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BMZI – Berner Motiv- und Zielinventar im Freizeit- und Gesundheitssport
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Der Bedarf an einer multidimensionalen Erfassung von Motiven und Zielen im Freizeit- und Gesundheitssport wird von vorliegenden Testinventaren nur unzureichend befriedigt. Das BMZI schliest diese Lucke. Es ist spezifisch fur Personen im mittleren und hoheren Erwachsenenalter konzipiert und ermoglicht eine Individualdiagnose von Motivprofilen. Das BMZI erfasst mit 24 Items die sieben Dimensionen Kontakt, Wettkampf/Leistung, Ablenkung/Katharsis, Figur/Aussehen, Fitness/Gesundheit, Aktivierung/Freude und Asthetik. Die psychometrische Qualitat des Inventars wurde in mehreren Studien mit 1098 Erwachsenen explorativ analysiert und konfirmatorisch kreuzvalidiert. Hierbei konnte eine gute Modellanpassung festgestellt werden. Die internen Konsistenzen sowie die konvergente und diskriminante Validitat konnen als gut bewertet werden. Die Validierung mit dem Konstrukt Selbstkonkordanz ergab erwartungsgemase Korrelationen. Mit dem BMZI liegt ein okonomisches, reliables und valides Instrument vor, welc...
... Thereby, goal content can be defined as intrinsic and extrinsic. Extrinsic goals in sport and exercise have an external orientation, such as improving one's appearance or receiving social recognition (Gunnell et al., 2014;Gut et al., 2019;Lehnert et al., 2011;Lindwall et al., 2016;Schmid et al., 2018). In contrast, intrinsic goals in sport and exercise focus on the activity itself, such as experiencing aesthetic movement or developing technical skills, and are therefore inherently satisfying to pursue. ...
... In addition, various studies point to gender differences in goals in sport and exercise: In general, figure/appearance is a more important goal for females, whereas males rated competition/achievement as more important (e. g., Lehnert et al., 2011;Molanorouzi et al., 2015;Stults-Kolehmainen et al., 2013). Furthermore, distraction/catharsis tend to be more important for women (Kilpatrick et al., 2005;Molanorouzi et al., 2015), whereas social recognition and challenge seem to rate higher for men (Kilpatrick et al., 2005). ...
... For example, a higher proportion of the health-, figure-and relaxation-oriented sportspersons are women, whereas most contact-friendly athletes are men. These results are in accordance with theoretical assumptions concerning gender differences (Hyde, 2014;Lippa, 2010) and with previous non person-oriented studies showing that goals such as figure/appearance and distraction/catharsis are more important for females, whereas men assess competition/achievement as more important (Kilpatrick et al., 2005;Lehnert et al., 2011;Molanorouzi et al., 2015;Stults-Kolehmainen et al., 2013). ...
In sport and exercise promotion, it is important to consider goals because achieving these goals leads to a sense of well-being and behaviour adherence. Individuals often pursue multiple goals simultaneously. Therefore, it is also important to not only consider each individual's combination of goals but also to identify so-called "goal profiles". Taking a developmental-psychological perspective, the goal profiles of adolescents may differ from those of young adults. Furthermore, goal profiles might differ concerning the self-determined motivation, sport and exercise behaviour, and gender. Therefore, both age groups, 966 adolescents and 636 young adults, were questioned by self-report on their goals in sport and exercise, self-determined motivation, sport and exercise behaviour, and gender. A multiple-group-analysis for latent-profile-solutions was conducted resulting in six goal profiles for both age groups. As expected, the shape of these profiles differed qualitatively for the majority of adolescents and young adults: In adolescents, goals such as contact and the perception of challenge were more prominent, whereas in young adults, health, figure/appearance, and distraction/catharsis were dominant. Validation analyses support the profiles identified as they differ in self-determined motivation, sport and exercise behaviour, and gender. To more efficiently tailor interventions, an age-specific focus on goal profiles seems promising.
... Die Frage, warum Menschen sportlich aktiv sind, scheint vordergründig beantwortet zu sein [7]. Das Gesundheitsmotiv wird in Befragungen überwiegend als stärkstes/häufigstes Motiv von den Befragten genannt [5,14,20]. Danach folgen Motive wie Freude/Spaß haben, Figur/Aussehen, Erholung u. a. Der gesellschaftliche Kontakt und auch das Wettkampfmotiv werden dagegen seltener als Motiv für sportliche Aktivitäten genannt [1]. Diese Ergebnisse haben zu einer primär gesundheitsorientierten Ausrichtung von Sportangeboten geführt und damit andere Motive in den Hintergrund gedrängt [14]. ...
... Danach folgen Motive wie Freude/Spaß haben, Figur/Aussehen, Erholung u. a. Der gesellschaftliche Kontakt und auch das Wettkampfmotiv werden dagegen seltener als Motiv für sportliche Aktivitäten genannt [1]. Diese Ergebnisse haben zu einer primär gesundheitsorientierten Ausrichtung von Sportangeboten geführt und damit andere Motive in den Hintergrund gedrängt [14]. Die Fokussierung auf das Gesundheitsmotiv ist aber auf Basis von Befragungsergebnissen zu den Motiven sportlicher Aktivitäten letztlich nicht begründbar, denn nur weil ein Motiv in einer Befragung als wichtig für sportliche Aktivitätenbenanntwird ("das Motiv ist mir ganz wichtig"), muss es nicht zwingend auch zu einem höheren Trainingsumfang führen ("deshalb trai-niere ich auch mehr"). ...
... Die Fokussierung auf das Gesundheitsmotiv ist aber auf Basis von Befragungsergebnissen zu den Motiven sportlicher Aktivitäten letztlich nicht begründbar, denn nur weil ein Motiv in einer Befragung als wichtig für sportliche Aktivitätenbenanntwird ("das Motiv ist mir ganz wichtig"), muss es nicht zwingend auch zu einem höheren Trainingsumfang führen ("deshalb trai-niere ich auch mehr"). Der Unterschied zwischen Sagen (das Motiv ist mir ganz wichtig) und Tun (deshalb trainiere ich auch mehr) wird je nach Motiv und Subgruppe (Alter, Geschlecht u. a.) vermutlich mehr oder weniger groß ausfallen [11,14,23,25]. ...
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Gesundheit, Freude/Spaß, Figur und Gesellschaft sind Motive für sportliche Aktivitäten. Es ist unklar, welcher Zusammenhang zwischen ihrer Ausprägung, Alter, Geschlecht, Schmerzen und Trainingsumfang besteht.
Material und Methoden
In dieser Untersuchung wurden 792 sportlich aktive Männer und Frauen (68 % Frauen und 32 % Männer, Alter M = 53,5 Jahren, SD = 11,9, Range 24–85 Jahre) zur Ausprägung ihrer Motive für sportliche Aktivitäten, ihren Rückenschmerzen und dem Trainingsumfang ihrer sportlichen Aktivitäten befragt. Zur Überprüfung der Effekte auf den Trainingsumfang wurden Regressionsanalysen gerechnet.
Ergebnisse
Das Motiv Gesundheit war bei Männern und Frauen das stärkste Motiv für ihre sportlichen Aktivitäten, ohne einen signifikanten Effekt auf den Trainingsumfang zu haben. Bei Frauen hatten die Motive Freude (BFreude = 0,23, t = 3,6, p < 0,001, r = 0,25), Figur (BFigur = 0,127, t = 2,0, p = 0,05, r = 0,16) und Alter (BAlter = 0,03, t = 2,5, p = 0,01, r = 0,17) einen kleinen (Figur, Alter) bis mittleren Effekt (Freude) auf den Trainingsumfang. Bei Männern hatten nur Rückenschmerzen einen signifikanten positiven Effekt (BRückenschmerzen = 1,4, t = 4,2, p < 0,001, r = 0,35) auf den Trainingsumfang (starker Effekt).
Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung
Bei sportlich aktiven Frauen fördert die beim Training empfundene Freude (intrinsische Motivation) und der Wunsch nach einer besseren Figur (introjizierte Regulation = externen Anforderungen entsprechen) den Trainingsumfang. Für sportlich aktive Männer steht möglicherweise die Lösung des gesundheitlichen Problems im Vordergrund: Je größer das Problem (Rückenschmerzen) desto höher ist der Trainingsumfang. Vermutlich haben sie die Erfahrung gemacht, dass körperliches Training die Rückenschmerzen reduziert.
... The Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire (GCEQ) is limited to 20 items that align more closely to the SDT by focusing more strictly on the what (goal contents) of the goal pursuits [37]. The Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory (BMZI) [38] aims to capture the full range of motives of people in middle adulthood (35-65 years) in health and recreational sport and exercise. The BMZI includes 24 items based on seven dimensions, i.e., Fitness/Health, Body/Appearance, Contact (in and through sports), Distraction/Catharsis, Activation/Enjoyment, Competition/Performance and Aesthetics. ...
... The BMZI includes 24 items based on seven dimensions, i.e., Fitness/Health, Body/Appearance, Contact (in and through sports), Distraction/Catharsis, Activation/Enjoyment, Competition/Performance and Aesthetics. It is considered suitable for an economic individual assessment and useful to design individual-or group-tailored sport programmes and recommendations [23,38]. In a recently updated version of the BMZI [23], which was published after completion of the present study, the BMZI was adapted by deleting the Activation/Enjoyment dimension and differentiating Health and Fitness. ...
... Two items ('for the thrill' and 'primarily out of joy of movement') were excluded; consequently, the coverage of the factor Activation/Enjoyment was questioned content-wise [30]. In total, the various versions of the BMZI showed acceptable to good model fits [23,30,38]. Furthermore, Schmid et al. [23] showed measurement invariance of the updated BMZI across less and more active people. ...
Promotion of physical activity has become a global priority for public health. While many people do not adhere to the recommendations, sport and exercise maintainers have found their right or fitting practice. Thus, assessing and knowing the participation motives across maintainers helps to improve our understanding of the sports and exercise practices and, thus, to recommend and to design physical activities and programmes that fit to individuals’ motives. A modified version of the Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory was used in an Austria-wide cross-sectional study with 10646 sport and exercise maintainers (43% female). The study performed confirmatory factor analysis, examined measurement invariance, and compared participation motives. The results showed a good model fit and measurement invariance, indicating that the inventory can be applied independently of gender, age and years of sport/exercise experiences. Motives differed among gender, age and type of sports/exercise. Therefore, these variables should be considered in tailoring sport recommendations and interventions to promote adherence. Finally, the results are discussed by using the Self-Determination Theory indicating that sport and exercise maintainers pursue predominantly motives with intrinsic goal contents.
... Relationships have been examined to all other aspects within the SDT Health Model (each > 1 studies) PNSES [23], BPNES [18] PNSEG [24] Exercise Participation Goals Relationships have been examined to all other aspects within the SDT Health Model (each > 1 studies) EMI-2 [25] BMZI [26] supporting environments), causality orientations, and specific goals/motives. Exercise specific assessment tools measuring basic needs satisfaction have been provided in English and in German language [23,24]. ...
... Exercise participation goals (sometimes also referred to as participation motives) describe an exercise specific motivation to initiate or to adhere to exercise behaviour. Exercise participation goals have been found to vary on their degree of intrinsic and external motivation [26]. Whereas activation/pleasure, aesthetics, contact, and competition/ achievement have been associated with high intrinsic and low external regulations, distraction/catharsis and fitness/health have been associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic regulations. ...
... Exercise participation goals. In order to measure exercise participation goals, the Bernese motive and goal inventory in leisure and health sports BMZI [26] was applied. The BMZI consists of 24 items that are rated on a five-point Likert scale. ...
The Self-Determination Theory has been applied to explain behaviour in numerous contexts and cultures. In the exercise context, causality orientations (autonomy, control, impersonal) are important to describe individual differences in initiation and maintenance of health behaviour. The assessment of exercise causality orientations can be a key element to improve predictions of motivated health and exercise behaviour. Nevertheless, a scale to measure exercise causality orientations has not been established in German yet. Thus, it was the aim of the present work to translate the Exercise Causality Orientations Scale to German and to test it throughout three studies. The German G-ECOS questionnaire was cross-validated via confirmatory factor analyses in two separate samples. Both Study 1 (n = 306, 72.60% female, age M = 26.00, SD = 5.66; CFI = .96) and Study 2 (n = 320, 70.94% female, age M = 29.00, SD = 3.54; CFI = .95) indicated a good model fits. In a further Study 3 (n = 548, 62.50% female, age M = 30.17, SD = 11.91), the relations between exercise causality orientations and other SDT related constructs were examined. The correlations indicated positive associations between autonomy causality orientation and intrinsic regulation, intrinsic exercise participation goals, and exercise basic needs satisfaction. Overall, the assessment of exercise causality orientations can be useful in analysing and potentially predicting motivated exercise behaviour.
... Sporting activities can be pursued for different reasons and motives. Lehnert et al. (2011) have introduced a comprehensive list of sport motivations ranging from enjoyment, competition and physical strength to social recognition, body tone and weight management. Some of these motivations are obviously more internally regulated while others are more externally regulated. ...
... Hence, we put "competition" closer to the extrinsic pole of the continuum than "relaxation", "fitness" and "sociality". The suggested positioning is in line with previous studies which classified motives along the internal-external dimension in a quite similar way (Hagger and Chatzisarantis 2007;Lehnert et al. 2011). ...
... Sport motivations were measured with the Berner Motiv-und Zielinventar (BMZI, Lehnert et al. 2011) which is developed for leisure-time sport activities. The following seven items were selected from the 26-item BMZI: 'to be fit' (fitness), 'to regulate my weight' (weight control), 'to meet friends' (sociality), 'to distract me from problems' (distraction), 'to relax' (relaxation), 'for the joy of movement' (enjoyment), 'to compete with others' (competition). ...
Based on a theoretical framework informed by Self-Determination Theory, this paper argues that sports activities’ impact on subjective well-being is moderated by the goals and motivations associated with the sport. Precisely, we hypothesize that intrinsic sport motivations like enjoyment, sociality, and relaxation, may enhance subjective well-being, whereas the well-being effect of sport is less pronounced or even negative when sport is functionalized for extrinsic goals, e.g. to control weight or to compete for medals. These hypotheses are tested with a large-scale sample of university students in Germany. The results indicate that students who practice sport regularly and habitually have a higher satisfaction with life compared to non-athletes. Moreover, the type of motivation matters: Sport motivations that refer to intrinsic goals and states (enjoyment, relaxation, sociality, fitness) come along with a surplus of satisfaction with life, whereas motivations aiming at extrinsic goals (competition, weight control, distraction) contribute to a lesser degree to satisfaction with life. Hence, playful forms of exercise and sport, conceived as an end in itself, have more potential to enhance well-being compared to competitive and weight-related sports.
... 338). The field of exercise and sport provides many opportunities to satisfy a wide range of individual motives and to attain a great diversity of goals, such as competition, distraction, health promotion, or fitness improvement (e.g., Lehnert et al., 2011). Several studies have shown that satisfying exercise-and sport-related motives and attaining goals positively influence affective well-being ( Gunnell et al., 2014;Antunes et al., 2018). ...
... We considered the Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory in exercise and sport for middle adulthood, that is, individuals aged between 35 to 64 years (Berner Motiv-und Zielinventar [BMZI]: Lehnert et al., 2011) as the most promising option to develop a German instrument, for two reasons: First, the use of a German questionnaire as a foundation reduces potential linguistic and cultural biases. Second, the BMZI is a theoretically- founded, economical and well-validated questionnaire: The inventory is grounded on Gabler's (2002) taxonomy of motives. ...
... As a result, the age-specific adaptation of the BMZI to focus is on adolescents from the age of 14 years to young adults, that is, those aged up to 34 years, is necessary (Newman and Newman, 2012). This adaptation is guided by three assumptions: First, some motives and goals have greater significance, whereas other motives and goals tend to be more marginal in adolescence and young adulthood (Campbell et al., 2001;Lehnert et al., 2011). Second, some motives and goals may be cognitively more differentiated ). ...
Exercise- and sport-related motives and goals are important motivational factors in promoting exercise and sport among adolescents and young adults. However, at present, there is no well-validated instrument to assess these factors that considers age-specific characteristics. Therefore, the goals of this study were to adapt the existing Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory in exercise and sport for middle-aged adults for use in adolescents and young adults and to examine its psychometric properties. The Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory for adolescence and young adulthood was validated with 2,318 participants aged between 14 to 34 years old. Applying exploratory structural equation modeling, the inventory demonstrated excellent model fit (CFI = 0.983, SRMR = 0.014, RMSEA = 0.040) using 26 items and covering eight motives and goals: Contact, Competition/Performance, Distraction/Catharsis, Body/Appearance, Health, Fitness, Aesthetics, and Risk/Challenge. A cross-validation confirmed the factor structure. Psychometric analyses revealed good reliabilities (CR ≥ 0.70, AVE ≥ 0.50, test-retest reliability: 0.62 ≤ rtt ≤ 0.83) and discriminant validity. The factors correlated, in predictable ways, with exercise- and sport-related self-concordance, indicating criterion validity of the inventory. Additionally, metric measurement invariance was supported for activity levels, gender, and age. Overall, the Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory for adolescence and young adulthood is an age-specific, economical, and psychometrically sound questionnaire to assess exercise- and sport-related motives and goals. The inventory can be used in the practical field of exercise and sport promotion (e.g., sport counseling), as well as in research, to better understand the mechanisms and effects of motives and goals in exercise and sport.
... In order to take into account motives and goals in target group-specific interventions, an instrument is needed that can measure these. One way of measuring explicit motives and goals is the Bernese Motives and Goals Inventory for exercise and sport activities (BMZI) [15]. The questionnaire focuses on the mentioned two subsets of physical activity. ...
... In the original validation studies for the BMZI, Lehnert et al. [15] judged the psychometric properties of this measure to be satisfactory to good overall. However, there were some indications that the inventory needed to be evaluated further and modified if necessary: ...
... 3. Thus far, the BMZI has primarily been used on samples from workplace settings. Lehnert et al. [15] therefore noted that the questionnaire's usability should be explored further in the future. For example, the extent to which the inventory is also valid for specific subgroups within exercise and sport should be checked. ...
Target group-specific intervention strategies are often called for in order to effectively promote exercise and sport. Currently, motives and goals are rarely included systematically in the design of interventions, despite the key role they play in well-being and adherence to exercise. The Bernese motive and goal inventory (BMZI) allows an individual diagnosis of motives and goals in exercise and sport in people in middle adulthood. The purpose of the present study was to elaborate on the original BMZI and to modify the questionnaire in order to improve its psychometric properties. The study is based on data from two samples (sample A: 448 employees of companies and authorities; sample B: 853 patients of a medical rehabilitation programme). We applied confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling. Overall, both the original and the updated BMZI had an acceptable to good validity and a good reliability. However, the revised questionnaire had slightly better reliability. The updated BMZI consists of 23 items and covers the following motives and goals: Body/Appearance, Contact, Competition/Performance, Aesthetics, Distraction/Catharsis, Fitness and Health. It is recommended as an economical inventory for the individual diagnosis of important psychological conditions for exercise and sport.
... Ingledew & Markland, 2008;Roberts et al., 2015;Teixeira et al., 2012). Dabei sollten die vielfältigen Anreize der sportlichen Aktivität genutzt werden (Gabler, 2002;Lehnert et al., 2011). Dazu benötigt es valide und verlässliche Erhebungsmethoden, welche die vielfältigen Anreize und sportartspezifischen Motivausprägungen ausdifferenzieren können (vgl. ...
... Dazu benötigt es valide und verlässliche Erhebungsmethoden, welche die vielfältigen Anreize und sportartspezifischen Motivausprägungen ausdifferenzieren können (vgl. Gabler, 2002;Lehnert et al., 2011;Pahmeier & Blumhoff, 2014). ...
... Um die Motive und Anreize sportlicher Aktivität zu erfassen, wurden bereits mehrere Fragebögen entwickelt, wie zum Beispiel im englischen Sprachraum: Attitude Toward Physical Activity (ATPA), Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ / PMI), Motivation for Physical Activity Measure (MPAM) und Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI) (siehe Übersicht bei Lehnert et al., 2011). Im deutschen Sprachraum konstruierte Gabler (2002) einen Motivfragebogen und validierte diesen in einer Tübinger Bürgerbefragung (N > 800). ...
Zusammenfassung. Zur Initialisierung und Aufrechterhaltung der Ausubung einer Sportart scheint die Passung individueller Motivauspragungen mit den Anreizen der jeweiligen Sportart essentiell. Eine valide Erhebung der Motive sowie fundierte Erkenntnisse uber die Anreize diverser Sportarten konnen zur Optimierung beitragen. Ziel dieser Studie war die Uberprufung des Berner Motiv- und Zielinventars (BMZI) bei sportlich aktiven Erwachsenen sowie die Analyse dessen Qualitat fur eine Ausdifferenzierung sportartspezifischer Motivauspragungen. In einer Online-Umfrage nahmen 2 194 Personen teil. Die faktorenanalytische Uberprufung des BMZI an der Alterskohorte der 35 – 65-Jahrigen bestatigte die 7-faktorielle Struktur auch bei einer sportartspezifischen Abfrage. Der Modellfit erwies sich mit der empfohlenen Itemzuordnung als grenzwertig, weshalb zwei Items exkludiert wurden. Die anschliesende Kreuzvalidierung zeigte einen guten bis akzeptablen Modellfit und verweist auf eine Anwendbarkeit des adaptierten BMZI auch...
... With regard to PE, successoriented students are more willing to exert themselves and reveal greater subject interest than students with a tendency to avoid failure (Streso, 2015). (IV) Motives to be physically active are considered as triggers for physical activity in general (Lehnert et al., 2011). This knowledge influences the design of sport offerings by e.g., tailoring them to the target group (Lehnert et al., 2011), and thus increases the offerings' fit to individual preferences, outside school but also in school PE. ...
... (IV) Motives to be physically active are considered as triggers for physical activity in general (Lehnert et al., 2011). This knowledge influences the design of sport offerings by e.g., tailoring them to the target group (Lehnert et al., 2011), and thus increases the offerings' fit to individual preferences, outside school but also in school PE. Following Gut et al.'s (2019), Kueh et al.'s (2017), or Lehnert et al.'s (2011) understanding, Motives to be physically active represent a central benchmark for specifically designing and conducting PE's lesson content. ...
Physical Education (PE) aims to convey the joy of exercise and by this educate students to lifelong physical activeness. Student motivation in PE decreases during the school career. This study therefore comprehensively analyzes student characteristics determining motivation in PE: General Personality Traits, Physical Self-Concept, Achievement Motive, Motives to be physically active, and Sports Interest. This contribution aims to describe students' prerequisites in the PE context by using an aggregated assessment of the abovementioned general plus sport specific characteristics and to detect gender, class, and school type differences. In total, 1,740 German secondary school students (58.1% female, M = 14.39 years) participate in a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Descriptive analyses and between subjects MANOVAs followed by univariate ANOVAs with pairwise multiple comparison tests are applied. Gender explains the largest proportion of variance across all characteristics. Regarding individual dimensions, genders differed on 12, grades on two and school types on 11 out of 19 dimensions. PE teachers must adapt teaching to different gender dispositions. In general, group differences ascribe special meaning to student perception and teaching behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of their contribution to the research area and their implementation in teaching practice as well as in PE teacher education or professional training, e.g., aligned teaching methods, arranged learning atmospheres, or adjusted content design of PE lessons.
... Motives, which are generally important predictors for behaviour, were asked on a 7-point scale (1does not apply to 7fully applies). We included four different types of motives that were previously found to influence sports participation (see Lehnert, Sudeck, & Conzelmann, 2011), that is, (23) health as the most common motive for sports participation, (24) fun in general which is also a frequently mentioned reason for participation followed by (25) fun to compete and possibilities to reach (26) physical limits. ...
... In our sample, most people participate in sport to stay fit and to enhance health/fitness (see Table 1). This is in line with previous studies showing that the major reasons for sport in adulthood are medical prescriptions or health benefits (Allender, Cowburn, & Foster, 2006;Lehnert et al., 2011). ...
This study explores indicators describing socio-demographics, sports participation characteristics and motives which are associated with variation in sports participation across seasons. Data was drawn from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) which contains detailed information on the sports behaviour of adults in Germany. Overall, two different measures of seasonal variation are developed and used as dependent variables in our regression models. The first variable measures the coefficient of (seasonal) variation in sport related energy expenditure per week. The second variable measures whether activity drops below the threshold as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Results suggest that the organizational setting, the intensity and number of sports practiced, and the motive for participation are strongly correlated with the variation measures used. For example, both, participation in a sports club and a commercial facility are associated with reduced seasonal variation and a significantly higher probability of participating at a volume above the WHO-threshold across all seasons. These findings give some impetus for policy making and the planning of sports programs as well as future research directions.
ePRINT LINK : http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/dPvUy2pIP4cBuJq88ekA/full
... This optimisation of processes can lead to training successes that experience a positive influence. Lehnert et al. (2011) emphasise that exercise programmes in fitness clubs, regardless of the context, must take into account the different needs in order to create loyalty. Eleven of the selectable motives show no dependency on age, at least none that goes beyond purely coincidental fluctuations in the context of random sampling. ...
Fitness facilities require long-term product and service developments in order to attain competitiveness and market presence. This is critical because customer satisfaction may be reached by focusing on meeting customer expectations, which has a beneficial impact on customer loyalty and financial success. All of the fitness studio's value-generating processes must be perfectly aligned with consumer expectations. Findings from studies on motivations in fitness sports can help, on the one hand, to build offers that take athletes' special wishes into consideration, and on the other hand, to achieve more effective marketing due to a more defined target group orientation. Female members of a health-oriented fitness club in a large city were surveyed. The questionnaire consisted of 15 items that could be summarised into seven motive areas. The questionnaires were available in the fitness club and could either be completed directly on site or taken away and completed at home. A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed, 278 of which were completed and returned. The response rate was therefore 79.4 percent. The respondents were members who trained exclusively on equipment. The gender distribution is almost equal, with a slight surplus (just under 53%) of male respondents. The sample consists of N=131 female respondents. The average age of the respondents is 55.4 years, with a spread around the mean of 13.5 years. The age distribution shows a clear concentration of middle-aged to very old respondents, while younger respondents are comparatively rarely represented. Among respondents with a membership of more than one year, the average length of membership is 12.4 years (spread: 8.2 years). The results show demonstrably significant differences in 6 of the 17 significance tests. In detail, the following significant correlations between motives and age can be found, which are therefore not to be regarded as purely random effects of this specific sampling: a) People who mention the motive 'Positive influence on physical complaints' are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 59.9 years to 47.0 years), b) People who mention the motive 'Special figure training (body shaping)' are younger than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 47.1 years to 58.4 years), c) People who mention the motive 'Balancing every day and professional stress' are younger than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 51.0 years to 62, 1 years), d) people who mention the motive 'Continuous guidance and training control' are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 59. 48 | P a g e 'Muscle building (bodybuilding)' are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 57.9 years to 52.7 years) and f) people who mention the motive 'Pleasant and relaxed training' are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 57.4 years to 50.7 years). Of all the age differences, the difference in the motive 'positive influence on physical complaints' is the most pronounced at 12.9 years. Finding out what motivates clients is crucial if you want to keep them around for the long run. You should also get to know them, classify them, and offer personalised action and fitness advice. The knowledge acquired also contributes to improving the standing of fitness sports overall and establishing the framework for the long-term prosperity of fitness clubs.
... Training successes that have a positive impact can result from this process improvement (Zarotis & Tokarski, 2024). Regardless of the setting, Lehnert et al. (2011) stress that in order to foster loyalty, health club workout programmes must consider the various needs. In the setting of random sampling, eleven of the selected reasons exhibit no age dependence, at least not any that extends beyond just accidental variations. ...
Over time, the public's perception of fitness sports has changed. Being physically fit these days is a sign of an active, health-conscious, and body-conscious way of living. Motivation is defined as the drive that influences behavior. In popular
language, motivation is equated with goal-directed behavior and is, as such, easily understood. The current study provides a motivational framework for fostering enthusiasm among long-time fitness sports participants. These analyses examine
whether the frequencies with which motives are mentioned depend significantly on the age of the men surveyed. Male members of a health-focused fitness club in a city were under suspicion. The questionnaire consists of 15 items that were
combined into seven motivators. The questions were answered by the fitness centre. They may be taken home to be filled or they could be filled right in the club.
Ultimately, 350 questions were prepared, 278 of which were answered. This leaves the response rate at 79.4%. Members who just train on devices are the ones being questioned. The distribution of the genders is almost equal, with a
slight overhang (between 53%) of more male respondents. The sample consisted of N=147 male respondents. The average age of the respondents was 57.7 years with a spread around the mean of 12.8 years. The age distribution shows a clear concentration of middle-aged to very old respondents, while younger
respondents are comparatively rarely represented. Among respondents with a membership of more than one year, the average length of membership is 10.9 years (spread: 6.8 years). Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. The
results show demonstrably significant differences in 4 of the 17 significance tests. In detail, the following significant correlations between motives and age can be found, which are therefore not to be regarded as purely random effects of this specific sampling: a) People who mention the motive ‘Positive influence on
physical complaints’ are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 61.0 years to 52.8 years), b) People who mention the motive ‘Balancing every day and professional stress’ are younger than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 52.7 years to 64.2 years), c) People who mention the
motive ‘Continuous guidance and training control’ are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 63.4 years to 55.8 years) and people who mention the motive ‘Pleasant and relaxed training’ are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 58.9 years to 52.9 years). Of all the age
differences, the difference in the motive ‘Balancing every day and professional stress’ is the most pronounced at 11.5 years. The second largest difference with a mean difference of 8.2 years is found in the motive ‘Positive influence on physical complaints’. In order to retain customers in the long term, it is important to find
out their motivations thoroughly and seriously, to familiarise yourself with them and categorise them, and to make individual recommendations for action and fitness. Giving appropriate, individualised action and fitness guidance is also essential. Additionally, the knowledge gained helps fitness centres succeed in the long run. The insights gained also help to create the conditions for the long-term success of fitness clubs and to enhance the reputation of fitness sports as a whole.
... This optimisation of processes can lead to positive training successes. Lehnert et al. (2011) require training programmes to take into account the different needs of members, so that loyalty can be strengthened independently of the fitness club context. ...
Sustainable product and service improvements are necessary for fitness studios to develop a longterm market and remain competitive. This is extremely important since meeting client expectations can lead to customer happiness, which in turn improves customer loyalty and financial success. The fitness studio's value-added procedures should all be focused on meeting and exceeding client expectations. Athletes' unique preferences can be taken into consideration when creating offers thanks to insights from studies on motivations in fitness sports. On the other hand, because of the more focused target group orientation, marketing campaigns can be carried out more successfully. Longtime participants in the current study receive a motivation-related instruction on how to stay motivated to work out. The responders belonged to a health-oriented fitness club. The fifteen items on the survey were broken down into seven motivation-related categories. The surveys could be filled out on site or taken home, and they were available at the gym. 278 of the 350 questionnaires that were made were filled out. 79.4% was the response rate as a result. Members who have merely received equipment-based training make up the responders. There is a slight majority (just under 53%) of male respondents, making the gender ratio about equal. The poll respondents are 56.6 years old on average, with a 13.1-year range around the mean. The age distribution shows that while younger respondents are somewhat uncommon, the number of respondents in middle to senior age has increased dramatically. Among survey respondents who have been members for more than a year, the average membership duration is 11.6 years (With a variance of 7.5 years). Significant variations in the mean value were found in 4 out of the 17 significance tests. For four reasons, there is a noticeable variation in the length of membership. The durations of these four motivations vary from 2.3 to 4.0 years. It is possible to identify in detail the following important relationships between age and motives. The following significant correlations between the motivation and age can be found in individuals; they are also not considered to be the only negative effects of this particular symmetry (the correlation is based on the statistical significance of the medium-value difference): a) People who have the motive ‘general improvement in physical fitness’ are members for longer than those who do not have it (means 11.9 years to 7.9 years); b) People who have the motive ‘positive influence on physical complaints’ and use the term ‘cardiovascular complaints’ as a synonym for their physical complaints are members for a shorter period than those who do not have it (means 8.7 years to 12.4 years); c) people who name the motive ‘independent training planning and control’ stay longer than people who do not name it (means 12.8 years to 10.5 years) and d) people who name the motive ‘preparation for their own sport’ (means 15.2 years to 11.3 years). To create lasting customer loyalty, it is therefore important to thoroughly and seriously examine the motives of the customers, to know and evaluate them and to give appropriate personal action and fitness recommendations. The knowledge gained also contributes to the long-term success of fitness clubs and to improving the image of fitness sports in general.
... Training successes that have a positive impact can result from this process improvement. Regardless of the setting, Lehnert et al. (2011) stress that in order to foster loyalty, health club workout programs must consider the various needs. In the setting of random sampling, eleven of the selected reasons exhibit no age dependence, at least not any that extends beyond just accidental variations. ...
In order to remain competitive and have a lasting presence on the market, Fitness studios must implement sustainable innovations in their products and services. This is crucial because a targeted approach to customer satisfaction can improve customer satisfaction, which in turn has a positive impact on customer relationships and financial success. All of the valuable activities of the fitness centres should be focused on meeting the needs of the clients. The findings from research on the motivations behind fitness sport can help to better design offerings that cater to the unique needs of athletes and market them through targeted audience targeting. The current study provides a motivational framework for fostering enthusiasm among long-time fitness sport participants. Male members of a health-focused fitness club in a city were under suspicion. The questionnaire consists of 15 items that can be combined into seven motivators. The questions were answered by the fitness centre. They may be taken home to be filled or they could be filled right in the club. Ultimately, 350 questions were prepared, 278 of which were answered. This leaves the response rate at 79.4%. Members who just train on devices are the ones being questioned. The distribution of the genders is almost equal, with a slight overhang (between 53%) of more male respondents. The sample consisted of N=147 male respondents. The average age of the respondents was 57.7 years with a spread around the mean of 12.8 years. The age distribution shows a clear concentration of middle-aged to very old respondents, while younger respondents are comparatively rarely represented. Among respondents with a membership of more than one year, the average length of membership is 10.9 years (spread: 6.8 years). The results show demonstrably significant differences in 4 of the 17 significance tests. In detail, the following significant correlations between motives and age can be found, which are therefore not to be regarded as purely random effects of this specific sampling: a) People who mention the motive 'Positive influence on physical complaints' are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 61.0 years to 52.8 years), b) People who mention the motive 'Balancing every day and professional stress' are younger than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 52.7 years to 64.2 years), c) People who mention the motive 'Continuous guidance and training control' are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 63.4 years to 55.8 years) and people who mention the motive 'Pleasant and relaxed training' are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 58.9 years to 52.9 years). Of all the age differences, the difference in the motive 'Balancing every day and professional stress' is the most pronounced at 11.5 years. The second largest difference with a mean difference of 8.2 years is found in the motive 'Positive influence on physical complaints'. In order to retain customers in the long term, it is important to find out their motivations thoroughly and seriously, to familiarise yourself with them and categorise them, and to make individual recommendations for action and fitness. The insights gained also help to create the conditions for the long-term success of fitness clubs and to enhance the reputation of fitness sport as a whole.
... B. der International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) oder der European Health Interview Survey Physical Activity Questionnaire (EHIS-PAQ) [114,115]. Motive und Ziele im Freizeit-und Gesundheitssport können beispielsweise über das Berner Motiv-und Zielinventar (BMZI) erfasst werden [116,117]. Beim Einsatz gerätegestützter Erhebungsmethoden sollten Standards zu Tragezeiten und Auswertungsstrategien berücksichtigt und berichtet werden, um Ergebnisse vergleichbar zu machen [118]. Ein häufiges Problem bei marktgängigen Fitness-Trackern sind mangelnde Vergleichs-und Validierungsstudien mit verschiedenen Geräten und Herstellern [119]. ...
Zusammenfassung
Das DNVF Memorandum – Ziele und Methoden bewegungsbezogener Versorgungsforschung fasst das erste Mal das stark interdisziplinäre und interprofessionelle Feld der Bewegungsversorgung im deutschen Gesundheitssystem zusammen. Neben einer begrifflichen Einordnung und Definition zentraler Maßnahmen und Konzepte der Bewegungsversorgungsforschung werden bestehende Forschungslücken und Forschungsbedarfe herausgearbeitet und Methoden zur Weiterentwicklung des noch recht jungen Forschungsgebiets beschrieben. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt hierbei auf der Darstellung relevanter Zielparameter und deren standardisierte Erfassung mittels etablierter und valider Messinstrumente. Ziel des Memorandums ist es, ein einheitliches Verständnis für den komplexen Gegenstand der Bewegungsförderung und Bewegungstherapie im Kontext der Gesundheitsversorgung zu schaffen, neue Forschungsinitiativen anzustoßen und die bestehende gute Evidenz zur Wirksamkeit von körperlicher Aktivität und körperlichem Training stärker in die Gesundheitsversorgung zu integrieren.
... From this process optimisation, results in the form of training successes can be positively influenced. Detached from the fitness club setting, Lehnert et al. (2011) claim that exercise programmes must take into account the diversity of needs so that they can also build loyalty. One reason for members dropping out is probably that needs, desires and goals are not satisfied or achieved. ...
In order to achieve competitiveness and a long-term establishment in the market, fitness studios need sustainable product and service innovations. This is of crucial importance, as customer satisfaction can be achieved through the targeted servicing of customer expectations, resulting in a positive influence on customer loyalty and economic success. All value-added processes of the fitness studio must be geared without restriction to the fulfilment of customer expectations. Findings from studies on motives in fitness sport can help, on the one hand, to take into account the special wishes of the athletes in the design of the offers and, on the other hand, to implement their marketing more effectively due to the more specific target group orientation. The present study provides a motive-related orientation framework for the field of fitness sport on the motivation of long-term participants to exercise. Members of a health-oriented fitness club in a large city were surveyed. The questionnaire consisted of 15 items that can be grouped into seven motivational areas. The questionnaires were available in the fitness club and could either be filled out directly on site or taken home and filled out at home. A total of 350 questionnaires were handed out, 278 of which were completed and returned. The response rate was 79.4 percent. The respondents were members who trained exclusively on equipment. The gender distribution is almost equal with a slight surplus (just under 53%) of male respondents. The mean age of respondents is 56.6 years, with a spread around the mean of 13.1 years. Among respondents with a membership of more than one year, the mean length of membership is 11.6 years (dispersion: 7.5 years). The results show that there is a very differentiated picture of the motives for fitness training. The spectrum ranges from motives named by more than 90% of the respondents to motives named by significantly less than 10% of the respondents. The various 15 motives .........
... Counseling starts with (elements 1a and 1b in Table 2) a standardized assessment of personal factors relevant for exercise and sport behavior. Clients fill out the Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory (BMZI; Lehnert et al., 2011;Schmid et al., 2018), on the basis of which a wide range of motives and goal contents can be assessed. For each person, an individual motive and goal profile is specified, based on an intraindividual standardization . ...
Counseling is seen as a promising method for promoting exercise behavior. The aims of this study were (1) to describe the design of a novel counseling approach based on motives and goals in exercise and sport (COMET). The COMET approach considers individual preferences, while focusing on identifying suitable types of activities. Furthermore, (2) implementation of the counseling was evaluated. A survey was carried out where 37 and 56 participants, were asked about their satisfaction with the counseling. In-depth interviews were conducted with a subsam-ple of seven participants. Sixteen counsellors were questioned about implementation fidelity. The results showed that the COMET approach was implemented successfully in a nonclinical setting. Overall, participants were satisfied with the counseling. They found the trial exercise sessions helpful, as they offered diverse experiences and the opportunity to reflect on them. One-to-one conversations with the counselor were also beneficial, allowing participants to identify their preferences. Implementation fidelity was good. Further research could examine the implementation of the COMET approach in different settings.
... Motiven und Zielen wir Sport treiben, ist sehr vielfältig. Manche Personen möchten etwas für ihr Aussehen tun, andere wiederum schätzen den sozialen Kontakt im Sport oder möchten ihre individuelle Leistung verbessern [2], [3]. ...
Zusammenfassung
Motivationale Aspekte, wie Motive und Ziele, sind für die Aufnahme und die Aufrechterhaltung sportlicher Aktivitäten von zentraler Bedeutung. Motive und Ziele verändern sich im Laufe des Lebens. Daher beschäftigt sich der Beitrag mit der Frage, welche Motive und Ziele in Abhängigkeit vom Lebensalter wichtig sind. Untersucht werden drei Altersgruppen: das Jugend- und frühe Erwachsenenalter (n = 870), das mittlere Erwachsenenalter (n = 448) sowie das höhere Erwachsenenalter (n = 399). Die Daten wurden deskriptiv beschrieben und mittels einfaktorieller Varianzanalysen mit post-hoc Tests ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es sowohl Motive und Ziele gibt, die über die gesamte Lebensspanne im Fokus sind (z. B. Kontakt), als auch Motive, die nur für bestimmte Altersgruppen von Bedeutung sind (z. B. Risiko / Herausforderung im Jugend- und frühen Erwachsenenalter sowie Alltagskompetenz und kognitive Funktionsfähigkeit im höheren Erwachsenenalter). Die Wichtigkeit von einzelnen Motiven und Zielen variiert über die Lebensspanne. Während in der ersten Lebenshälfte der Fokus eher auf Motiven und Zielen im Sinne der Maximierung von Gewinnen liegt, z. B. Wettkampf / Leistung und Figur / Aussehen, verlieren diese Motive und Ziele im höheren Erwachsenenalter an Wichtigkeit.
... Diese wurden im Anschluss transkribiert und mit Hilfe von MAXQDA ausgewertet (Abbildung 1 fasst das Vorgehen der Studie im Überblick zusammen). Die Kategorien wurden in Anlehnung an das Berner Motiv-und Zielinventar im Freizeit-und Gesundheitssport (Conzelmann, Lehnert, Schmid & Sudeck, 2012) sowie an den Ergebnissen von Meyer (2012), Kuhn und Macht (2014) sowie Liebl und Happ (2015) gebildet. Erhebungsinstrument: Der verwendete Interviewleitfaden orientierte sich größtenteils an dem bereits entwickelten und erprobten Leitfaden von Meyer (2012) und führt unter anderem dadurch zu einer Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse mit andere Studien (Helfferich, 2014). ...
The study compares the motives in various Asian martial arts and combat sports, exemplified by aikido, judo and karate. Special attention was paid to the perspective and assessment of the trainers. It is examined, which motives and expectations the trainers themselves show on the one hand, but also which motives and expectations they recognize in the members of their training group or attribute to them. Since the motives of beginners and advanced students often differ, it is also of interest to what extent the motives and expectations of trainers and teachers of the individual martial arts differ from those of the students, or whether the teachers understand the motives of their students.
... Die eigene sportliche Aktivität wurde durch Abfrage der Hauptsportart (falls vorhanden) und Selbsteinschätzung der eigenen stündlichen wöchentlichen Aktivität erhoben. Ferner wurden Motivbereiche mit dem Berner Motiv-und Zielinventar (Lehnert, Sudeck, & Conzelmann, 2011) erfasst, um Beweggründe zum Sporttreiben aus der Perspektive der Adressatengruppen bei den statistischen Zusammenhangsanalysen zu berücksichtigen. ...
Die Trainingswissenschaft rekurriert in ihrem Selbstverständnis auf einen eher offenen Trainingsbegriff. Inwieweit diese offene Betrachtung mit dem Verständnis der Sportpraxis übereinstimmt und in Abhängigkeit verschiedener Determinanten einerseits und in unterschiedlichen Kontexten und Anwendungsfeldern andererseits Training als relevant wahrgenommen wird, ist auf empirischer Basis nur wenig diskutiert. Ergebnisse eines Online-Survey zeigen, dass alltagsweltlich mehrere Begriffsverständnisse existieren, welche teilweise übereinstimmend, teilweise divergent zum wissenschaftlichen Begriffsverständnis ausfallen. In beiden Betrachtungen wird Training als zielgerichtet, planmäßig und systematisch wahrgenommen. Determinanten wie die wöchentliche stündliche Aktivität sowie die Motivbereiche Wettkampf/Leistung und Fitness/Gesundheit sind signifikante Prädiktoren für die subjektbezogene Bedeutung von Training. Die in dieser Studie verwendeten Sportmodelle scheinen, aufgrund von heterogenen Merkmalszuweisungen zu den Tätigkeiten innerhalb der jeweiligen Modelle, für die Betrachtung von Training in den Anwendungsfeldern ungeeignet.
... Somit wird ein hoher Zusammenhang zwischen der Allgemeinen Sportlichkeit und der affektiven Komponente Vergnügen angenommen. Ablenkung / Katharsis spiegelt nach Lehnert et al. (2011) chologinnen und Psychologen, drei Sportpädagogen, ein Sportwissenschaftler) zur Durchsicht auf inhaltliche Vollständigkeit vorgelegt. Im nächsten Schritt wurden kognitive Interviewtechniken (Methode des lauten Denkens und Methode des Nachfragens) bei drei Schülerinnen und einem Schüler angewandt (vgl. ...
Die vorliegende Studie dient der Entwicklung und Validierung eines Messinstruments zur differenzierten Erfassung von Freude am Schulsport im Jugendalter. Basierend auf theoretischen Ansätzen wird das Konstrukt Sport-Enjoyment (Scanlan & Simons, 1992) im Rahmen eines 3-Faktorenmodells (Vergnügen; Flow-Erleben; Erholung) weiterentwickelt. Die psychometrische Überprüfung erfolgt anhand einer Gesamtstichprobe von N = 1 253 Schülerinnen und Schülern der Klassenstufen 7–10. Die postulierte 3-Faktorenstruktur kann empirisch mit Einschränkungen bestätigt werden und erweist sich als messinvariant über die Variablen Geschlecht und Alter. Die Reliabilitätskennwerte bewegen sich im akzeptablen bis guten Bereich. Zusammenhänge mit intrinsischer Motivation, allgemeiner Sportlichkeit und Ablenkung / Katharsis sowie mit der Sportnote und dem Ausmaß sportlicher Aktivität in der Freizeit fallen ebenso theoriekonform aus wie die geschlechts- und altersspezifischen Mittelwertunterschiede. Mit dem FEFS-J liegt ein valides, ökonomisches und theoretisch fundiertes Instrument vor.
Schlüsselwörter: Sportfreude, Schulsport, Fragebogenkonstruktion, Validierung, Jugendalter
... Dieser Gedanke wurde mit dem Berner Motiv-und Zielinventar (BMZI →Kasten) aufgegriffen [13] [14]. Es ist für Personen im Erwachsenenalter konzipiert und ermöglicht die Individualdiagnose von Motivprofilen. ...
Zusammenfassung
Überlegst du noch oder läufst du schon? Ob jemand einen aktiven Lebensstil im Sinne regelmäßiger körperlicher Aktivität führt oder ob ein Patient aktiv im Rehabilitationsprozess mitarbeitet, ist häufig Kopfsache. Psychologische Faktoren spielen eine wesentliche Rolle. Die Motivationspsychologie bietet theoretisch fundierte und praktisch erprobte Interventionsmöglichkeiten für die tägliche Praxisarbeit mit Patienten.
... Abbildung 2 zeigt die Z-standardisierten Mittelwerte der Motivkategorien für die Krav Maga und Wing Chun Trainierenden sowie der Normstichprobe von Lehnert (Lehnert et al., 2011). Ein signifikanter Unterschied konnte in der Kategorie Aktivierung/Freunde zwischen Wing Chun (M = 7,6; SE = 0,27) und Krav Maga (M = 6,39; SE = 0,18) festgestellt werden. ...
... Hence, the distraction hypothesis (Bahrke & Morgan, 1980) seems not to be transferred to daily physical activity. Rather, there needs to be the intention of recovery by a distraction from problems and stress perception through sport activities (e. g., Allmer, 1996;Lehnert, Sudeck, & Conzelmann, 2011). The study results confirm that there is a greater time-out potential when a sport activity is performed during leisure time and it is subjectively defined as this. ...
Multiple studies verified the acute positive effects of physical activity on affective well-being, focusing on sport activities in laboratory settings or supervised programs. This study builds on existing ambulatory assessment studies that indicate positive associations between physical activity and affective well-being (valence, energetic arousal) in everyday life and explicitly differentiates between sport activities and daily physical activities. Moreover, the sustainability of effects is explored. For 7 days, 21 men and 25 women (Mage = 32 years) participated in the study. Physical activity was captured objectively by an accelerometer and additionally with an activity diary. Affective well-being was gathered via a smartphone multiple times per day. Multilevel analyses revealed positive effects on affective well-being (valence, calmness, energetic arousal) for sport activities included in the daily routine. Daily physical activity showed acute positive effects for valence and energetic arousal but not for calmness. However, at the day's end, sport activities and daily physical activity were positively associated with valence and calmness. This study gives further background knowledge for activity recommendations based on the affectregulating potential of physical activity.
... das Nichtsporttreiben zu ermitteln. Lehnert et al. (2011) im Fokus. Diese (sport-)psychologischen Inhaltsklassen werden ebenfalls in den folgenden Abschnitten vorgestellt. ...
Was treibt einen Marathonläufer an, nicht nur 42,195 km am Stück zurückzulegen, sondern sich darüber hinaus über Wochen und Monate auf diesen Lauf vorzubereiten? Was bringt einen Tennisfan dazu, auf dem Gehweg der Church Road in London zu übernachten, um am nächsten Morgen eine Eintrittskarte für das Tennisturnier von Wimbledon zu ergattern? Diese und andere Fragen nach dem Warum und Wozu menschlichen Verhaltens beschäftigen die Motivationspsychologie. Zum grundlegenden Verständnis des Motivationsbegriffs wird in diesem Kapitel zunächst der kognitiv-handlungstheoretische Ansatz erläutert, bevor detailliert auf Motive im Sport, insbesondere auf das Leistungsmotiv, eingegangen wird. Im Kontext des Leistungsmotivs erfolgt die Vorstellung essenzieller Theorien wie dem Risikowahl-Modell, dem Selbstbewertungsmodell und der Theorie der Zielorientierung.
... -Quality of life will be assessed by the World Health Organisation Quality of Life WHOQOL-BREF scale [28]. Psychological mediators such as motivation [29], satisfaction with life [30], satisfaction with the built environment [5], positive and negative effects [31], self-efficacy [32], social support [33] and enjoyment of physical activity (single item) will be determined via questionnaire. Country of birth and education level will also be recorded. ...
Background
More than 10 % (approximately 60,000) of the adult population in Styria, a federal state in the south of Austria, is granted a residential stay in a health resort each year. The target group for these stays is the general population aged between 30 and 65 years with minor symptoms such as risk factors for cardio-metabolic diseases. Stays are financed by health insurance companies and last up to three weeks. The treatment during the stays consists of exercise and nutritional intervention as well as psychological support when needed. However, because of the absence of regional programmes linked with the residential stay, the sustainability of the interventions is questionable.
Methods/Design
This prospective, controlled, multicentre, open-label study will compare two groups. Participants will be included in the study if they live in any of eight predefined Styrian regions and do not meet the minimal WHO physical activity guidelines. Those allocated to the intervention group will receive a voucher for 12 regional, standardised, sports club based exercise sessions. The members of the control group will come from different but matched Styrian regions and will receive an informative written brochure. The primary outcome will be the weekly level of health-enhancing physical activity, which will be objectively measured with an accelerometer and supplemented by an activity log book. Together with potential determinants of physical activity it will be assessed before, 10 weeks after and 12 months after the residential stay. Additionally, psychosocial determinants will be assessed by questionnaire and fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, handgrip, balance) will be measured. In addition to the changes in measurable parameters, processes will be evaluated to learn about the facilitators and barriers of the implementation of the programme.
Discussion
It is known that during the residential stay, participants are receptive to new opportunities supporting health behaviour change, but that these measures are not sustained after discharge. The structured cooperation between the health sector that has to inform the participants and the sports sector that provides the wide network of standardised programmes is the strength of the study, but at the same time a challenge.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02552134; date of registration: 15 September 2015)
This study aimed to compare psychological constructs related to physical activity (PA) among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D), prediabetes, and without diabetes. The focus was on understanding differences in social-cognitive determinants and individual motives regarding PA in order to tailor PA interventions more effectively. The study utilized a sample from the randomized controlled trial Activate_Prevention, including participants with T2D, prediabetes and without diabetes at baseline (n = 214). Socio-demographic variables, diabetes parameters, psychological constructs, and the level of sport activity were gathered. The data were analyzed using regression models. Adults with T2D exhibited significantly lower self-efficacy, recovery self-efficacy, and affective attitude toward physical activity compared to those without diabetes. They also perceived stronger barriers. Participants with prediabetes and T2D exhibited stronger extrinsic motives but lower intrinsic motives than those without diabetes. The odds of not engaging in sport activity were higher in participants with prediabetes and T2D. The study highlights differences in socio-cognitive variables, barrier perception, and motivational profiles among adults with varying diabetes statuses. These findings underline the need for tailored intervention strategies that consider these differences, emphasizing intrinsic motives and addressing the physical and mental health benefits of exercise.
The article presents a classification of approaches to the analysis of sports activities at the individual level. Economists are interested in studying sports because of the growing importance of the sport industry in the economy. In this regard, it becomes an urgent task to identify motivations that encourage people to engage in sports. The main purpose of the paper is to discuss the differences in approaches to the study of sports activity of individuals depending on the dominant motives. The author considers the main motives for sports, such as professional activities, leisure, and investments in human capital. The article systematizes approaches to the analysis of people’s sports activities and offers a classification of approaches. The article discusses the relationship between motives and the problem of empirical assessment of individuals’ decision-making about sports from an economist’s point of view.
Background
One relevant strategy to prevent the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) focuses on increasing physical activity. The use of activity trackers by patients could enable objective measurement of their regular physical activity in daily life and promote physical activity through the use of a tracker-based intervention. This trial aims to answer three research questions: (1) Is the use of activity trackers suitable for longitudinal assessment of physical activity in everyday life? (2) Does the use of a tracker-based intervention lead to sustainable improvements in the physical activity of healthy individuals and in people with T2DM? (3) Does the accompanying digital motivational intervention lead to sustainable improvements in physical activity for participants using the tracker-based device?
Methods
The planned study is a randomized controlled trial focused on 1642 participants with and without T2DM for 9 months with regard to their physical activity behavior. Subjects allocated to an intervention group will wear an activity tracker. Half of the subjects in the intervention group will also receive an additional digital motivational intervention. Subjects allocated to the control group will not receive any intervention. The primary outcome is the amount of moderate and vigorous physical activity in minutes and the number of steps per week measured continuously with the activity tracker and assessed by questionnaires at four time points. Secondary endpoints are medical parameters measured at the same four time points. The collected data will be analyzed using inferential statistics and explorative data-mining techniques.
Discussion
The trial uses an interdisciplinary approach with a team including sports psychologists, sports scientists, health scientists, health care professionals, physicians, and computer scientists. It also involves the processing and analysis of large amounts of data collected with activity trackers. These factors represent particular strengths as well as challenges in the study.
Trial Registration
The trial is registered at the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform via the German Clinical Studies Trial Register (DRKS), DRKS00027064 . Registered on 11 November 2021.
Background: Multimorbidity is a major problem in Europe, increasing the need for prevention and rehabilitation programs. In Germany no guidelines have been developed that focus on patients with multiple chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Benefits of physical activity (PA) and exercise in NCDs have been proven, but most interventions focus on single conditions. The evaluation of the effectiveness, efficiency and safety of PA programs in patients suffering from multiple NCDs and the feasibility of the implementation within the health care service remain open research questions.
Methods: The multi-site randomized controlled pragmatic trial includes 320 sedentary subjects with at least two of the following NCDs, either manifested or in a pre-stage with evident risk factors: Cardio-vascular disease, Diabetes mellitus type 2, knee/ hip osteoarthritis and obesity. Participants will be recruited from general practitioners and
medical specialists and randomized to standard care of a statutory health insurance or MultiPill-Exercise. Standard care includes a choice of one or a maximum of two 8- to 12-week health programs, including nutrition, exercise, relaxation or special disease management programs. MultiPill-Exercise is based on the bio-psycho-social health model, considering a person-oriented perspective in light of given individual characteristics and context factors. The 24-weeks intervention focuses on aerobic and strengthening exercises in line with the WHO PA recommendations. Psychological and pedagogical elements along with behavior change techniques are implemented to ease the initiation and maintenance of exercise participation and lifestyle change, including nutrition. Primary outcome will be short- and long-term PA measured with the European Health Interview Survey-Physical Activity Questionnaire (EHIS-PAQ). Secondly, the effectiveness of the program on generic, disease specific, economic, and exercise behavioral parameters, as well as program adherence and safety will be evaluated.
Bewegungs-Apps stellen eine neue Form dar, um Menschen mithilfe von unterschiedlichsten An�reizen zu mehr körperlicher Aktivität zu motivieren. Dabei sind die Formen von Bewegungs-Apps und bewegungsbezogenen Gesundheits-Apps mit integrierten Anreizen genauso vielfältig wie die unterschiedlichen Anreizformen, die darin enthalten sein können. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht daher sowohl auf die unterschiedlichen digitalen Interventionsmöglichkeiten zur Bewegungsförderung, auf bewegungsbezogene Gesundheits-Apps samt den dort integrierten Elementen zur Bewegungsförderung als auch auf die verschiedenartigen Anreizformen inkl. der damit verbundenen motivationspsychologischen Hintergründe ein. Abgerundet wird der Beitrag mit einer kritischen Reflexion der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, die mit dem Einsatz von unterschiedlichen Anreizformen innerhalb von bewegungsbezogenen Gesundheits-Apps einhergehen können, um auf dieser Grundlage Implikationen für die Forschung und Praxis ableiten zu können.
This study tested the effectiveness of individual exercise and sport counseling in a nonclinical setting. The CO unseling based on M otives and goals in E xercise and spor T (COMET) approach focuses on individual motives and goals and aims to identify suitable activities. Participants experience different exercise and sport activities and reflect on them with a counselor, who applies motivational interviewing. A stratified randomized controlled design with 129 people was used. The intervention group took part in a counseling event, which included feedback on motives and goals, trial exercise and sport sessions, and structured reflection. Four weeks later, members of the group got a telephone booster. The control group received minimal intervention as written information. Results show that the counseling promoted motivational competence (η ² = .16), physical activity–specific self-control (η ² = .08), and the weekly volume of exercise and sport (η ² = .15), whereas it did not influence self-concordance. Further studies can investigate whether the COMET approach is also effective in other settings.
Zusammenfassung
Ein Ziel der Sport- und Bewegungsförderung ist, eine möglichst gute Passung zwischen der Person und dem Sport herzustellen. Dabei sind insbesondere die sportbezogenen Motive und Ziele von Menschen in den Blick zu nehmen. Denn werden diese befriedigt, so fördert dies das Wohlbefinden und die Bindung an die Aktivität. Folgende Motive und Ziele lassen sich im Sport finden: Figur / Aussehen, Kontakt, Wettkampf / Leistung, Ästhetik, Ablenkung / Katharsis, Aktivierung / Freude, Fitness und Gesundheit. Wie wichtig diese Motive und Ziele für jemand sind, ist sehr unterschiedlich. Jede Person weist daher ein einzigartiges Motiv- und Zielprofil auf. Die Person-Sport-Passung kann gefördert werden, indem maßgeschneiderten Sportprogramme angeboten, eine bestehende Angebotspalette angepasst bzw. erweitert oder eine individuelle Sportberatung durchgeführt wird.
Zusammenfassung
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden der Zusammenhang von Geschlecht, Alter, BMI und Fitness sowie die individuellen Beweggründe von Universitätsangehörigen zur Teilnahme an Sportaktivitäten ermittelt. Die Erfassung der Sportmotive wurde mit dem Berner Motiv- und Zielinventar im Freizeit- und Gesundheitssport durchgeführt. Es nahmen insgesamt N = 1336 Universitätsangehörige an einer Online-Befragung teil. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Universitätsangehörigen der Motivbereich Fitness / Gesundheit am wichtigsten ist, gefolgt von Aktivierung / Freude. Den geringsten Stellenwert hat das Motiv Wettkampf / Leistung.
Weiterhin lassen sich signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechts-, Alters-, BMI- und Fitnessgruppen in Bezug auf die Bewertung der Motivbereiche erkennen. Bei den Frauen dominieren die Motivbereiche Figur / Aussehen und Aktivierung / Freude, wohingegen sich bei den Männern signifikant höhere Werte bei Kontakt sowie Wettkampf / Leistung zeigen. Der Motivbereich Fitness / Gesundheit gewinnt mit zunehmendem Alter an Bedeutung, wohingegen der Stellenwert der Motive Wettkampf / Leistung sowie Ablenkung / Katharsis abnimmt. Für die BMI-Gruppen gewinnt das Motiv Figur / Aussehen mit steigendem BMI-Wert an Wichtigkeit. Die Fitnessgruppen bemessen Wettkampf / Leistung mit zunehmendem Fitnessstatus einem höheren Stellenwert, wobei Figur / Aussehen an Bedeutung verliert. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse dieser Studie an, dass es sinnvoll erscheint, die unterschiedlichen Motivausprägungen bei der Planung und Durchführung eines Bewegungsangebotes zu berücksichtigen. Es wird vorgeschlagen, Parallelangebote zu erstellen, die sich hinsichtlich der inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte unterscheiden und damit das Spektrum der Motivausprägungen auffangen können.
The current study presents the development and validation of a questionnaire on motivational competence in exercise and sport. Motivational competence characterises the self-determined ability to choose a suitable exercise and sport activity. Knowing one’s own preferences and what to expect in different activities helps people to make this choice, which, in turn, supports them in maintaining their physical activity (PA) on a long-term and regular basis. The developed items cover the following three components of motivational competence: 1) knowing one’s own preferences, 2) knowing what to expect in different exercise and sport activities, and 3) choosing and arranging an exercise and sport activity. Psychometric properties were checked using a sample with N = 667 adults (Mage = 42.49, SD = 14.71, 62% female). The final one-dimensional scale consists of four items. Construct validity showed positive relationships to intrinsic and identified motivation modes of self-concordance and conversely no relationship to introjected and low negative to extrinsic motivation. For criterion validity, the structural equation modeling demonstrated that motivational competence and PA-specific self-control are independently and positively associated with exercise and sport behaviour. Overall, the newly developed scale is a psychometrically sound and economical instrument to be used in exercise and sport promotion (e.g. counselling) and research.
In vocational and educational psychology, but not in sport and exercise psychology, interests are a central personality construct used to explain human experience and behavior. The Sports Interests Inventory (SPIT), grounded on the theory of vocational personalities (Holland, 1997) and the general components of fitness (endurance, speed, coordination, strength), is designed to assess sports-related interests. Using a sample of 1,243 adolescents, this study examined the psychometric quality of the SPIT. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that 11 scales are unidimensional. Their internal consistency ranged from .71 to .87. As expected, the SPIT scores correlated with both the Allgemeiner Interessentest (a multidimensional and general interest questionnaire; Bergmann & Eder, 2005) and the Skalen zur Erfassung des physischen Selbstkonzepts (a multidimensional self-concept questionnaire; Stiller, Würth, & Alfermann, 2004). The SPIT is an instrument suitable for screening multidimensional interest profiles and may be used to describe adolescents in leisure and health sports.
Elite track and field athletes with greater and lesser multi-year performance improvement were compared regarding their developmental sport-specific and non-specific, organised (coach-led) and non-organised (peer-led) sporting activities. Athlete pairs were matched on gender, discipline and baseline performance in competitions (at 13/19 years). Their unequal subsequent performance development during junior (13–17 years; n = 138) and senior (19–23+ years; n = 80) age ranges defined “strong responders” and “weak responders”. Analyses revealed that junior-age strong responders accumulated more organised practice in athletics than weak responders, while the amounts of all other types of activities were indifferent. Senior-age strong responders did not accumulate a greater total sum of all kinds of sport activities or greater amounts of organised practice in athletics or non-organised involvement in athletics or other sports than weak responders. But they engaged in more organised practice and competitions in other sports over more years (9 vs. 2 years) and specialised in athletics at a later age than weak responders (16 vs. 11 years). The results were also robust among senior international medallists vs. national medallists. The findings are reflected relative to the hypotheses of “multiple sampling and functional matching”, “learning transfer as preparation for future learning” and “authenticity of variable learning experiences”.
In recent years, adolescent sports and physical activity have become a multifaceted culture. Different patterns of sports and physical activities are assumed to be based on different subjective action orientations. This paper aims to examine the variations in sports and physical activity among youths and young adolescents based on the sports models proposed by Heinemann (2007) and the attributed action orientations based on Weber (2002). In a qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight Swiss participants aged from 16 to 24 years to explore their sports and physical activities as well as their subjective attributed action orientations. The interviews were analyzed using the documentary method. The results of the present study demonstrate that ‘real types’ of sports models can be identified empirically in substantial accordance with the ‘ideal types’ of sports models proposed by Heinemann (2007). Four overarching types of orientation patterns emerged: (1) a value-rational orientation pattern with high importance of performance and competition; (2) a valuerational orientation pattern with high importance of autonomy and flexibility; (3) a purpose-rational orientation to achieve ideals of body, beauty, and slenderness; and (4) a purpose-rational orientation to achieve well-being.
During the last few years, research interest on interindividual differences in acute affective reactions on sport activities has increased. Moreover, current studies show that besides interindividual differences, substantial intraindividual variations exist. Therefore, we assume that the potential of regulating affective well-being through sport activities varies situationally. This ambulatory assessment study analyzes affective reactions on sport activities in daily routine to identify possible factors for situational variability of changes in affective well-being. First, situational differences in affective well-being (valence, calmness, energetic arousal), goals for sport activities (e.g., regulation of body weight, activation), and activity characteristics (e.g., activity dose, perceived exertion) were analyzed. Second, associations between these parameters and activity characteristics were dissected. Third, associations with affective well-being after sport activities are identified. For 7 days, 25 women and 21 men (Mage = 32 years) participated. Activity characteristics were captured objectively (accelerometer, electrocardiogramm). Affective well-being, situational goals, and perceived exertion were gathered via smartphone. Multilevel analyses confirmed situational heterogeneity of affective well-being (e.g., intraclass-coefficient ICCvalence = 0.48), situational goals (e.g., ICCactivation = 0.59), and activity characteristics (e.g., ICCactivity dose = 0.21). Furthermore, we observed that higher feelings of calmness and stronger situational goals for body weight and activation are followed by a higher activity dose. This higher activity dose comes along with higher energetic arousal after sport activities, whereas higher perceived exertion is followed by lower feelings of calmness. Study results confirm intraindividual variation of affective well-being, specific goals, and activity characteristics. They emphasize the relevance of situational characteristics for the regulation of affective well-being through sport activities.
Bewegung hat einen hohen praventiven und rehabilitativen Einfluss auf eine Vielzahl von Erkrankungen.
Trotzdem ist die Mehrheit der Bevolkerung zu wenig korperlich aktiv, und es ist bis heute nicht
ausreichend gelungen, Teilnehmer von Bewegungstherapie und Gesundheitssport langfristig an
korperlich-sportliche Aktivitat zu binden. Wahrend der Intervention oder danach brechen viele ab.
Als eine Voraussetzung dafur, dass Menschen sich gesund verhalten, gilt die so genannte
Gesundheitskompetenz. Von Pfeifer und Kollegen [ 40 ] wurde dieser
Ansatz kurzlich auf den Bereich gesundheitswirksamer Bewegung ubertragen. Die sogenannte
bewegungsbezogene Gesundheitskompetenz setzt sich zusammen aus Bewegungs- und Steuerungskompetenz
und bewegungsspezifischer Selbstregulationskompetenz. Personen mit einer hohen Bewegungskompetenz
haben gute motorische Voraussetzungen, Fahigkeiten und Fertigkeiten, korperlich aktiv zu sein. Eine
hohe Steuerungskompetenz besagt, dass jemand sein Bewegungsverhalten selber gestalten und auf
Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden ausrichten kann. Personen mit hoher Selbstregulationskompetenz sind in
der Lage, die Regelmasigkeit korperlich-sportlicher Aktivitaten sicherzustellen. Fur die Praxis
bedeutet dies, dass korperliches Uben und Trainieren mit Lernen und Erleben/Erfahren adaquat
verknupft werden sollte, um fur eine optimale Kompetenzentwicklung in allen Bereichen zu sorgen.
Es ist kein bloßer gesellschaftlicher Allgemeinplatz, dass Sport und körperliche Aktivität sowohl physisch als auch psychisch stabilisierende Eff ekte auf körperliche Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden haben können. Vielmehr ist ein Wirkzusammenhang durch medizinische sowie sportwissenschaftliche (Evaluations- und Kohorten-) Studien vielfach bestätigt worden (Erlinghagen 2003; Lampert, Mensink & Ziese 2005; Lindström, Hanson & Östergren 2001; Samitz, Egger & Zwahlen 2011).
Die Sportwissenschaft untersucht Fragen rund um Sport und Bewegung auf der Basis verschiedener Wissenschaftsdisziplinen. Zu dieser „Querschnittswissenschaft“ zählen die Teildisziplinen Sportmedizin, Trainingswissenschaft, Bewegungswissenschaft, Biomechanik, Sportpsychologie, Sportpädagogik, Sportsoziologie und Sportgeschichte. Sportwissenschaftliche Fragestellungen beziehen sich auf die sehr vielfältigen Erscheinungsweisen von Sport und Bewegung; z. B. auf Leistungssport, Freizeit- und Breitensport, Gesundheitssport, Rehabilitationssport, Schulsport oder Sport mit Älteren. Diese Erscheinungsformen lassen sich sowohl nach Funktionen (z. B. Leistung vs. Gesundheit), Zielgruppen (z. B. Kinder vs. Ältere) oder Settings (z. B. Verein vs. Klinik) unterscheiden. In Kap. 7 werden einige Grundlagen der Teildisziplinen Sportmedizin, Bewegungswissenschaft, Trainingswissenschaft und Sportpsychologie vorgestellt und Bezüge zu sportlichem Training und Bewegungsinterventionen bei Personen mit psychischen Störungen benannt.
Zusammenfassung. Maßnahmen auf die jeweilige Zielgruppe anzupassen, ist eine Herausforderung für die Sport- und Bewegungsförderung. Während zielgruppenspezifische Angebote im Freizeit- und Gesundheitssport bislang verstärkt auf den objektiven Bedarf (Krankheitslast, Risikofaktoren) ausgerichtet waren, standen individuelle Beweggründe kaum im Vordergrund, worin eine Ursache für das Drop-Out-Phänomen im Freizeit- und Gesundheitssport gesehen werden kann. Der Beitrag stellt einen differenziell-psychologischen Ansatz zur Segmentierung der Zielgruppe von Menschen im mittleren Erwachsenalter vor, in dem explizite Motive und Ziele in den Mittelpunkt gestellt werden. Die Untersuchungsgruppe besteht aus 139 Frauen und 89 Männern (M = 48 Jahre, SD = 8 Jahre), die an einem Screening körperlich-motorischer, gesundheitlicher und psychischer Merkmale sowie von Merkmalen des Sport- und Bewegungsverhaltens teilgenommen haben. Die Daten werden für eine clusteranalytische Bestimmung typischer Motivprofile eingesetzt, um darauf aufbauend die neun ermittelten „motivbasierten Sporttypen” anhand körperlich-motorischer, gesundheitlicher sowie aktivitätsbezogener Handlungsvoraussetzungen zu charakterisieren. Diese motivbasierten Sporttypen können die Grundlage für eine zielgruppenspezifische Konzeption von Sportprogrammen bilden, die im Sinne eines personorientierten Ansatzes auf ein möglichst breites Bündel individueller Handlungsvoraussetzungen abgestimmt werden soll.
For structural equation models, a huge variety of fit indices has been developed. These indices, however, can point to conflicting conclusions about the extent to which a model actually matches the observed data. The present article provides some guide-lines that should help applied researchers to evaluate the adequacy of a given struc-tural equation model. First, as goodness-of-fit measures depend on the method used for parameter estimation, maximum likelihood (ML) and weighted least squares (WLS) methods are introduced in the context of structural equation modeling. Then, the most common goodness-of-fit indices are discussed and some recommendations for practitioners given. Finally, we generated an artificial data set according to a "true" model and analyzed two misspecified and two correctly specified models as examples of poor model fit, adequate fit, and good fit. In structural equation modeling (SEM), a model is said to fit the observed data to the extent that the model-implied covariance matrix is equivalent to the empirical co-variance matrix. Once a model has been specified and the empirical covariance matrix is given, a method has to be selected for parameter estimation. Different estimation meth-ods have different distributional assumptions and have different discrepancy functions to be minimized. When the estimation procedure has converged to a reasonable
Zusammenfassung. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Konstruktion und testtheoretische Überprüfung eines deutschsprachigen Instruments zur Erfassung der sport- und bewegungsbezogenen Selbstkonkordanz (SSK-Skala) vor. Theoretische Grundlage dieser Skala ist die Selbstdeterminationstheorie von Deci und Ryan (1985) sowie das darauf aufbauende Selbstkonkordanz-Modell von Sheldon und Elliot (1999) . Selbstkonkordanz wird definiert als ein Merkmal der Zielintention, in dem zum Ausdruck kommt, wie stark diese Zielintention mit den sonstigen persönlichen Interessen und Werten der Person übereinstimmt (“Ich-Nähe”). Ausgehend von diesem Begriffsverständnis dient die neu konstruierte Skala zur Messung der Ich-Nähe einer sport- und bewegungsbezogenen Zielintention. Die psychometrische Überprüfung des neuen Messinstruments erfolgte in zwei unabhängigen Studien. Im Mittelpunkt von Studie 1 (N = 284; Studierende) stand die faktorenanalytische Konstruktion der Endfassung der SSK-Skala mit insgesamt 12 Items, die sich vier Subskalen zu je drei Items zuordnen lassen. Diese vier Subskalen messen den so genannten intrinsischen, identifizierten, introjizierten und extrinsischen Motivationsmodus. In Studie 2 (N = 337; Normalbevölkerung) konnte die faktorielle Struktur der SSK-Skala bestätigt werden. Reliabilitäts- und Validitätsüberprüfungen mit den Daten beider Studien lassen den Schluss zu, dass mit der SSK-Skala ein konzeptionell und methodisch brauchbares Instrument zur Erfassung der sport- und bewegungsbezogenen Selbstkonkordanz vorliegt.
Das Leben jedes Menschen ist ein nicht abreißender Strom von Aktivitäten. Darunter fallen nicht nur die vielerlei Arten von
Handlungen oder Mitteilungen. Auch Erleben — geistige Aktivität in Form von Wahrnehmungen, Gedanken, Gefühlen und Vorstellungen
— gehört dazu, wenn es auch nicht von außen beobachtbar ist und nicht unmittelbar auf die Außenwelt einwirkt. Die Aktivitäten
reichen von Vorstellungsbildern, die im Tages- oder Nachttraum durch das Bewusstsein ziehen (Klinger, 1971), bis hin zu Handlungen,
die vorausgeplant sind und willentlich unternommen werden. Die Motivationspsychologie beschäftigt sich mit Fragen über solche
Aktivitäten, die das Verfolgen eines angestrebten Ziels erkennen lassen und unter diesem Gesichtspunkt eine Einheit bilden.
Der Motivationsforschung geht es darum, solche Aktivitätseinheiten im Hinblick auf deren »Wozu« und deren »Wie« zu erklären.
Originaltext vom Verlag; nicht vom SfBS bearbeitet. Die Grundlagen der Testtheorie sowie der Methoden zur Fragebogenerstellung werden in diesem Buch einfach, also weitgehend "formelfrei" dargestellt. Anhand mit SPSS durchgerechneter Beispiele kann das Wissen angewandt und erprobt werden. Sowohl die klassische Testtheorie als auch die probabilistische Testtheorie werden anwendungsorientiert dargestellt. Das Buch gibt konkrete Anleitungen, wie Tests für die Praxis konstruiert werden können.
Participation motives were investigated in 81 Australian-born and 42 overseas-born older Australians (M age = 67.8 yr.) involved in community-organised exercise programs. Australians born overseas scored significantly higher on factors of Affiliation/Personal, Recognition/Achievement, and Exercise Involvement of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire but not on Fitness.
This book presents a thorough overview of a model of human functioning based on the idea that behavior is goal-directed and regulated by feedback control processes. It describes feedback processes and their application to behavior, considers goals and the idea that goals are organized hierarchically, examines affect as deriving from a different kind of feedback process, and analyzes how success expectancies influence whether people keep trying to attain goals or disengage. Later sections consider a series of emerging themes, including dynamic systems as a model for shifting among goals, catastrophe theory as a model for persistence, and the question of whether behavior is controlled or instead 'emerges'. Three chapters consider the implications of these various ideas for understanding maladaptive behavior, and the closing chapter asks whether goals are a necessity of life. Throughout, theory is presented in the context of diverse issues that link the theory to other literatures.
Persönlichkeitspsychologie - die Wissenschaft von der individuellen Besonderheit des Erlebens und Verhaltens. Was unterscheidet uns von anderen Menschen? Was macht uns aus? Jens Asendorpf stellt das Prüfungsfach fundiert vor: 7 Paradigmen der Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Persönlichkeitstypen, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Entwicklung der Persönlichkeit, kulturvergleichende Persönlichkeitspsychologie und Geschlechtsunterschiede. Neben den Grundlagen der Persönlichkeitspsychologie oder Differentiellen Psychologie werden aber auch die Anwendungsbereiche des Faches anschaulich: Wer ist ein guter Partner? Wie kann interkulturelles Training aussehen? Wie geht man mit schüchternen Kindern um? Was ist soziale Kompetenz? Und für die Prüfungsvorbereitung: Merksätze, Studienboxen, Prüfungsfragen, deutsch-englisches Glossar. Neu in der 4. Auflage: das neurowissenschaftliche Paradigma der Persönlichkeitspsychologie. Mit interaktiver Lernwebsite im Netz unter www.lehrbuch-psychologie.de - für Studierende und Dozenten!
The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addition to the known problems related to sample size and power, is that it may indicate an increasing correspondence between the hypothesized model and the observed data as both the measurement properties and the relationship between constructs decline. Further, and contrary to common assertion, the risk of making a Type II error can be substantial even when the sample size is large. Moreover, the present testing methods are unable to assess a model's explanatory power. To overcome these problems, the authors develop and apply a testing system based on measures of shared variance within the structural model, measurement model, and overall model.
Incentives play an important role in human motivation (see Beckmann & Heckhausen, 2008). In the present research we used Rheinberg's (2008) distinctionof activity-related incentives (e.g., having fun) and purpose-related incentives (e.g., improved fitness) and investigated the influence of these two types of incentives on commitment and well-being in the domain of sport. Assuming that activity-related incentives have stronger rewarding effects on human behaviour than purpose-related incentives, we hypothesized activity-related incentives to be stronger predictors of sport-commitment and well-being than purpose-related incentives. Study 1 (N = 129) confirmed this hypothesis using a correlational design. In Study 2 (N = 67) we experimentally induced activity- and purpose-related incentives. We found stronger effects of activity-related incentives on sport-commitment and well-being compared to purpose-related incentives.
Two prospective studies tested the hypothesis that intrinsic motives for physical activities facilitate long-term adherence. In Study 1, participants in two physical activity classes, Tae Kwon Do and Aerobics (N = 40), were compared in their motives for participating using the Motivation for Physical Activity Measure (MPAM; Frederick & Ryan, 1993). Participation motives were also used to predict adherence. Results showed that Tae Kwon Do participants were higher in enjoyment and competence motives and lower in body-related motives than those in aerobics. They also showed better adherence. Further analyses revealed that group differences in adherence were mediated by enjoyment motives. Body-focused motives were unrelated to adherence. In Study 2, subjects joining a nautilus center (N-155) rated their initial motives on a revised Motivation for Physical Activity Measure (MPAM-R). They also rated workout length, challenge, and enjoyment after each exercise session. Results revealed that adherence was associated with motives focused on enjoyment, competence, and social interaction, but not with motives focused on fitness or appearance. Post-workout ratings of enjoyment also predicted adherence. Discussion focuses on the importance of intrinsic motivation for exercise adherence.
Zusammenfassung. Mit diesem Beitrag wird, ausgehend von einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit den Unzulanglichkeiten traditioneller psychologischer Grundauffassungen und Schulen, ein integratives theoretisches Rahmenkonzept fur sportpsychologische Forschung und Praxis vorgestellt. Das Kernstuck bildet dabei die Handlung als intentionale Verhaltensorganisation im situativen Kontext. Demgemas sind alle psychischen Zustande und Prozesse in ihrem funktionalen Bezug zum Handeln zu betrachten. Die Grundannahmen der handlungstheoretischen Perspektive werden erlautert, insbesondere das System-, Situations- und Intentionspostulat. Abschliesend wird auf die Funktionsstruktur von Handlungen mit Bezug auf Handlungsphasen (Antizipation, Realisation und Interpretation) sowie handlungsregulierende Systeme (Automatisches, Emotionales und Kognitives Regulationssystem) naher eingegangen. Damit werden allgemeine theoretische Koordinaten fur spezifische psychologische Theorien, fur die Entwicklung von Forschungsstrategien ...
Ziele bilden die Dreh- und Angelpunkte bei der psychischen Steuerung des menschlichen Handelns. Sie stehen im Zentrum theoretischer
Konzepte, die in einer Reihe psychologischer Teildisziplinen entwickelt und überprüft worden sind, um herauszufinden, warum
Menschen sich zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt für die Aufnahme, Ausführung und Beendigung einer bestimmten Handlung entscheiden.
Factor analysis has been characterized as being at the heart of the score validation process. In virtually all applications of exploratory factor analysis, factors are rotated to better meet L. Thurstone's simple structure criteria. Two major rotation strategies are available: orthogonal and oblique. This paper reviews the numerous rotation options available in the factor analysis literature, examining the pros and cons of various analytic choices. A heuristic data set was examined to make the discussion concrete. Some guidelines are also offered for resolving differences in the analytic choices so that the appropriate rotation methods can be selected. (Contains 10 tables and 16 references.) (Author/SLD)
Objectives. The aim of this study was to further develop and refine the Exercise Motivations Inventory (EMI), a measure of individuals' reasons for exercising.
Design. Confirmatory factor analytic procedures using LISREL were employed to test the hypothesized 14-factor structure of the revised instrument (the EMI-2) and the invariance of the factor structure across gender.
Methods. Four hundred and twenty-five civil servants completed the revised instrument. Analyses were conducted in three phases. Phase 1 involved detailed examination of the fit of the 14-factors separately in order to detect and eliminate poor indicators. In Phase 2 each factor was paired with every other factor in order to detect and eliminate ambiguous items. In Phase 3 factors were grouped with conceptually related factors into five submodels and the fit and factorial invariance across gender of these submodels was tested.
Results. Item elimination at Phases 1 and 2 led to the development of a set of internally consistent factors with strong indicators and good discriminant validity. Phase 3 gave further evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the items and factors and strong support for the invariance of the factor structure across gender.
Conclusions. The EMI-2 is a factorially valid means of assessing a broad range of exercise participation motives in adult males and females, applicable to both exercisers and non-exercisers.
Die Erforschung menschlicher Motive, die dem Streben nach Effizienz (Leistungsmotiv), sozialer Wirksamkeit (Machtmotiv), sozialem Anschluss (Affiliationsmotiv) und zwischenmenschlicher Nähe (Intimitätsmotiv) zugrunde liegen, war von Beginn an mit der Frage verknüpft, mit welchen Methoden sich individuelle Unterschiede in basalen Handlungsmotiven am besten erfassen lassen (vgl. Schmalt & Sokolowski, 2000). In Kap. 6 dieses Buches wurde dargestellt, dass McClelland, Atkinson, Clark und Lowell (1953) eine Variante des Thematischen Auffassungstest (TAT) entwickelten, um die Stärke des Leistungsmotivs zu messen. McClelland und seine Kollegen betrachteten das Leistungsmotiv als ein affektgetöntes Bedürfnis, das durch herausfordernde Aufgaben angeregt wird und in der fortschreitenden Verbesserung der zugehörigen Leistungen und Fertigkeiten Befriedigung findet. Mithilfe des TAT sollte das Leistungsmotiv möglichst unabhängig von
Selbstdarstellungstendenzen (z. B. sozialer Erwünschtheit),
kognitiven Fähigkeiten (z. B. dem tatsächlichen Leistungsvermögen einer Person) und
situativen Einflüssen (z. B. von außen gestellten Leistungsanforderungen) erfasst werden.
This paper describes the development of the Exercise Motivations Inventory (EMI), a 44-item, multidimensional instrument designed to test theoretically derived predictions concerning the influences of personal exercise on goals exercise participation. Items were generated from responses to an open-ended questionnaire and from an examination of the literature on exercise adherence. A 71-item version of the EMI was completed by 249 regular exercisers. Principal components analysis with equamax rotation yielded 12 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0, accounting for 69.4% of the total variance. The factors were labelled Stress Management, Weight Management, Re-creation, Social Recognition, Enjoyment, Appearance, Personal Development, Affiliation, Ill-Health Avoidance, Competition, Fitness, and Health Pressures. The internal consistency of the 12 subscales was generally acceptable with Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients ranging from 0.63 to 0.90. Test-retest reliability coefficients over a 4 to 5 week period ranged from 0.59 to 0.88. None of the subscales appear to suffer from a social desirability response bias, as evidenced by weak, non-significant correlations with the short form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Preliminary evidence for the discriminative and construct validity of the EMI is presented.
Several issues relating to goodness of fit in structural equations are examined. The convergence and differentiation criteria, as applied by Bagozzi, are shown not to stand up under mathematical or statistical analysis. The authors argue that the choice of interpretative statistic must be based on the research objective. They demonstrate that when this is done the Fornell-Larcker testing system is internally consistent and that it conforms to the rules of correspondence for relating data to abstract variables.
It is the purpose of this paper to report efforts to construct a model characterizing physical activity as a sociopsychological phenomenon. The work was based upon the assumptions that physical activity can be reduced to more specific components, i.e., a set of all physical activities can be reduced to logical subsets; and that a meaningful basis for such a procedure is the instrumental value physical activity is perceived to have for the individual. A rationale is given for each of the six dimensions of the model. In addition to construct validity, the integrity of the model was assessed by determining the degree of univocality and independence of the postulated subdomains. I
Based upon a multidimensional model for characterizing physical activity, the development of two forms (college men, college women) of an attitude inventory is described. Items held to be representative of the six dimensions of the model were evaluated on the basis of factor and item analyses using data generated by the use of preliminary forms. Hoyt reliabilities ranged from .72 to .89 for the six scales. Scales were able to differentiate between appropriate high and low preference groups for a particular type of activity in all cases except physical activity perceived as “catharsis.” The stability of the instrument is shown by comparing measures of central tendency, variability, and reliability of the basic sample with those drawn from a second, but similar population. Normative data, instructions, and a list of items, are provided.
An integrative model of the conative process, which has important ramifications for psychological need satisfaction and hence for individuals' well-being, is presented. The self-concordance of goals (i.e., their consistency with the person's developing interests and core values) plays a dual role in the model. First, those pursuing self-concordant goals put more sustained effort into achieving those goals and thus are more likely to attain them. Second, those who attain self-concordant goals reap greater well-being benefits from their attainment. Attainment-to-well-being effects are mediated by need satisfaction, i.e., daily activity-based experiences of autonomy, competence, and relatedness that accumulate during the period of striving. The model is shown to provide a satisfactory fit to 3 longitudinal data sets and to be independent of the effects of self-efficacy, implementation intentions, avoidance framing, and life skills.
This symposium was structured to provide two keynote addresses and recent innovations on the topic of physical activity interventions.
In the first paper, Drs. W. Jack Rejeski and Lawrence R. Brawley combine the content of their two keynotes into a single integrative review. This paper is then followed by four studies that build on and extend the research reviewed in their keynotes. The first is a study that examines the measurement properties of a scale designed to assess older adults' desire for physical competence. The second is an experiment that tests the efficacy of a brief intervention for increasing older adults' motives to attend educational sessions on physical activity in the context of assisted living. The third involves a pilot study in older adults that explores the feasibility and efficacy of using a group-mediated intervention for psychological empowerment in conjunction with more traditional methods of strength training. The fourth examines an innovative intervention that was designed to link the abilities acquired during strength training to older adults' performance of activities of daily living.
Physical activity interventions should be designed to promote collaborative relationships between interventionists and participants. Older adults bring with them symptoms, emotions, motives, and beliefs that are as important to adherence and to the outcomes of interventions as the physical training regimen itself. Furthermore, from the perspective of both behavior change and physical training, the design of physical activity programs for older adults should pay close attention to intended objectives.
Stress und seelische Belastung
- H Allmer
Allmer, H. (1998). Stress und seelische Belastung. In K. Bös &
W. Brehm (Hrsg.), Gesundheitssport -Ein Handbuch (S.
279-288). Schorndorf: Hofmann.
Gesund durch Gesundheitssport: zielgruppenorientierte Konzeption, Durchführung und Evaluation von Gesundheitssportprogrammen
- W Brehm
- A Janke
- R Sygusch
- P Wagner
Brehm, W., Janke, A., Sygusch, R. & Wagner, P. (2006). Gesund
durch Gesundheitssport: zielgruppenorientierte Konzeption,
Durchführung und Evaluation von Gesundheitssportprogrammen. Weinheim: Juventa.
Sinnzuschreibungen, Konsequenz-und Kompetenzerwartungen
- W Brehm
- I Pahmeier
Brehm, W. & Pahmeier, I. (1998). Sinnzuschreibungen, Konsequenz-und Kompetenzerwartungen. In K. Bös & W. Brehm
(Hrsg.), Gesundheitssport – Ein Handbuch (S. 201–211).
Schorndorf: Hofmann.
Bewegung, Sport, Gesundheit. Fakten und Trends aus den Schweizerischen Gesundheitsbefragungen
- Statistik Bundesamt Für
Bundesamt für Statistik (2006). Bewegung, Sport, Gesundheit.
Fakten und Trends aus den Schweizerischen Gesundheitsbefragungen 1992, 1997, 2002. Neuenburg: BFS.
Handbook of selfdetermination research
- E L Deci
- R M Ryan
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Motivationale Aspekte sportlicher Handlungen
- H Gabler
Gabler, H. (1986). Motivationale Aspekte sportlicher Handlungen. In O. Grube (Hrsg.), Einführung in die Sportpsychologie, Teil 1: Grundthemen (S. 197-245). Schorndorf: Hofmann.
Motive im Sport. Motivationspsychologische Analysen und empirische Studien
- H Gabler
Gabler, H. (2002). Motive im Sport. Motivationspsychologische
Analysen und empirische Studien. Schorndorf: Hofmann.
Erweiterte Anwendungsbereiche des Berner Motiv-und Zielinventars im Freizeit-und Gesundheitssport (BMZI)
- K Lehnert
- G Sudeck
- A Conzelmann
Lehnert, K. Sudeck, G. & Conzelmann, A. (2010). Erweiterte
Anwendungsbereiche des Berner Motiv-und Zielinventars
im Freizeit-und Gesundheitssport (BMZI). In G. Amesberger, T. Finkenzeller & S. Würth (Hrsg.), Psychophysiologie
im Sport -zwischen Experiment und Handlungsorientierung. 42. asp-Jahrestagung in Salzburg (S. 125). Hamburg:
Czwalina.
Motivation Älterer zu Bewegungs-und Sportaktivitäten. Eine kritische Analyse empirischer Studien
- G Schick
Schick, G. (1998). Motivation Älterer zu Bewegungs-und
Sportaktivitäten. Eine kritische Analyse empirischer Studien. Sportwissenschaft, 28, 195-212.
Motive sportlicher Aktivität. Psychometrische Untersuchungen einer Kurzform der ATPA-D-Skalen. Sportwissenschaft
- G Steffgen
- R Fröhlich
- P Schwenkmezger
Steffgen, G., Fröhlich, R. & Schwenkmezger, P. (2000). Motive
sportlicher Aktivität. Psychometrische Untersuchungen einer Kurzform der ATPA-D-Skalen. Sportwissenschaft, 30,
408-421.
Gorden Sudeck und Prof. Dr. Achim Conzelmann Universität Bern Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Abteilung I Bremgartenstrasse 145 3012 Bern Schweiz E-Mail: achim
- Katrin Lehnert
- Prof
- Dr
Katrin Lehnert, Prof. Dr. Gorden Sudeck
und Prof. Dr. Achim Conzelmann
Universität Bern
Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Abteilung I
Bremgartenstrasse 145
3012 Bern
Schweiz
E-Mail: achim.conzelmann@ispw.unibe.ch