yavapai cos.; 650-
1700 m (2100-5500 ft); Oct-Nov; s NM, w TX; Chih, e N.L., Tamp, and n Zac. Mex.
According to Adams (Cupressaceae in Flora of North America north of Mexico, 2:420. 1993;
Phytologia 74:450. 1993), the material
in Arizona formerly
referred to J. erythrocarpa
Cory belongs to this
species.
Juniperus communis L. (common). Common
Juniper. -Shrub, decumbent or rarely upright, mostly
less than l(-4) m tall; usually dioecious. STEMS: bark red-brown, peeling in papery sheets. LEAVES
usually
tricussate,
sub-erect
to spreading,
awl- or needle-like,
jointed to decurrent nongreen
base. POLLEN
CONES axillary, 4-5 mm long. SEED CONES axillary, 5-13 mm long, more or less spheric, red, maturing
bright
blue to blue-black in second to usually third year, resinous, often obscurely woody. SEEDS (l-)2-3
per cone, 2-5 mm long, ovoid, acute, usually 3-angled. 2n = 22. -5 vars., circumboreal.
var. depressa Pursh (flattened
from above). -Prostrate. LEAVES to 1
.6 mm wide, the glaucous
band
on upper surface about as wide as both green marginal
bands. Rocky or wooded slopes; boreal forest and
woodland:
Apache, Coconino, Gila, Greenlee, and Navajo cos.; 2100-3650 m (6900-12000 ft); Apr-May;
boreal regions of U.S.; Canada.
Juniperus deppeana Steud. (for F. Deppe). Alligator Juniper. -Shrub or more often a tree, usually
single-trunked,
7-15(-30) m tall; dioecious. STEMS: bark ashy gray outside, dark brown to black inside,
1-20 cm thick, deeply fissured into rectangular
plates. LEAVES usually decussate, closely appressed,
scale-
like, gland obvious. POLLEN CONES terminal, 3-4 mm long, oblong. SEED CONES terminal, 8-20 mm
long, sub-spheric
to broad-ellipsoid,
green, maturing
bluish to usually red-tan
to red-brown
in second year,
glaucous, dry, hard, fibrous
to obscurely
woody. SEEDS (l)4-5(-7) per cone, 6-9 mm long, ovoid or oblong
or irregular,
often angled, brown. -5 vars. in AZ, NM, TX, and n Mex.
var. deppeana. -Tree, sometimes branched above base. SEED CONES 8-15 mm long, lightly
glaucous. [/. pachyphloea Torr.]. -Hillsides and mountains;
oak or pinyon-juniper
woodland, ponderosa
pine forests, interior
chaparral:
Apache, Cochise, Coconino, Gila, Graham,
Greenlee, Navajo, Pima, Pinal,
Santa Cruz, and Yavapai cos.; 1350-2900 m (4400-9600 ft); Feb-Mar; NM, TX; Coah. Pue. and ne Son.
Mex.
Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. (one-seeded). One-seeded
or Cherrystone
Juniper. -Shrub
to small tree, 3-8(-18) m tall; dioecious. STEMS: short
shoots 6-12 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, branching
apart
at 50° to 70° angle; bark
red-brown
weathering
brown to gray. LEAVES decussate, closely appressed,
scale-
like, glaucous; glands on awl-like leaves rarely (less than 20 percent)
covered with conspicuous
white resin;
margin
denticulate
or serrulate
under
magnification. POLLEN
CONES terminal, about
2 mm long, oblong.
SEED CONES terminal, (4-)6-8 mm long, spheric
to ovoid, green with bloom, maturing
red-blue
to brown-
blue in first year, fleshy, soft, thin-skinned,
resinous. SEEDS 1(2-3) per cone, 4-5 mm long pointed, more
or less 4-sided, light brown. 2 vars. in AZ, CO, NM, OK, TX, and n Mex.
var. monosperma -Short shoots usually 6-8 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, branching
apart
at about
50°
angle. -Dry rocky plains, plateaus, and
mountains;
juniper
or pinyon-juniper
woodland, grassland: Apache,
Coconino, Navajo, and Yavapai cos.; 1500-2300 m (4900-7500 ft); Mar-
Apr; CO, NM, OK, TX.
Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little (bony-seeded). Utah Juniper. -Small tree, usually single-
trunked,
less than 8 m tall; usually monoecious. STEMS: short shoots 3- or 4-angled; bark gray-brown,
weathering
ash-white. LEAVES decussate or tricussate,
closely appressed,
scale-like; gland
obscure;
margin
denticulate
or serrulate under magnification. POLLEN CONES terminal, 2-3 mm long, cylindric. SEED
CONES terminal, (5-)8-13 mm long, spheric, green, maturing
brown-blue
to usually red-brown
in second
year, dry, hard, fibrous. SEEDS l(-2) per cone, 3-5 mm long, ovoid, strongly angled. -Dry rocky plains
198 JOURNAL OF THE ARIZONA-NEVADA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOL. 27
and plateaus; juniper and pinyon-juniper
woodland, pine-oak forest, grassland: Apache, Coconino, Gila,
Maricopa,
Mohave, Navajo, and
Yavapai
cos.; (350-)900-2400 m [(115O-)3OOO-78OOft];
Mar-Apr;
abundant
throughout
the Great Basin. [J. californica Carrfere
var. utahensis
Engelmann].
Juniper
us scopulorum Sarg. (of rocky
habitats). Rocky Mountain
Juniper. -Tree, 5-20 m; dioecious.
STEMS;
bark dark
red-brown
weathering
grayish, scaly, furrowed. LEAVES decussate, closely appressed,
scale-like; gland obscure; margin entire under magnification, sometimes hyaline. POLLEN CONES
terminal, about 2 mm long, oblong. SEED CONES terminal, (4)6-9 mm, spheric to ovoid, green with
bloom, maturing blue-black usually with waxy white bloom in second year, usually resinous to sweet.
SEEDS (l-)2(-3) per cone, 4-5 mm long, pointed, grooved, angled, light brown. 2n = 22. -Canyon
bottoms or mountains;
juniper or conifer woodland, ponderosa pine forest, grassland, montane riparian:
Apache, Coconino, Gila, Greenlee, Navajo, and Yavapai cos.; 1100-2750 m; (3600-9000 ft); Apr-Jun;
widespread
throughout
the Rocky Mtns.
Cupressaceae Figure 1. A, Cupressus arizonica subsp. arizonica, pollen and seed cones, and leaves; B, /. communis var. depressa, seed
cones and leaves; C, Juniper
us californica, seed cones and leaves; and D, J. deppeana var. deppeana, bark. A &
D from Sudworth (1915), The Cypress and Juniper Trees of the Rocky Mountain Region; B & C, from Sudworth
(1908), Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope. A, B, & C = IX; D = 1/10X.
ISSUE 2, 1993 CUPRESSACEAE 199
Cupressaceae Figure 2. Distribution of: A, Cupressus arizonica subsp. arizonica; B, Juniper
us californica; C,7. communis vai . depressa;
and D, /. deppeana var. deppeana.
200 JOURNAL OF THE ARIZONA-NEVADA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOL. 27
Cupressaceae Figure 3 . Distribution of: A, Juniper
us coahuilensis; B, J. monosperma; C, J. osteosperma; and D, J. scopulorum.
... (Little, 2006), a clade integrated by the Callitroideae and Cupressoideae subfamilies (Gadek et al., 2000;Yang et al., 2012). Species in this clade exhibit juvenile and adult shoots with similar developmental patterns but bearing distinctive leaves, while the juveniles are decurrent short needle-like, the adult ones are compact short scale-like leaves (Bartel, 1993;Eckenwalder, 2009; e.g., Figure 1). Special attention has been paid to the morphology of juvenile leaves in Cupressaceae s.s., since some species exhibit neoteny and retain juvenile leaves throughout their life (Adams, 2014;Adams et al., 2013;Farjon et al., 2002). ...
... Evidence of heterochronic differences in the transition from juvenile to adult leaves (Climent et al., 2011;Jones, 1999;Lester, 1968) and on intraspecific plasticity in timing of this transition influenced by the environment (Climent et al., 2006;Lloret & Granzow-de la Cerda, 2013) suggests that different ontogenetic strategies have evolved in conifer species. Moreover, development of juvenile-like shoots in mature trees after branch damage, or in rapidly growing shoots, is common in junipers (Adams, 2019;Bartel, 1993). In Pinus, development of juvenile-like shoots after juvenile-adult phase transition is infrequent, but it can take place. ...
Comparative analysis of differential gene expression indicates divergence in ontogenetic strategies of leaves in two conifer genera
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2022
In land plants, heteroblasty broadly refers to a drastic change in morphology during growth through ontogeny. Juniperus flaccida and Pinus cembroides are conifers of independent lineages known to exhibit leaf heteroblasty between the juvenile and adult life stage of development. Juvenile leaves of P. cembroides develop spirally on the main stem and appear decurrent, flattened, and needle‐like; whereas adult photosynthetic leaves are triangular or semi‐circular needle‐like, and grow in whorls on secondary or tertiary compact dwarf shoots. By comparison, J. flaccida juvenile leaves are decurrent and needle‐like, and adult leaves are compact, short, and scale‐like. Comparative analyses were performed to evaluate differences in anatomy and gene expression patterns between developmental phases in both species. RNA from 12 samples was sequenced and analyzed with available software. They were assembled de novo from the RNA‐Seq reads. Following assembly, 63,741 high‐quality transcripts were functionally annotated in P. cembroides and 69,448 in J. flaccida. Evaluation of the orthologous groups yielded 4140 shared gene families among the four references (adult and juvenile from each species). Activities related to cell division and development were more abundant in juveniles than adults in P. cembroides, and more abundant in adults than juveniles in J. flaccida. Overall, there were 509 up‐regulated and 81 down‐regulated genes in the juvenile condition of P. cembroides and 14 up‐regulated and 22 down‐regulated genes in J. flaccida. Gene interaction network analysis showed evidence of co‐expression and co‐localization of up‐regulated genes involved in cell wall and cuticle formation, development, and phenylpropanoid pathway, in juvenile P. cembroides leaves. Whereas in J. flaccida, differential expression and gene interaction patterns were detected in genes involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast biogenesis. Although J. flaccida and P. cembroides both exhibit leaf heteroblastic development, little overlap was detected, and unique genes and pathways were highlighted in this study. Juniperus flaccida and Pinus cembroides exhibit leaf heteroblasty between the juvenile and adult life stage of development. Comparative analyses were performed to evaluate differences in anatomy and gene expression patterns between developmental phases in both species.
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... glabra). Though Bartel (1993) and Eckenwalder (1993) included C. glabra within C. arizonica, Farjon (1998) followed Little (1970) in recognizing C. glabra as a variety of C. arizonica (Table 1). All these classifications were based strictly on morphology. ...
... arizonica glabra (Sudw.) Little Bartel (1993) C. arizonica (= C. arizonica) Eckenwalder (1993) C. arizonica (= C. arizonica) Farjon (1998) C. arizonica C. arizonica var. var. ...
Geographic variation in Hesperocyparis (Cupressus) arizonica and H. glabra: RAPDs analysis.
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2009
RAPDs were analyzed from five Hesperocyparis (=Cupressus) arizonica and three H. glabra populations. This analysis supports the continued recognition of these taxa at the specific level. Phytologia 91(2): 244-250 (August, 2009).
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... Contouring the RAPDs clustering of the populations revealed the geographic disjunction between H. arizonica and H. glabra (Fig. 2). The distributions (based on Bartel, 1993) of H. arizonica and H. glabra are shown in figure 3. Notice the taxa appear to be allopatric except for the new putative population of H. arizonica near Prescott. The Prescott collection, if proven to be H. arizonica, would be a nearly 200-mile range extension for the species and a significant departure from what was believed to be contrasting habitats and ranges for the two Arizona species. ...
... Wolf (1948), Schoenike et al. (1975), Little (2005), Rehfeldt (1997) and other authors have all concluded that H. arizonica does not range north of Greenlee County nor west of Pima County. Bartel, 1993). The populations of sampled in this study shown with a box around the symbol. ...
Geographic variation in the leaf essential oils of Hesperocyparis arizonica and H. glabra.
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2010
The leaf essential oils were analyzed from four Hesperocyparis (=Cupressus) arizonica and five H. glabra populations. The leaf oil of H. arizonica has large amounts of umbellulone (18.8%), terpinen-4-ol (11.0%), nezukol (11.6%), limonene (6.6%) and β-phellandrene (6.6%) with moderate amounts of α-pinene (4.1%), sabinene (5.3%) and isophyllocladene (3.1%). The oil of H. glabra is dominated by cis-muurola-4(14),5-diene (14.3%), umbellulone (9.3%), α-pinene (8.1%), with moderate amounts of limonene (5.6%), β-phellandrene (5.5%), cis-muurola-3,5-diene (5.3%), cis-muurol-5-en-4-one (4.8%), sabinene (4.0%), epi-zonarene (4.0%) and α-acorenol (3.0%). The concentrations of a number of compounds separate H. arizonica and H.
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... The well-known gymnosperm family that produces allergenic pollen is most widely distributed worldwide. The family represents approximately 30 genera, and about 160 species of monoeciuos, subdioeceous (rarely) or dioecious trees and shrubs (Bartel 1994). Many members of the family are known for their antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antifungal, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity, antioxidant activity, antihypercholesterolemic, anticataleptic and cytotoxic activities, and are also reported to stimulate cancer cells towards apoptosis (Bais et al. 2014). ...
Microbiological Advances in Bioactives from High Altitude
Chapter
  • Mar 2020
Owing to high altitude and extreme environmental conditions, Himalayas represents one of the biodiversity hotspot in India and home to several plants and microbial species. Thus, the plants and microbes present in these regions exhibit characteristic adaptations. The plants of high altitude Himalayan region are rich in varied secondary metabolites possessing several pharmacological activities. In this chapter, we focused on the antimicrobial and anticancer activities of the secondary metabolites present in the high-altitude plants and microbes, respectively, from the Himalayas. The ethnopharmacology of several plant species have been discussed which have been reported for antimicrobial activity by their essential oils. The major constituents of the essential oils that are responsible for such properties have also been explored. Later, the specific classes of secondary metabolites have been examined for their anticancer potential. However, the recognition of tremendous medicinal applications of Himalayan plants has resulted into their heavy exploitation in the past few decades. Due to this, several plant species like the Himalayan Yew have become endangered. To reduce their over exploitation and to obtain high-altitude bioactives in a sustainable manner, microbial production of such compounds have been investigated in past two decades. In the last section, we discuss about the biosynthesis of one of the largest class of bioactives i.e. terpenoids from microbial sources. Overall, the present chapter boasts the antimicrobial and anticancer potential of the bioactives from high-altitude and their sustainable production approach through microbial system.
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Cupressus arizonica Greene: Phytochemical Profile and Cosmeceutical and Dermatological Properties of Its Leaf Extracts
Article
Full-text available
For many decades, natural resources have traditionally been employed in skin care. Here, we explored the phytochemical profile of the aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Cupressus arizonica Greene and assessed their antioxidant, antiaging and antibacterial activities in vitro. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis led to the tentative identification of 67 compounds consisting mainly of phenolic and fatty acids, diterpene acids, proanthocyanidins and flavonoid and biflavonoid glycosides. The aqueous extract demonstrated substantial in vitro antioxidant potential at FRAP and DPPH assays and inhibited the four target enzymes (collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase, and hyaluronidase) engaged in skin remodeling and aging with IC50 values close to those of the standard drugs. Moreover, the aqueous extract at 25 mg/mL suppressed biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterial pathogen causing common skin manifestations, and decreased its swarming and swimming motilities. In conclusion, C. arizonica leaves can be considered a promising candidate for potential application in skin aging.
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Geographic variation in the leaf essential oils of Hesperocyparis in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Mexico
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2016
The leaf essential oils were analyzed from Hesperocyparis (=Cupressus) arizonica from Arizona, New Mexico and Texas populations and compared to putative H. arizonica, H. benthamii and H. lindleyi from Mexico as well as to H. lusitanica from the type locality. Clustering revealed six groups: H. arizonica (AZ, NM, TX); H. lindleyi; an un-named Coahuila group; H. a. f. minor/f. glomerata, H. benthamii and H. lusitanica. The leaf oils of the H. arizonica-lindleyi group are dominated by umbellulone (9.6-32.3%), limonene (2.5-19.0%), β-phellandrene (4.0-18.5%), sabinene (1.1-10.7%) with moderate amounts of terpinen-4-ol (4.1-9.4%), isoabienol (t-4.9%) and phyllocladanol (0-4.6%). Nezukol was found to be very variable, ranging from 0.5 to 15.2%. The leaf oils of H. arizonica from Arizona, Cooke's Range, NM and Big Bend, TX form a distinct cluster and were surprisingly uniform, in spite of the large distances between the Arizona-NM populations and Big Bend, TX. Published on-line www.phytologia.org Phytologia 98(3): 190-202 (July 6, 2016). ISSN 030319430.
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A molecular biogeography of the New World cypresses (Callitropsis, Hesperocyparis; Cupressaceae)
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2016
Previous studies of phylogenetic relationships among cypresses have recovered separate Old and New World lineages, resolved a Southeast Asian species sister to the New World clade, and split the New World group into two principal lineages (i.e., the Macrocarpa and Arizonica clades) having fundamentally different geographic distributions. Collectively, these observations suggested a number of intriguing hypotheses regarding the origin and biogeographic history of the New World cypresses (NWC). In this study, we use DNA sequence data to examine the historical biogeography of NWC. Divergence times are estimated in BEAST using fossil-calibrated minimum age constraints, and a spatial history of the group reconstructed using Statistical Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis. Results presented here suggest ancestral NWC colonized the New World from Asia, perhaps by a more widespread trans-Beringian ancestor, in the late Cretaceous or early Cenozoic. Strong positive correlations between species age and geographic location (i.e., latitude and longitude) suggest current distributions were influenced by directional migration (northwest to southeast) as climates cooled and became increasingly arid in the latter half of the Cenozoic. Although our data support a middle Eocene (45 Mya) origin for NWC, nearly all species are apparently no more than late Miocene (6 Mya) in age, and net diversification rates in the group are among the highest reported to date for gymnosperms. Key coastal to interior migrations underlie the fundamentally different biogeographies of the Macrocarpa and Arizonica clades, with the Transverse Ranges of southern California being a barrier to north–south migration of certain species from these two lineages.
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Taxonomy of Hesperocyparis montana, H. revealiana and H. stephensonii: Evidence from leaf essential oils analyses and DNA sequences.
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2014
DNA sequences and leaf essential oils were analyzed from Hesperocyparis montana H. revealiana and H. stephensonii. The cpDNA sequences placed H. stephensonii in a clade with H. arizonica, H. forbesii, and H. guadalupensis, separate from the clade for H. montana and H. revealiana. The generally considered close relationship between H. montana and H. revealiana, and H. stephensonii, was not supported by DNA sequencing. The cpDNA sequences differ by 3 mutations between H. montana and H. revealiana. Bayesian analysis provide strong support for an H. montana + H. revealiana clade, as well as for a H. montana clade to the exclusion of H. revealiana. Support for H. revealiana as separate from H. montana is less defined. Two chemotypes were found in H. montana: high cedrol (28.2-33.7%) and low cedrol (0.02-0.5%). The oil of H. montana differs from H. revealiana by the presence of 2-nonanone,, oplopanonyl acetate, manoyl oxide and nezukol. The leaf oil of H. revealiana differs from H. montana by the presence of cis-and trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ols, karahanaenone, terpinen-4-yl acetate, α-terpinyl acetate, epi-zonarene, cis-muurola-4,5-diene, cis-muurola-5-en-4-α and β-ols, and α-acorenol. The leaf oil of H. stephensonii was high in sabinene (9.9%) camphor (9.1%) and terpinen-4-ol (8.9%), with moderate amounts of α-pinene, limonene, β-phellandrene, α-cadinol and 2.6% iso-abienol, not found in the other taxa. The leaf oils of each of the three taxa are quite differentiated and are as dissimilar as many Hesperocyparis species. The differences in leaf oil compositions and DNA among H. montana, H. revealiana and H. stephensonii support the recognition of these species. Published on-line www.phytologia.org Phytologia 96(2): 71-83 (April 1, 2014). ISSN 030319430
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Evidence from leaf essential oils analyses and DNA sequences
Article
  • May 2014
DNA sequences and leaf essential oils were analyzed from Hesperocyparis montana H. revealiana and H. stephensonii. The cpDNA sequences placed H. stephensonii in a clade with H. arizonica, H. forbesii, and H. guadalupensis, separate from the clade for H. montana and H. revealiana. The generally considered close relationship between H. montana and H. revealiana, and H. stephensonii, was not supported by DNA sequencing. The cpDNA sequences differ by 3 mutations between H. montana and H. revealiana. Bayesian analysis provide strong support for an H. montana + H. revealiana clade, as well as for a H. montana clade to the exclusion of H. revealiana. Support for H. revealiana as separate from H. montana is less defined. Two chemotypes were found in H. montana: high cedrol (28.2-33.7%) and low cedrol (0.02-0.5%). The oil of H. montana differs from H. revealiana by the presence of 2-nonanone,, oplopanonyl acetate, manoyl oxide and nezukol. The leaf oil of H. revealiana differs from H. montana by the presence of cis-and trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ols, karahanaenone, terpinen-4-yl acetate, α-terpinyl acetate, epi-zonarene, cis-muurola-4,5-diene, cis-muurola-5-en-4-α and β-ols, and α-acorenol. The leaf oil of H. stephensonii was high in sabinene (9.9%) camphor (9.1%) and terpinen-4-ol (8.9%), with moderate amounts of α-pinene, limonene, β-phellandrene, α-cadinol and 2.6% iso-abienol, not found in the other taxa. The leaf oils of each of the three taxa are quite differentiated and are as dissimilar as many Hesperocyparis species. The differences in leaf oil compositions and DNA among H. montana, H. revealiana and H. stephensonii support the recognition of these species. Published on-line www.phytologia.org Phytologia 96(2): 71-83 (April 1, 2014). ISSN 030319430
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Cupressaceae Figure 3 . Distribution of: A, Juniper us coahuilensis
  • J Monosperma ; C
  • J Scopulorum
VOL. 27 Cupressaceae Figure 3. Distribution of: A, Juniper us coahuilensis; B, J. monosperma; C, J. osteosperma; and D, J. scopulorum.