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The Erzya Language. Where is it spoken?
Abstract
This article deals with Erzya, their affiliations, where they live and where their language is spoken. A geographical presentation is outlined for where Erzya has been traditionally spoken over the past one hundred years, as documented in the collections of Heikki Paasonen. Use of the language as a medium of communication is assessed in the rural and urban settings of various institutions: the family, education, the market, the Church and theatre. Due to limited official documentation of the Erzya as a nation or ethnic group, some of the facts are based upon personal experience and information accumulated by the author during his many trips to the Volga Region between 1992 and 2007. The Erzya language is encountered in many of the countries of the former Soviet Union. It is used the most in the rural setting in non-official matters. The new media of today: telephones, Wikimedia, etc. provide Erzya with a new niche in urban communication.
... These two languages are spoken by approximately half a million people, who have traditionally lived in the Volga Basin of what is now known as the Russian Federation [cf. Sarv 2002;Rueter 2013]. Documentation of these two languages rests on the work of native speakers and foreigners, alike. ...
Description of Mordvin language corpora development at the Language Bank of Finland.Description of development.
... Ersa kuulub uurali keelte volga harusse mordva keelte hulka ning seda kõneldakse peamiselt Mordva Vabariigis ja selle naabruses olevatel aladel. Koos lähisugulaskeele mokšaga on mordva keelte kõnelejaid ligikaudu 432 000, neist 2/3 on ersa keele kõnelejad (Rueter 2013). Komi ja udmurdi keel kuuluvad permi harusse. ...
... The number of speakers 1 for the two Mordvin languages (Erzya and Moksha) is 392,941 out of the 744,237 ethnically Mordvin people (Russian Census, 2010a). There is a consensus among researchers (Bartens, 1999;Keresztes, 2011;Rueter, 2013) that two-thirds of the Mordvin speakers are Erzyas. The approximately 260,000 Erzya speakers are scattered in the Russian Federation (in the Samara, Orenburg, and Ulyanovsk regions, to name a few) and also in former states of the Soviet Union, such as Kazakhstan. ...
The former Soviet Union (USSR) provides the ideal territory for studying language contact between one and the same dominant language (Russian) and a wide range of genealogically and typologically diverse languages with varying histories of language contact. This is the first book that bundles different case studies and systematically investigates the impact of Russian at all linguistic levels, from the lexicon to the domains of grammar to discourse, and with varying types of outcomes such as relatively rapid language shift, structural changes in a relatively stable contact situation, pidginization and super variability at the post-pidgin stage. The volume appeals to linguists studying language contact and contact-induced language change from a broad range of perspectives, who want to gain insight into how one of the largest languages in the world influences other smaller languages, but also experts of mostly minority languages in the sphere of the former Soviet Union.
The book has won the AATSEEL prize in the 2022 Best Book in Linguistics category!
... La population doit se positionner : comme le fait remarquer à juste titre Jack Rueter à propos du mordve-erza, c'est pour préserver la langue qu'il faut être actif, qu'il faut faire des choix. Si on n'en fait pas, on se laisse porter par le courant, et le courant est russe (Rueter 2013). La revitalisation de l'oudmourte repose sur une idéologie, celle qui relie l'identité ethnique à la langue et qui donne ainsi à celle-ci une valeur existentielle dans la définition d'une personne. ...
The results of the last Russian census in the Udmurt Republic about the knowledge of the vernacular "mother tongue" show a significant decrease, albeit the existence of an administrative Udmurt unit is supposed to support the use and the knowledge of Udmurt. On the other hand, in the Udmurt diaspora of Northern Bashkortostan, language knowledge and practice is widespread. This article shall discuss and compare these two realities and attempts to pinpoint the main elements that warrant the remarkable sustainability of Bashkortostan's Udmurt language experience, while reflecting whether the conditions that explain language maintenance may be implemented in Udmurtia.
The former Soviet Union (USSR) provides the ideal territory for studying language contact between one and the same dominant language (Russian) and a wide range of genealogically and typologically diverse languages with varying histories of language contact. This is the first book that bundles different case studies and systematically investigates the impact of Russian at all linguistic levels, from the lexicon to the domains of grammar to discourse, and with varying types of outcomes such as relatively rapid language shift, structural changes in a relatively stable contact situation, pidginization and super variability at the post-pidgin stage. The volume appeals to linguists studying language contact and contact-induced language change from a broad range of perspectives, who want to gain insight into how one of the largest languages in the world influences other smaller languages, but also experts of mostly minority languages in the sphere of the former Soviet Union.
The book has won the AATSEEL prize in the 2022 Best Book in Linguistics category!
This article is a case study by the Udmurt living in Northern Bashkortostan. This diaspora was formed between the 16th and the 18th century and has remarkably preserved the use of the vernacular. I first introduce the Udmurt communities and then concentrate on the linguistic situation not only on the basis of recent statistics but also through fieldwork experiences. I shall conclude by analysing the conditions that allowed this success story and reflect on the way Udmurtia Udmurt could be inspired by it.
This dissertation is a synchronic description of adnominal person in the highly synthetic morphological system of Erzya as attested in extensive Erzya-language written-text corpora consisting of nearly 140 publications with over 4.5 million words and over 285,000 unique lexical items. Insight for this description have been obtained from several source grammars in German, Russian, Erzya, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian, as well as bounteous discussions in the understanding of the language with native speakers and grammarians 1993 2010. Introductory information includes the discussion of the status of Erzya as a lan- guage, the enumeration of phonemes generally used in the transliteration of texts and an in-depth description of adnominal morphology. The reader is then made aware of typological and Erzya-specifc work in the study of adnominal-type person. Methods of description draw upon the prerequisite information required in the development of a two-level morphological analyzer, as can be obtained in the typological description of allomorphic variation in the target language. Indication of original author or dialect background is considered important in the attestation of linguistic phenomena, such that variation might be plotted for a synchronic description of the language. The phonological description includes the establishment of a 6-vowel, 29-consonant phoneme system for use in the transliteration of annotated texts, i.e. two phonemes more than are generally recognized, and numerous rules governing allophonic variation in the language. Erzya adnominal morphology is demonstrated to have a three-way split in stem types and a three-layer system of non-derivative affixation. The adnominal-affixation layers are broken into (a) declension (the categories of case, number and deictic marking); (b) nominal conjugation (non-verb grammatical and oblique-case items can be conjugated), and (c) clitic marking. Each layer is given statistical detail with regard to concatenability. Finally, individual subsections are dedicated to the matters of: possessive declension compatibility in the distinction of sublexica; genitive and dative-case paradigmatic defectivity in the possessive declension, where it is demonstrated to be parametrically diverse, and secondary declension, a proposed typology modifiers without nouns , as compatible with adnominal person. Väitöskirjatyöni on synkroninen kuvaus ersän kielen monipuolisesta omistusliitteiden käytöstä. Tutkimusaineistona on käytetty ersänkielisiä tekstikorpuksia, jotka koostuvat lähes 140 julkaisusta, yli 4,5 miljoonasta sanasta ja yli 285000 erillisestä sanamuodosta. Kuvauksen pohjana ovat erikieliset ersän kieliopit. Keskusteluilla niin ersää äidinkielenään puhuvien kuin muiden kielioppien kirjoittajien kanssa vuosina 1993 2010 on ollut tärkeä merkitys sille, miten työ kokonaisuudessaan on muotoutunut. Väitöskirjan alkuosassa pohditaan ersän kielen asemaa ja sen tulevaisuutta. Myös ersän äännejärjestelmän kuvaus sekä perusteellinen ja monipuolinen ersän nominaalilausekkeiden rakenteiden kuvaus sisältyy väitöskirjan alkuosaan. Luvussa 1.3. käsitellään persoonatutkimuksen taustaa ja tutkimuksia, jotka koskevat typologiaa ja eri kieliopeissa käsiteltyjä ersän persoonarakenteita. Kuvauksen menetelmissä (luku 2.) on hyödynnetty kielen morfologisen tason kuvausta varten kehitettyä kaksitasomallia, jota voidaan käyttää sanamuotojen morfologisessa analyysissa. Tätä analyysia voidaan taas hyödyntää ersän allomorfisen variaation typologisesta kuvauksesta. Hypoteesina on, että tekstin alkuperäisen kirjoittajan taustaa ja myös murretaustaa koskeva tieto on tärkeä kielellisten ilmiöiden kuvauksissa; näiden tietojen käyttäminen mahdollistaa kielen variaation synkronisen kuvauksen. Fonologiseen kuvaukseen (luku 3.) kuuluu 6-vokaalinen ja 29-konsonanttinen foneemijärjestelmä (2 uutta), jota on käytetty automaattisesti jäsennettyjen tekstien tarkekirjoituksessa. Lisäksi tarjotaan lukuisia sääntöjä, joiden avulla kuvataan allofonista vaihtelua. Ersän nominaalilausekkeiden taivutus esitetään kolmena kerrostumana. Nämä kerrostumat jaetaan (luku 4.2.1.-3.) substiivityyppiseen, johon sisältyy sijan, luvun ja deiksiksen merkintä, (luku 4.2.4.) nominaalikonjugaatioon: tämä koskee ersän nominatiivi- ja oblikvisijaisia nomineja, postpositioita, adverbeja ja infinitiivejä, ja (luku 4.2.5.) partikkelien merkintään. Jokaisen kerrostuman kuvauksessa esitetään tilastollista tietoa siitä, miten eri elementit voidaan liittää toisiinsa. Erikseen käsitellään luvussa 4.3. possessiivitaivutuksessa esiintyviä sijamuotoja suhteessa semanttisiin alileksikoihin, luvussa 4.4. possessiivitaivutuksen genetiivin ja datiivin vajaaparadigmaisuutta ja parametrista eroavaisuutta, ja luvussa 4.5 laajennettua modifioija ilman pääsanoja typologiaa, ja sen yhteen sopivuus adnominaalisen persoonan kanssa.
Indigenous Europeans East of Moscow. Population and Migration Patterns of the Largest Finno-Ugrian Peoples in Russia from the 18th to the 19th Centuries
- Sarv Heno
SARV Heno, 2002, Indigenous Europeans East of Moscow. Population and Migration Patterns of the Largest
Finno-Ugrian Peoples in Russia from the 18th to the 19th Centuries, Dissertation Geographicae
Universitatis Tartuensis, 17, Tartu.
ŠARONOV 1994 = ШАРОНОВ Александр, Масторава, Саранск ош: Мордовиянь книгань
издательствась.
Suomen suvun tiet. Kuvaus Suomen sukukansojen kehityksestä sekä tuhatvuotisista vaelluksista ja valtataisteluista
- Kuussaari Eero
Grammatik der ersa-mordwinischen Sprache nebst einem kleinen mordwinisch-deutschen und deutsch-mordwinischen Wörterbuch, Mémoires de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, VIIe Série
- Wiedemann Ferdinand
- Ferdinand Johann
The Mordvins, A historical overview
- Nagy József