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Cultural differences in recognition of subdued facial expressions of emotions

Authors:
Fang Zhang at Assumption College
Fang Zhang
Maria Parmley at Assumption College
Maria Parmley
XiaoAn Wan
XiaoAn Wan
XiaoAn Wan
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Sarah Rose Cavanagh at Assumption College
Sarah Rose Cavanagh
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A relative in-group advantage for recognizing emotional facial expressions presented at full intensity has been documented. The present study examined whether this in-group advantage also existed for the recognition of subdued expressions. American and Chinese participants judged Caucasian and Chinese angry, sad, and happy expressions at subtle, low, and moderate intensity levels. An in-group advantage was found at the low and moderate intensity levels for angry expressions (the effect was partial at moderate intensity), and at the moderate intensity level for sad expressions. But at milder expression intensities, the in-group advantage disappeared, replaced by a main cultural effect in recognition accuracy. American judges were more accurate than Chinese judges in judging both Caucasian and Chinese expressions at the subtle intensity level for angry expressions and at both the subtle and low intensity levels for sad expressions. The present findings suggest that the in-group advantage resides in recognizing expressions of mid-range intensities but diminishes in recognizing milder expressions, and when the in-group advantage stops, cultural differences in sensitivity to very subtle expressions come to fore, at least for negative emotions involving potential threats to social harmony. The present findings suggest that Americans may be better able to detect very subtle facial expressions of sadness and anger, which may have implications for our understanding of cross-cultural differences in emotion.
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... ) 。しかし研究が 進むにつれ，その文化固有性，つまり感情をいつ，ど のように表出あるいは認知するのかといった文化間で 異なる調整方法の存在も主張されるようになり (Ekman, 1972;Ekman & Friesen, 1975工藤訳 1987Ekman et al, 1987;Russell, 1994) ，様々な文化間の比較でその差異が 示されてきた (Matsumoto & Ekman, 1989;Matsumoto et al., 2002;Zhang, Parmley, Wan, & Cavanagh, 2015 , 1998Kitayama & Markus, 1994) 。文化的自己観 は，他者から分離した独自なものとして自己を捉える 「相互独立的自己観」と，他者と互いに結びついた人間 関係の一部として自己を捉える「相互協調的自己観」か らなる (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) 。前者の代表として 北アメリカを含む西洋文化が，後者の代表として日本 や中国を含む東洋文化が挙げられる。このように異な る文化的自己観を持つ東西文化間では，感情認知にお ける文化差が多く示されてきた (Hutchison, Gerstein, & Kasai, 2018;Matsumoto et al., 2002;Matsumoto & Ekman, 1989;Matsumoto et al., 1999;Russell, 1994;Zhang et al., 2015) ...
... ) 。しかし研究が 進むにつれ，その文化固有性，つまり感情をいつ，ど のように表出あるいは認知するのかといった文化間で 異なる調整方法の存在も主張されるようになり (Ekman, 1972;Ekman & Friesen, 1975工藤訳 1987Ekman et al, 1987;Russell, 1994) ，様々な文化間の比較でその差異が 示されてきた (Matsumoto & Ekman, 1989;Matsumoto et al., 2002;Zhang, Parmley, Wan, & Cavanagh, 2015 , 1998Kitayama & Markus, 1994) 。文化的自己観 は，他者から分離した独自なものとして自己を捉える 「相互独立的自己観」と，他者と互いに結びついた人間 関係の一部として自己を捉える「相互協調的自己観」か らなる (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) 。前者の代表として 北アメリカを含む西洋文化が，後者の代表として日本 や中国を含む東洋文化が挙げられる。このように異な る文化的自己観を持つ東西文化間では，感情認知にお ける文化差が多く示されてきた (Hutchison, Gerstein, & Kasai, 2018;Matsumoto et al., 2002;Matsumoto & Ekman, 1989;Matsumoto et al., 1999;Russell, 1994;Zhang et al., 2015) ...
... さ れ う る こ と(Matsumoto et al., 1999;Zhang et al., ...
Cultural comparison between Chinese and Japanese people’s perception of emotions表情による感情認知における中国人と日本人の文化比較
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In this research, we investigated cultural differences between Chinese and Japanese participants concerning perceptions of emotions by facial expressions (about specific feelings and to what extent those feelings can be experienced). We used gradual morphing images that express countenances from neutral facial expressions to anger or joy as stimuli. By doing this, participants identified emotion types and evaluated emotional strength. As a result, Japanese participants evaluated the emotional strength for moderate to distinct expressions of anger to a greater extent than Chinese participants. From this, we suggest that compared with the Chinese, the Japanese have a tendency to infer stronger internal anger (i.e, “augment”) than what is actually expressed.
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... As Fig. 1 shows, we screened 977 individuals in order to arrive at a final sample number of 150. The number of individuals screened far exceeded those who provided data for the final sample because we (a) strictly applied the below-listed eligibility criteria; (b) required equal numbers of men and women; and (c) only included individuals with both high SES and > 12 years of completed education, or with both low SES and ≤ 12 years of completed education (i.e., we excluded, for instance, all individuals with low SES and > 12 years of education 1 ); and (d) tried to ensure, given considerations around the racial representation within picture sets and possible own-race bias in facial recognition (Chiroro et al., 2008;Zhang et al., 2015), that low-and high-SES Black African, Coloured 2 (mixed ancestry), and White individuals were represented equally. ...
... Next, we replaced some IAPS pictures with images more appropriate to the South African context. Replacement decisions were made based on two primary factors: in-group biases with regard to facial recognition (Meissner & Brigham, 2001;Zhang et al., 2015) and cultural biases with regard to objects and scenes. More than half of IAPS stimuli include human subjects, and facial expressions of these subjects serve as important cues in emotion elicitation. ...
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Article
  • Oct 2022
  • BEHAV RES METHODS
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... The varied mouth features change the participants' attention to local facial features, resulting in the difference in facial recognition rate between Chinese and Western participants. In addition, Zhang et al., (2015) suggested that the desire of East Asians to fit in and maintain interpersonal harmony may lead to a reduced sensitivity to subtle expressions of negative emotions in others. In contrast, Americans have higher accuracy in recognizing subtle facial expressions of sadness and anger (Zhang et al., 2015). ...
... In addition, Zhang et al., (2015) suggested that the desire of East Asians to fit in and maintain interpersonal harmony may lead to a reduced sensitivity to subtle expressions of negative emotions in others. In contrast, Americans have higher accuracy in recognizing subtle facial expressions of sadness and anger (Zhang et al., 2015). Matsumoto et al., (2008) reported that East Asians reacted less strongly to sadness, anger, and fear than people in individualistic cultures. ...
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Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2022
  • J NONVERBAL BEHAV
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... Is it a peculiar phenomenon in micro-expression recognition for participants from all cultures or is it a special phenomenon that only exists for Chinese participants? Previous studies on macroexpressions showed that there is a consistent ingroup advantage in macro-expression recognition for participants from Western cultures [19] [41]. Therefore, these results suggest that the ingroup disadvantage in micro-expression recognition may only exists among Chinese participants. ...
... In fact, some recent studies showed that Chinese participants even harbor an ingroup derogation attitude toward their ingroup members and such a response may be evolutionarily based [42]. Nevertheless, some studies found that during the recognition of subtle or weak expressions, neither the Chinese nor the White participants showed the ingroup advantage [41]. These results suggested that the ingroup disadvantage may be a unique phenomenon for the recognition of micro-expressions. ...
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Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • May 2019
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... The 20 most relevant studies with specific sources of data (either from figure, words, or tables) were documented for data extraction. The criteria when screening for usage was adapted as the mean of 20 studies (Table 1) [16,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. The specific process is shown in Fig 2. Only expressions that passed the criteria were used for further assessment. ...
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... The top 20 relevant studies with specific source of data (eight from figure, words, or tables) were documented for data extraction. The standard for employment screening was adapted as the mean of 20 studies (Table 1) [14,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. The specific process of this part of study is shown in Figure 3. ...
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Preprint
Full-text available
  • Oct 2020
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... In the next experiment, we tested the robustness and cross-cultural consistency of this result pattern since cultural differences (e.g. Western cultures vs. Eastern Asian cultures) modulate emotional perception (Gendron et al., 2014;Matsumoto et al., 2002;Zhang et al., 2015). ...
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Full-text available
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Full-text available
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  • FOREST POLICY ECON
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Full-text available
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Full-text available
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Apples and Oranges: Methodological Requirements for Testing a Possible Ingroup Advantage in Emotion Judgments from Facial Expressions
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  • Jan 2007
The study of emotional expressions has a long tradition in psychology. Although research in this domain has extensively studied the social context factors that influence the expresser's facial display, the perceiver was considered passive. This 2007 book focuses on more recent developments that show that the perceiver is also subject to the same social rules and norms that guide the expresser's behavior and that knowledge of relevant emotion norms can influence how emotional expressions shown by members of different groups are perceived and interpreted. Factors such as ethnic-group membership, gender and relative status all influence not only emotional expressions but also the interpretation of emotional expressions shown by members of different groups. Specifically, the research presented asks the question of whether and why the same expressions shown by men or women, members of different ethnic groups, or individuals high and low in status are interpreted differently.
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Advances in Culture and Psychology
Book
  • Dec 2010
Volume I of the Advances in Culture and Psychology series showcases a number of cutting edge research programs in culture and psychology. The volume includes chapters on human culture in evolutionary perspective (Michael Tomasello), culture, emotion, and expression (David Matsumoto and Hyi-Sung Hwang), infectious disease and the creation of culture (Mark Schaller and Damian Murray), culture and attachment, learning and coping (Fred Rothbaum, Gilda Morelli, and Natalie Rusk), culturally situated linguistic ecologies and language use (Gün Semin), micro-macro dynamics of the cultural construction of reality (Toshio Yamagishi), and implications of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism for psychological processes (Sharon Shavitt, Carlos Torelli, and Hila Riemer).
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Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion.
Article
  • Oct 1987
We present here new evidence of cross-cultural agreement in the judgment of facial expression. Subjects in 10 cultures performed a more complex judgment task than has been used in previous cross-cultural studies. Instead of limiting the subjects to selecting only one emotion term for each expression, this task allowed them to indicate that multiple emotions were evident and the intensity of each emotion. Agreement was very high across cultures about which emotion was the most intense. The 10 cultures also agreed about the second most intense emotion signaled by an expression and about the relative intensity among expressions of the same emotion. However, cultural differences were found in judgments of the absolute level of emotional intensity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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