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Comparative Literature In The Age Of Multiculturalism
... After the 1970s, literary and cultural history in the United States turned quite fi rmly away from Europe, and the centrality of the European heritage to literary studies was challenged by offi cial bodies (Bernheimer 1995). This was partly inspired by the postcolonial critique of "the narrow self-serving parochialism of Europe," as Chinua Achebe (1974) called it (see also Césaire [1950Césaire [ ] 2013Fanon 1961). ...
... Acta Scientific methodological innovation, and collaborative engagement with diverse voices and perspectives. This journey offers the potential to rewrite the narratives of "world literature," foster deeper understanding and empathy across cultures, and ultimately, create a more inclusive and equitable field of literary scholarship[13,14].Generally, it is evident that the field needs renovation; as Spivak asserts, the only option to save comparative literature is toimplement some fresh modifications. The discipline is not dead at all because it is open to any sort of improvements. ...
and Tesfaye Dagnew. Bathed in the vibrant hues of multiculturalism, "world literature" explodes beyond its Eurocentric past. Comparative literature, once a quest for universality, now stumbles at the crossroads. Aristotle's mimesis, a grand mirror reflecting Western echoes, still whispers, yet a kaleidoscope of diverse voices clamor for attention. Can comparative literature fashion a lens that captures not just familiar notes but the symphony of every tongue? This essay wrestles with this dissonance, seeking a harmony where each cultural narrative finds its rightful place. It delves into the challenges of embracing difference, daring to imagine a chorus where every voice sings not in unison, but in vibrant counterpoint, composing a richer, truer melody of human experience. Abstract
... 7 Na temporalidade performativa das formulações de Goethe ou de Marx e Engels, adivinham-se os traços de uma segunda linhagem de pensamento sobre a literatura mundial, que define o conceito, eventualmente, como "aquela parte da literatura do mundo que é 'o melhor' do que a literatura tem a oferecer e possui apelo universal", implicando "uma estrita hierarquia na organização e valoração da literatura" (D'Haen; Domínguez; Thomsen, 2012, p. XI). 8 É esse sentido normativo que está em jogo quando Moretti complementa sua abordagem extensiva do "sistema literário mundial", enfatizando que se trata de "um sistema que é diferente daquele que Goethe ou Marx tinham esperado, porque é profundamente desigual" (2013, p. 46 normativa, que se manifesta em referências mercadológicas ou acadêmicas a "clássicos" da "literatura universal" ou em tentativas variáveis de reforçar, criticar, revisar, expandir ou pluralizar o cânone. É constitutiva da linhagem normativa a interrogação do processo de formação do cânone como problema histórico e político, conforme um conjunto de questionamentos característicos do campo da literatura comparada e da aspiração ao cosmopolitismo de suas derivas multiculturalistas e póscoloniais (Bernheimer, 1995;Saussy, 2006). Em língua inglesa, a história desse conjunto de questionamentos sobre cânone e currículo inclui o relatório sobre o "estado da disciplina" apresentado por Charles Bernheimer à Associação Americana de Literatura Comparada (ACLA, na sigla em inglês), em 1993, e republicado no volume Comparative Literature in the Age of Multiculturalism, editado por ele (1995, p. 39-48), no qual se encontram, igualmente, artigos que aprofundam a abordagem dessa questão. ...
Resumo: Com base em uma incursão crítica por debates sobre literatura e cinema mundial, em que busco interrogar o conceito de mundo, este artigo elabora um argumento duplo, no qual está em jogo a questão da mundação, isto é, da configuração de mundos como partilhas do comum. Por um lado, trata-se de um argumento fundamentalmente teórico. Literatura e cinema operam como dispositivos cosmotécnicos sempre que trabalham no sentido de unificar ordem cósmica e ordem moral, inscrevendo o comum (que se define pela contingência e indeterminação) na ordem pretensamente necessária de um arquivo e determinando-o como comunidade. Quando perturbam a unificação de cosmos e moral, insinuando outras partilhas, literatura e cinema operam como aparelhos cosmopoéticos, que restituem ao comum a abertura inquietante de sua contingência e indeterminação. Por outro lado, trata-se de um argumento metodológico. O atlas, entendido como conjunto de mapas, tem sido reivindicado como ferramenta analítica em estudos de literatura mundial e cinema mundial, definindo um programa de pesquisa. Nessas abordagens, literatura e cinema tendem a ser identificados à sua operação como dispositivos cosmotécnicos. Para interrogar sua operação como aparelhos cosmopoéticos, é preciso suplementar o atlas como forma de arquivamento do mundo, experimentando com as possibilidades de uma linhagem associada ao atlas de imagens. Esse argumento duplo conduz à proposição de uma deriva de pesquisa (em vez de um programa): um atlas de cosmopoéticas.
... La larghezza di obiettivi che si era proposta la Letteratura comparata ai suoi inizi si è andata trasformando, paradossalmente, in uno spazio elitario, che perpetua i canoni più consolidati e inamovibili. D'altro lato, quando è stato rilevato questo limite, la liberazione degli studi comparati in nome della diversità esuberante che il mondo era disposto a scoprire in ogni angolo, la disciplina è nuovamente entrata in crisi, questa volta di fronte a un eclettismo opportunista e che a tratti procedeva con una evidente mancanza di criterio (Bernheimer 1995). Per alcuni decenni è sembrato che tutto fosse nuovo, tutto analizzabile e tutto confrontabile con tutto. ...
The series Biblioteca di Rassegna Iberistica publishes monographs and collections of high scientific rigor essays regarding linguistic and cultural areas of Spanish, Spanish-American, Luso-Brazilian, Catalan, Basque and Galician. It is bound to present publications issued from research activities of Ca’ Foscari University and foreign and Italian institutions and researchers’ publications. It aims to be a privileged location to discuss about research, instruments of our subjects according to innovative theorical and historical perspectives. A summary and interdisciplinary project, publishes works about the whole angles of Iberic and Ibero-American culture.
... La larghezza di obiettivi che si era proposta la Letteratura comparata ai suoi inizi si è andata trasformando, paradossalmente, in uno spazio elitario, che perpetua i canoni più consolidati e inamovibili. D'altro lato, quando è stato rilevato questo limite, la liberazione degli studi comparati in nome della diversità esuberante che il mondo era disposto a scoprire in ogni angolo, la disciplina è nuovamente entrata in crisi, questa volta di fronte a un eclettismo opportunista e che a tratti procedeva con una evidente mancanza di criterio (Bernheimer 1995). Per alcuni decenni è sembrato che tutto fosse nuovo, tutto analizzabile e tutto confrontabile con tutto. ...
The series Biblioteca di Rassegna Iberistica publishes monographs and collections of high scientific rigor essays regarding linguistic and cultural areas of Spanish, Spanish-American, Luso-Brazilian, Catalan, Basque and Galician. It is bound to present publications issued from research activities of Ca’ Foscari University and foreign and Italian institutions and researchers’ publications. It aims to be a privileged location to discuss about research, instruments of our subjects according to innovative theorical and historical perspectives. A summary and interdisciplinary project, publishes works about the whole angles of Iberic and Ibero-American culture.
... Saat globalisasi membuat dunia semakin tanpa batas serta kebutuhan memahami bangsa dan kebudayaan lain di dalam membangun interaksi dan komunikasi lintas budaya kian menguat, sastra bandingan menjadi penting di dalam membantu mengenal dan memahami kebudayaan bangsa lain (Hart, 2006, p. 20) dalam suasana multikulturalisme dan mengemukanya perlawanan terhadap homogenisasi kultural dari dominasi kebudayaan tertentu dalam kajian sastra dan budaya (Bernheimer, 1995;Saussy, 2006;Zamora, 2004). Sastra bandingan atau comparative literature adalah ilmu yang mengkaji karya sastra dan segala jenis ekspresi atau produk budaya yang melintasi batas linguistik dan atau latar belakang budaya. ...
Artikel ini bertujuan membahas perkembangan sejarah dan isu-isu terkini sastra bandingan. Sastra bandingan atau comparative literature hadir sebagai mata kuliah wajib di program studi bahasa dan sastra Indonesia dengan nama Sastra Bandingan atau Ilmu Perbandingan Sastra di sebagian besar universitas di Indonesia. Dari enam buku rujukan berbahasa Indonesia yang sering dipergunakan di dalam pengajaran sastra bandingan terdapat gap terkait dengan belum begitu dibahasnya perkembangan mazhab Cina dan adanya arah baru di dalam sastra bandingan. Artikel ulasan pustaka ini menggunakan metode pencarian data dunia maya dalam rangka mengumpulkan rujukan-rujukan dari sumber otoritatif pilihan yang dapat menghasilkan suatu tulisan sintesis mengenai sejarah dan isu-isu terkini dalam sastra bandingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perluasan lingkup kajian di dalam sastra bandingan diwarnai dengan wacana dekonstruksi dan rekonstruksi sastra dunia, dialog dan pertemuan antara Barat dan Timur, serta isu yang terkait dengan era digital. Dari isu tentang sastra dunia dan pertemuan Barat dan Timur, mazhab Cina menemukan jalan lahirnya sedangkan kehadiran era digital membuat sastra bandingan merambah pada ranah baru pada istilah yang memayungi beberapa isu mengenai penggunaan media yang berbeda, yaitu intermedialitas. Kata kunci: sastra bandingan, sastra dunia, mazhab Cina, era digital, intermedialitas.
This article aims to offer a concise analysis and evaluation of the historical trajectory and the current state of comparative literature in Turkey with a particular focus on its interdisciplinary nature. Additionally, it seeks to explore the development of comparative literature and translation studies in the Turkish context, aiming to reassess the seemingly close relationship between these adjacent fields within the context of Turkish literature, which can, we believe, encourage border-crossings in comparative and translation studies and open a space for newfangled approaches in comparative studies of translated literature.
In their article “Towards the Inclusion of Inter-Ethnic Studies in Chinese Comparative Literature” Xiaoqing Han and Aaron Lee Moore advocate the inclusion of inter-ethnic studies in Chinese comparative literature. The traditional definition for many Chinese comparative literature scholars continues to confine the discipline to “inter-national” or “cross-civilization” studies rather than including “inter-ethnic” studies, and Chinese ethnic minority writing continues to be underrepresented in the national literary canon. This article is in no way opposed to the continued growth and development of a Chinese national literature, but rather in consideration of the 55 officially recognized and registered Chinese minorities (少数民族), constituting nearly 8.5% (113 million) of the total population of China, each with their own distinct, rich cultural heritage and literary tradition, it seems crucial inter-ethnic studies should be included in the discipline of Chinese comparative literature.
This article discusses the relationship between comparative literature and cultural studies in light of cultural philosophy and other developments after WWII.
The aim of this paper is to highlight the role of discourse failure in the absurd theatre and prove how it can be actively used as an aesthetic means which enhances the pragmatic effectiveness of communication by grabbing the attention of the audience. The study examines two absurd plays; Tawfiq Al-Hakim's Ya Tali al-Shajarah (The Tree Climber) and Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot. The paper shows how discourse failures are not used by both Becket and Al-Hakim spontaneously. They have been used to reveal their aesthetic and dynamic impact on the reader. Both writers try to evoke and control not just the actual focus of the audience, but also their way of perceiving, their mood, which is not directed towards concrete objects, but has to do with their general sensibility.
The representation of the female in Nepali fiction has been a fascinating subject for critics. This paper examines the representational position of the women as projected in Parijat’s Under the Sleepless Mountain. In this novel, the novelist critiques the patriarchal society’s treatment to women in a different social structure. Parijat’s female characters are projected as suffering and marginalized people of the Nepali society around the student’s revolution of the early 1980s. Other issues raised in this paper focus on students and subaltern characters who are treated badly as they raise voice against the oppressive Panchayat system and other kinds of dominance. She writes against social wrongs and ill intended human activities. She exposes the character’s desire for freedom, individuality and equal rights. Thus, the objective of this study is to find out the answers to whether the suffering of women, laborers and students are concretely represented in her novel or not. In this paper, this researcher explores the issues around the plight of the female, which are interpreted from the feminist perspective. The relevant feminist notions developed by the feminist critics such as Sidonie Smith, Julia Watson, Catherine Belsey and Susan Bassnett have been adopted for textual analysis as a methodological tool. This paper concludes that the gender discrimination and political disharmony are the major obstacles to women upliftment.
La literatura mundial ha devenido el objeto de estudio predilecto del comparatismo literario, que se ha visto obligado a revisar algunos de sus presupuestos metodológicos clásicos ante las modalidades inéditas de la producción y la circulación de los textos en el nuevo espacio global. El artículo revisa cómo la asunción por parte de los más conocidos teóricos de la literatura mundial de las prácticas y las herramientas de las ciencias sociales ha favorecido la revitalización de aquellas modalidades historicistas del comparatismo decimonónico que las diversas crisis de la literatura comparada parecían haber desestimado desde persuasivos argumentos textualistas. En particular, se aborda la analogía que Franco Moretti realiza entre el comparatismo literario y la ciencia histórica. Ante sus argumentos favorables a la sociologización de los estudios literarios, el presente artículo no sólo sugiere la idoneidad de retomar los argumentos favorables al textualismo de debates anteriores acerca del comparatismo sino que se argumenta, a partir de la lectura de la obra de Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault y Jacques Rancière, entre otros, que es en la operación historiográfica y la filosofía de la historia donde el comparatismo puede encontrar sus mejores herramientas de lectura crítica en el nuevo régimen global.
O presente artigo propõe pensar e discutir os desdobramentos contemporâneos da Literatura Comparada e dos Estudos Comparatistas através de uma abordagem diaspórica, ou seja, voltada para as experiências em trânsitos de autores e obras pelo espaço fluido do Atlântico. A partir dessas travessias oceânicas, o ensaio interroga os limites do paradigma nacional no estudo da literatura enquanto, ao mesmo tempo, pretende articular as tensões e propostas teóricas em torno do Atlantico Negro (Gilroy, 2012), com as subjacentes à teoria e à práxis comparativa. Tentar-se-á, desta forma, traçar as coordenadas de um comparativismo que questione (e ultrapasse) as persistências coloniais na contemporaneidade.
Translation plays a vital role in society – it allows us to share knowledge and enrich our lives through access to other cultures. Translation studies is a rapidly evolving academic discipline, directly impacted by advances in technological aids, and with close connections between theory and practice. Bringing together contributions from internationally-renowned scholars, this Handbook offers an authoritative, up-to-date account of the many facets of this buoyant discipline. It covers different themes, areas of practice and developing trends, and provides an overview of the major sub-fields, and the connections between them. It is organised into six parts covering the nature of translation, its roles in society, its relationships with other disciplines, a selection of its factual genres, a selection of its art-related genres and, finally, its role in history. Comprehensive yet accessible, it is essential reading for students, teachers and scholars of translation studies, modern languages, linguistics, social studies and literary studies.
Comparative Literature is the examination and analysis of the relationships and similarities of the literatures of different peoples and nations. Just like languages, literatures have always been in contact with one another, and as Haun Saussy remarked, even the Ancient Greek critic Longinus analysed passages of Greek and Hebrew literatures. However, comparative literature as a discipline is relatively recent and emerged with the rise of the nation-states in the 19th c. Among the early important figures who contributed to the discipline were Goethe and his notion of Weltliteratur, and de Stael, whose work De l'Allemagne (1810/1813) proposed that national differences are reflected through literature. The main focus of these early approaches was the study of foreign literatures and the universality of the human experience, the relationship between linguistics and literature, and an examination of myths and epics in order to trace the perceived origins of a national literature. Recent critical interventions in cultural and postcolonial studies have allowed comparative literature scholars to reconsider the traditional Eurocentric focus of the field on mainly European and American literature, shift the emphasis from national literatures to world literature, and promote the study of literature along international and cross-cultural lines. In the postwar years, comparative literature was institutionalized in France, the United States and other European countries. Different schools, methods, thoughts, and approaches of comparative literature were adopted. Among them, the American School of Comparative Literature. The American attitude to the study of comparative literature can be understood from Henry Remak's definition. "Comparative Literature, Its Definition and Function," Henry H. Remak defines comparative literature as: Comparative literature is the study of literature beyond the confines of one particular country, and the study of the relationships between literature on the one hand and other areas of knowledge and belief, such as the arts (e.g., painting, sculpture,a rchitecturem, usic), philosophy, history, the social sciences (e.g., politics, economics, sociology), the sciences, religion, etc., on the other. In brief, it is the comparison of one literature with another or others, and the comparison of literature with other spheres of human expression (Cited in Block, 78).
As the latest American Comparative Literature Association reports (the ACLA state of the discipline reports) suggest, following the “translational turn” in comparative literature, novel intersections between translation studies and comparative literature have paved the way for further negotiations between these two subjects in a promising way. The aim of this article is to discuss the changing roles of translation and comparative studies of (translated) literature to reconsider the supposedly close relationship between the two adjacent fields in the Turkish context. We agree with Gürsel Aytaç that the intersection between translation and comparative literature occurs in literary translation. Literary translations are interventions of source texts into the receiving polysystem, meaningfully affecting the host culture and its literary system. Therefore, we argue that literary translations as rewritings should serve more as an object of investigation in the field of translation studies as well as comparative literature. We also argue that unorthodox approaches in comparative studies of translated literature can make these disciplines come together in more fruitful ways. The present study therefore encourages border-crossings in comparative literature and translation studies to open a space for new-fangled approaches in comparative studies of translated literature.
In the introduction, I argue that the specificity of Irish literature is perceived in Italy only through a tight entanglement of political, literary, and imagological discourses, and that it is necessary to take such synergy into account in order to fully assess the complex dynamics of reception to which Irish writers were subject. The introduction also clarifies that the study will focus in particular on the Italian perception of writers as Irish rather than on their actual and/or claimed belonging to Irish literature, in order to examine how discourses of nationhood can affect the reception of writers in a receiving literary system. It will discuss how writers such as Wilde and Shaw were rarely considered part of Irish literature in Italy, and therefore, while they were greatly successful, they only have a peripheral role in the construction of the images of Irishness examined in this study. The main theoretical tenets of the book are also outlined, together with its main arguments, with a particular focus on the contention that the reception of foreign literature should be regarded as an essential part of the study of domestic literature and the related consideration of a need to move toward a transnational approach to literary histories.
drawn from the population of 296581 women in Owerri metropolis. Closed-ended questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. Data obtained were presented and analyzed simple percentages and frequencies tables while chi-square was used for testing of research hypotheses. The researcher found that mothers in Owerri metropolis are exposed to radio programmes in the fight against female genital mutilation extensively. It was study revealed that exposure to radio programmes influenced mothers in participation in the fight against female genital mutilation. The researcher therefore, recommended for health care providers to achieve the desired goals of reaching out to the actual people for whom such programmes are intended for, adequate information on the need to abstain from female genital mutilation, should be reported through the mass media, especially radio. It was also, recommended for community base radio stations that need to be man by stakeholders in health, to educate, enlighten, sensitize and mobilize the citizens of the state towards participating in the fight against female genital mutilation in the state.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation History presents the first comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of this multi-faceted disciplinary area and serves both as an introduction to carrying out research into translation and interpreting history and as a key point of reference for some of its main theoretical and methodological issues, interdisciplinary approaches, and research themes.
The Handbook brings together 30 eminent international scholars from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds, offering examples of the most innovative research while representing a wide range of approaches, themes, and cultural contexts. The Handbook is divided into four sections: the first looks at some key methodological and theoretical approaches; the second examines some of the key research areas that have developed an interdisciplinary dialogue with translation history; the third looks at translation history from the perspective of specific cultural and religious perspectives; and the fourth offers a selection of case studies on some of the key topics to have emerged in translation and interpreting history over the past 20 years.
Comparative method, which was used to determine the value of literary works from
Antiquity to the Renaissance, has gained importance today when studies that do not extend beyond national philology have lost their popularity and focused on cultural studies by moving away from Eurocentricity. This situation has also moved away from the intimacy of the national philology departments and prepared the ground for supranational studies. As a result of the necessity of getting to know the other's world, which has become indispensable in today's global age, the department of comparative literature, which obtained its chair in the academic community for the first time at Istanbul Bilgi University in 1996 and then at Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Selçuk University, Dokuz Eylül University and Mersin University, was not restrictedto the study areas of these departments, but also found a place in the field of national philologies.
In this s tudy, w hich d eals w ith t he d efinition and the historical development of comparative literature in the world and in Turkey, its scope, representatives and theoretical basis, comparative literature studies completed in the graduate programs of the Germanistic departments at Turkish universities from the last twenty-one years to the present, have been scanned in order to determine the place of the comparative literature in the field of German studies. As a result of this scanning carried out on the postgraduate theses registered in the Higher Education Council Thesis Center, it has been concluded that the comparative study, which was limited to only the departments in Istanbul Bilgi University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Selçuk University, Dokuz Eylül University and Mersin University in Turkey, despite its rapid development in the world, has started to become supranational in the department of German studies, which tends to
evolve towards “national and comparative literature” that synthesizes the national with the nonnational since the last twenty years. This study, which presents a chronological bibliography of the comparative studies completed in master's and doctoral programs within departments of German studies in Turkey, reveals the development of comparative literature in the field of German studies between 2000-2021 and will serve as a basis for further studies on the determination of the place and importance of comparative literature in the field of German studies between 2000-2020 and in national philology.
The idea of Teaching Empires originated during the 6th Gender Research
Conference
in Łódź, Poland, when Teaching with Memories (2006) was
launched
by Working Group 1b4 Athena 2. The book has been a success in
European teaching and a third printing (2007) is distributed internationally by
Syracuse University Press. Many contributors felt that their deep commitment
to teaching and a good working atmosphere needed a new project. Since then,
the Working Group, Teaching Empires, met at the annual Athena meetings
in Budapest in 2006 and in Madrid in 2007. Members of the working group
devised teaching exercises, shared local experiences and memories of empire,
made presentations of their teaching materials and drew upon the commentary
and questions of peers. An important first step, for instance, was to devise an
inventory of courses on empire being taught in higher education. Thanks to
funding from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and co-sponsorship
by the Centre for Gender Studies at Stockholm University, the group
was given the opportunity to have an extra workshop on “Women and Transnational
Citizenship: Researching Teaching Empires” at Stockholm University,
in May 2008. The workshop was also dedicated to preparing for the teaching
at the Central European University in Budapest in the autumn term of 2008.
In Budapest, over the course of the autumn term, members of the Working
Group offered a course, “Women and Transnational citizenship, Teaching
Empires”,
to post-graduate students of gender. Exploring the internet as a site
for teaching at the CEU, we developed a moodle e-learning platform where we
uploaded the teaching material as well as films connected to the themes of the
course. Students were required to address one film in relation to their chosen
topic in the final paper in order to ensure that the visual was represented.
Mahanta, Namrata Rathore. “The Crisis in Comparative Literature (?): A Contemporary South Asian Perspective”. Gandhigram Literary Review. Vol. 7 (2018): 39-52. ISSN 2278-8190.
This paper is an attempt to outline the central issues surrounding the debate on the cultural vis-à-vis literary value of the text in Comparative Studies in Literature in the light of the changing paradigms of globalization. The paper presents two aspects of the use of comparative method to study literature written in English in South Asia: first, the use of the comparative method to read the literature written in English in South Asia as a source of deep insights into its cultural and political complexities; and second, intellectual and institutional escalation in comparative studies, especially in literature written in English as a product of global economic dynamics. The paper concludes that while the resurgence of Comparative Studies in South Asia is welcome, it warrants a conscious distancing from the old hierarchies of Eurocentric discourse.
Keywords: Comparative, globalisation, distancing, Eurocentric
Diversity of the Portuguese Language and World Literature. The Place of African Literatures
Creativity has the power to stimulate changes that transform societies, making them fairer and more comfortable to live in.Questions about the role of minority languages in these processes must be linked to encouragement of the capacity to show respect for differences, foster empathy and promote mutual understanding. This makes countries more stable, more democratic and more capable of managing all forms of diversity. This new report from PEN International analyses the condition of minority-language creative writing industries in four countries – Kenya, Haiti, Serbia and Nigeria. It finds that there is still a conviction in the mainstream publishing industry that it is primarily viable to sell books in dominant languages, and that a major obstacle to establishing and sustaining strong minority-language publishing industries is the way that minority languages are valued locally and nationally. It outlines global trends in minority-language literatures, explores the minority-language situation, and analyses the legal and policy framework and the prevailing book market trends in the four focus countries. Finally, it outlines long-term objectives for the future of minority-language publishing and makes a series of recommendations to governments, as well as to cultural actors, publishers and writers.
Engels view World Literature as an exigency compelled by the increasingly growing international capitalism. The substitution of local economy and national self-sufficiency with interdependent exchange of commodities and universal commerce forces intellectual production into the same trajectory: "the intellectual creations of individual nations become common property. National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature" (16). While Marx's and Engels's truism about the transnational dispersion of literary goods emanates from their analysis of material production, Nietzsche's stance is rather prestructured by his philosophical pessimism. In The Birth to Tragedy, Nietzsche describes the cultural and intellectual atmosphere of the nineteenth century as being marked by a Socratic order: a mania for rationalism, scientific empiricism and codified morality. In the midst of this crisis, "in vain does one depend imitatively on all the great productive periods and natures; in vain does one accumulate the entire "world-literature" around modern man for his comfort; in vain does one place oneself in the midst of the art styles and artists of all ages." Nevertheless, Nietzsche insists that "one still remains eternally hungry, the "critic" […], the Alexandrian man, who is at bottom a librarian and corrector of proofs, and who, pitiable wretch, goes blind from the dusty books and printers' errors" (67). World Literature, for Nietzsche, is conceived as a corrective to orthodox moral-code and positivistic thinking, and sedative to the disruptive ennui and le mal du siècle.
Joseph Pivato co-edited with G. De Gasperi, book title:
Comparative Literature for the New Century, a collection of critical essays that promotes comparative studies from a Canadian multicultural and multilingual perspective. The foreword is by Linda Hutcheon. Contributors include: George Elliott Clarke, Sneja Gunew, Monique Tschofen, F. Elizabeth Dahab, E.D. Blodgett, Mark A. McCutcheon, Gaetano Rando, and Jolene Armstrong.
o presente artigo discute os rumos da Literatura Comparada, compreendida como uma práticade resistência aos riscos da homogeneização cultural neste início de milênio. Ao articular a questão daliminaridade do conhecimento produzido em torno das práticas culturais do presente, argumenta-se aquiem favor da manutenção das investigações comparatistas como um locus privilegiado para oquestionamento de idéias e conceitos fossilizados, tais como o valor, o cânone, o nacional e oestrangeiro. Defende-se aqui uma ampliação das margens e dos limites da poética, no sentido defortalecer os vínculos entre as discussões sobre fenômenos literários e culturais com as questões dopresente, tais como o desenvolvimento sustentável, a alteridade planetária e a ética da solidariedade.
يستعرض هذا الكتاب اتجاهات الدراسات الأدبية المقارنة وتطبيقاتها الجديدة -في محاولتها التأسيس لواقع نظرية جديدة في هذا الحقل المعرفي- والتي انبثقت من المأزق النظري والتطبيقي الذي وصلت إليه هذه الاتجاهات مع نهايات القرن العشرين. يتناول الفصل الأول تاريخ الأدب المقارن منذ بداياته حتى اللحظة الراهنة، متقصيا الإصرار قليل التبصر والسريع في تأكيده أزمة الأدب المقارن، بل موته أيضا، الأمر الذي يحفز البحث عن فرص فريدة لإيجاد تراكيب تعاونية بين الحقول المعرفية البينية لتشكيل قاعدة جديدة لهذا الفرع المعرفي. يتواصل النقاش إلى الفصل التاسع، عبر سبعة فصول تعالج مفاهيم مثارة حاليا تعني بنظرة منهجية في تجربة القارئ والدارس المقارن. تأتي بداية نظرية العملية الأدبية البينية الناجمة عن مناقشات لثلاثة مصادر: المدرستين الفرنسية والأمريكية، والأدب المقارن بوصفه حقلا معرفيا على علاقة بالدراسة الأدبية القومية، والأدب العالمي بوصفه هدفا للأدب المقارن. وتبرز العلاقة بين الأدب المقارن ودراسات إزالة الاستعمار، خصوصا في أمريكا اللاتينية، فعلى الرغم من زوال الاستعمار بوصفه نظاما سياسيا، فإنه ما يزال طريقا نشطا للتوسع في الهيمنة عالميا. وتقدم دراسات إزالة الاستعمار إسهاما قيما في عملية التغلب على النزعة المركزية الأوروبية في حقل الأدب المقارن عبر تحديدها المفاهيم الغربية للأدب. ويتجلى مفهوم الأدب العالمي بصورة شاملة، وذلك عبر اهتمام متجدد يظهر على شكل مثال من أمثلة الأدب المقارن أو فرع معرفي جديد. وبما أن استخدام اللغة على نحو إبداعي يرتبط بالسعي الإنساني إلى الاستمرار في العيش، فإن الأدب يتحدث عن موضوعات عيشنا الإنساني عبر الزمان والمكان، أي الطريقة المثلى في الإصغاء إلى الراحلين عبر لغات وآداب قديمة، والتواصل مع عوالم تغنينا بالتجارب والأفكار. وانطلاقا من العلاقة الوثيقة بين الأدب المقارن والترجمة، تجري مناقشة آراء أهم الباحثين حول القضايا الناجمة عن حركة النصوص بين اللغتين المصدر والهدف، وذلك عبر قضايا نظرية، مثل غموض الترجمة، وتحولات العناصر الأسياسية في النصوص المترجمة، والأعمال أو المظاهر غير القابلة للترجمة. ونظرا إلى وجود إمكانية بناير تواريخ أدبية عالمية، فإن التاريخ الأدبي المقارن أصبح مجالا تجريبيا خلال العقود الثلاثة الماضية جعلته جديرا بالدراسة، بسبب علاقته البديلة مع التقييد الأنموذجي للخطوط القومية. ويستمر إسهام المحور الفني البيني في تطور الأدب المقارن منذ تأسيسه في القرن التاسع عشر. ولما كانت قضية مستقبل الأدب المقارن ضمن الظروف التاريخية للقرن الواحد والعشرين، بجوانبه الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والتقنية، هدفا أساسيا لمؤلفي الكتاب، فقد جرى التطرق إلى موضوعات تتصل بالعلاقة بين الأدب والتقنية، والصراع بين الشفافية والكتابة، وثورة الاتصالات، وصوغ المعيار الحديث، والأدب والزمن، والقراءة والتربية، والأخلاق الكونية. يشكل ذلك كله مادة غنية لكتاب واسع ولافت للنظر، بالنسبة إلى الباحث والدارس والقارئ العام في آن واحد.
Leading scholars of Comparative Literature Susan Friedman and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak have proposed planetarity as a paradigm for research that captures the linguistic, economic and ecological complexity of the planet better than concepts such as, for example, the global and world literature. The article is a critical dialogue with Amy Elias and Christian Moraru’s The Planetary Turn. Relationality and Geohethetics in the Twenty-First Century (2015), an ambitious attempt to gather a highly heterogeneous field of theories of the functioning of literature and art in emergent forms of global relationality and new volatile political communities. The planetary reading perspective involves special attention to scale and employs combinations of macroscopic and microscopic analytical strategies, which the article seeks to show through a comparative mapping of patterns in clusters of texts around Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and the Virunga National Park in DR Congo.
Since its conception in France in 1877, Comparative Literature, always subject to a critique of Eurocentrism, has been in a state of perpetual crisis. In “The Old/New Question of Comparison in Literary Studies: A Post-European Perspective” (2004), Ray Chow argued for a Post-European perspective in which comparatists begin with the home culture and look outwards to the European cultures, contrary to the dominant approach of doing just otherwise. Missing in Chow’s argument is the position of translation in this post-European perspective. In the 14 years between 2004 and 2018, the grandiose claims of comparative literature have been problematized and addressed; the lay of the land, however, remains predominantly Eurocentric, as it still focuses on content disproportionately. In this paper, through a study of English translations of Khayyam’s Rubaiyat, and taking Chow’s argument further, I argue that with its commitment to transfer the form of a text as much as the content, translation studies can further help comparative literature to distance itself from Europe. To exemplify the implication of this, I suggest that a translation of Khayyam’s Rubaiyat from Farsi to English would be more faithful to the original if its translations were to focus on the poem’s form rather than the content. I argue that translating with a focus on form would foreignize Khayyam’s poetry, hence an act of resistance against cultural hegemony.
The article focuses on the conception, transformation, and operation of the term ‘world literature’, including its historical origins and modern problematics. When meaning is problematized, and the reality of world history is radically revised, the changes cannot but affect the derivative phenomenon of world literature, where historical challenges give rise to the need for reconstruction of its very concept and clarification of its components (language, culture, nation, and territory), as well as of the nature of their connection. The author distinguishes between world, or global, literature, on the one hand, and globalization, multiculturalism, and other concepts, on the other. He argues that cultural references in a ‘post-national’ world are doomed, and that world literature, rather than neutralizing cultural differences, should identify and define them, also by comparison.
Two trends played a significant role in the development of Comparative poetics: a movement toward literary theory and a movement toward non-Western cultures in comparative literature studies. In the second half of the twentieth century Western scholars of comparative literature, including Étiemble, Weisstein, Prawer, Liu and Miner, paid attention to literary theory in comparative literary studies. Inspired by the multiculturalism of the 1990s, comparatists made efforts to broaden the canon and include non-Western literatures. Comparatists have followed Miner’s anti-West-centrism and they have also failed to expand the geographical frontiers of his Comparative Poetics. While Far Eastern and Indian critical traditions have played a significant role in the field of comparative poetics, the Middle Eastern tradition and Persian literature have been neglected.The joint efforts of the scholars of Middle Eastern literatures to write in English and/or to translate their works into English will provide that critical tradition with a voice in the not yet global dialogue of comparative poetics. The emergent plurivocal conversation of a comparative poetics that includes Middle East will open new horizons to our cross-cultural perspective.
KOMPARATIV LITTERATURHISTORIE I DET UDVIDEDE FELT. STILLEHAVET SOM CASE | The article discusses status and perspectives for writing literary history based on an updated model for comparative literature. While the American re-launching of World Literature is not regarded to be a useful response to the global challenges facing literary historiography, it is proposed to re-evaluate the long history of comparatism in order to find models that match the current situation of literature in the expanded field. The article investigates narratives on expeditions in the Pacific Ocean from the 18th century. Here are outlined two models for comparison: One that leads toward cultural relativism and its problematic tendency to describe the compared societies as autonomous and closed, and another model, which can serve as a point of departure for grasping literature in both its historical and global conditions.
This essay asserts that comparative legal scholarship might overcome its current crisis of relevance by reorienting itself towards decolonizing critique. In a recent article, decrying the current state of the discipline, Pierre Legrand argued that comparative law has become mired in a solipsistic and outmoded style of positivism. Draying upon insights from critical theory, he argues that the discipline might render itself more relevant by engaging in a more contextualized analyses of the law and by encouraging active interpretation beyond descriptive reporting. This essay extends Legrand's argument to suggest that an emancipated, incorporative, and interdisciplinary comparative law might play an important role in decolonizing legal scholarship more broadly. Founded in a commitment to constrain an ethnocentric impulse in legal discourse, comparative law seems a natural site from which to challenge the varieties of Eurocentrism that continue to define legal scholarship and study and for exploring the colonial roots of globalized racial formations.
RESUMO:
Este ensaio propõe que os estudos jurídicos comparados podem superar sua atual crise de relevância reorientando-se para a crítica decolonial. Em artigo recente, condenando o estado atual da disciplina, Pierre Legrand argumentou que o direito comparado está atolado em um estilo solipsista e ultrapassado do positivismo. Refletindo sobre os insights da teoria crítica, ele argumenta que a disciplina pode tornar-se mais relevante envolvendo-se em uma análise mais contextualizada da lei e incentivando a interpretação ativa para além de relatórios descritivos. Este ensaio amplia o argumento de Legrand para sugerir que um direito comparado emancipado, incorporativo e interdisciplinar pode desempenhar um papel importante na decolonização mais ampla da doutrina jurídica. Fundado em um compromisso de restringir um impulso etnocêntrico no discurso legal, o direito comparado parece um local natural a partir do qual é possível desafiar as variedades do Eurocentrismo que continuam a definir a doutrina e a produção acadêmica jurídica e a explorar as raízes coloniais das formações raciais globalizadas.
Revisitando, dez anos depois de seu polêmico lançamento nos EUA, o influente Death of a discipline (2003) de Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, este texto, ao revelar de que forma a referida morte disciplinar se estabelece, na verdade, como uma Aufhebung (Hegel) disciplinar, busca contribuir para uma anatomia da “morte” nos Estudos Literários.
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