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Metazoan Endoparasites of 13 Species of Central American Anoles (Sauria: Polychrotidae: Anolis) with a Review of the Helminth Communities of Caribbean, Mexican, North American, and South American Anoles
Abstract
Four hundred twenty-six specimens representing 13 species of Anolis, A. auratus, A. biporcatus, A. capito, A. frenatus, A. humilis, A. limifrons, A. lionotus, A. pachypus, A. pentaprion, A. poecilopus, A. townsendi, A. tropidogaster, and A. woodi, from Central America were examined for metazoan endoparasites. Five species of Digenea (Brachycoelium salamandrae, Mesocoelium monas, Parallopharynx arctus, Parallopharynx gonzalezi, and Urotrema shirleyae), 2 species of Cestoda (Mathevotaenia panamaensis and tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp.), 18 species of Nematoda (mature individuals of Africana telfordi, Cosmocercoides variabilis, Cyrtosomum penneri, Entomelas duellmani, Falcaustra costaricae, Hedruris heyeri, Oswaldocruzia nicaraguensis, Oswaldofilaria brevicaudata, Parapharyngodon cubensis, Physaloptera retusa, Piratuba digiticauda, Rhabdias anolis, Rhabdias nicaraguensis, Skrjabinelazia galliardi, Skrjabinelazia intermedia, Spauligodon anolis, Strongyluris panamaensis, and ascaridid larvae), 3 species of Acanthocephala (Acanthocephalus saurius and centrorhynchid and oligacanthorhynchid cystacanths), and 1 species of Pentastomida (nymphs of Kiricephalus sp.) were found. Fifty-five new host records and 3 new locality records are reported. Central American anoles harbor generalist helminths that infect a broad spectrum of amphibian and reptilian hosts. The component helminth community of Central American anoles is distinct from the component helminth community reported for Caribbean, Mexican, North American, and South American anole populations.
... However, recently McAllister et al. (2018) suggested that there is a two-host life cycle based on the finding of pre-tetrathyridial larvae in the coelomic cavity of a ground skink (Scincella lateralis). Albeit there are myriad species recorded as intermediate hosts of Mesocestoides spp., its prevalence is frequently low (~7%) (Bursey et al. 2012;Jesudoss Chelladurai & Brewer 2021). Moreover, this tapeworm has been recorded in domestic dogs and cats as definitive hosts, and as accidental hosts harboring tetrathyridia in the peritoneal cavity, causing the so-called peritoneal larval cestodiasis, which could lead to a fatal outcome (Jesudoss Chelladurai & Brewer 2021). ...
... lineatus" from Argentina (Fugassa, 2020) and Chile (Oyarzún-Ruiz et al. -Tisoc et al. 2020). In addition, tetrathyridia have been found parasitizing lizards from Argentina (García et al. 2015), Brazil (Justo et al. 2017), Costa Rica, and Nicaragua (Bursey et al. 2012). However, none of these studies supported the morphological diagnoses with genetic evidence. ...
... In consequence, this study represents the first report related to its helminth fauna. Moreover, although there are records of tetrathyridia in other Neotropical reptiles (Bursey et al. 2012;García et al. 2015;Justo et al. 2017), this is the first mention of Liolaemus species acting as the intermediate host of Mesocestoides, expanding the spectrum of intermediate hosts in this region. Furthermore, this is the first attempt to molecularly characterize a tapeworm of genus Mesocestoides from the Neotropics and the third study reporting sequences from a lizard (McAllister et al. 2018;Berrilli & Simbula 2020). ...
Mesocestoides is a controversial tapeworm with significant lack of data related to systematics and life cycles. This helminth has an indirect life cycle with vertebrates, mostly carnivorous mammals, as definitive hosts. Theoretically, a coprophagous arthropod would be the first intermediate host, and herptiles, mammals, and birds, which prey on these insects, would represent the second intermediate hosts. However, recent evidence suggests that this life cycle would require only two hosts, with no arthropods involved. In the Neotropics, although there are records of mammals and reptiles as hosts for Mescocestoides, no molecular analyses have been performed. This work aimed to record an additional intermediate host and molecularly characterize the isolated larvae. Thus, 18 braided tree iguanas (Liolaemus platei) from Northern Chile were collected and dissected during 2019. One lizard was parasitized by three morphotypes of larvae compatible with tetrathyridia of Mescocestoides. To achieve its specific identity, a molecular approach was performed: 18S rRNA and 12S rRNA loci were amplified through cPCR. The inferred phylogenies confirmed the morphological diagnosis and stated that all morphotypes were conspecifics. The sequences for both loci formed a monophyletic clade with high nodal support, representing a sister taxon to Mescocestoides clade C. This study represents the first molecular characterization of any taxon of Mescocestoides from the Neotropics. Future surveys from potential definitive hosts would help to elucidate its life cycle. Furthermore, an integrative taxonomic approach is required in additional studies from the Neotropical region, which would contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships of this genus.
... Other reported hosts of genus: Various lizards of the families Agamidae, Anguidae, Anniellidae, Chamaelionidae, Dactyloidae, Diploglossidae, Iguanidae, Gekkonidae, Phrynosomatidae, Scincidae, Teiidae, and Xantusidae; there are few reports from snakes (see Baker, 1987;Bursey et al., 2012;Falk and Perkins, 2013). (Baker, 1987;Mašová et al., 2009;Bursey et al., 2012;Falk and Perkins, 2013). ...
... Other reported hosts of genus: Various lizards of the families Agamidae, Anguidae, Anniellidae, Chamaelionidae, Dactyloidae, Diploglossidae, Iguanidae, Gekkonidae, Phrynosomatidae, Scincidae, Teiidae, and Xantusidae; there are few reports from snakes (see Baker, 1987;Bursey et al., 2012;Falk and Perkins, 2013). (Baker, 1987;Mašová et al., 2009;Bursey et al., 2012;Falk and Perkins, 2013). ...
... Other reported hosts: Summarized by Bursey et al. (2012). ...
Between March 2004 and December 2006, and again between March 2010 and June 2013, we examined a total of 70 individual herpetofaunal members from 9 counties and 4 biotic provinces of Texas for coccidians, helminths, and ectoparasites. Twenty-three of 42 (55%) of the amphibians and four of 28 (14%) of the reptiles were infected/infested including Great Plains narrowmouth toad (Gastrophryne olivacea) with Aplectana incerta; Coastal Plain toad (Incilius nebulifer) with A. incerta and Mesocoelium cf. monodi; Rio Grande leopard frog (Lithobates berlandieri) and Plains leopard frog (Lithobates blairi) with Hannemania dunni; spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) with acuariid larvae; prairie kingsnake (Lampropeltis calligaster calligaster) with Caryospora duszynskii; Texas blind snake (Rena dulcis) with Parapharyngodon sp.; Texas banded gecko (Coleonyx brevis) with Spauligodon sp.; and Texas patchnose snake (Salvadora grahamiae lineata) multiply infected with Renifer aniarum, Spauligodon goldbergi, and an acanthocephalan cystacanth. Eight new host and 2 new distributional records are reported herein.
... (Bolette 1997) and coachwhip, Coluber flagellum . Bursey et al. (2012) provided a summary of other hosts including amphibians and reptiles from the Asian, Australo-Papuan, Ethiopian, Nearctic, Neotropical, and Palearctic zoogeographical regions. Criscione and Font (2001a) reported Mesocestoides lineatus Goeze, 1782 from introduced H. turcicus in Louisiana. ...
... The only previous report of P. cubensis from Texas was McAllister et al. (1991c) who reported it in the roughtail gecko, Cyrtopodion scabrum. There are numerous other hosts as this nematode is broadly distributed in the Caribbean (see recent host list in Bursey et al. 2012). In addition, a more recent report by Falk and Perkins (2013) reported P. cubensis from Saint Croix's anole, Anolis acutus, Anolis cristatellus, emerald anole, Anolis evermanni, yellow chinned anole, Anolis gundlachi, Puerto Rican bush anole, Anolis pulchellus, spotted anole, Anolis stratulus, and big-scaled least gecko, Sphaerodactylus macrolepis. ...
... There are additional reports from Texas reptiles including H. turcicus (Harwood 1930), slender glass lizard, Ophisaurus attenuatus (Harwood 1930), P. fasciatus (Harwood 1932); S. consobrinus (Goldberg et al. 1995), ground skink, Scincella lateralis (Harwood 1932;McAllister et al. 2014), eastern hognose snake, Heterodon platirhinos, Texas coral snake, Micrurus tener, brown snake, Storeria dekayi, three-toed box turtle, Terrapene carolina triunguis, and ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata (Harwood 1932). McAllister et al. (2013) recently summarized additional hosts of C. variabilis and its geographic range includes four states in the United States, four provinces of Canada, Baja California Norte, México, Costa Rica, and Panama (see Bursey et al. 2012;McAllister et al. 2013). This is the third report of C. variabilis from H. turcicus (Harwood 1930;Criscione and Font 2001a) and the second from a population of H. turcicus in Texas (Harwood 1932). ...
One hundred-thirty six Mediterranean geckos, Hemidactylus turcicus, were collected between December 1986 and March 2016 in Hardin (n = 7), Harris (n = 57), and Tom Green (n = 72) counties, Texas, USA., and examined for helminth parasites. Fifty-two H. turcicus (38%) were infected with at least one helminth species. Found were a trematode, Mesocoelium meggitti, three cestodes, Mesocestoides sp. (tetrathyridia), Oochoristica ameivae and Oochoristica scelopori, and four nematodes, Cosmocercoides variabilis, Oswaldocruzia pipiens, Parapharyngodon cubensis, and larvae of Physaloptera sp. Oochoristica ameivae, O. scelopori, P. cubensis, Physaloptera sp., and Os. pipiens represent new host records for H. turcicus and M. meggitti is reported from Texas for the first time. A summary of the helminth parasites of both native and non-native H. turcicus is presented.
... Our work is the first helminthological study for the Lesser Scaly Anole, Anolis uniformis (see Bursey et al., 2012). We found that in Los Tuxtlas, southern Mexico, these anoles are infected by up to eight taxa: one acanthocephalan and seven nematodes (Table 2). ...
... We found that in Los Tuxtlas, southern Mexico, these anoles are infected by up to eight taxa: one acanthocephalan and seven nematodes (Table 2). This number of taxa is higher than the average richness reported by Bursey et al. (2012) in Central American anole species (mean = 5.92 ± 3.95 SD). ...
... Similarly, Aplectana can infect the final host orally and via skin penetration (Anderson, 2000). Aplectana are common parasites of amphibians and their presence in A. uniformis might be the product of an accidental infection as our report represents the first record of the genus in anoles and both, prevalence and abundance of worms were very low (see Table 2 and Bursey et al., 2012). ...
The anole lizards represent a conspicuous group of vertebrates due to their high species number and abundance in different habitats. Despite the high richness of anoles in Mexico (48 species), to date only a few studies have been performed on their ecology. Because different groups of parasites can provide ecological information on their hosts, we studied the helminths parasitizing Anolis uniformis, one of the most common anoles from southern Mexico. We examined individuals from the tropical rainforest in Laguna Escondida, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz and we found eight parasitic taxa: seven nematodes (Acuariidae gen. sp., Aplectana sp., Oswaldocruzia sp., Physocephalus sp., Piratuba sp., Rhabdias tobagoensis, and Strongyluris panamaensis) and one acanthocephalan (Centrorhynchus sp.). All taxa represent new records for the host. Additionally, the genera Centrorhynchus, Oswaldocruzia, Physocephalus and Strongyluris are new records for Mexican anoles, while the genus Aplectana is a new record for all anoles. At the genus level, the taxonomical composition of the helminth fauna of A. uniformis is similar to that reported for Central and South American anoles. The life cycles of the parasites found suggest that these lizards may acquire most nematodes from the forest floor while hiding. Life cycles also support that A. uniformis has a mainly insectivorous diet and reflect the presence of mosquitoes that transmit microfilariae to the lizards when feed on their blood.
... Other reported hosts: There are many amphibians but fewer reptilian hosts of B. salamandrae (recently summarized by Bursey et al., 2012). ...
... Geographic range: U.S.A.: Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Canada: British Columbia (see Bursey et al., 2012;McAllister et al., 2013a). ...
... Other reported hosts: There are numerous other hosts and they are summarized by Bursey et al. (2012) and McAllister, Bursey, Connior, and Trauth (2013). Bursey et al., 2012). ...
Forty-seven dark-sided salamanders (Eurycea longicauda melanopleura) were collected from 5 counties of northern Arkansas and examined for helminth parasites. Twenty-four (51%) were infected with 1 or more helminths, including 8 (17%) with Brachycoelium salamandrae, 8 (17%) with Bothriocephalus rarus, 3 (6%) with Omeia papillocauda, 5 (11%) with Oswaldocruzia euryceae, 1 (2%) with Desmognathinema nanthalaensis, 1 (2%) with Cosmocercoides variabilis, and 2 (4%) with Amphibiocapillaria tritonispunctati. Five (11%) were concurrently infected with various helminths. We document new host records for the digenean B. salamandrae and the nematodes A. tritonispunctati, D. nanthalaensis, and O. papillocauda.
... Geographic range: All biogeographic regions except Palearctic region (see Bursey et al., 2012). ...
... Remarks: This is the second report of M. monas from Arkansas. In addition, hundreds of other host species have been previously reported for M. monas, including fishes, frogs, toads, lizards, snakes, and tortoises (see Bursey et al., 2012). Pseudacris fouquettei is a new host for M. monas. ...
... Other reported hosts: There are many other amphibian and reptilian hosts; see recent summation by Bursey et al. (2012). ...
Nineteen adult Cajun chorus frogs, Pseudacris fouquettei, were collected in Union County, Arkansas, U.S.A. (n = 14), and Bowie County, Texas, U.S.A. (n = 5), and examined for parasites and symbiotic protozoa. All 19 frogs were infected with 1 or more species, including 18 (95%) with Opalina sp., 15 (79%) with Nyctotherus cordiformis, 6 (32%) with Myxidium melleni, 1 (5%) with Mesocoelium monas, 1 (5%) with an unidentified acuariid larva, 1 (5%) with Physaloptera sp. (third stage larva), 3 (16%) with Oswaldocruzia leidyi, and 2 (11%) with Cosmocercoides variabilis. Multiple infections with both protists and helminths were observed in 5 (26%) of the P. fouquettei. We document new host records for Opalina sp., N. cordiformis, Me. monas, Acuariidae gen. sp., Physaloptera sp., and O. leidyi; new distributional records are reported for My. melleni (Arkansas) and O. leidyi (Arkansas and Texas).
... Other reported hosts: There are numerous amphibians, but fewer reptilian hosts of B. salamandrae; those were recently summarized by Bursey et al. (2012). ...
... Geographic range: This digenean has been reported from various localities in the Northern Hemisphere (Bursey et al., 2012). In North America, B. salamandrae has been reported previously from Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, and British Columbia, Canada (Moravec, 1984;see Bursey et al., 2012) and Veracruz, Mexico (Goldberg, Bursey, and Camarillo-Rangel, 1999). ...
... In addition, Byrd (1937) described Brachycoelium ovale from S. lateralis from Louisiana and South Carolina and reported B. daviesi from ground skinks from Louisiana. Rabalais (1970) and Prudhoe and Bray (1982) favored a monospecific genus, and authors of more recent reports (Bursey et al., 2012;McAllister, Bursey, Robison et al., 2013) have assigned their Prevalence and intensity: 2/75 (3%) overall; 2/55 (4%) Arkansas: 2/6 (33%) Ouachita County; 10 and 1 tapeworm. ...
Seventy-five ground skinks, Scincella lateralis from 13 counties in Arkansas (n = 55) and McCurtain County, Oklahoma (n = 20) were collected and examined for helminth and arthropod parasites. Thirty-nine (52%) harbored 1 or more helminth or ectoparasite, including 3 (4%) with the trematode Brachycoelium salamandrae, 2 (3%) with the cestode Oochoristica eumecis, 2 (3%) with acuariid nematode larvae, 15 (20%) with the nematode Oswaldocruzia pipiens, 26 (35%) with the spirurid nematode Physaloptera squamatae, and 2 (3%) with ticks, Ixodes scapularis. Eleven (15%) were concurrently infected with P. squamatae and O. pipiens; O. eumecis and O. pipiens; B. salamandrae and larval acuariids; B. salamandrae and P. squamatae or O. pipiens; or I. scapularis and O. pipiens and/or P. squamatae. We document new host records for O. eumecis and acuariid larvae, and new distributional records are reported for O. eumecis, acuariid larvae, and P. squamatae. In addition, a summary of the helminth and arthropod parasites of S. lateralis is reported.
... Representatives of this group of parasites were recorded infecting anoles from N. auratus group as N. sagrei (Duméril and Bibron, 1837) (Goldberg and Bursey, 2000), N. limifrons (Cope, 1862) , N. uniformis (Cope, 1885) (Cabrera-Guzman and Garrido-Olvera, 2014), N. chrysolepis (Duméril and Bibron, 1837) (N. nitens) (Goldberg et al., 2010), N. capito (Peters, 1863, N. humilis (Peters, 1863), and N. pachypus (Cope, 1875), presenting the latter, their prevalence rates: 15.2%, 5.7% and 14.3% (Bursey et al., 2012), to another group of the same genus, as N. lineatopus (Gray, 1840) . Once infected, lizards become paratenic to be preyed upon by a definitive host (e.g., birds and mammals) (Anderson, 2000). ...
... In the N. auratus group, this nematode had already been reported to Norops nitens (McAllister et al., 2010), N. lionotus (Cope, 1861), N. humilis andN. cupreus (Hallowell, 1860) (Bursey and Brooks, 2010), N. biporcatus (Wiegmann, 1834) and N. capito with prevalence of 2.3% and 6.1% for the last two, respectively (Bursey et al., 2012) and N. brasiliensis (Vanzolini and Williams, 1970;Amorim and Ávila, 2019). Relative to N. fuscoauratus, three studies were carried out reporting the occurrence of this species in the digestive tract. ...
The composition of macro endoparasites associated with the lizard Norops fuscoauratus (Squamata) was analysed in two localities in the Atlantic Forest on the northeast of Brazil between December 2012 and July 2015. 74 specimens of N. fuscoauratus were examined and five species of helminths were reported, being: (a) for the population of Pernambuco: Cystacanth (Prevalence=37.5%), Physaloptera retusa Rudolphi, 1819 (Prevalence=4.16%), larva of flatworm (Prevalence=2.08%), Rhabdias sp. (Prevalence=2.08%) and Strongyluris oscari Travassos, 1923 (Prevalence=2.08%), and (b) of Alagoas: S. oscari (Prevalence=17.85%) and Rhabdias sp. (Prevalence=3.57%). The differences in the composition of endoparasites in the two populations are attributed to individualities of environments occupied by the lizards. The collection period does not influence the abundance of parasites, but when associated with sex, there was a positive correlation with the abundance of helminths, with more females than males being infected with parasites in the rainy season.
... We found 23 Cosmocercoides variabilis nematodes (8 males, 15 females, 4.0 ± 3.6, 1-8) in the lower intestinal tract of Southern Toad. Cosmocercoides variabilis is a very common intestinal parasite of North American amphibians and reptiles (see recent summation by Bursey et al. 2012). In Florida, C. variabilis has been reported from Southern Toad (Walton 1940) and Oak Toad (Hamilton 1955 Bursey et al. 2012, Connior et al. 2015. ...
... Cosmocercoides variabilis is a very common intestinal parasite of North American amphibians and reptiles (see recent summation by Bursey et al. 2012). In Florida, C. variabilis has been reported from Southern Toad (Walton 1940) and Oak Toad (Hamilton 1955 Bursey et al. 2012, Connior et al. 2015. We report C. variabilis in Southern Toad for the second time. ...
We collected 18 Anaxyrus terrestris (Southern Toad) in March and May 2014 and July 2015 from Topsail Hill Preserve State Park, Walton County, FL, and examined them for helminth and arthropod parasites. Fourteen toads (78%) were infected or infested with parasites as follows: 2 (11%) with Megalodiscus temperatus, 1 (6%) with tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp., 3 (17%) with Cylindrotaenia americana, 2 (11%) with 3rd-stage larval Physaloptera sp., 9 (50%) with Cosmocercoides variabilis, 10 (55%) with Oswaldocruzia pipiens, and 2 (11%) with larval Hannemania hegeneri chigger mites. We observed multiple infections/infestations of helminths and/or arthropods in 7 (39%) of these hosts. Herein, we report 5 new host and 2 new geographic-distribution records.
... Tetrathyridia are commonly found in the body cavities of amphibians, reptiles, and rodents (Padgett and Boyce, 2004). A summary of hosts will be found in Bursey et al. (2012). Heremites vittatus represents a new host record for tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp. ...
... In the American continent, Physaloptera spp. stands out as one of the most commonly reported gastrointestinal nematodes in lizards mostly due to the records of the euryxenous species P. retusa Rudolphi, 1819, which has been found in several families of Squamata including few records in snakes and amphisbaenians (Á vila & Silva, 2010;Bursey et al., 2012;Ocampo-Salinas et al., 2021). Physaloptera lutzi Cristofaro, Guimarães & Rodrigues, 1976, yet restricted to South America, is the second Physaloptera species in number of reports in New World lizards (Á vila & Silva, 2010;Vieira et al., 2019). ...
Despite being the two most recorded species of Physaloptera from lizards in the Americas, P. retusa and P. lutzi are either incompletely described or have accumulated inaccurate morphological data through the years. Here, we redescribe both species from Tropidurus torquatus in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, including evaluation of specimens from the Coleção Helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. In P. retusa, the presence and location of amphids, presence and pattern of porous areas on pseudolabia, detailed pattern of cuticular ornamentations on ventral surface of the caudal bursa, structure of cloacal labia, presence of dome-shaped elevation between the last pair of postcloacal papillae and location of phasmids in males, were revealed for the first time. Additional morphometric data are also provided. In P. lutzi, the detailed morphological analysis revealed for the first time, porous areas on pseudolabia, as well as presence of amphids, phasmids, and the detailed ornamentation and papillae arrangement on the male bursa. Also, the presence of an internal tripartite and an external triangular labial tooth in the specimens were observed to be constant, diverging from the assertions by other authors. Finally, in P. lutzi was possible to observe that deirids are consistently located close to muscular oesophagus base with excretory pore slightly posterior to it, and the vulva is always close to anal aperture. The present observations confirmed the validity of P. lutzi and strengthened its taxonomic diagnosis. An up-to-date list of records of both species is provided, including a brief discussion on their host spectrum and geographic range.
... New species-distribution records are potentially useful to many areas of scientific research. Precise, vouchered distribution data can aid in the development of rigorous species distribution models (Boitani et al. 2011;Hermoso et al. 2015), improve speciesfocused management plans and reserve design (Rondinini et al. 2006;Guisan et al. 2013), enhance the spatial resolution of withinspecies variation and species delimitation (Folt et al. 2016;Kuchta et al. 2016;Wray et al. 2017), and can supply the raw material for studies on parasite diversity and distribution (Goldberg et al. 1997;Bursey et al. 2012;Carlson et al. 2017), among others. ...
... Other reported lizard hosts: According to Bursey et al. (2012), Mesocestoides sp. of reptile hosts is distributed in 6 geographic regions: Neotropical region: Bighead anole, Anolis capito ; Humble anole, Anolis humilis ; Banded Tree anole, Anolis transversalis ; Haseman's gecko, Gonatodes hasemani (Goldberg et al., 2010); rustyhead snake, Amastridium veliferum ; Linnaeus sipo, Chironius exoletus ; Ecuador sipo, Chironius grandisquamis ; road guarder, Conopsis lineatus ; yellowbelly snake, Coniophanes fissidens (Goldberg and Bursey, 2007a); South American forest racer, Dendrophidion pericarinatum ; barred forest racer, Dendrophidion vinitor ; speckled whipsnake, Drymobius margaritiferus ; Jans false coral snake, Erythrolampus bizona ; blunt-headed tree snake, Imantoides cenchoa (Goldberg and Bursey, 2009a); northern cat-eyed snake, Leptodeira septentrionalis (Goldberg and Bursey, 2009b); Neotropical whip snake, Masticophis mentovarius ; Central American coral snake, Micrurus nigrocinctus ; adorned graceful brown snake, Rhadinea decorata (Goldberg and Bursey, 2007a); Mexican lyre snake, Trimorphodon tau ; ringed glasstail, Urotheca euryzona (Goldberg and Bursey, 2007a); false fer-de-lance, Xenodon rabdocephalus (Goldberg and Bursey, 2007a). Australo-Papuan region: Kotuni callullops frog, Callulops humicola (Moravec, 1990); Palau wrinkled ground frog, Platymantis pelewensis (Bursey and Goldberg, 2004); ring-tailed gecko, Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (Bursey et al., 2005a); Burton's snake-lizard, Lialis burtonis (Hill, 1895). ...
Sixty-eight lizards representing 4 species (Aspidoscelis mexicanus, Sceloporus horridus, Sceloporus ochoterenae, and Urosaurus bicarinatus) collected from the locality of Santiago Tamazola in the Mixteca Region of Oaxaca, Mexico were examined for gastrointestinal helminths. One species of Cestoda, Mesocestoides sp. (tetrathyridium larvae), and 2 species of Nematoda, Physaloptera retusa and Spauligodon garciaprietoi were found. Physaloptera retusa had the highest prevalence (85%) in S. horridus and was found parasitizing all 4 lizard species, and S. garciaprietoi had the most numerous helminth (n = 626) in A. mexicanus. The helminths are generalist and have indirect life cycles with the exception of S. garciaprietoi. We provided new host and distribution records for the 3 helminth species (Mesocestoides sp., P. retusa, and S. garciaprietoi) and present the first helminth reports for S. horridus, S. ochoterenae, and U. bicarinatus. Further, Mesocestoides sp. tetrathyridia is reported for the first time in Oaxaca State. This work contributes to the helminth fauna associated with lizards from Mexico.
... It is possible that cystacanths of Centrorhynchus sp. were acquired through prey consumption and N. fuscoauratus may act as a paratenic host (Martin et al., 2005;Cabrera-Guzmán & Garrido-Olvera, 2014). Mesocoelium monas have been reported in the intestine of several amphibians and reptiles (Goldberg & Bursey, 2008;Ávila & Silva, 2010;Bursey et al., 2012), including N. brasiliensis in humid forests in Ceará state (Amorim & Ávila, 2019) and N. fuscoauratus from the Amazon (Ávila & Silva, 2013). Cyrtosomum sp. was also reported in lizards from the family Dactyloidae, such as Cyrtosomum longicaudatum in Dactyloa punctata and Dactyloa transversalis (Goldberg et al., 2006b), but this is the first record of Centrorhynchus spp. in the lizard genus Norops. ...
Helminthological studies may contribute with valuable information on host biology and conservation. Herein, we provide new data on helminths infecting the lizard Norops fuscoauratus , testing one of the factors considered most important in parasitic ecology: host size. We analysed 25 specimens of N. fuscoauratus from three highland marshes in the Brazilian semi-arid. Eight taxa of helminths belonging to Nematoda, Trematoda and Acanthocephala were found. Physaloptera sp. showed the higher prevalence (40%), with a mean intensity of infection of 3.3 ± 1.46 (1–16) and mean abundance 1.32 ± 0.65 (0–16). Norops fuscoauratus represents four new host records for the helminths Cyrtosomum sp., Pharyngodon travassosi , Strongyloides sp. and Centrorhynchus sp. There is no relationship of host body size ( P = 0.79) and mass ( P = 0.50) with parasite richness. In addition, the present study contributes to the knowledge of the parasitic fauna of N. fuscoauratus and the Neotropical region.
... New species-distribution records are potentially useful to many areas of scientific research. Precise, vouchered distribution data can aid in the development of rigorous species distribution models (Boitani et al. 2011;Hermoso et al. 2015), improve speciesfocused management plans and reserve design (Rondinini et al. 2006;Guisan et al. 2013), enhance the spatial resolution of withinspecies variation and species delimitation (Folt et al. 2016;Kuchta et al. 2016;Wray et al. 2017), and can supply the raw material for studies on parasite diversity and distribution (Goldberg et al. 1997;Bursey et al. 2012;Carlson et al. 2017), among others. ...
... New species-distribution records are potentially useful to many areas of scientific research. Precise, vouchered distribution data can aid in the development of rigorous species distribution models (Boitani et al. 2011;Hermoso et al. 2015), improve speciesfocused management plans and reserve design (Rondinini et al. 2006;Guisan et al. 2013), enhance the spatial resolution of withinspecies variation and species delimitation (Folt et al. 2016;Kuchta et al. 2016;Wray et al. 2017), and can supply the raw material for studies on parasite diversity and distribution (Goldberg et al. 1997;Bursey et al. 2012;Carlson et al. 2017), among others. ...
... New species-distribution records are potentially useful to many areas of scientific research. Precise, vouchered distribution data can aid in the development of rigorous species distribution models (Boitani et al. 2011;Hermoso et al. 2015), improve speciesfocused management plans and reserve design (Rondinini et al. 2006;Guisan et al. 2013), enhance the spatial resolution of withinspecies variation and species delimitation (Folt et al. 2016;Kuchta et al. 2016;Wray et al. 2017), and can supply the raw material for studies on parasite diversity and distribution (Goldberg et al. 1997;Bursey et al. 2012;Carlson et al. 2017), among others. ...
... New species-distribution records are potentially useful to many areas of scientific research. Precise, vouchered distribution data can aid in the development of rigorous species distribution models (Boitani et al. 2011;Hermoso et al. 2015), improve speciesfocused management plans and reserve design (Rondinini et al. 2006;Guisan et al. 2013), enhance the spatial resolution of withinspecies variation and species delimitation (Folt et al. 2016;Kuchta et al. 2016;Wray et al. 2017), and can supply the raw material for studies on parasite diversity and distribution (Goldberg et al. 1997;Bursey et al. 2012;Carlson et al. 2017), among others. ...
... New species-distribution records are potentially useful to many areas of scientific research. Precise, vouchered distribution data can aid in the development of rigorous species distribution models (Boitani et al. 2011;Hermoso et al. 2015), improve speciesfocused management plans and reserve design (Rondinini et al. 2006;Guisan et al. 2013), enhance the spatial resolution of withinspecies variation and species delimitation (Folt et al. 2016;Kuchta et al. 2016;Wray et al. 2017), and can supply the raw material for studies on parasite diversity and distribution (Goldberg et al. 1997;Bursey et al. 2012;Carlson et al. 2017), among others. ...
... New species-distribution records are potentially useful to many areas of scientific research. Precise, vouchered distribution data can aid in the development of rigorous species distribution models (Boitani et al. 2011;Hermoso et al. 2015), improve speciesfocused management plans and reserve design (Rondinini et al. 2006;Guisan et al. 2013), enhance the spatial resolution of withinspecies variation and species delimitation (Folt et al. 2016;Kuchta et al. 2016;Wray et al. 2017), and can supply the raw material for studies on parasite diversity and distribution (Goldberg et al. 1997;Bursey et al. 2012;Carlson et al. 2017), among others. ...
Range extension and a new record for Los Alamos County.
... New species-distribution records are potentially useful to many areas of scientific research. Precise, vouchered distribution data can aid in the development of rigorous species distribution models (Boitani et al. 2011;Hermoso et al. 2015), improve speciesfocused management plans and reserve design (Rondinini et al. 2006;Guisan et al. 2013), enhance the spatial resolution of withinspecies variation and species delimitation (Folt et al. 2016;Kuchta et al. 2016;Wray et al. 2017), and can supply the raw material for studies on parasite diversity and distribution (Goldberg et al. 1997;Bursey et al. 2012;Carlson et al. 2017), among others. ...
Range extension and a new record for Los Alamos County.
... New species-distribution records are potentially useful to many areas of scientific research. Precise, vouchered distribution data can aid in the development of rigorous species distribution models (Boitani et al. 2011;Hermoso et al. 2015), improve speciesfocused management plans and reserve design (Rondinini et al. 2006;Guisan et al. 2013), enhance the spatial resolution of withinspecies variation and species delimitation (Folt et al. 2016;Kuchta et al. 2016;Wray et al. 2017), and can supply the raw material for studies on parasite diversity and distribution (Goldberg et al. 1997;Bursey et al. 2012;Carlson et al. 2017), among others. ...
Range extension and a county record for Los Alamos County.
... New species-distribution records are potentially useful to many areas of scientific research. Precise, vouchered distribution data can aid in the development of rigorous species distribution models (Boitani et al. 2011;Hermoso et al. 2015), improve speciesfocused management plans and reserve design (Rondinini et al. 2006;Guisan et al. 2013), enhance the spatial resolution of withinspecies variation and species delimitation (Folt et al. 2016;Kuchta et al. 2016;Wray et al. 2017), and can supply the raw material for studies on parasite diversity and distribution (Goldberg et al. 1997;Bursey et al. 2012;Carlson et al. 2017), among others. ...
Range extension and a new record for Los Alamos County.
... Other reported herpetofauna: See recent summary by Bursey et al. (2012) which includes a variety of hosts, including amphibians and reptiles from the Asian, Australo-Papuan, Ethiopian, Nearctic, Neotropical, and Palearctic regions. ...
A single adult American bullfrog, Rana (=Lithobates) catesbeiana collected from McCurtain County, Oklahoma, was found to harbor tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp. Specimens representing the non-proliferating type of Mesocestoides occurred in the mesenteries as well as encapsulated in the liver, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract. This discovery is rare and, most interesting, because many surveys of large numbers of R. catesbeiana have failed to report this cestode in American Bullfrogs from throughout its range in North America. Although seven other species of ranid frogs from Arkansas,
... The female coloration polymorphism (Fig. 1) in the populations in both study sites thus suggests that both these populations are fairly genetically diverse. It should also be noted that the nematode, C. penneri, which is known to infect many lizard species in North and Central America (Bursey et al., 2012), was recorded in A. sagrei collected from Santzepu, supporting the contention that the A. sagrei population in southwestern Taiwan originated from Florida (Norval et al., 2011a). Cyrtosomum penneri was also recorded in A. sagrei specimens collected from Chisintang (Norval et al., 2014). ...
Two populations of the exotic invasive lizard, the brown anole (Anolis sagrei), exist in Taiwan. The localities (Chisintang, eastern Taiwan and Santzepu, southwestern Taiwan) of these two populations are ca. 125 km apart and are divided by the Central Mountain Range. Anolis sagrei specimens, which had been sampled from the Chisintang and Santzepu populations, were used for morphological and meristic comparisons. Only a few intralocality intersexual variations were noted, the most important of which are the sexual size dimorphism and the morphological variations, due to intersexual niche partitioning. Many interlocality intrasexual variations, likely due to interlocality structural habitat differences, and a possible competition and predator induced lifestyle shift of A. sagrei in Chisintang were noted. Still, in spite of the variations found in the comparisons between the A. sagrei collected from Chisintang and Santzepu, because some hypothetical explanations for these variations exist, it is our opinion that the two populations described herein have the same founder population, and that the one is a satellite population of the other.
... Wits, 2050, South Africa. reptiles; hosts are listed inBursey et al. (2012). The life cycle of species of Mesocestoides is believed to require 3 hosts: a vertebrate definitive host, a vertebrate second intermediate host, and an arthropod first intermediate host (Rausch 1994). ...
... Wits, 2050, South Africa. reptiles; hosts are listed inBursey et al. (2012). The life cycle of species of Mesocestoides is believed to require 3 hosts: a vertebrate definitive host, a vertebrate second intermediate host, and an arthropod first intermediate host (Rausch 1994). ...
This datasheet on Anolis wattsi covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
This datasheet on Anolis extremus covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
The development of molecular tools has dramatically increased our knowledge of parasite diversity and the vectors that transmit them. From viruses and protists to arthropods and helminths, each branch of the Tree of Life offers an insight into significant, yet cryptic, biodiversity. Alongside this, the studies of host-parasite interactions and parasitism have influenced many scientific disciplines, such as biogeography and evolutionary ecology, by using comparative methods based on phylogenetic information to unravel shared evolutionary histories. Parasite Diversity and Diversification brings together two active fields of research, phylogenetics and evolutionary ecology, to reveal and explain the patterns of parasite diversity and the diversification of their hosts. This book will encourage students and researchers in the fields of ecology and evolution of parasitism, as well as animal and human health, to integrate phylogenetics into the investigation of parasitism in evolutionary ecology, health ecology, medicine and conservation.
The development of molecular tools has dramatically increased our knowledge of parasite diversity and the vectors that transmit them. From viruses and protists to arthropods and helminths, each branch of the Tree of Life offers an insight into significant, yet cryptic, biodiversity. Alongside this, the studies of host-parasite interactions and parasitism have influenced many scientific disciplines, such as biogeography and evolutionary ecology, by using comparative methods based on phylogenetic information to unravel shared evolutionary histories. Parasite Diversity and Diversification brings together two active fields of research, phylogenetics and evolutionary ecology, to reveal and explain the patterns of parasite diversity and the diversification of their hosts. This book will encourage students and researchers in the fields of ecology and evolution of parasitism, as well as animal and human health, to integrate phylogenetics into the investigation of parasitism in evolutionary ecology, health ecology, medicine and conservation.
The development of molecular tools has dramatically increased our knowledge of parasite diversity and the vectors that transmit them. From viruses and protists to arthropods and helminths, each branch of the Tree of Life offers an insight into significant, yet cryptic, biodiversity. Alongside this, the studies of host-parasite interactions and parasitism have influenced many scientific disciplines, such as biogeography and evolutionary ecology, by using comparative methods based on phylogenetic information to unravel shared evolutionary histories. Parasite Diversity and Diversification brings together two active fields of research, phylogenetics and evolutionary ecology, to reveal and explain the patterns of parasite diversity and the diversification of their hosts. This book will encourage students and researchers in the fields of ecology and evolution of parasitism, as well as animal and human health, to integrate phylogenetics into the investigation of parasitism in evolutionary ecology, health ecology, medicine and conservation.
It is well known that reptiles can act as paratenic hosts for parasites that use mammals as their definitive hosts. However, studies of potential paratenic hosts in the Caribbean have been temporally restricted to only diurnal species of lizards, thereby neglecting a dominant component of the nocturnal reptilian community: geckos. Many gecko species are human commensals with activity periods that overlap temporally with those of domestic cats, making them prime candidates as potential transport hosts for cat parasites. However, no studies have reported geckos as paratenic hosts for felid parasites on any Caribbean island. Here we report the first records of subcutaneous oligacanthorhynchid cystacanths on the Venezuelan Coastal Clawed Gecko (Gonatodes antillensis) based on specimens collected in Curaçao and Bonaire. The cysts were identified as belonging to the genus Oncicola, likely those of Oncicola venezuelensis. This study reports these geckos as a new host record for oligacanthorhynchid cystacanths, as well as Curaçao and Bonaire as new geographic locales for these acanthocephalan parasites. We additionally provide a review of saurian cystacanths, comparing the restricted taxonomic focus of transport hosts in Caribbean islands to the distribution of paratenic squamate hosts both in the Neotropics and globally. We find evidence that the ability of squamate reptiles to act as transport hosts is a pervasive feature across their Tree of Life, suggesting that these animals may serve as important vectors for transporting parasites between intermediate and definitive hosts.
Thirty white‐spotted geckos, Tarentola annularis, from the South Sinai desert in Egypt, were examined for helminth parasites. Spauligodon aspiculus was observed to infect 19 geckos with 63.33% as a prevalence of parasitic infection. The present nematode species is separated from congeners by morphological and metrical characteristics such as lateral alae, aspinose filamentous tail, and no spicule, and three pairs of caudal papillae with posterior pair excluded from envelopment by the caudal alae in the male worms, and knobbed eggs, and postbulbar vulva in females. It compared morphometrically with other Spauligodon species described previously and showed few differences in measurements. Molecular characterization based on the partial 28S rRNA nuclear ribosomal gene sequence showed that there was a close identity, up to 72%, with other sequences retrieved from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the parasite sequence in conjunction with existing data facilitates the investigation of the placement of this pharyngodonid species within Oxyuridae. The present species is deeply embedded in the genus Spauligodon with close relationships to previously described Spauligodon nicolauensis (gb| JN619349.1, and JF829243.1) as more related sister taxa. This study highlights the importance of combining genetic and morphological data with taxonomy in pharyngodonid species.
Since the idea of coevolution as a relevant concept for the study of evolutionary ecology of communities was introduced by Ehrlich and Raven (1964), there has been a vast literature around this concept. The first formal definition of coevolution can be attributed to Janzen (1980): coevolution is a change of trait values in a first population as a response to the trait values of a second population, followed by a change of trait value in the second population in response to the new trait value in the first (different modalities of trait dynamics have been described since then – Gandon et al., 2008). Much emphasis is put on the fact that the existence of an interaction is not indicative that the species have coevolved (it can reflect a recent host acquisition, for example). Based on this, Janzen recommends considerable caution when using the word coevolution, and it is worth asking whether, more than 50 years after this word first appeared, we are being cautious enough.
The diversity of organisms is affected by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors. One of the most important forces that affect the diversity of a community is the relationship between this community and communities of higher and/or lower trophic levels. Indeed, a strong link between the diversity of consumers and that of resources is a general characteristic of natural food webs (Polis & Strong, 1996). Top-down effects occur when the diversity of communities at a higher trophic level influences the diversity of communities at lower trophic levels (e.g. Jakobsen et al., 2004), while bottom-up effects occur when the diversity at lower trophic levels controls the diversity at higher levels (e.g. Siemann, 1998; Brandle et al., 2001; Haddad et al., 2009). Moreover, top-down and bottom-up forces can act on communities simultaneously (Hunter & Price, 1992).
The development of molecular tools has dramatically increased our knowledge of parasite diversity and the vectors that transmit them. From viruses and protists to arthropods and helminths, each branch of the Tree of Life offers an insight into significant, yet cryptic, biodiversity. Alongside this, the studies of host-parasite interactions and parasitism have influenced many scientific disciplines, such as biogeography and evolutionary ecology, by using comparative methods based on phylogenetic information to unravel shared evolutionary histories. Parasite Diversity and Diversification brings together two active fields of research, phylogenetics and evolutionary ecology, to reveal and explain the patterns of parasite diversity and the diversification of their hosts. This book will encourage students and researchers in the fields of ecology and evolution of parasitism, as well as animal and human health, to integrate phylogenetics into the investigation of parasitism in evolutionary ecology, health ecology, medicine and conservation.
Species evolved from common ancestors often share many features pertaining to a variety of traits (e.g. Hansen & Martins, 1996; Blomberg & Garland, 2002). The tendency for phylogenetically related species to resemble one another has been labelled variously ‘phylogenetic inertia’ (Wilson, 1975), ‘phylogenetic conservatism’ (Ashton, 2001), ‘phylogenetic correlation’ (Gittleman et al., 1996) and ‘phylogenetic effect’ (Derrickson & Ricklefs, 1988). Recently, Blomberg and Garland (2002) and Blomberg et al. (2003) have argued that the use of some of these terms suggests the action of certain evolutionary mechanisms, although such mechanisms cannot be inferred or estimated from comparative data. Instead, Blomberg and Garland (2002) and Blomberg et al. (2003) have recommended the use of the term ‘phylogenetic signal’ for this pattern because it does not imply any evolutionary mechanism or process that could have caused this resemblance. Indeed, simulations have demonstrated that different evolutionary processes may produce similar phylogenetic signals (Revell et al., 2008).
Parasites are considered to constitute half of the number of living things, and no single species is considered to be parasite-free. Due to important insights gained from clinical, epidemiological or ecological field studies, parasitologists are aware that investigating host–parasite interactions in natural systems may be spurious if not considering the huge diversity of parasites (Petney & Andrews, 1998; Poulin & Morand, 2004; Adams et al., 2010; Steinmann et al., 2010). Multiple infections are the rule because host infection often involves two or more parasite species or genotypes. The number of parasites, their host impacts, their interactions and their circulations in natural and disturbed ecosystems are clearly a knowledge frontier in parasitology and ecology (Telfer et al., 2010; Tompkins et al., 2010; Johnson & Hoverman, 2012).
Rickettsia is a genus of alpha-proteobacteria in the order Rickettsiales. All known members of the genus are obligate intracellular endosymbionts, unable to survive outside the host cell environment. However, this fundamental similarity belies the extraordinary diversity of the group. For example, known hosts of Rickettsia are found in freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats, and include protozoa, arthropods, vertebrates, photosynthetic algae and plants (Perlman et al., 2006; Weinert et al., 2009b). This cosmopolitan host range is mirrored by the range of transmission strategies employed by the bacteria (Table 8.1). Rickettsia strains vary widely in their dependence on horizontal versus vertical transmission, and in their effects on their hosts (which range from mutualism to parasitism, and include a remarkable array of reproductive manipulations).
En el segundo capítulo se examina el impacto de las actividades humanas en la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas
de México, con un análisis de los principales factores de cambio de estos, incluidos los efectos de
la fragmentación y pérdida del hábitat, del cambio de uso del suelo, de las enfermedades y zoonosis emergentes, así como los de la contaminación.
The majority of animals on this planet are invertebrates, and a great number of them are found in aquatic habitats including freshwater, brackish or marine environments. It is likely that they also harbour a significant fraction of all parasite biodiversity.
Studies of the evolution of virulence aim at understanding how and why certain parasite strains have evolved to cause morbidity and mortality to their hosts, while others have remained benign. In parasitism, according to definition, a parasite benefits at the expense of its host. These benefits are usually realized upon harming the host following infection. Conventional wisdom holds that damaging the host is detrimental to the interests of the invading parasites. Therefore, parasites should have evolved to become avirulent to their hosts as they otherwise risk driving their hosts, and therefore themselves, to extinction. This view, which has been criticized for its reliance on group selection, no longer prevails (Lenski & May, 1994). Instead, the evolutionary theory of virulence strives to elucidate the underlying selective forces that lead to increased or reduced virulence by examining the costs and benefits of virulence to both parasite and host. Ultimately, this theory attempts to identify which expressions of virulence are adaptive in the long-run, and which are non-adaptive, i.e. coincidental or short-sighted (Levin & Bull, 1994; Levin, 1996).
Acanthocephalans are an enigmatic group of endoparasites with complex life-cycles that involve vertebrates as final definitive hosts and invertebrates as intermediate hosts. The name of the phylum refers to the attachment organ commonly known as a proboscis. The proboscis is variable in shape and is covered by a tegument within which are embedded the roots of recurved, sclerotized hooks. Hooks are the structures that allow these parasites to attach to the intestinal wall, causing on some occasions severe damage to their definitive hosts. The proboscis shape, and the number, size and arrangement of hooks, are taxonomic traits that have been traditionally used to classify approximately 1300 described species distributed worldwide (Amin, 1987; Poulin & Morand, 2004; Kennedy, 2006; Amin, 2013; Figure 9.1).
Parasites live in an intimately close relationship with their hosts, either inserted within their anatomic structures or securely attached onto their surface. Therefore, we expect biotic effects – such as host individual, population and community characters – to influence all features of parasite communities, including richness (Poulin, 2008). In contrast, physical features of the abiotic environment, such as temperature, humidity, etc. are not usually expected to influence communities of parasites directly. The direct influence of the physical environment may be even less pronounced in terrestrial than in aquatic habitats because the terrestrial environment is less habitable for the free-living stages of parasites. Not surprisingly, major textbooks on parasite ecology rarely discuss the effects of abiotic environmental factors on terrestrial parasite assemblages (but see Bordes et al., 2010).
Four species of Gonatodes, Gonatodes albogularis, Gonatodes antillensis, Gonatodes concinnatus, and Gonatodes humeralis, were examined for helminths. Found were 8 species of Nematoda: gravid specimens of Cosmocerca parva, Parapharyngodon scleratus, Physaloptera retusa, Skrjabinelazia galliardi, Spauligodon bonairensis, and Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis and larvae of Physaloptera sp. and Acuariidae gen. sp. It appears that species of Gonatodes are parasitized by generalist helminths. A list for currently known helminths infecting species of Gonatodes and 4 new host records are provided.
Cnemidophorus gramivagus from Brazil was examined for helminths. Found were 1 species of Cestoda, Oochoristica freitasi, and 7 species of Nematoda, Amphibiocapillaria freitasilenti, Kentropyxia sauria, Oswaldocruzia vitti, Parapharyngodon senisfaciecaudus, Physaloptera retusa, Spinicauda spinicauda, and Acuariid gen. sp. Seven new host records are recorded. Cnemidophorus gramivagus and other South American teiids are parasitized by generalist helminths that also infect other lizard species. In contrast, North American teiid lizards host helminth species mainly restricted to members of the Teiidae.
The speckled whipsnake, Drymobius margaritiferu.r is found on Atlantic slopes from Texas to Costa Rica as well as the north coast of Colombia and on Pacific slopes from southern Sonora, Mexico through central America and panama (Savage 2002); the neotropical whipsnake, Masticophis mentovariu.r occurs on the pacific slope from southern Sonora, southem San Luis Potosi and northern veracruz, Mexico to northwest Costa Rica, with Atlantic slope populations occurring from the yucatan Peninsula to venezuela (Savage, 2002), the endemic Mexican patchnose snake, salvadora mexicana occurs in Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, oaxaca, Morelos, puebla, Michoaciin, Guerrero and the stare of Mexico (Garcfa and ceballos , 1994): the en-demic Mexican lyre snake,Trimorphodon rau is known from all Mexican states north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec excepr Coahuila, Nuevo Le6n and the Baja California peninsula (Scott and McDiarmid, 1984). To our knowledge, there are no reports of endoparasites from these species. The purpose ofthis paper is to report the presence of larval tapeworms, larval spiny headed wonns, nematodes and pentastomes from these snake species. Thirty-eightD. margaritiferus, nine M. mentovarius, seven s. mexicana and, twenty-six T. tau from Mexico from the herpetology collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles county (LACM), Los Angeles, California and the University of Arizona (uAZ),Tucson, Arizona were examined for endoparasites. A mid-ventral incision was made in the body wall, and organ surfaces were visually checked for endoparasites. one D. margaritiferus, two M. mentovarius,three.S. mexicana and three lf tauwere found tocontain whitish bodies, ca. l X 3 mm in size and in two r ,a&, nematodes and pentastomes were found. Microscopic examination of endopara-sites resulted in the identification of the following: tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp-, cystacanths of acanthocephalans (oligacanthorhynchidae), nematodes Kalicephalus inermis and Ophidascaris ochoterenai and, pentastomids Raillietietla furcocerca. Numbers of endoparasites, prevalence (number of parasite individuals divided by number of snake species examined x 100) and abundance (total number of individuals of a parasite species divided by total number of snake species examined) are in Table l. Endoparasites were placed in vials of TOVo ethanol and deposited in the United States Parasite collection (usNpc), Beltsville, Maryland as D. margaritiferus, Mesocestoides sp. (USNPC 95052); M. mentovarius: Mesocestoides
ABsrRAcr: The gastrointestinal tracts of205 Urosau-rus ornatus were examined for helminths: 117 from Aguirre Spring, New Mexico; 73 from Dofra Ana Mountains, New Mexico; and l5 from southern Ari-zona. Spauligodon giganticus was the most prevalent helminth (prevalence 24.8o/o, mear, intensity 5.6) and occurred in all 3 samples. The Aguirre Spring sample had significantly higher prevalences of S. giganticus (38.5olo) than the other 2 samples. In addition, third-stage larvae of Prysalopterasp. (prevalence 4.2010, mean intensity 3.5) and Oochoristica sp. (prevalence 4.2ol0, mean intensity 1.6) and tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp. (prevalence 3.2o/o, mean intensity 103.8) were recovered from the New Mexico samples. The finding of Mesocestoides sp. within skeletal muscle in 1 specimen is noteworthy because it demonstrates that this parasite can migrate out ofthe body cavity. All findings represent new host records.
Reproductive cycle of Crotalus cerebrus
Compares helminths in different mountain populations of Sceloporus jarrovii
Fifty-three Cophosaurus texanus scitulus from Pima County, Arizona, ar.d 15 Holbrookia macu-lata approximans from Cochise County, Arizona, were examined for helminths. One nematode species, Thu-bunaea iguanae (prevalence 8olo), 1 cestode species, Oochoristica sp. (prevalence 2o/o), and a juvenile acan-thocephalan, Acanthocephalus sp. (prevalence 2o/o) were recovered from C texanus scitulus (helminth prevalence 110/o). All are new host records. Two nematode species, Atractis penned (prevalence l3o/o) arld Physa-loptera sp. (prevalence 7o/o), were recovered from 1L maculata app roximans (helminth prevalence 1 3olo).
Two-hundred sixty two Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus from the San Gabriel Mountains of Southern California were examined for helminths. The helminth community consisted of two species of cestodes (Oochoristica scelopori and Mesocestoides sp.), two species of nematodes (Pharyngodon cnemidophori and Physaloptera sp.) and one species of acanthocephalan (Monilformis monili-formis). The helminth with highest prevalence (l1Vo) and greatest mean intensity (6.35) was Pharyngodon cnemidophori. Cnemidophorus /lgris represents a new host record for Oochoristca scelopori and Moniliformis moniliformis. The western whiptail, Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard, 1852 ranges from north central Oregon and southern Idaho, south to Baja California and southern Coahuila, M6xico and east to western Colorado, New Mexico and west Texas (Stebbins 1985). There are reports of helminths from C. tigris from Arizona
Sixty-two brown anoles, Anolis sagrei, from Oahu, Hawaii were examined for helminths. Anolis sagrei was introduced to Hawaii, presumably from the Caribbean. Two species of trematodes, Mesocoelium monas and Platynosomum fastosum, 3 species of nematodes, Atractis scelopori, Physaloptera squamatae, and Physocephalus sp., 1 acanthocephalan, Acanthocephalus bufonis, and 1 pentastome, Raillietiella frenatus, were found. Atractis scelopori and P. squamatae, previously unknown in Hawaii, are widely distributed in the Caribbean and were most likely transported to Hawaii with the introduced anoles. Mesocoelium monas, P. fastosum, Physocephalus sp., A. bufonis, and R. frenatus have been previously reported from Hawaiian herptiles; A. sagrei most likely acquired infections of these parasites from Hawaiian populations. This study indicates that helminths can be transported with their introduced hosts and become established in the colonized areas and that introduced lizards may quickly acquire species of previously established helminthes.
Entomelas campbelli n. sp. (Rhabdiasidae) from the lungs of Barisia imbricata and Mesaspis gadovii (Sauria) and Entomelas floresvillelai n. sp. from B. imbricata, B. herrerae and M. viridiflava (Sauria) are described and illustrated. Both species are similar to E. duellmani in the equatorial location of vulva; E. campbelli resembles E. duellmani in measurements of the buccal capsule, but differs in the shape of the tail, body length, egg size, esophagus length and tail length/body length ratio; E. floresvillelai resembles E. duellmani by possessing a blunt tail, but differs in the body length, egg size, depth of the buccal capsule, length of the esophagus and tail length/ body length ratio. Entomelas campbelli differs from E. florevillelai in the shape of the anterior end and the tail, width of the body and buccal capsule, width of the esophageal bulb, egg size and esophagus length/body length ratio. These are the second and third species assigned to New World Entomelas and the second record of the genus from Mexico.
Helminth parasites of amphibians from the Gelegele Forest Reserve, a pristine forest in southwestern Nigeria, were investigated. Amphibians encountered included Amietophrynus maculatus, Hoplobatrachus occipitalis, Aubria subsigillata, Ptychadena longirostris, Ptychadena oxyrynchus, Ptychadena bibroni, Ptychadena pumilio, Chiromantis rufescens, Leptopelis hyloides, Hyperolius fusciventris and a Phrynobatrachus sp. Nineteen helminth parasites, including two cestodes, three monogeneans, six trematodes and eight nematodes were recorded from these amphibians. Contrary to the earlier assumption that monogeneans in Nigeria were preferentially parasites of amphibians in drier environments such as the savanna, this study has shown that these parasites also infect amphibians in highly humid environments such as the rainforest. Monogeneans recorded included Metapolystoma cachani and two unidentified Polystoma species. Haematoloechus aubriae, Mesocoelium monas, a Halipegus sp. and a Physalopteroides sp. are new geographical records for Nigeria.
En esta, nuestra quinta contribución al conocimiento de la fauna helmintológica de Panamá, presentamos redescripciones de cinco especies de tremátodos encontrados en peces anfibios y mamíferos. Estos trerriátodos digenéticos son especies de los géneros siguientes: Duoboisiella Baer, 1938; Petalodistomum Johnston, 1913; Choledocystus Pereira y Cuocolo, 1941; Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905; y Mesocoelium Odhner, 1910. Se dan carasterísticas morfológicas que completan las descripciones originales; además, se hace un comentario comparativo de las lesiones hepáticas producidas por Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1875) Looss, 1907 y Choledocystus intermedius Caballero, Bravo y Cerecero, 1954.
The gastrointestinal tracts of 3 Anolis stratulus and 2 Anolis cristatellus from Puerto Rico were examined for helminths. Three helminth species were present: Mesocoelium danforthi, Spauligodon anolis and Parapharyngodon cubensis. Spauligodon anolis in A. stratulus constitutes a new host and geographic locality record. Parapharyngodon cubensis in A. stratulus and A. cristatellus represent new geographic locality records and in A. stratulus a new host record.
Dyer, W. G., L. Bunkley-Williams, and E. H. Williams, Jr. 2001. Some helminth parasites of Anolis stratulus and Anolis cristatellus (Sauria: Polychrotidae) in Puerto Rico. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 94: 161-165. http://www.il-st-acad-sci.org/transactions/PDF/9416.pdf [275]
Africana telfordi n. sp. (Nematoda: Heterakidae) from the large intestine of the lizard Enyalioides heterolepsis collected in Panama is described and illustrated. Africana telfordi n. sp. represents the seventh species assigned to the genus and the second from the Neotropical Realm. It is distinguished from the other neotropical species, A. chabaudi, by the size and shape of the spicules. The spicules of A. telfordi are robust, analate, and 366-458 µm in length; those of A. chabaudi are narrow, alate, and 644-869 µm in length.
Three species of African chameleons (Chamaeleo gracilis, C. jacksoni and C. johnstoni) were examined for helminths. Two species of Cestoda (Oochoristica truncata and tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp.) and four species of Nematoda (Oswaldocruzia chamaeleonis, Parapharyngodon kenyaensis,Raillietnema chamaeleo, and Strongyluris elegans) were found. Four new host records are reported.
1. Four species of pentastomids were represented in collections from snakes from Malaysia, Taiwan, Amami Oshima, and Korea examined at the 406th Medical Laboratory, U.S. Army Medical Command, Japan, during the period 1964-66. 2. Raillietiella orientalis (Hett, 1915) Sambon, 1922, was taken for the first time from : Agkistrodon rhodostoma (Boie) from the Malaysian mainland opposite Penang; Trimeresurus flavoviridis flavoviridis (Hallowell) from Amami Oshima; Dinodon semicarinatum (Cope) from Amami Oshima; and Natrix pryeri pryeri (Boulenger) from Amami Oshima. It was also taken from Vipera russelli (Shaw) and Naja naja atra Cantor from Taiwan. 3. Kiricephalus pattoni (Stephens, 1908) Sambon, 1910, was taken from Ptyas mucosus (L.), Opheodrys major major (Guenther), Elaphe taeniura taeniura (Cope), and Zaocys dhumnades (Cantor). All hosts were from Taiwan. Nymphs tentatively identified as those of K. pattoni were found encysted in a lizard, Japalura swinhonis Guenther, and a toad, Bufo bankorensis Barbour, to which eggs of K. pattoni had been given by mouth 90 days previously. Since both hosts had been captured as adults on Taiwan, there was no assurance that these collections represented experimental infections. 4. Armillifer agkistrodontis Self and Kuntz, 1966, was taken from two specimens of the pit viper Agkistrodon acutus (Guenther) on Taiwan. 5. A male adult or nymph of an undetermined species of genus Waddycephalus Sambon, 1922, was taken from the body cavity of Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum (Cantor) from Seoul, Korea. This was the first record of a member of the genus in Korea. 6. Identifying characteristics of the species collected were illustrated and discussed. Eggs of Raillietiella orientalis, Kiricephalus pattoni, and Armillifer agkistrodontis had never before been illustrated.
Twenty spotted salamanders Ambystoma maculatum and 20 red-backed salamanders Plethodon c. cinereus were collected from NW Wisconsin in May 1996 and examined for helminth parasites. Two species of helminths infected the spotted salamanders, while 3 species infected the red-backed salamanders. The nematode Batracholandros magnavulvaris had the higest prevalence in spotted salamanders (45%), while the nematode Rhabdias sp. had the highest prevalence in red-backed salamanders (30%). The trematode Brachycoelium salamandrae had the highest mean intensity in both hosts, 3.3 in A. maculatum and 2.0 in P. c. cinereus. This is the first report of B. magnavulvaris from Ambystoma maculatum as well as the first report of it from Wisconsin.
From April to September 1996, 47 American toads, Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook, were collected from Waukesha County, Wisconsin, U.S.A., and examined for helminth parasites. Forty-six (98%) of 47 toads were infected with 1 or more helminth species. The component community consisted of 6 species, 3 direct-life-cycle nematodes, and 3 indirect-life -cycle helminths (2 trematodes and 1 metacestode). Totals of 2,423 individual nematodes (92%), 45 trematodes (2%), and 155 cestodes (6%) were found, with infracommunities being dominated by skin-penetrating nematodes. A significant correlation existed between wet weight and overall helminth abundance, excluding larval platyhelminths. Helminth populations and communities were seasonally variable but did not show significant differences during the year. However, a number of species showed seasonal variations in location in the host, and these variations were related to recruitment period.
Langeronia burseyi sp. n. (Trematoda: Lecithodendriidae), a new trematode from the small intestine of Hyla cadaverina Cope, 1866, is described and illustrated. One (0.03%) of 36 adult specimens of H. cadaverina collected from Orange County, California, U.S.A., harbored 83 specimens of L. burseyi sp. n. Langeronia burseyi sp. n. is distinguished from all other species in the genus by body size, location of the cirrus, length of the ceca, placement of the vitellaria, and the shape of the excretory bladder. This is the first report of a species of Langeronia from a member of the Hylidae. An emended diagnosis and key to the genus Langeronia are presented.