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Cinquante ans de recherche à l’EBSI : portrait scientométrique de la dynamique de recherche au sein du corps professoral
Abstract
Dans le cadre des activités visant à souligner le 50e anniversaire de l’intégration de l’École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l’information (EBSI) à l’Université de Montréal, cet article retrace l'évolution de la recherche réalisée à l’EBSI sous un angle inédit, celui de l’analyse scientométrique des activités de recherche du corps professoral. Ce faisant, il est possible non seulement de décrire mais aussi de montrer l’évolution de la dynamique en recherche à l’École telle que représentée, par exemple, par les réseaux de collaboration et les thématiques de recherche.
En 2011, l’École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l’information (EBSI) célébrait 50 ans d’intégration à l’Université de Montréal. Au cours de cette période, l’École a offert successivement six programmes d’études principaux : un programme de baccalauréat de 1961 à 1970 et cinq programmes de maîtrise depuis, le plus récent implanté en 2009. Le présent article précise d’abord les facteurs qui mènent à la restructuration ou au remplacement d’un programme d’études et explique les étapes du processus. Il décrit brièvement la structure de chacun des programmes et compare la liste des cours obligatoires qui en était une composante importante. Il évoque finalement quelques-uns des défis auxquels sont confrontés les responsables de la formation des futurs professionnels des sciences de l’information.
Co-word linkages among documents have been proposed as an alternative to citations and co-citations to indicate (“map”) how documents are related. From this study, it appears that the co-word structure of citing documents is about the same as that of cited documents for a set of biochemistry articles. This co-word structure reflects the intellectual structure of the document set and the intellectual organization of the work of related groups of authors, as can be validated against the results of an independent document analysis. It will be argued that given the condition of a restricted document set, the document structure, in terms of attributed word-word associations in the titles of scientific articles, provides us with a tool for the description of intellectual organization. Since most science studies and nearly all science policy studies use institutionally defined sets of documents, this instrument could have a wide range of applications.
A basic dichotomy is generally made between publication practices in the natural sciences and engineering (NSE) on the one hand and social sciences and humanities (SSH) on the other. However, while researchers in the NSE share some common practices with researchers in SSH, the spectrum of practices is broader in the latter. Drawing on data from the CD-ROM versions of the Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index from 1980 to 2002, this paper compares collaboration patterns in the SSH to those in the NSE. We show that, contrary to a widely held belief, researchers in the social sciences and the humanities do not form a homogeneous category. In fact, collaborative activities of researchers in the social sciences are more comparable to those of researchers in the NSE than in the humanities. Also, we see that language and geographical proximity influences the choice of collaborators in the SSH, but also in the NSE. This empirical analysis, which sheds a new light on the collaborative activities of researchers in the NSE compared to those in the SSH, may have policy implications as granting councils in these fields have a tendency to imitate programs developed for the NSE, without always taking into account the specificity of the humanities.
L’École de bibliothéconomie a été fondée en 1961 pour fournir au Québec et au Canada de langue française des bibliothécaires professionnels dans un premier temps, puis dans les décennies suivantes, des professionnels de l’information et des archivistes. Après plus de quatre décennies de fonctionnement, on peut maintenant dire qu’elle a atteint une maturité certaine. L’objectif de ce texte est de souligner les points importants de son évolution et de montrer sa contribution à la formation du personnel professionnel en bibliothéconomie, en sciences de l’information et en archivistique au Québec, au Canada de langue française et dans la francophonie, depuis plus de quarante ans.
The intuitive background for measures of structural centrality in social networks is reviewed and existing measures are evaluated in terms of their consistency with intuitions and their interpretability.
This paper offers an impressionistic assessment of the major centripetal and centrifugal forces recontouring the landscape of information studies education. The focus is North America, though some of the trends described find their echo in other contexts. The paper considers the health of the field in terms of its (a) critical mass, (b) coherence, (c) credibility, and (d) creativity, and speculates on its likely future constitution.
The scientific study of networks, including computer networks, social networks, and biological networks, has received an enormous amount of interest in the last few years. The rise of the Internet and the wide availability of inexpensive computers have made it possible to gather and analyze network data on a large scale, and the development of a variety of new theoretical tools has allowed us to extract new knowledge from many different kinds of networks. The study of networks is broadly interdisciplinary and important developments have occurred in many fields, including mathematics, physics, computer and information sciences, biology, and the social sciences. This book brings together the most important breakthroughs in each of these fields and presents them in a coherent fashion, highlighting the strong interconnections between work in different areas. Subjects covered include the measurement and structure of networks in many branches of science, methods for analyzing network data, including methods developed in physics, statistics, and sociology, the fundamentals of graph theory, computer algorithms, and spectral methods, mathematical models of networks, including random graph models and generative models, and theories of dynamical processes taking place on networks.
This paper presents a condensed history of Library and Information Science (LIS) over the course of more than a century using a variety of bibliometric measures. It examines in detail the variable rate of knowledge production in the field, shifts in subject coverage, the dominance of particular publication genres at different times, prevailing modes of production, interactions with other disciplines, and, more generally, observes how the field has evolved. It shows that, despite a striking growth in the number of journals, papers, and contributing authors, a decrease was observed in the field's market-share of all social science and humanities research. Collaborative authorship is now the norm, a pattern seen across the social sciences. The idea of boundary crossing was also examined: in 2010, nearly 60% of authors who published in LIS also published in another discipline. This high degree of permeability in LIS was also demonstrated through reference and citation practices: LIS scholars now cite and receive citations from other fields more than from LIS itself. Two major structural shifts are revealed in the data: in 1960, LIS changed from a professional field focused on librarianship to an academic field focused on information and use; and in 1990, LIS began to receive a growing number of citations from outside the field, notably from Computer Science and Management, and saw a dramatic increase in the number of authors contributing to the literature of the field.
This study comprises a suite of analyses of words in article titles in order to reveal the cognitive structure of Library and Information Science (LIS). The use of title words to elucidate the cognitive structure of LIS has been relatively neglected. The present study addresses this gap by performing (a) co-word analysis and hierarchical clustering, (b) multidimensional scaling, and (c) determination of trends in usage of terms. The study is based on 10,344 articles published between 1988 and 2007 in 16 LIS journals. Methodologically, novel aspects of this study are: (a) its large scale, (b) removal of non-specific title words based on the “word concentration” measure (c) identification of the most frequent terms that include both single words and phrases, and (d) presentation of the relative frequencies of terms using “heatmaps”. Conceptually, our analysis reveals that LIS consists of three main branches: the traditionally recognized library-related and information-related branches, plus an equally distinct bibliometrics/scientometrics branch. The three branches focus on: libraries, information, and science, respectively. In addition, our study identifies substructures within each branch. We also tentatively identify “information seeking behavior” as a branch that is establishing itself separate from the three main branches. Furthermore, we find that cognitive concepts in LIS evolve continuously, with no stasis since 1992. The most rapid development occurred between 1998 and 2001, influenced by the increased focus on the Internet. The change in the cognitive landscape is found to be driven by the emergence of new information technologies, and the retirement of old ones.
The intuitive background for measures of structural centrality in social networks is reviewed and existing measures are evaluated in terms of their consistency with intuitions and their interpretability.Three distinct intuitive conceptions of centrality are uncovered and existing measures are refined to embody these conceptions. Three measures are developed for each concept, one absolute and one relative measure of the centrality of positions in a network, and one reflecting the degree of centralization of the entire network. The implications of these measures for the experimental study of small groups is examined.
Using the participation in peer reviewed publications of all doctoral
students in Quebec over the 2000-2007 period this paper provides the first
large scale analysis of their research effort. It shows that PhD students
contribute to about a third of the publication output of the province, with
doctoral students in the natural and medical sciences being present in a higher
proportion of papers published than their colleagues of the social sciences and
humanities. Collaboration is an important component of this socialization:
disciplines in which student collaboration is higher are also those in which
doctoral students are the most involved in peer-reviewed publications. In terms
of scientific impact, papers co-signed by doctorate students obtain
significantly lower citation rates than other Quebec papers, except in natural
sciences and engineering. Finally, this paper shows that involving doctoral
students in publications is positively linked with degree completion and
ulterior career in research.
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