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A review of the role of five kinds of alternatives to infeed antibiotics in broiler production
Abstract
In view of severe restriction of total ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters and therapeutic
agents in poultry industry, the search for alternatives to replace antibiotics has gained increasing
interest in animal nutrition. Gut micro flora appears to be the target for IFAs and alternatives to exert
health benefits and some growth-promoting effects. Subsequent to banning of use of antibiotics as
growth promoter sin poultry nutrition, numerous studies turned to finding of alternative solutions, that
is, other natural substances, which would have positive effect on chicken growth and feed conversion.
Today, several groups of these additives are in use and most often probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotic,
acidifiers and phytobiotics additives. Considering that each of the stated groups has its own
specificities, the objective of this work was to present main mechanism of their action and to present
their effect on production results in fattening of broiler chickens through review of research published
in this field.
... Organic acids Reduce the pH of the stomach [18] Reducing the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria [19] Poultry growth performance would be improved [20] ...
... Phytobiotics are plant-derived products that, when added to animal feed, show positive effects on digestive health and growth performance [20]. ...
... The microorganisms administered in animal feed have the function of improving the intestinal flora, either by colonizing the digestive tract, or by directly competing with the pathogenic bacteria or, even, by destroying the latter [23]. Improve the growth performance of poultry [20] Have beneficial effects on energy and protein use in poultry [24] ...
During the evolution of modern chicken production, there have been several changes in the nutritional requirements associated with a healthy food product, because antibiotics have residual effects on consumers. The latter committed a ban on the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry by the European Union in 2006. The development of antibiotic resistance has prompted the exploration of alternatives to improve the health and performance of animals without endangering consumers' health. Examples of alternatives to antibiotics are organic food additives, including probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics, symbiotics, etc. These additives are, therefore, nutritionally feasible substitutes for growth promoters and the breeding indices of animals treated with these additives were similar to those fed normal rations. Many studies have been shown that there is a beneficial impact on the performance of poultry, which they have indicated that supplementation with antibiotics can have positive effects on the quality of meat. However, other studies have shown that supplementation of additives organics in the broiler ration has no impact on the meat quality.
... Organic acids Reduce the pH of the stomach [18] Reducing the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria [19] Poultry growth performance would be improved [20] ...
... Phytobiotics are plant-derived products that, when added to animal feed, show positive effects on digestive health and growth performance [20]. ...
... The microorganisms administered in animal feed have the function of improving the intestinal flora, either by colonizing the digestive tract, or by directly competing with the pathogenic bacteria or, even, by destroying the latter [23]. Improve the growth performance of poultry [20] Have beneficial effects on energy and protein use in poultry [24] ...
During the evolution of modern chicken production, there have been several changes in the nutritional requirements associated with a healthy food product, because antibiotics have residual effects on consumers. The latter committed a ban on the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry by the European Union in 2006. The development of antibiotic resistance has prompted the exploration of alternatives to improve the health and performance of animals without endangering consumers' health. Examples of alternatives to antibiotics are organic food additives, including probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics, symbiotics, etc. These additives are, therefore, nutritionally feasible substitutes for growth promoters and the breeding indices of animals treated with these additives were similar to those fed normal rations. Many studies have been shown that there is a beneficial impact on the performance of poultry, which they have indicated that supplementation with antibiotics can have positive effects on the quality of meat. However, other studies have shown that supplementation of additives organics in the broiler ration has no impact on the meat quality.
... During the last few decades, plant extracts which are called phytobiotics or phytogenics have been commonly utilized as a growth enhancer in poultry diets to replace antibiotics (Gadde et al., 2017;Gowthaman et al., 2021). These phytobiotics demonstrate several important roles in animals' health in relation to antimicrobial activity, immunological stimulation, antioxidant activity, gut microbiota changes nutrigenomics impact, mitigation of stressors, promotion of digestion, and cholesterol-lowering and are also regarded as environmentfriendly pesticides and insecticides (Fallah et al., 2013;Dhama et al., 2014;Gopi et al., 2014;Gadde et al., 2017;Chaudhary et al., 2018;Gilani et al., 2021). Several studies have reported Universiti Putra Malaysia, and harvested at five weeks of age. ...
... Moreover, the production efficiency of those broilers may also improve due to the presence of other phytochemical components like tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids in B. decumbens (Schiavone et al., 2008;Redondo et al., 2022). These components exert antimicrobial action and immunological enhancement to maintain microflora balance, reduce pathogenic bacterial load, and stabilize intestinal health, which entails altering digestive organ function, nutrient absorption, and broiler chicken weight increase (Fallah et al., 2013;Dhama et al., 2014;Gopi et al., 2014;Gadde et al., 2017;Gilani et al., 2021). Hence, the herbs used in small concentrations rich in secondary metabolites have beneficial effects on animal response due to their astringent, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and inflammatory properties, which may affect the physiological and chemical function of the digestive tract (Perez-Gregorio et al., 2014). ...
The primary goal of this research was to elucidate the novel influence of Brachiaria decumbens supplementation on broiler chicken growth performance, nutritional digestibility, cecal microbiota, intestinal histomorphology, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. A total of 300 male day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly subjected to six different treatment groups having five replicates per treatment with 10 birds in each replicate. In treatment 1, broiler chickens were fed commercial diets with no added additives; in treatment 2, broiler chickens were offered commercial diets containing 100 mg/kg of the antibiotic oxytetracycline. However, in treatments 3, 4, 5, and 6, broiler chickens received similar commercial diets supplemented with 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg of B. decumbens ground leaf powder, respectively, without antibiotics. Throughout the 42-day trial, the body weight gain and total feed intake for each replicate were recorded every week to determine the growth performance. Then, on 21th and 42nd day, ten broilers from each treatment (two in each replicate) were randomly selected and slaughtered to assess the digestibility of nutrients, histomorphology of the small intestine, the population of the cecal microbiota, carcass characteristics, as well as quality of both breast and drumstick muscle. There were differences (p < 0.05) in the growth performance, apparent ileal nutrient digestibility, intestinal histomorphology, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Animals supplemented with 25 mg/kg of B. decumbens had higher growth performance and better ileal nutrient digestibility of protein, fiber, and ether extract, as well as higher villi height and carcass percentage with superior meat quality. Besides, the growth of E. faecalis during the starter phase was inhibited. In summary, B. decumbens supplementation at 25 mg/kg may be suggested as an optimal dose of as a prophylactic as well as an alternative for antibiotic growth promoter in stimulating the productivity of commercial broilers. This unconventional phytobiotic supplementation could be the key to replacing unnecessary antibiotics used in poultry feed.
... Las concentraciones más altas de estos complejos químicos se encuentran en flores, hojas y semillas (Hafeez et al., 2024). Algunos fitobióticos utilizados en pequeñas concentraciones tienen acción bacteriostática o bactericida, o inhiben la adhesión de bacterias patógenas a la mucosa intestinal y urinaria, además, tienen efecto antioxidante al reducir las especies de oxígeno reactivas a los radicales libres (ROS), así como efectos antinflamatorios, antifúngicos e inmunes ante la presencia de microorganismos patógenos o procesos inflamatorios (Cross et al., 2007;Rozbeh et al., 2013). ...
Based on the review of scientific literature and previous studies conducted by our team, we have identified other less studied natural products rich in secondary metabolites and beneficial chemical compounds that do not belong to the plant kingdom. These products, such as mushrooms and algae, have shown positive effects on animal production even at small concentrations (Abdel-Wareth et al., 2024; Suberu et al., 2024). However, they are not yet classified in any specific group.
The aim of this work is to define new nutraceutical groups, called Algbiotics and Fungbiotics, as alternatives for the partial or total replacement of animal production additives (APC), with a positive impact on the well-being, prevention and health of the host.
... Probiotics have been investigated as diet additives (Fallah et al. 2013), or alternatives to antibiotics for improving production (Al-Khalaifa et al. 2019), and ultimately improving the quality of chicken meat (Mohammed et al. 2021). The most common microorganisms used as probiotics in animal husbandry are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts. ...
Context
In the limited field of research on Kazakhstan’s poultry, this study explores a new area by investigating the lack of studies on the impact of probiotics from camel milk and mare’s milk. This study provides valuable knowledge about an important aspect of poultry production in the region.
Aims
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of probiotics isolated from traditional fermented dairy products, fermented camel milk (shubat) and fermented mare’s milk (koumiss) on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens.
Methods
In total, 240 1-day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly separated into four treatment groups of three replicates (20 birds per replicate). Three experimental groups were fed by basal diet plus drinking water containing 0.25 mL, 0.5 mL, and 1.0 mL of probiotics per bird (Pro1, Pro2, and Pro3 respectively). The control group was fed by basal diet plus drinking water. The carcass characteristics included the weights of the body and carcass rate. Organoleptic analysis, proximate composition, pH, drip loss, cook loss and were used to determine meat-quality properties.
Key results
According to the study results isolated probiotics Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei SH1, Enterococcus faecalis SH6, and Kazachstania unispora Y 2.2 had a significant effect on body and carcass weight (P < 0.05). Average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were also improved in probiotics groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, Pro 2 group had increased meat protein contents (P < 0.05). No significant differences in organoleptic quality between the control and experimental groups fed with the probiotics were determined.
Conclusions
Traditional fermented dairy products could become a source of new effective probiotics useful to improve broiler production.
Implications
The readily available shubat and koumiss in Kazakhstan present a promising opportunity for establishing localised probiotic production for poultry, indicating a viable path for promoting sustainable and tailored approaches to poultry farming in the region.
... The active compounds of phytobiotics are mostly terpenoids, phenolics (tannins), glycosides and alkaloids. Antimicrobial activity and immune enhancement probably are the two major properties of phytobiotics which are essential for the health and overall well-being of the chicken (Fallah et al., 2013). ...
This chapter explores the critical role of gut health in poultry production and the factors influencing the gut ecosystem. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining a well-functioning gut for optimal bird performance, productivity, and overall welfare. Impaired gut function can lead to hindered nutrient digestion and absorption, affecting bird health and economic losses. The development of the gastrointestinal tract and the maturation of the intestinal microbiota, highlights of the dynamic nature of microbial colonization from hatching onwards have been discussed. The composition and density of gut microbiota, including species like Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Clostridium, play essential roles in gut development, immune responses, protection from pathogens, and nutrient digestion. Various nutritional strategies, including the use of nutraceuticals, dietary protein, fiber, non-starch polysaccharides, fats, and specific feed ingredients, are examined for their impact on gut health. The application of antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, enzymes, phytobiotics, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in essential maintaining a healthy gut ecosystem. Additionally, the water quality, good management practices, and the effects of feed processing also show influence on the gut health. It introduces advanced methods like microbiota engineering, the use of spray-dried plasma, and considers the influence of climate and seasonal changes on chicken gut health.
In conclusion, the intricate relationship between gut microbiota and poultry health is crucial for achieving optimal performance. The comprehensive exploration of various factors affecting gut health provides insights into potential strategies for improving bird productivity and welfare in the poultry industry.
... Results revealed that birds receiving diets enriched with any of these doses had significantly higher body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. These results are in line with those found in prior studies when synbiotics were supplemented at different levels including by 1.5 g per kg diet (Cheng et al., 2017), 1.13, 0.63 and 0.38 kg/ton (Abdel-Hafeez et al., 2017), 0.5, 1, and 2 kg/ton (Ipek et al., 2016), 1g/kg (Al-Sultan et al., 2016), 2.15 g/kg (Min et al., 2016), 250mg/kg (Sagor et al., 2015), 1g/kg (Ghasemi et al., 2014), 6 and 11g/kg (Mookiah et al., 2014), 2.000 ppm (Murarolli et al., 2014), 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/kg (Fallah et al., 2013) which indicated that the incorporation of synbiotics had a substantial effect on weight gain and feed conversion ratio. This improvement in weight gain could likely be linked to probiotics' capacity to secrete digestive enzymes such as lipase, protease, and amylase which help break down feed nutrients for better digestibility of starch, fat, and protein resulting in increased availability of nutrients for the broilers hence leading to higher live weight gain (Bedford, 2000). ...
As the world population increases to its projected seven billion people, the demand for both animal and plant-based food sources becomes more pressing. To increase production of meat, eggs, milk and fish, feed additives like antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics and synbiotics are being considered. Scientists advocating for animal health typically support the combination of probiotics and prebiotics-otherwise known as synbiotics-for their beneficial properties. This review looks at how synbiotics can affect poultry production in terms of growth, carcass characteristics, intestinal histomorphology, immunity and microbiome. An electronic search was conducted with related keywords to assess relevant literature on this topic. Synbiotic products may help with growth performance as well as modify gut microbiome composition, prepare slaughter traits and stimulate immunity. The efficacy of synbiotics in poultry production depends on certain conditions including the bird's intestinal health, inclusion rate of these agents, quality of feed and water availability. This systematic review compiles all the research papers focused on synbiotics in poultry production and their potential impact on performance parameters.
... The use of probiotics and prebiotics together produces a more beneficial effect than partial use (Fallah et al., 2013). The use of probiotics and prebiotics together is expected to affect the microflora ecosystem in the intestine, namely increasing the number of beneficial bacteria, which results in an increase in nutrient absorption followed by the quality of the chicken carcass. ...
The neem plant (Azadirachta indica) is a herb with the potential as a source of antioxidants. This study aimed to identify compounds that exist in the neem leaf and determine their antioxidant activity. Neem leaf extract was collected by using 80% methanol. Furthermore, methanol extracts from neem leaves with the highest antioxidant activity were partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. This research were analyzed by partition for antioxidant activity, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrilhydrazil) and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were determined. The results showed that the ethyl acetate partition had the highest antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 1.004 µg/ml. Neem leaf extract has the potential for a use as an herbal medicine in the treatment of various diseases..
... The concept of phytobiotics as a feed additive in animals is centuries old (Fallah, Kiani, and Azarfar 2013). Phytobiotic feed additives (PFA) can be defined as plants-/herbsderived products added to the feed in order to improve performance of animals. ...
Botanical medicine is an ancient medicine used by human beings for thousands of years. Recently, phytobiotics, which are phytochemical compounds derived from plants, are investigated and used widely in the veterinary field as an alternative feed additive to antibiotic growth promoters. Phytobiotic feed additives can be defined as plants-/herbs-derived products added to the feed in order to improve performance of animals. Phytobiotics include herbs (non-woody and non-persistent plants), spices (with a powerful scent or flavour) and essential oils. These phytobiotics conatin subsequent tens of active principles that are classified into six major bioactive chemicals: phenolic, organosulfur, nitrogen-containing compounds, phytosterols, alkaloids, and carotenoids. Each chemical class of phytobiotics has a mode of action; e.g. phenolic compounds or flavonoids as major active ingredients are identified as potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Therefore, the growth promotion outcome induced by phytobiotic feed additives varies depending on the phytochemical mixture used and their active chemicals as well as their concentrations. This review highlights the mode of actions of various phytobiotics, and their beneficial effects on feed intake, gut health, immune system, blood picture and biochemical indices as well as visceral organs, and subsequently their final outcome as growth promoters in poultry nutrition.
... There are so many attempts to improve the performance of broilers. The addition of antibiotics to feed or drinking water is one way to IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1107/1/012067 2 improve the performance of broilers, but the use of antibiotics in the long term can have a negative impact on incalculable risks for human health resulting from the use of particular feed additives [4]. Based on this description, it is deemed necessary to conduct research on the encapsulation potential of liquid smoke as an additive and its effect on live weight, carcass and organs of broilers and the chemical quality of broiler meat. ...
The aims of this study was to determine the effect of addition encapsulated liquid smoke in drinking water to relative of weight life, carcass, organ and chemical component of broiler meat. Broilers were grown to 30 days of age on ad libitum diets and addition of liquid smoke encapsulated in drinking water were given in 14 th day every 3 days ad libitum. One hundred Day Old Chicks (DOC) were randomly assigned into 5 treatments and 4 replications, each replicate consisted of 5 birds. The treatments started at 14 th day, consist of P0 = control, P1= commercial antibiotic (acidal™) and liquid smoke encapsulated (P2 = 0.5 %, P3=1.0%, P4=1.5%). The result showed that addition of encapsulated liquid smoke to drinking water had significant effect (P<0.05) on broiler life weight, and carcass weight. Meanwhile, there was no significant effect (P>0.05) on percentage of carcass, liver, heart and gizzard. The result of broiler fat meat show at 0.5-1.0 % level addition of liquid smoked encapsulated have same effect as commercial antibiotic, meanwhile the addition of liquid smoked encapsulated have no effect to pH and cholesterol of broiler meat.
An experiment was conducted on three hundred and twenty broiler chicks to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation of probiotic on immunocompetence, response to E. coli, growth and carcass characteristics in broilers. The chicks were placed on one of the four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were a basal diet (control), and three other diets which were same in composition as that of basal diet but supplemented with three levels of probiotic (Probiolac; 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg per kg diet). Supplementation of probiotic 100 mg per kg diet significantly improved the body weight gain (0-4 wks) but no difference was observed subsequently. Probiotic supplementation of diet did not influence feed consumption or feed conversion ratio. There was significantly higher antibody production in the 100 mg probiotic supplementation group at 10 days and 5 days of post inoculation in response to SRBC antigen when injected at 14 days and 21 days of age respectively, compared to control. The birds fed probiotic were less susceptible to E. coli challenge compared to control, however no difference was observed in the weight of bursa and spleen due to probiotic supplementation. Supplementation of probiotic had no influence on dressing percentage or weight of internal organs like liver; heart and gizzard.
One of the most important ways in which a probiotic organism may exert a beneficial effect on its host is to modify metabolic processes, particularly those occurring in the gut.