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Physical Properties and Chemical composition of Cow's and Buffalo's Milk in Qena Governorate

Authors:
  • Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University

Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate some physical properties and chemical composition of lactating animals in Qena governorate, Egypt. Composite samples of cows' (baladi breed) and buffalo's milks were collected from twelve individual farms in Qena. Physical parameter used to monitor the quality of milk samples was physical (specific gravity). The samples were also analysed for gross composition, as well as the incidence of some minerals, and fatty acids composition of milk fat. The specific gravity for both cow’s "baladi" and buffalo’s milk were similar, and contents significantly (p<0.05) higher amounts of fat, protein, ash and total solids were detected in buffalo milk than for cow milk. Cow milk fat differed contained significantly (p<0.05) lower amounts of medium chain fatty acids (C10:0) and contained significantly (p<0.05) higher content of (C16:1 and C18:1), than buffalo milks, while buffalos milk fat contained significantly (p<0.05) higher contents of (C16:0) and (C18:0) than cow milks. The levels of Ca, P, Na, K and Fe in the buffalo’s milk ash were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in the cow milk ash.
1
Physical properties and chemical composition of cow's
and buffalo's milk in Qena governorate
By
Hamad, M. N. E.1 and Baiomy, A. A.2
1 Food science and Dairy Department, Faculty of Agriculture "Qena", South
Valley University.
2Animal production Department, Faculty of Agriculture "Qena", South Vally
University.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate some physical properties and chemical
composition of lactating animals in Qena governorate, Egypt. Composite samples of
cows' (baladi breed) and buffalo's milks were collected from twelve individual farms
in Qena. Physical parameter used to monitor the quality of milk samples was physical
(specific gravity). The samples were also analysed for gross composition, as well as
the incidence of some minerals, and fatty acids composition of milk fat. The specific
gravity for both cow’s "baladi" and buffalo’s milk were similar, and contents
significantly (p<0.05) higher amounts of fat, protein, ash and total solids were
detected in buffalo milk than for cow milk.
Cow milk fat differed contained significantly (p<0.05) lower amounts of
medium chain fatty acids (C10:0) and contained significantly (p<0.05) higher content
of (C16:1 and C18:1), than buffalo milks, while buffalos milk fat contained
significantly (p<0.05) higher contents of (C16:0) and (C18:0) than cow milks.
The levels of Ca, P, Na, K and Fe in the buffalo’s milk ash were significantly
higher (P<0.05) than those in the cow milk ash.
Keyword: cow, buffalo, milk, physical, chemical composition, fatty acids, minerals.
INTRODUCTION
Milk and dairy products are part of a healthy diet which, besides cow's milk,
sheep's, goats and buffalo's milk are involved (Hinrichs, 2004). Milk is a complex
mixture of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other minor
constituents dispersed or dissolved in water (Harding, 1999). Milk is an important
part of the human diet and the nutritional significance of milk is apparent from the
fact that daily consumption of a quart (1.14 liters) of milk furnishes approximately all
the daily requirements from fat, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, one half of the
protein, one third of vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamine and one fourth of calories
needed daily by an average individual (Bilal & Ahmad, 2004).
Numerous studies have focused on cow milk, although milks from other
animal species, such buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels are essential to the human
diet in various parts of the world. Buffalo milk is the second most produced milk in
the world with 82 billion litres produced each year (12.5% of milk produced in the
world), after cow’s milk (84% with 551 billion litres) (IDF, 2007). Buffalo milk is
also one of the richest milks from a compositional point of view, particularly; fat
which constitutes the main buffalo milk solids and is responsible for its high energy
and nutritive value. The environmental conditions play an important role in the
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determination of the composition of milk. No cited studies have been carried out on
the composition of lactating animals in Qena government. Qena is part of Upper
Egypt characterized by high temperature throughout the whole year, which may have
an adverse effect on the production and composition of milk. Therefore, the present
study is considered on of the first which concerned with the composition of buffalo
milk and milk fat of cows and buffaloes in Qena.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Composite milk samples (500 ml) of baladi cows and Egyptian buffaloes
during their high lactation period were collected once a week from twelve farmers in
Qena governorate during the period from January to October 2009. The composite
samples of milk were proposed with drawn from the morning and evening milking of
the individuals. A total of 440 samples of cow and 259 of buffalo milk were analyzed.
The pH was measured using digital pH meter (Model PTI-6, Aqua Chemical
Co., Devon, U.K.) equipped with a combined glass electrode. Specific gravity was
detected by using lactometer as described by Aggarwala & Sharma (1961). The fat
content was determined by the Gerber method according to James (1995), total
solids, ash and protein contents according to A.O.A.C. (1995), and the solids not fat
(SNF) and lactose contents were determined by differences, as indicated:
• SNF content = TS % - Fat %
• Lactose % = TS % - (Fat % + Protein % + Ash %)
The sodium, potassium and calcium contents were determined, by ashing of
samples, dissolution of the ash by flame photometer (Corning 410, Sherwood
Scientific Limited, UK) as described by Kirk & Sawyer (1991). Inorganic
phosphorus by the colorimetric method of Fiske & Subbarow (1925), and iron and
lead by absorption spectrophotometer (Perkins Elmer Instrument Model 2380, Perkin
Elmer, Michigan, USA) as described by A.O.A.C. (1995).
The fatty acids were determined by Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC)
according to the procedure of Ackman (1972). The fatty acid methyl esters were
analyzed by using PYE-Unicam Model P V4550 gas-Liquid Chromatography with
dual-flame ionization detector.
Data were statistically analyzed according to the General Linear Model
(G.L.M) and the differences between means were detected by Duncan`s Multiple
Range Test, SAS (1998).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (1) shows that the specific gravity of baladi cow’s milk was slightly
lower than buffalo’s milk. These results agreed with those reported by Lee et al.
(2002) and Mahboba & Ibtisam (2007).
Table (1): specific gravity and pH values of cows "baladi" and buffalo’s milk samples
collected from different sources in Qena. (Mean ± Se).
Item
Cow "Baladi"
Buffalo
Min.
Mean
Min.
Max.
Mean
S.G
1.028
1.0312±0.0008
1.0301
1.036
1.0314±0.0009
pH
6.41
6.65±0.191
6.56
6.76
6.61±0.174
Min.: minimum, Max.: maximum, S.G: Specific gravity.
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pH values of fresh cow milk (Table 1) ranged from 6.41 and 6.79 with an
average of 6.65±0.191, while pH values of buffalo's milk was between 6.56 and 6.76,
with an average of 6.61±0.174. These results were relatively similar to those reported
by Mahboba & Ibtisam (2007), Ahmad et al. (2007) and Hajirostamloo &
Mahastie (2008).
Comparison of the overall composition of buffalo and cow "baladi" milk
revealed that large differences were existed between them (Table 2). Thus, contents
of fat, protein, lactose, ash and total solids contents were significantly (p<0.05) higher
in buffalo milk than in cow milk. These results are in agreement with the findings of
various authors (Spanghero & Susmel, 1996 and Ahmed, et al. 2008). Although
buffalo's milk had higher lactose content than cows milk, differences between them
were not significantly.
Table (2): chemical compositions of cows "baladi" and buffalo’s milk samples
collected from different sources in Qena. (Mean ± Se).
Item
Cow "Baladi"
Buffalo
Mean
Mean
Fat (F. %)
4.280.1b
7.800.21a
Protein (P. %)
3.370.05b
4.150.04a
Lactose (L. %)
4.470.58a
5.030.80a
(Ash %)
0.690.01b
0.770.02a
Solids Not Fat (SNF %)
8.530.8b
9.890.15a
Total Solids (TS %)
12.810.24b
17.700.54a
Water (W %)
87.190.99a
83.17±0.92b
a and b means in the same row followed by different letters are significantly
different (p<0.05 ).
The mean fat content of buffalo's milk in the present study ranged from
7.800.21, range of fat whereas the mean values obtained by (El-Sokkary & Hassan,
1949; Abd El_Salam& El_Shibiny, 1966 and Asker et al., 1974) was 7.14%. Also,
the total protein content of buffalo milk previously studied by (El-Sokkary &
Hassan, 1949; Dastur, 1956; Abd El_Salam & El_Shibiny, 1966) was higher in
buffalo milk.
The ash content (0.77%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in buffalo milk
than for cow milk (Table 2). These results are in agreement with the findings of
various authors (El-Sokkary & Hassan, 1949; Abd El_Salam& El_Shibiny, 1966
and Asker et al., 1974; Spanghero & Susmel, 1996 and Ahmed, et al 2008),
The total solids content of buffalo's milk being 17.7 %, was markedly higher
than that of cow milk (12.81%), which means an increase of solids in buffalo's milk of
4.89 g/Kg as compared to cow milk. These results were in agreement with those
reported (Abd El_Salam & El_Shibiny, 1966; Spanghero and Susmel, 1996;
Asker et al., 1974 and Ahmed, et al, 2008)
Table (3) shows the average composition of fat buffaloes and cows milk. Both
milk had the same fatty acid profile, but with variable differences in the individual
fatty acids present. C14:0, C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1 represent the major fatty acids
present in both milk. Buffalo's milk fat contained significantly (p<0.05) higher C16:0
and C18:0 fatty acids and concerning C18:1 was higher in cow's milk fat. C14:0
content was not significantly different in the two milks. The whole saturated fatty
acids contents of buffaloes milk (66.230.50) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than
that of cows milk fat. These results were in agreement with those of Soliman et al.
4
(1980), who obtained a whole value of C14:0 + C16:0 + C18:0 and of C18:1 in cow's
milk fat of 57.9 and 31.1%, respectively, and 61.3 and 32.9% for buffaloes milk fat,
respectively, but contrary to those reported by Haggag et al. (1987), being 18.4 and
23.0% for unsaturated fatty acids in cows and buffaloes milk, respectively. These
results are also in accordance with previous studies of Varrichio et al., 2007; Blasi et
al., 2008 and Ménard et al. (2010).
Table (3): The fatty acid composition of fat milk samples from different regions of
Qena. (Mean ± SE).
Fatty acids %
Cows "Baladi"
Buffalo
C6:0
1.800.19a
1.920.14a
C8:0
0.780.21a
0.860.09a
C10:0
3.200.40a
2.120.27b
C12:0
5.170.30a
4.610.20a
Unknown
0.650.32a
0.420.21b
C14:0
12.400.66a
11.460.50a
C14:1
1.580.17a
1.160.09a
C15:0
2.500.30a
2.290.37a
C16:0
25.690.57b
29.270.40a
C16:1
2.790.20a
1.770.23b
C18:0
8.830.76b
13.281.2a
C18.1
30.821.40ª
27.600.64b
C18.2
2.770.50a
2.280.30a
C18.3
1.0200.30a
0.961.20a
Total fatty acids%
100
100
Saturated %
62.121.25b
66.230.50a
Unsaturated%
37.881.55a
33.770.60b
Saturated:Unsaturated%
1.64 :1
1.96 :1
a and b means in the same row followed by different letters are significantly
different (p<0.05 ).
The short-chain fatty acid contents (C6:0 to C8:0) were not significantly
different in buffalo and cow milks (Table 3). Cow milks contained significantly
(p<0.05) lower amounts of medium chain fatty acids (C10:0). Regarding the long-
chain fatty acids, buffalo milks contained significantly (p<0.05) higher contents of
(C16:0) and (C18:0) than cow milks, while, cow milk contained significantly (p<0.05)
higher content of (C16:1 and C18:1) than buffalo milks. These results were similar to
those obtained by Varricchio et al. (2007), who found that saturated fatty acids
(65.5%) predominated in buffalo milk fat; monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty
acids were 27.0% and 4.5%, respectively.
Table 4 shows the content of Ca, P, Na, K, Fe and Pb in the ash (p.p.m.) of
baladi cow and buffalo’s milk.
5
Tables (4): Mineral contents in the ash of baladi cows and buffaloes milk in Qena
(p.p.m.). (Mean ± SE).
a and b means in the same row followed by different letters are significantly
different (p<0.05 ).
The levels of Ca, P, Na, K and Fe in the buffalo’s milk ash were significantly
higher (P<0.05) than those in the baladi cow milk ash. When these values in Table (4)
were expressed as (p.p.m.) in the ash of milk, all except that of Pb were also higher
(P<0.05) in buffalo’s milk. The most pronounced differences between the two types
of milk, when the mineral composition is expressed in terms of the quantities present
in a given volume of milk, are due to the different amounts of total solids in the two
types of milk, as mentioned previously. One of the main reasons why milk is
considered an exceptionally important food is its rich mineral content. These results
were in agreement with those reported (Satomi & Kunihiko, 2006; Ahmad et al.
2007; Ariota, et al. 2007; Hajirostamloo & Mahastie, 2008 and Ceballos, et al.
2009).
Conclusion
Egyptian buffalo’s milk contained higher solids, fat, protein and ash "Ca, K,
Na, P and Fe" contents than cow's milk in Qena governorate. Buffalo’s milk fat had
significantly higher total saturated "C16:0 and C18:0, and less total unsaturated and
C18:1 fatty acids in that of baladi cows milk.
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6
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... The average values of the composition of milk was in the normal renge for cow milk. Similar results reported by Hamad and Baiomy (2010) who found that the pH values of fresh cow milk ranged from 6.41 and 6.79 with an average of 6.65±0.191, and the specific density renged from 1.028 to 1.034 with an average of 1.0312±0.0008. ...
... This may be due to the Protein content in milk. Hamad and Baiomy [30] stated that the percentage of protein in milk represents 3.37%. While cobalt and chromium are positively charged ions, the majority of proteins are negatively charged. ...
... Milk is one of the most important and oldest foods. Mammalian species' milk consists of lactose, ash, fats, proteins, solids, and water (102)(103)(104)(105)(106)(107)(108)(109)(110)(111). Milk of different mammalian species, i.e., Panthera tigris, Ovis aries, Muntiacus muntjak, Homo sapiens, Equus caballus, Equus asinus, Equus africanus, Capra hircus, Capra aegagrus, Camelus dromedaries, Bubalus bubalis, and Bos taurus, is used to cure different sicknesses, i.e., enhance immunity, wound, whooping cough, skin burn, sexual power, red eyes, pain, muscular pain, jaundice, invigorative, hiccup, hepatitis, headache, gastritis, eye, diabetes, cough, cold, catarrh, and arthritis (7,18,26,82,84,(112)(113)(114)(115)(116)(117)(118)(119)(120)(121)(122)(123)(124)(125)(126). ...
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Introduction The utilization of fauna and fauna-based byproducts in ethnomedicinal usages has been a longstanding human activity, practiced across various cultures worldwide. This study focuses on investigating the utilization of animal-based traditional medicine by the people of Pakistan, specifically in the Gujranwala area. Methods Data collection took place from January to September 2019 through interviews with local communities. Ethnomedicinal applications of animal products were analyzed using several indices, including Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Relative Popularity Level (RPL), Folk Use Value (FL), and Relative Occurrence Percentage (ROP). Results The study identified the use of different body parts of 54 species of animals in treating various diseases and health issues. These include but are not limited to skin infections, sexual problems, pain management (e.g., in the backbone and joints), eyesight issues, immunity enhancement, cold, weakness, burns, smallpox, wounds, poisoning, muscular pain, arthritis, diabetes, fever, epilepsy, allergies, asthma, herpes, ear pain, paralysis, cough, swelling, cancer, bronchitis, girls’ maturity, and stomach-related problems. Certain species of fauna were noted by informers with high “frequency of citation” (FC), ranging from 1 to 77. For instance, the black cobra was the most frequently cited animal for eyesight issues (FC = 77), followed by the domestic rabbit for burn treatment (FC = 67), and the Indus Valley spiny-tailed ground lizard for sexual problems (FC = 66). Passer domesticus and Gallus gallus were noted to have the highest ROP value of 99. Discussion The findings of this study provide valuable preliminary insights for the conservation of fauna in the Gujranwala region of Punjab, Pakistan. Additionally, screening these animals for medicinally active compounds could potentially lead to the development of novel animal-based medications, contributing to both traditional medicine preservation and modern pharmaceutical advancements.
... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This work was supported by the National Science Fund at the Ministry of Education and Science of Bulgaria (Grant ФНИ№КП-06-Н56/3/10.11.2021) INTRODUCTION Milk is a complete and easily digestible food product that contains water, proteins, fats, milk sugar, mineral salts, enzymes, vitamins, hormones, immune bodies, etc. The consumption of 1.14l. of milk per day provides the daily needs of fat, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, half of the protein, one third of vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin and one quarter of the calories needed for an average individual(Hamad and Baiomy, 2010).Nikolov et al. (2011a) found in their studies of pooled milk obtained from the breeds of Bulgarian black-colored cattle and BulgarianRhodope cattle under extensive rearing and feeding with winter rations that there were no significant differences in terms of the content of dry fat-free residue, soluble protein, freezing temperature, pH and calcium content. The milk obtained from the cows of the Bulgarian ShortDop cattle breed has a significantly higher density (2.4%, Р < 0.05), fat content (27.9%, ...
... However, Kanwal, Ahmed (5) have indicated that sheep's milk contains a higher percentage of protein, fat, as well as minerals, and a lower percentage of lactose, in comparison with the cows, buffalos, and goats' milk. Hamad and Baiomy (6) have found that buffalos' milk is characterized by its higher content of total solids, fat, protein, and ash, compared to local cows' milk. ...
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In recent years, the consumption of milk and dairy products has dramatically increased in several parts of the world. Different livestock plays an essential role in global milk production. This study was designed to evaluate different chemical and physical components of milk in four groups of livestock, including cows, buffalos, sheep, and goats. To this end, 200 raw milk samples were collected from cows, buffalos, sheep, and goats (n=50) across Dhi-Qar Governorate, Iraq, for a period of one year (from 01.10.2018 to 01.06.2019). The findings showed sheep and buffalos' milk samples had a significantly higher percentage of total solids (TS%), compared to cows and goats' milk samples (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the TS% between sheep and buffalos' milk samples. Furthermore, the mean TS% values in cows, buffalos, sheep, and goats' milk samples were determined at 11.14%, 12.87%, 13.26%, and 11.33%, respectively. As for fat percentage (F%), buffalos' milk samples had significantly higher F% (4.80%), compared to milk samples of cows, sheep, and goats (P<0.05). Additionally, sheep's milk samples had significantly higher F% (P<0.05) than cows and goats' milk samples determined at 2.78%, 4.20%, and 2.98%, respectively. The findings showed the percentage of solids not fat (SNF%) was significantly higher in sheep's milk (8.97%), compared to milk samples of cows, buffalos, and goats (P<0.05). Additionally, it was found that the SNF% was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Buffalos' milk samples, compared to cows and goats' milk samples determined at 8.36%, 8.60%, and 8.35%, respectively. Moreover, the results revealed that the percentage of milk protein content in sheep's milk was significantly higher than the cows, buffalos, and goats' milk (P<0.05). Recorded data also showed no significant differences in the percentage of milk lactose among cows, buffalos, sheep, and goats' milk samples (P<0.05). Furthermore, the findings illustrated that the percentage of milk ash (Ash%) in sheep's milk samples was significantly higher than the cows, buffalos, as well as goats' milk samples (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among cows, buffalos, and goats' milk samples in the Ash% (P<0.05). In addition, there were no significant differences in the specific gravity among different milk samples (P<0.05). Finally, the results displayed no significant differences between cows and goats' milk samples in all the studied traits (P<0.05).
... Milk is one of the oldest foods (Wiley, 2015) and at the same time the most important one (Spreer, 1998). Milk of mammalian species consists of fats, proteins, lactose, ash, water, and solids (Guo et al., 2007;Hamad and Baiomy, 2010;Ballard and Morrow, 2013;Grădinaru et al., 2015;Merlin Junior et al., 2015;Getaneh et al., 2016;Kula and Tegegne, 2016;Abdullahi, 2019). Milk is utilized to cure a variety of sicknesses like hepatitis, measles, body pain, cancer, tuberculosis, diabetes, eye pain, whooping cough, cataract, sexual power, arthritis, and gastritis (Lev, 2003;WHO, 2005;Padmanabhan and Sujana, 2008;Alves et al., 2009;Benítez, 2011;Lohani, 2011b;Mishra et al., 2011;Yirga et al., 2011;Alves et al., 2012;Barros et al., 2012;Haileselasie, 2012;Martínez, 2013;Alonso-Castro, 2014;Betlloch Mas et al., 2014;Mootoosamy and Mahomoodally, 2014;Vijayakumar et al., 2015b;Borah and Prasad, 2017;Yeshi et al., 2017;Altaf et al., 2018;Aslam and Faiz, 2020). ...
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Background: The use of animals and animal-derived products in ethnopharmacological applications is an ancient human practice that continues in many regions today. The local people of the Himalayan region harbor rich traditional knowledge used to treat a variety of human ailments. The present study was intended with the aim of examining animal-based traditional medicine utilized by the population of the Himalayan region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Methods: Data were collected from 2017 to 2019 through individual and group interviews. Data on traditional uses of animal products were analyzed, utilizing following indices such as the frequency of citation, use value, relative importance, similarity index, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis to find the highly preferred species in the area. Results: Ethnomedicinal uses of 62 species of vertebrates and invertebrates were documented. Flesh, fat, bone, whole body, milk, skin, egg, head, feathers, bile, blood, and honey were all used in these applications. The uses of 25 animals are reported here for the first time from the study area (mainly insects and birds, including iconic species like the kalij pheasant, Lophura leucomelanos; Himalayan monal, L. impejanus; and western tragopon, Tragopan melanocephalus). The diversity and range of animal-based medicines utilized in these communities are indications of their strong connections with local ecosystems. Conclusion: Our results provide baseline data valuable for the conservation of vertebrate and invertebrate diversity in the region of Himalayan of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. It is possible that screening this fauna for medicinally active chemicals could contribute to the development of new animal-based drugs.
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