ArticleLiterature Review

Cognitive plasticity in older adults: Effects of cognitive training and physical exercise

Wiley
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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Abstract

Cognitive training, physical activity, and exercise have often been reported to improve cognitive performance in older adults. This paper reviews some seminal and recent studies using these approaches to improve cognition and physical functioning in healthy older adults and in patients suffering from non-neurological chronic medical conditions. Results from cognitive training studies suggest that despite performance improvement in trained tasks, transfer effects appeared very limited. Surprisingly though, computerized dual-task training has been shown to improve balance and postural control in tests of physical functioning, suggesting that broad transfer can sometimes be observed. Physical exercise intervention studies generally found significant and large improvements in physical capacity, in some cognitive domains, and in quality of life. The benefits seem to be equivalent between frail and nonfrail participants. Overall, results reviewed here support the notion that cognitive plasticity for attentional control, as induced by cognitive training or physical activity and exercise, is preserved in late adulthood. Moreover, results of studies with patients at risk of cognitive decline also suggest that cognitive training and exercise interventions are promising nonpharmaceutical tools to help improve cognition in older at-risk individuals. © 2015 New York Academy of Sciences.

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... For instance, studies have shown that cognitive training can lead to increased alpha power, which is associated with improved cognitive function. 15,16 Similarly, physical exercise has been linked to changes in EEG patterns indicative of enhanced cognitive processing and brain plasticity. 17,18 The ability of EEG to detect such changes makes it a valuable biomarker for evaluating the efficacy of interventions in AD. ...
... Following preprocessing, the EEG data were segmented into 2-second epochs for spectral power analysis. Spectral power was calculated using Welch's method 29 with a Hamming window, focusing on 5 frequency bands: delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30), and gamma (30-55 Hz). 30 The absolute spectral power within each frequency band was averaged across all epochs, and relative spectral power was computed by normalizing the absolute spectral power within each frequency band. ...
... Especially working memory and inhibitory control have received extensive attention as they have been shown to be potent core markers of age-related cognitive decline (e.g., Chao & Knight, 1997;Grandjean & Collette, 2011;Reuter-Lorenz & Park, 2010;Waters & Caplan, 2001). Working memory, that is, the ability to maintain and consciously manipulate information in short-term memory crucially involves executive processes that afford the ability to process increasing memory loads, update and manipulate items kept in memory, and inhibit irrelevant sensory inputs (Bherer, 2015;Bherer et al., 2013). ...
... Importantly, the above-mentioned age-related modulations in cognitive capacity and the associated changes in brain structure and function have been found to vary greatly between individuals (Aine et al., 2011;Kimura et al., 2013). Indeed, there is large inter-individual variability in cognitive abilities within same-age elderly individuals (Bastin et al., 2012;Bherer, 2015). In fact, the, ongoing brain's state is naturally variable (Faisal et al., 2008) and thus even in healthy, young individuals there is, to some extent, intra-and inter-individual variability in general functional properties of the brain (MacDonald et al., 2006). ...
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During aging the inter‐individual variability in both the neural and behavioral functions is likely to be emphasized. Decreased competence particularly in working memory and general executive control compromises many aspects of the quality of life also within the nonclinical population. We aimed, first, to clarify the brain basis of visual working memory and inhibition during multi‐stage natural‐like task performance, and second, to identify associations between variation in task‐related neural activity and relevant cognitive skills, namely inhibition and general working memory capacity. We recorded, using magnetoencephalography (MEG), the neural modulations associated with encoding, maintenance, and retrieval, as well as interference suppression during a visual working memory task in older adults. We quantified the neural correlates of these cognitive processes through two complementary approaches: evoked responses and oscillatory activity. Neural activity during memory retrieval and interference suppression were correlated with behavioral measures of task switching and general executive functions. Our results show that general inhibitory control induced frontocentral neural modulation across a broad range of frequencies whereas domain‐specific inhibition was limited to right posterior areas. Our findings also suggest that modulations particularly in phase‐locked evoked neural activity can be reliably associated with explicit measures of cognitive skills, with better inhibitory control linked with an early neural effect of distractor inhibition during retrieval. In general, we show that exploiting the inherent inter‐individual variability in neural measures and behavioral markers of cognition in aging populations can help establish reliable links between specific brain functions and their behavioral manifestations.
... However, physical performance is not solely a product of physiological, biomechanical and psychological factors but is also intricately tied to neuronal mechanisms (Li & Smith, 2021;Raglin, 2001). Key neuronal components, such as cortical excitability (i.e., the reaction of cortical neurons to stimuli ) and neuroplasticity (i.e., the brain's adaptability to changing conditions, morphologically and functionally), have been described as interacting exercise performance-determining neuronal factors (Bherer, 2015;Callan & Naito, 2014;Monda et al., 2017). Indeed, several studies have indicated that increased cortical excitability drives early gains in strength training (Folland & Williams, 2007;Kidgell et al., 2010), with athletes displaying heightened cortical excitability alongside a lower resting motor threshold compared to non-athletes (Monda et al., 2017). ...
... In terms of neuroplasticity, it contributes to physical performance through motor learning, wherein the brain adapts to new motor skills by altering neural networks. Thus, expectedly, increased neuroplasticity has been linked to individual training progress (Bherer, 2015;Seidel-marzi & Ragert, 2020). ...
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This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses independently the acute effects of anodal and cathodal motor cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on athletic performance in healthy adults. Besides, it evaluates the unique and conjoint effects of potential moderators (i.e., stimulation parameters, exercise type, subjects’ training status and risk of bias). Online database search was performed from inception until March 18th 2024 (PROSPERO: CRD42023355461). Forty-three controlled trials were included in the systematic review, 40 in the anodal tDCS meta-analysis (68 effects), and 9 (11 effects) in the cathodal tDCS meta-analysis. Performance enhancement between pre and post-stimulation was the main outcome measure considered. The anodal tDCS effects on physical performance were small to moderate (g = .29, 95%CI [.18, .40], PI = -.64 to 1.23, I2 = 64.0%). Exercise type, training status and use of commercial tDCS were significant moderators of the results. The cathodal tDCS effects were null (g = .04, 95%CI [-.05, .12], PI = -.14 to .23, I2 = 0%), with a small to moderate heterogeneity entirely due to sampling error, thus impairing further moderator analysis. These findings hold significant implications for the field of brain stimulation and physical performance, as they not only demonstrate a small to moderate effect of acute tDCS but also identify specific categories of individuals, devices and activities that are more susceptible to improvements. By addressing the multidimensional factors influencing the mechanisms of tDCS, we also provide suggestions for future research.
... Gender and ethnicity were only weakly predictive, likely because the cognitive functions tested do not typically show gender differences in older adults, unlike in younger and middle-aged groups 92 , while recent research conducted among 1140 elderly Malaysians found that while mental health and social engagement varied between ethnic groups, cognitive performance did not 93 . Next, childhood SES and cognitive and physical engagement across the lifespan did not correspond to cognition, contradicting previous findings that childhood SES is typically correlated with better brain structural outcomes 94 , and cognitive and physical interventions do show momentary cognitive benefits 95 . This could suggest weaknesses in retrospective self-report, as participants were asked to reflect on distant life events or recall levels of activity. ...
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Aging is associated with declines in cognition and brain structural integrity. However, there is equivocality over (1) the specificity of affected domains in different people, (2) the location of associated patterns of brain structural deterioration, and (3) the sociodemographic factors contributing to ‘unhealthy’ cognition. We aimed to identify cognitive profiles displayed by older adults and determine brain and sociodemographic features potentially shaping these profiles. A sample of Southeast-Asian older adults (N = 386) participated in a multi-session study comprising cognitive testing, neuroimaging, and a structured interview. We used computational models to extract latent mechanisms underlying cognitive flexibility and response inhibition. Data-driven methods were used to construct cognitive profiles based on standard performance measures and model parameters. We also investigated grey matter volume and machine-learning derived ‘brain-ages’. A profile associated with poor set-shifting and rigid focusing was associated with widespread grey matter reduction in cognitive control regions. A slow responding profile was associated with advanced brain-age. Both profiles were correlated with poor socioeconomic standing and cognitive reserve. We found that the impact of sociodemographic factors on cognitive profiles was partially mediated by total grey and white matter, and dorsolateral prefrontal and cerebellar volumes. This study furthers understanding of how distinct aging profiles of cognitive impairment uniquely correspond to specific vs. global brain deterioration and the significance of socioeconomic factors in informing cognitive performance in older age.
... Regarding PAAIR's impact on cognitive function, neurophysiology studies have demonstrated that physical activity can enhance blood flow in the brain and levels of norepinephrine and dopamine [50,51]. Moreover, neuroplasticity training, such as AIR, can change the brain structure, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in cognition [17,28,52]. Some of these structural changes contribute to improvements in the working memory [51]. ...
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Background Older individuals are at a particular risk of sleep disorders, a loss of cognitive and emotional control, and a poor quality of life. Pharmaceutical therapy for these conditions is commonplace but has not been particularly effective, and relatively little research exists for their treatment using non-pharmacological approaches. The effectiveness of Physical Activity plus selected components of Amygdala and Insula Retraining (PAAIR) was tested to improve sleep quality, depression, working memory, and emotion regulation among older males. Methods This was a parallel, randomized control trial. The study was conducted in-person among 40 older Iranian men (Mage: 65.78, SD = 2.41). The participants were randomly assigned with equal allocation to either the PAAIR or a control condition. Both interventions were conducted in-person over 12 weeks. The participants met twice weekly for 45-minute sessions at a local elderly training and rehabilitation center. All participants completed measurements for sleep quality, depressive symptoms, working memory, and emotion regulation at baseline, 12 weeks (immediately after the intervention), and 8 weeks later. Results Among the 36 individuals who finished the study, their sleep quality, working memory, and emotion regulation improved, and their depressive symptoms were reduced from baseline to 12 weeks (post-intervention) and 8 weeks later; these effects were seen even more so for the PAAIR group compared to the control group, with large to extremely large effect sizes. Conclusion The findings suggest that PAAIR has the potential to enhance sleep quality, cognitive function, and emotion regulation and reduce depressive symptoms among older men, thus contributing to their quality of life and mental health.
... Conversely, an over-active lifestyle, characterized by excessive physical exertion without the most significant contributors to cognitive health. Regular physical exercise has been linked to a lower risk of cognitive decline, mainly due to its positive effects on cardiovascular health and its role in enhancing neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity [30, [54][55][56][57][58][59]. Physical activity is also thought to mitigate neuroinflammation, which is linked to cognitive impairment in aging [60][61][62][63]. ...
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With the aging of the global population, neurodegenerative diseases are emerging as a major public health issue. The adoption of a less sedentary lifestyle has been shown to have a beneficial effect on cognitive decline, but the molecular mechanisms responsible are less clear. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the complex molecular, cellular, and systemic mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline and how lifestyle choices influence these processes. A review of the evidence from animal models, human studies, and postmortem analyses emphasizes the importance of integrating physical exercise with cognitive, multisensory, and motor stimulation as part of a multifaceted approach to mitigating cognitive decline. We highlight the potential of these non-pharmacological interventions to address key aging hallmarks, such as genomic instability, telomere attrition, and neuroinflammation, and underscore the need for comprehensive and personalized strategies to promote cognitive resilience and healthy aging. Citation: Diniz, D.G.; Bento-Torres, J.; da Costa, V.O.; Carvalho, J.P.R.; Tomás, A.M.; Galdino de Oliveira, T.C.; Soares, F.C.; de Macedo, L.D.e.D.; Jardim, N.Y.V.; Bento-Torres, N.V.O.; et al. The Hidden Dangers of Sedentary Living: Insights into Molecular, Cellular, and Systemic Mechanisms.
... [8,9]. Therefore, various intervention programs are being developed and implemented for patients with MCI. ...
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This study evaluated the instructors’ acceptance and experience of using cognitive training robots and identifying factors that affect the use of robots as well as various methods to actively utilize them. The intention to use robots was analyzed based on the Almere model, where the instructors conducted a cognitive function enhancement training program for older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment at a public health center in Korea. The instructors’ experiences were analyzed via focus group interviews. The data collection period was from December 28, 2020 to February 26, 2021. Consequently, perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment were analyzed as factors influencing instructors’ intentions to use robots; ease of use was also identified as an important factor in actual use. Satisfaction after using the robot was related to perceived sociability. As the field of robots for preventing dementia advances, their acceptance will further increase if enjoyment, ease of use, and the effectiveness of the robot itself are considered during their development.
... Estudos prévios corroboram os nossos achados na medida em que concluem que a utilização da música como elemento estimulador durante os treinos pode promover uma valência afetiva mais positiva, melhorar o desempenho motor, cognitivo e físico (ou seja, efeito ergogênico), reduzir o esforço percebido e melhorar a eficiência fisiológica e a cognição (Bherer, 2015;Elsandegy, 2009;Greco, 2022;Terry et al., 2020). Nesse mesmo sentido, entende-se quea música pode melhorar a motivação e aumentar o esforço durante o treinamento HIIT promovendo uma melhor relação do praticante com seu rendimento físico durante o treino. ...
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The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of music on psychophysiological responses in a High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) protocol with preferred (PM), non-preferred (NPM) and no music (NM). Thirty-one physically active adults of both genders participated voluntarily. All subjects were exposed to all protocols. Before starting the sessions, an anamnesis was used in order to measure data on PM and NPM during the exercise (Visual Analog Scale for Musical Taste). Seven days before the first intervention, a maximal exercise test of maximal speed at maximal measurement was performed. The Subjective Perceived Exertion (PSE6-20) and the Affect Scale (AFETO+5/ -5) were used during the study in 10 bouts of 60 seconds of exercise for 60 seconds of passive rest (60”: 60”). Results showed regular criteria of normality and sphericity. A one-way ANOVA test with repeated measures [F(2, 26)= 9,703; p< 0.05] followed by the Sidak post-hoc showed that HIIT with PM generated lower PSE6-20 and higher AFETO value compared to the use of HIIT with NPM and NM. It is concluded that MP is reduced, which consequently makes HIIT on the treadmill more tolerable and probably a more efficient way of training, increasing and improving physical exercise performance.
... According to the Social Determinants of Health model, increasing research is now focusing on the effects of various healthy lifestyles on cognitive function. Numerous studies show that adopting more healthy lifestyles promotes cognitive function, such as participating in social activities (Gorenko et al., 2021), performing moderate physical exercise (Bherer, 2015;Young et al., 2015), moderate sleep duration (Scullin & Bliwise, 2015), ingesting balanced dietary components (Ozawa et al., 2021), keeping moderate gait (Cohen et al., 2016;Gorenko et al., 2021), maintaining weight within the normal range (Dye et al., 2017) and other factors about healthy lifestyles among middle-aged and older adults. However, smoking and alcohol consumption have been found to exert opposite effects on cognitive function: smoking increases the risk of dementia, while moderate drinking (especially red wine) seems to be beneficial in preventing this risk (Nooyens et al., 2008(Nooyens et al., , 2014. ...
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It has been demonstrated that a healthy lifestyle affects cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults, while the role of activities of daily living (ADL) has not been investigated. This study was based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from the first wave (2011) to the third wave (2015), aiming to examine the mediating role of ADL in this relationship. The sample included 13,227 middle-aged and older adults who participated in the three wave surveys. A battery of tests, including episodic memory and executive function, were used to evaluate cognitive function, and ten variables, including BMI, exercise and other variables were employed to construct healthy lifestyle indicators. A cross-lagged model was utilized to confirm the mediating effect of ADL between healthy lifestyle and cognitive function. The results revealed that T1 healthy lifestyle had a significant negative prediction for T2 ADL (β =-0.051, P < 0.001). T1 ADL significantly negatively predicted T2 health lifestyle (β = -0.052, P < 0.001). T1 cognitive function significantly negatively predicted T2 ADL (β =-0.032, P < 0.001). T2 ADL significantly negatively predicted T3 cognitive function (β = -0.103, P < 0.001). T2 cognitive function significantly negatively predicted T3 ADL (β = -0.003, P < 0.001). After adjustment for covariates, T2 ADL negatively mediated the association between T1 healthy lifestyle (β = -0.118, P < 0.001) and T3 cognitive function (β = -0.215, P < 0.001). The model explained 8.2% of the variance in T3 cognitive function. More healthy lifestyles are the protective factors for cognitive impairment and partially benefit work through better ADL ability.
... Interestingly, childhood SES and cognitive and physical engagement across the lifespan did not correspond to cognition, contradicting previous ndings that childhood SES is typically correlated with better brain structural outcomes 72 , and cognitive and physical interventions do show momentary cognitive bene ts 73 . This could suggest weaknesses in retrospective self-report, as participants were asked to re ect on distant life events or recall levels of activity. ...
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Aging is associated with declines in cognition and brain structural integrity. However, there is equivocality over 1) the specificity of affected domains in different people, 2) the location of associated patterns of brain structural deterioration, and 3) the sociodemographic factors contributing to ‘unhealthy’ cognition. We aimed to identify cognitive profiles displayed by older adults and determine brain and sociodemographic features potentially shaping these profiles. A sample of Southeast-Asian older adults (N = 386) participated in a multi-session study comprising cognitive testing, neuroimaging, and a structured interview. We used computational models to extract latent mechanisms underlying cognitive flexibility and response inhibition. Data-driven methods were used to construct cognitive profiles based on standard performance measures and model parameters. We also investigated grey matter volume and machine-learning derived ‘brain-ages’. A profile associated with poor set-shifting and rigid focusing was associated with widespread grey matter reduction in cognitive control regions. A slow responding profile was associated with advanced brain-age. Both profiles were correlated with poor socioeconomic standing and cognitive reserve. This study furthers understanding of how distinct aging profiles of cognitive impairment uniquely correspond to specific vs. global brain deterioration and the significance of socioeconomic factors in informing cognitive performance in older age.
... Another massive meta-analysis found that older adults exposed to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise showed significant improvements in cognitive functions compared to controls exposed to light exercise such as stretching. Prospective 15 studies involving more than 30,000 participants worldwide have been comprehensively collected and analyzed and it showed that those who exercised vigorously three or more times a week have lower risk of dementia by up to 38% compared to control group (Sofi et al. 2011;Bherer 2015). The analysis reinforces previous studies showing that the improvement of cognitive function is accompanied by improvement of physical strength. ...
Article
Dementia is a progressive neurological disorder which is clinically characterized by memory loss, behavioral symptoms, and loss of ability to live a normal life. Dementia patients may have to cope with permanent and irreversible symptoms. Although a new drug for dementia with beta-amyloid-removal function has recently received FDA approval, the effect of delaying the progression of dementia is still insignificant, but the cost is expensive. On the other hand, studies on the effects of exercise in dementia have implied that the incidence of dementia or cognitive decline could be efficiently controlled by exercise. The cognitive neuroprotective effect of exercise was supported by cross-sectional studies in which physically fit seniors showed larger hippocampal or gray matter volumes than unfit seniors. In addition, multiple animal studies demonstrate that exercise promotes neuroplasticity through induction of neurotropic factors, with improved outcomes on cognitive functions. In this review, we discuss the effects of conventional mode of physical exercise, cognitive (neuromuscular) exercise, and combined exercise in the prevention of dementia, and highlight the prospects for new exercise programs using digital technology that are being recently developed to reduce cognitive decline. Exercise should be importantly considered as a non-pharmacological therapeutic strategy for cognitive decline and dementia.
... Cognitive decline is one of the most crucial issues to be addressed in the aging population. Various interventions have been proposed to maintain and improve cognitive function in older adults, including physical activities and cognitive exercises [1][2][3]. In this context, exercise and sports that integrate physical and cognitive activities are gaining attention because of their potential benefits for brain health. ...
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Exercise training integrating physical and cognitive activities is gaining attention because of its potential benefits for brain health. This study focuses on exercise training using a dart game called Wellness Darts. Wellness Darts is a sport involving throwing darts and walking to pull them out of the board, memorizing the score, and subtracting this from the total score, thus requiring the simultaneous performance of two tasks: exercise and calculation. This is expected to maintain and improve cognitive function, and whether this continual darts training affects brain function is of great interest. Before conducting the longitudinal study revealing its effect on brain function, we aimed to cross-sectionally confirm the difference in hemispheric lateralization between expert and non-expert players. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure brain activity for three groups: an expert older group who practiced darts continually, a non-expert older control group, and a non-expert younger control group. Their brain activity patterns were quantified by the lateralization index (LI) and compared between groups. The results showed that the younger and the expert older groups had significantly higher LI values than the non-expert older group, and there was no difference between the expert older and the younger groups. Our results suggest that the Wellness Darts game possibly promotes hemispheric lateralization.
... The meta-analysis performed by Doyle et al. revealed that the early start of aerobic exercise after cardiac surgery results in significant improvements in functional and aerobic capacity following cardiac surgery [36]. Other studies have demonstrated that cognitive training contributes to the preservation of cognitive resources and enhances neuroplasticity processes, which can mitigate the negative consequences of surgery [38][39][40]. ...
Article
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Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has been observed as a complication after cardiac surgery consistently. The ineffectiveness of current treatments for POCD is causing a search for non-invasive alternatives. The present review aims to consolidate the current understanding of how VR methods effectively facilitate the recovery of cognitive functioning in cardiac surgery patients. To obtain information about the effects of VR technology on cognitive functions, we investigated the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection databases. Our research has shown that VR systems effectively provide feedback, adapt to individual needs, and provide high-intensity and meaningful exercise to promote cognitive and motor learning. Previous studies have demonstrated that multisensory and multidomain stimulation of cognitive functions is possible through VR technology. Thus, the cognitive rehabilitation of cardiac surgery patients can be significantly enhanced using virtual reality (VR) technologies.
... Examples include visual occlusion, perceptual-cognitive training and mental imaging. However, its general efficacy is still under debate, as some studies only show short-term enhancements of motor learning [for review see (70)] whereas others argue the current state of research does not show clear benefits of cognitive training (71,72). We identified 12 studies that used some form of cognitive training to study motor learning in golf. ...
Article
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Golf is a sport that consists of complex movement skills that need to be executed with utmost precision. Consequently, motor skill learning plays a crucial role in golf, and large numbers of studies address various methods of motor learning. In the present review, we give a systematic overview of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on motor learning of golf-specific motor skills. Three electronic databases were searched for RCTs looking at the effect of at least one learning method on performance in a golf-specific motor task. We grouped the studies depending on the learning strategies “cognitive training”, “practice scheduling”, “augmented feedback”, “implicit and explicit learning” and “focus of attention”. Fifty-two RCTs met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. Superior methods within their respective strategies were an external focus of attention and increasing contextual interference, as well as errorless learning. For “cognitive training” and “augmented feedback”, no single method can be considered the most favorable. The overall biggest limitations were the lack of statistical power for more than half of the RCTs, and the fact that most studies of the present review investigated simple putting tasks in novices only. Although we have shown superiority of specific learning methods, transferability of the recommendations that can be derived from simple golf tasks in novices to sport-specific tasks in advanced players still has to be demonstrated and require study designs with the intention to provide practical recommendations for coaches and athletes in the sport of golf.
... But in recent years, apart from aesthetics and recreation, society has become increasingly aware of dance's potential to improve physical and mental well-being [1]. Dance is a multidimensional exercise that combines physical, cognitive, artistic, and social activities, all of which are important for improving cognitive performance [4][5] [6]. Dance can stimulate neuroplasticity in several cognitive functions such as learning and memory to learn new movement patterns, attention to follow instructions, executive function to execute complex movement patterns, and social cognition to link movements with meaning and emotional expression in social interactions. ...
... To maintain optimal cognitive and functional functioning, health professionals recommend that older adults participate in cognitive training programmes that enhance brain neuroplasticity and aid in the recovery of losses related to senses, cognition, memory, and motor control (Bherer, 2015;Chapman et al., 2015;Connolly et al., 2017;Mahncke et al., 2006). ...
... Among several cognitive domains, executive functions, involved in activities requiring the coordination of multiple tasks simultaneously, seem to be most sensitive to normal aging or chronic physical conditions (Bherer, 2015). Excessive cognitive load devoted to auditory perceptual processing in everyday life causes relevant structural changes in the brain and neurodegeneration at the expense of other cognitive processes (Uchida et al., 2019). ...
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Introduction Tinnitus is the perception of a sound in the absence of any corresponding external sound source. Current research suggests a relationship among emotional, cognitive, and psychosomatic symptoms and the occurrence or maintenance of chronic tinnitus. This study aimed to detect the prevalence and role of psychosomatic conditions, as defined by the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research (DCPR), and cognitive functioning in a group of patients with tinnitus. Methods Sixty-two patients with subjective tinnitus and 62 non-tinnitus controls were recruited from the Otorhinolaryngology Unit of the University of Bari. Pure-tone audiometry was performed in all tinnitus subjects, and sound level tolerance was evaluated. Additionally, tinnitus handicap (Tinnitus Handicap Inventory [THI]), psychopathological symptoms (Symptom Checklist-90, Revised [SCL-90-R]), anxiety (State–Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI-Y1/2]), depression (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]), cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]), executive functions (Frontal Assessment Battery [FAB]), and psychosomatic syndromes (DCPR) were evaluated. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used to detect cognitive and symptomatological differences between patients and controls. The predictivity of these factors for tinnitus severity was studied using multiple regression (Backward Elimination). All tests were considered significant at p < 0.05 (family wise error corrected for each comparison). Results 69.4% tinnitus patients met multiple DCPR criteria, compared to 32.3% of controls. Tinnitus patients exhibited elevated rates of illness denial (ꭓ ² = 9.02; p < 0.009), demoralization (ꭓ ² = 8.05; p < 0.018), somatization (ꭓ ² = 4.92; p < 0.063) and functional symptoms (ꭓ ² = 5.21; p < 0.06) scoring significantly higher on the BDI, STAI-Y1, and STAI-Y2, and SCL-90-R compared to controls. Patients with tinnitus showed lower MMSE scores, compared to controls ( t = −2.282; p < 0.001). No association between tinnitus severity and global cognitive impairment emerged. Conversely, executive function deficits were associated to tinnitus severity. Among the cognitive and psychological factors, only trait anxiety, one or more psychosomatic syndromes, and somatization clusters were strongly correlated with tinnitus severity. Discussion Our findings suggest a relationship between tinnitus severity, psychological, psychosomatic symptoms, and frontal impairment. Additionally, the influence of tinnitus on cognitive functions paves the way for integrated, multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment options for patients. Although preliminary, our findings highlight the importance of early cognitive and psychological screening to improve patients’ quality of life.
... These cognitive abilities need to be effective to successfully complete a task. Moreover, cognitive training can help to improve attentional control and can be used as a therapeutic and rehabilitation tool in clinical populations to alleviate not only cognitive symptoms but also motor deficits; as a result, functional benefits, such as improved balance and postural control, can be expected after the cognitive training [3]. It is well known that mental tasks are a particularly effective form of brain stimulation, useful for its development. ...
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The neural underpinnings of mental calculation, the fundamentals of arithmetic representations and processes, and the development of arithmetic abilities have been explored by researchers over the years. In the present work, we report a study that analyzes the brain-activated areas of a group of 35 healthy subjects (9 males, 26 females, mean age ± SD = 18.23 ± 2.20 years) who performed a serial subtraction arithmetic task. In contrast to most of the studies in the literature based on fMRI, we performed the brain active source reconstruction starting from EEG signals by means of the eLORETA method. In particular, the subjects were classified as bad counters or good counters, according to the results of the task, and the brain activity of the two groups was compared. The results were statistically significant only in the beta band, revealing that the left limbic lobe was found to be more active in people showing better performance. The limbic lobe is involved in visuospatial processing, memory, arithmetic fact retrieval, and emotions. However, the role of the limbic lobe in mental arithmetic has been barely explored, so these interesting findings could represent a starting point for future in-depth analyses. Since there is evidence in the literature that the motor system is affected by the execution of arithmetic tasks, a more extensive knowledge of the brain activation associated with arithmetic tasks could be exploited not only for the assessment of mathematical skills but also in the evaluation of motor impairments and, consequently, in rehabilitation for motor disorders.
... Positive results were also reported for cognitive training in combination with exercise therapy [47]. However, with respect to therapy intensity, individualised therapy programmes adapted to the patients' endurable load may be best suited to this patient group as, for example, intolerance to heightened cognitive load or exercises and related post exertional malaise can be part of the post-COVID syndrome [48]. ...
Article
Background: Depressive and cognitive symptoms like fatigue, loss of energy or sleep disorders characterise the post-COVID condition. Post-COVID psychosomatic rehabilitation should focus on both symptom groups. The current prospective cohort study addresses the change in these symptoms in the context of a psychosomatic rehabilitation. Method: 80 patients with post-COVID symptoms underwent psychological testing on admission and discharge: PHQ-9 questionnaire for depression, TAP - test battery for the attention test with the sub-tests working memory, sustained attention, divided attention and alertness. Sample characteristics, including health-related and work-related parameters, the general symptom load and the course of symptoms during the five weeks of rehabilitation were evaluated. Results: On admission, the PHQ-9 indicated the presence of depressive symptoms in post-COVID patients (PHQ-9 =15.15 ±5.11). Over the course of rehabilitation, the depressive symptoms decreased to a sub-clinical level (PHQ-9 =8.80 ±4.61), suggesting a strong effect of post-COVID inpatient rehabilitation (Cohen's d =1.57). At the same time, post-COVID patients showed clinically relevant impairments in attention and working memory that persisted throughout the rehabilitation period despite multimodal post-COVID treatment. Conclusion: Over the course of post-COVID rehabilitation, depressive symptoms appear to be significantly reduced. With regard to cognitive impairment, a comparable effect within the short period of 5 weeks is not evident. Our results suggest the need for specific treatment of persistent neuropsychological deficits following post-COVID rehabilitation.
... La AF se define como todos los movimientos del cuerpo que implican un gasto energético, incluso las actividades de la vida diaria (Merino-Marban et al., 2015). Se ha demostrado que la práctica de la AF acarrea varios beneficios para la salud en la mejora de la composición corporal, reducción de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, mejora de la autoestima, disminución del estrés, aumento de la capacidad de atención, construcción de relaciones sociales y desarrollo de valores (Bherer, 2015;Chaput et al., 2016). Es por eso, que las instituciones de educación superior se preocupan por implementar asignaturas orientadas a la formación integral de los alumnos, incluyendo la promoción de la AF, con intención de mejorar la salud de los estudiantes (Galmés-Panadés & Vidal Conti, 2019). ...
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Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de una intervención de promoción de actividad física (AF) basada en aplicaciones móviles sobre la composición corporal de estudiantes universitarios durante el confinamiento por pandemia de COVID 19. Métodos. Participaron 21 estudiantes universitarios (10 hombres, 11 mujeres, edad 22.81 ± 4.88 años), se evaluó composición corporal, frecuencia de alimentos y niveles de AF antes (Pre) y después (Post) de la implementación de un programa de ocho semanas de AF utilizando aplicaciones móviles. Resultados. Los cambios observados en composición corporal fueron en índice de masa grasa (IMG) y masa grasa (p < .05); sin embargo, los tamaños de efecto fueron triviales. El gasto energético fue mayor a la ingesta energética en Pre (p < .05) y Post (p < .01); también, el gasto energético fue mayor en Post comparado con Pre (p < .01). En Post se observó relación entre AF total y reducciones de masa grasa, porcentaje de masa grasa e IMG (p < .05). Conclusiones. Las intervenciones de AF utilizando aplicaciones móviles provocan un aumento en el gasto energético; sin embargo, los cambios en composición corporal fueron triviales. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que las intervenciones de AF usando aplicaciones móviles sean de mayor duración, además de que se complementen con control dietario. Palabras clave: Teléfono inteligente, salud, ejercicio, masa grasa, pandemia. Abstract. Objective: To determine the effect of a mobile application-based physical activity (PA) promotion intervention on the body composition of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Methods: 21 university students participated (10 men, 11 women, aged 22.81 ± 4.88 years), their body composition, food frequency, and PA levels were evaluated before (Pre) and after (Post) the implementation of an eight-week PA program using mobile applications. Results: The observed changes in body composition were in fat mass index (FMI) and fat mass (p < .05); however, the effect sizes were trivial. Energy expenditure was greater than energy intake in Pre (p < .05) and Post (p < .01); also, energy expenditure was higher in Post compared with Pre (p < .01). In Post, a relationship between total PA and reductions in fat mass, percentage of fat mass, and FMI was observed (p < .05). Conclusions: PA interventions using mobile applications result in increased energy expenditure; however, changes in body composition were trivial. Therefore, it is suggested that PA interventions using mobile applications should be of longer duration and be complemented with dietary control. Keywords: smartphone, health, exercise, pandemic.
... The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus volume decrease by 1-2% annually in individuals over 55 years of age [6]. Changes in brain volume, especially in prefrontal regions and the hippocampus, have been suggested to account for the age-related cognitive decline often occurring in memory and executive functions tasks [7,8]. Additionally, separate brain regions that interact to subserve higherorder cognitive functions show less-coordinated brain activation with aging; this reduced coordination between the anterior medial PFC with posterior cingulate/retrosplenial is associated with poorer cognitive functioning, including executive functioning [9]. ...
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Background and Objectives: To date, understanding age-related changes in cognitive processes during heat exposure still needs to be better-understood. Thus, the main aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of whole-body hyperthermia (WBH), i.e., a ≈2.5 °C increase in rectal temperature (Tre) from overnight-fast baseline value, on cognitive functioning in old and young men and to explore factors, such as stress and thermophysiological strain, that could influence such changes. Materials and Methods: Ten young (19-21 years of age) and nine old (61-80 years of age) healthy men underwent an experimental trial with passive lower-body heating in hot water immersion (HWI) at 43 °C (HWI-43 °C) until Tre reached 39 °C in old adults and 39.5 °C in young adults. Cognitive performance and cortisol concentration were assessed before and after HWI, and the physiological strain index (PSI) was assessed during HWI-43 °C. Results: PSI was lower and cortisol concentration was greater after HWI-43 °C in the old group compared with the young group (p < 0.05). Surprisingly, hyperthermia improved cognitive flexibility only in old adults, whereas short-term and visual recognition memories were maintained in both age groups. Conclusions: A ≈2.5 °C increase in rectal temperature can improve executive function in old adults, and this increase parallels the increased cortisol concentration and the lower thermophysiological strain under severe WBH conditions.
... Cognitive training studies provide insights into how cognition would change after engaging in intellectually stimulating activities. Previous studies have investigated the effectiveness of non-pharmacological intervention for healthy older adults (Bherer 2015;Kivipelto, Mangialasche, and Ngandu 2018;Kwok et al. 2013). The training programs ranged from physical exercises and puzzle games, to a combination of both. ...
Chapter
Bilingualism is reported to be beneficial to cognition, especially in tasks related to inhibitory control. However, previous studies on bilingualism and cognition often recruited lifelong bilinguals who had decades to practice the use of two languages. In line with cognitive training studies which found intellectually stimulating activities could improve older adults’ cognition, it is possible that older adults might also enjoy the cognitive benefits of learning a new language. However, previous studies on using language learning as cognitive training yielded inconsistent results. It is postulated that the motivation of the students or the learning success might contribute to the amount of cognitive improvement. Fourteen Cantonese-speaking older adults were recruited to attend a six-week elementary English course. Their cognitive abilities were measured before and after the course by a comprehensive cognitive battery. Results suggested that those who were more successful in learning showed cognitive changes towards the pattern of a lifelong bilingual. The changes are believed to originate from the combination of the practice of inhibition in bilingualism and the learning process itself. It is plausible that older adults could enjoy the cognitive advantage brought by bilingualism even if they begin learning a foreign language at an older age.
... The majority of these programmes followed a similar approach, with reality orientation, discussion and reminiscence being core intervention components. While this traditional approach to CS has been extensively supported for benefiting cognition (Woods et al., 2012), these changes in cognition do not appear to transfer to ADL performance, a phenomenon previously noted by Bherer (2015). This overall lack of evidence supporting CS programmes for improving ADL outcomes has been reflected in previous systematic reviews ( Aguirre et al., 2013;Woods et al., 2012). ...
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Introduction Dementia is a progressive syndrome that interferes with the individual’s ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL). Cognitive stimulation (CS) is a non-pharmacological approach aimed to mitigate the impact of dementia symptoms. While CS has been shown to provide benefits for cognition and quality of life, the evidence supporting its use in improving ADL outcomes is reduced. The aim of this review was to chart what is known from the literature about the use of CS in improving ADL outcomes. Method A scoping review of the use of CS in improving ADL outcomes for individuals with mild-to-moderate dementia was conducted, following a scoping review methodological framework. Eight databases were searched, including all articles published up until June 2022. Findings A three-step search strategy yielded 788 results. Following screening and review, 36 papers met the inclusion criteria for this review. Studies were charted and discussed in the areas of (1) cognitive stimulation therapy; (2) group CS programmes; (3) multi-component CS interventions; (4) individual CS programmes and (5) other types of CS. Conclusion The review identified a range of CS programmes from across 13 countries worldwide. Multi-component CS interventions involving ADL-focused activities reported the most benefits for ADL outcomes.
... The cognitive performance that older adults achieve and retain after undergoing process-based cognitive training might be attributed to their cognitive plasticity. Cognitive plasticity in older adults is preserved to a large extent, and even fairly short cognitive training programs can produce (partially specific) training and transfer effects [38]. Distinct design characteristics of cognitive training program may explain those improvements. ...
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Abstract Background Cognitive training shows promising effects for improving cognitive domains in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), including the crucial predictive factor of executive function (EF) for dementia prognosis. Few studies have paid sufficient emphasis on the training-induced effects of cognitive training programs, particularly with regards to targeting EF. A process-based multi-task adaptive cognitive training (P-bM-tACT) program targeting EF is required to examine direct, transfer, and sustainability effects in older adults with MCI. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the direct effects of a P-bM-tACT program on EF, the transfer effects on untrained cognitive domains, and further explore the sustainability of training gains for older adults with MCI in the community. Methods In a single-blind, randomized controlled trial, 92 participants with MCI were randomly assigned to either the intervention group, participating in a P-bM-tACT program (3 training sessions/week, 60 min/session for 10 weeks) or the wait-list control group, accepting a health education program on MCI (1 education session/ twice a week, 40–60 min/session for 10 weeks). The direct and transfer effects of the P-bM-tACT program were assessed at baseline, immediately after 10 weeks of training, and the 3-month follow-up. Repeated measures analysis of variance and a simple effect test were used to compare the direct and transfer effects over the 3-time points between the two groups. Results The P-bM-tACT program yielded a greater benefit of direct and transfer effects in the intervention group participants than in the wait-list control group. Combined with the results of simple effect tests, the direct and transfer effects of participants in the intervention group significantly increased immediately after 10 weeks of training compared to the baseline (F = 14.702 ~ 62.905, p
... Previous studies have investigated the effectiveness of the non-pharmacological intervention on both healthy older adults (Jackson et al., 2012;Kwok et al., 2013) and pathological populations, including schizophrenia (Genevsky et al., 2010), MCI (Belleville, 2008;Hyer et al., 2016;Maffei et al., 2017) and mild to moderate dementia patients (Bahar-Fuchs et al., 2019). The intervention methods varied from physical exercises to cognitive tasks, or a combination of both (Bherer, 2015). One of the most well-known training programmes is The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER study) (Kivipelto et al., 2013), which involved over 1200 individuals with cognitive decline risk undergoing a two-year multidimensional programme. ...
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Full text available here: https://theses.lib.polyu.edu.hk/handle/200/12383 Bilingualism has been attracting interest from the cognitive science field for years as it is suggested to be a protective factor against cognitive decline in ageing. It is often reported that bilinguals performed better than monolinguals in inhibitory control tasks. The mechanism behind the better inhibitory control was that bilinguals would have to suppress the interference from the unwanted language all the time, and such linguistic control is thought to be, at least partially, overlapped with the general inhibitory control network. However, inconsistent results have been reported. It is common for the literature to compare monolinguals with bilinguals as two homogenous groups without considering the individual variations between and among them. Moreover, as the Adaptive Control Hypothesis (Green & Abutalebi, 2013) suggested, the interaction context affects the cognitive demand in controlling the languages. Three experiments were designed to explore how different aspects of bilingualism contribute to cognition and the bilingual advantage effect. The first experiment recruited older adults to complete a comprehensive set of cognitive tests together with questionnaires on their language and demographic profiles. Comparing the monolinguals and bilinguals, we found the classic bilingual advantage effect: bilinguals scored higher in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), indicating better cognitive status. Moreover, within the bilinguals, the scores in the cognitive battery were predicted with demographic and linguistic variables using linear regression analysis. We found that L2 proficiency predicts better inhibitory control and verbal ability performance in lifelong bilinguals. We propose that, because our participants are L1-dominant speakers, only the sufficiently proficient L2 would provide enough interference in the practice of linguistic inhibition control. The second experiment investigated the cognitive changes in older foreign language learners. Older adults were recruited to study in an elementary English course for six weeks, with cognitive tests taken before and after the course. Although the statistical results between the intervention group and the active and passive control groups were not significant, the language learning-induced differences were observed in some tasks, including the accuracy of Picture Naming and the Conflicting Effect in the Attention Network Task. Correlation analysis suggested that successful language learners showed an improvement in inhibitory control and a decline in verbal fluency. The third experiment investigated the organisation of the mental lexicon through an interesting language phenomenon in Hong Kong: dense code-switching. Whereas the literature often suggested that the comprehension of code-switching requires a switch in lexicon and is therefore challenging, we found that switching lexicon was needed only in the case of non-habitual word usage, regardless of whether it was unilingual and code-switching. From the result of this experiment, we proposed that the language input from the community had formed the bilingual prefabs, which integrated into the dominantly Cantonese lexicon. Collectively, we suggest that the environment, language and cognition form a looping circle in that each component is interrelated. Moreover, they each affect the organisation of the bilingual mental lexicon and the retrieval of concepts from the lexicon. In view of that, we propose the Experience-based Bilingual Mental Lexicon Model, which is modified based on the Revised Hierarchical Model (Kroll & Stewart, 1994). Two critical assumptions are incorporated into the existing model: (1) the language lexicon is organised by experience but not by language origin, and (2) language dominance is dynamic. We believe the proposed model could better capture the dynamic change of language by experience. It could explain how individual differences contribute to the bilingual advantage effect. References: Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2013). Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 515-530. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.796377 Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(2), 149-174. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1008
... On the other hand, Peng et al. [17] added a new perspective by introducing virtual reality fitness, which they found to have a positive effect on exercise, general well-being, and physical-psychological health, providing a promising solution to promote exercise and general well-being during periods of exercise restrictions. Although the effects of physical exercise are generally studied among elder subjects affected by neurodegenerative diseases, studies have shown that these benefits are much the same between frail and non-frail people [18]. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of physical exercise during the pandemic through the investigation of different issues: firstly, the existence of a link between the time spent in physical activity during the lockdown and the perceived health condition, depressive and somatic symptomatology, and life satisfaction; secondly, we expect to find associations among the SF-12 component summaries and the other psychological outcomes; finally, the last purpose is to explore how both physical and psychological variables are predictive of PCS-12 and MCS-12. ...
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The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted an effect on the general population that went over every expectation. To explore the effect of physical exercise (PE) during the national lockdown in Italy, a survey was drawn up and administered to a sample composed of 208 subjects. The questionnaire comprised 81 multiple-choice items, including sociodemographic data, health-related questions, and assessment of physical exercise, satisfaction with life, depression, and personality. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of physical exercise during the outbreak following the present hypothesis: first, if a link exists between the time spent on physical exercise during the lockdown and the perceived health condition, depressive and somatic symptomatology, and life satisfaction; second, to find associations among the SF-12 component summaries and the other psychological outcomes; and finally, to explore how physical and psychological variables are predictive of PCS-12 and MCS-12. The results showed that both vigorous and moderate physical exercise was strongly correlated with psychological variables, with statistically significant negative correlations found between age and physical exercise. Additionally, significant positive correlations were observed between physical exercise and mental health indices, such as MCS-12 and SWLS, whereas negative correlations were found with BDI, PCS-12, and SOM-H. The correlation analysis also revealed that physical and individual mental health summaries were associated with psychological outcomes, with statistically significant negative correlations found between PCS-12 and MCS, PCS-12 and SOM-H, and MCS-12 and BDI scores. Regression analysis showed that physical activities and psychological status both had a direct influence on perceived mental and physical well-being during the lockdown, accounting for 56.7% and 35.5% of the variance, respectively. The p-values for the significant correlations ranged from
... Performing demanding cognitive activities that target specific skills has been associated with improved neuroplasticity and Cognitive Reserve (CR) in older adults (Stern 2009). Thus, CR has been associated with a delay in the onset and progression of cognitive impairment (Anthony and Lin 2018;Bherer 2015;Nelson et al. 2021). Likewise, meta-analysis of data has shown that cognitive training produces an increase in volumetric tissue in cortical and subcortical regions, thus improving the biological correlates of CR (Duda and Sweet 2020;Nguyen, Murphy, and Andrews 2019a). ...
... There is a vast amount of literature that covers the cognitive effects of different types of multimodal interventions: (1) combined interventions, where physical and cognitive exercise components are administered sequentially [57,79,[83][84][85][86][87]; (2) dual-task interventions, where the components are administered as separate types of tasks at the same time [88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95]; and (3) interactive interventions, a specialized form of exergaming, in which the actions in one component directly affect the other synergistically [15,17,44,[96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103]. The theory that integrated (mental + physical exercise) cognitive interventions slow the decline in cognition in older adults with MCI has led to an increase in RCTs. ...
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Facing an unrelenting rise in dementia cases worldwide, researchers are exploring non-pharmacological ways to ameliorate cognitive decline in later life. Twenty older adults completed assessments before and after a single bout of interactive physical and cognitive exercise, by playing a neuro-exergame that required pedaling and steering to control progress in a tablet-based video game tailored to impact executive function (the interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System; iPACES v2). This study explored the cognitive and biomarker outcomes for participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normative older adults after 20 min of pedal-to-play exercise. Neuropsychological and salivary assessments were performed pre- and post-exercise to assess the impact. Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed significant interaction effects, with MCI participants experiencing greater changes in executive function and alpha-amylase levels than normative older adults; within-group changes were also significant. This study provides further data regarding cognitive effects and potential mechanisms of action for exercise as an intervention for MCI.
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Physical and cognitive interventions are deemed the primary methods of improving cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. However, the effectiveness of these interventions is still debated. This systematic review, synthesised findings from the literature on four different types of interventions: physical activities, cognitive training, cognitive stimulation and a combined intervention. We searched six databases for each intervention category. Findings demonstrated that 65% of the studies across all intervention groups reported improvement in the experimental group following the intervention. Furthermore, memory, executive and global cognitive functions were the most reported improvements post‐intervention. Additionally, participants with higher education benefited more from cognitive training (an intervention that targets a specific cognitive domain), while those with lower education gained more following cognitive stimulation (an intervention that targets general domains). Lastly, in sub‐types of physical activity, cognitive stimulation and combined category, longer durations (more than 20 sessions) were associated with significant cognitive improvements. Conversely, in cognitive training, having less than 20 sessions led to significant results. Findings indicated an interaction of education and intervention duration with significant outcomes post‐intervention. In conclusion, this review demonstrated the importance of intervention type, duration and education in understanding cognitive improvement post‐intervention.
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Individuals’ health literacy (HL) is positively associated with healthy behaviors and global cognitive functioning. Current evidence also suggests that physical activity may prevent or delay cognitive decline and dementia. This study examines the potential mediating role of physical activity in the association between HL and cognition in a population-based sample of adults aged 58+ in Switzerland. We used data from 1645 respondents to Wave 8 (2019/2020) of the Survey on Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe in Switzerland. HL was assessed using the HLS-EU-Q16 questionnaire. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was defined as a 1.5 SD below the mean of age- and education-specific global cognition score. The frequency of moderate and vigorous physical activity was self-reported. The associations were assessed using probit regression models, controlling for social, health, and regional characteristics. Structural equation modeling was used to test the mediation hypothesis. Higher HL was associated with a higher likelihood of being engaged in moderate (P < .001) and vigorous (P < .01) physical activity and with a lower likelihood of having MCI (P < .05). In addition, both moderate (P < .05) and vigorous (P < .01) physical activity were associated with a lower probability of having MCI. Mediation analysis indicated that the association between HL and MCI was partially mediated by both moderate (12.9%) and vigorous (6.7%) physical activity. Given that physical activity may partially mediate the association between HL and MCI, improving HL in older adults could potentially foster engagement in physical activity, which could, in turn, act as a protective factor against MCI.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and neurofibrillary tangles formed by high phosphorylation of tau protein. At present, drug therapy is the main strategy of AD treatment, but its effects are limited to delaying or alleviating AD. Recently, non-pharmacologic intervention has attracted more attention, and more studies have confirmed that non-pharmacologic intervention in AD can improve the patient's cognitive function and quality of life. This paper summarizes the current non-pharmacologic intervention in AD, to provide useful supplementary means for AD intervention.
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Мета – оцінити ефективність застосування когнітивно-моторного тренінгу як частини розробленої програми реабілітації за динамікою показників, які характеризують моторику кисті, когнітивний та психоемоційний стан жінок похилого віку з деменцією з наслідками остеопоротичного перелому дистального метаепіфізу променевої кістки у постіммобілізаційному періоді. Методи. Обстежено 82 жінки похилого віку. Контрольну групу становили 23 нетравмовані жінки. Групу порівняння становили жінки з переломом променевої кістки, без ознак деменції, які отримували реабілітацію згідно з відповідним протоколом. Основну групу 1 становили жінки з аналогічним переломом, деменцією, які отримували реабілітацію згідно з відповідним протоколом. Основну групу 2 становили жінки з переломом, деменцією, які отримували реабілітацію за розробленою програмою (терапевтичні вправи, функціональне тренування, «MAPS THERAPY»; PNF; мобілізація променево-зап’ясткового суглоба; масаж верхньої кінцівки; кінезіологічне тейпування; тренування у додатку «ReHand», стратегії компенсаторного та відновного когнітивного тренінгу) тривалістю 2 місяці. Ефективність оцінювали за Box and Block Test, Montreal Assessment Cognitive Rating Scale, Digit Span, Тrailmaking test, Benton test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Geriatric Depression Scale, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, Life-Satisfaction Questionnaire-11. Результати. У обстежених травмованих жінок з деменцією виявлено порушення дрібної моторики та спритності травмованої верхньої кінцівки (за Box and Block Test), зниження когнітивних функцій (за Montreal Assessment Cognitive Rating Scale), погіршення вербальної короткострокової пам’яті (за пробою «Digit Span»), погіршену гнучкість мислення та швидкість переробки інформації (з Тrailmaking test), порушення зорової пам’яті та відтворення (за тестом Benton), зниження швидкості розумових процесів (за Symbol Digit Modalities Test). Психоемоційний стан жінок характеризувався психоемоційним пригніченням (за Geriatric Depression Scale), фізичною та психічною астенією, зниженням мотивації (за Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, МFI-20), погіршенням задоволеністю життям (за Life-Satisfaction Questionnaire-11). Моторний, когнітивний та психоемоційний стан жінок з деменцією був статистично значущо гіршим за досліджуваними показниками, ніж з нормальним розумовим статусом (р<0,05). Застосування програми реабілітації, розробленої із використанням когнітивно-моторного тренінгу та сучасних методів фізичної терапії, продемонструвало статистично значуще кращий результат за всіма досліджуваними параметрами моторики кисті, нейропсихологічного та психоемоційного стану (р<0,05) порівняно з групою, яка займалась за загальними рекомендаціями клінічного протоколу лікування перелому кісток передпліччя. Висновки. Застосування програми реабілітації для жінок похилого віку з наслідками перелому променевої кістки та деменцією, що створена з урахуванням наявності когнітивного дефекту та його корекції засобами когнітивно-моторного тренінгу, виявила свою ефективність у вигляді значущого покращення стосовно вихідного результату досліджуваних показників та результатів стандартної програми реабілітації.
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This study aimed to assess the effects of five activities of daily living (ADL) interventions on improving cognitive function in patients with ischemic stroke. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with 16 ischemic stroke patients (n=8 per group) in an inpatient ward at a regional hospital in Samarinda, Indonesia. Inclusion criteria were: i) confirmed ischemic stroke via medical records, ii) effective communication, iii) current inpatient status, and iv) hemiparesis. Data collection used an ADL activity instrument sheet, while cognitive function was assessed with the MoCA-Ina screening (maximum score: 30 points). Data analysis included the Wilcoxon test and independent T-Test, with significance set at p<0.05. After the intervention, the intervention group's cognitive function significantly improved (from mean 20.25 ± 2.60 to 25.13 ± 1.81), while the control group changed from mean 17.13 ± 2.10 to 20.50 ± 2.00. The intervention group showed a significant cognitive improvement compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ADL interventions enhance cognitive function in ischemic stroke patients, aiding recovery and serving as an effective hospital nursing intervention.
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While research has largely focused on the effects of physical activity (PA) on the brain, less in known about the influence of the brain on engagement in healthy-living behaviors, such as regular PA. In this secondary analysis of a study of brain activity and participation in healthy-living behaviors, we examined relationships between activation of selected brain networks and PA in persons self-managing chronic conditions. Fifty-eight individuals with chronic conditions underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while exposed to a protocol consisting of listening to emotion-focused and analytic-focused information and measures of activation of three neuromarkers were obtained: default mode network (DMN), task positive network (TPN), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). In an exploratory analysis we assessed differences in neuromarker activation between two PA levels (representing higher and lower accelerometry-measured PA levels) of (a) moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) minutes, (b) metabolic equivalents expended (METs) and (c) daily steps. Results showed positive associations between MVPA and DMN ( r= 0.31, p=.018), steps and DMN ( r=0.28, p=.035), and MVPA and vmPFC ( r=0.29, p=.026). No associations were found between the TPN and any of the PA measures. Individuals with high MVPA and METs had higher DMN values compared to those with low MVPA ( t=-2.17, p=.035) and METs ( t=-2.02, p=.048). No differences in TPN and vmPFC were found among PA levels. These results suggest that providing health information that activates the emotion-focused brain network may be more useful than analytic-focused information (centered on logic and reasoning) to assist people with chronic conditions to engage in more PA.
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As clinical psychologists working with older adults, we are all likely familiar with the above question, both in memory services and those who do not have a diagnosed cognitive problem. In the context of an ageing population, much research has been focused on the development of cognitive training as an intervention to promote healthy ageing. Defining what it means to age healthily, however, can be problematic, particularly given the heterogeneity evidenced in studies of normative cognitive functioning in older people. Furthermore, although different cognitive training methods appear to have face value, the evidence base for the effectiveness of cognitive training is mixed, and has, to date, provided conflicting results. This article discusses the findings of major research studies in this area, and possible future directions of research are considered.
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Objectives Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that impacts the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms, as well as changes in activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life (QoL). Aquatic physical exercises and dual-task physical exercises have been used to manage PD symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a dual-task aquatic exercise program on the ADL, motor symptoms, and QoL of individuals with PD. Methods A randomized controlled trial with a parallel group design was employed, and participants were randomized into 2 groups: a control group and an experimental group. The intervention was a 10-week program consisting of twice-weekly 40-minute aquatic dual-task exercises. Pre-intervention evaluations of ADL, motor function, and QoL were conducted at baseline (AS1), immediately after the intervention (AS2), and 3 months post-intervention (follow-up—AS3). The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) II and III sections and the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39) were utilized for outcome measures. Results A total of 25 individuals completed the study. The experimental group showed significant improvements in both the UPDRS II (ADL) and III (motor function) sections ( P’s < .05), but there was no significant difference in PDQ-39 scores. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the experimental group between the AS2 and AS3 time periods ( P < .05) for both UPDRS II and III scores ( P < .05). Conclusions Aquatic dual-task training may be effective in improving both ADL and motor functions in individuals with PD. Furthermore, the combination of aquatic environment and dual-task exercises may represent a promising approach to maintaining and improving the functionality of individuals with PD.
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of a beauty program on the self-perception of aging and depression among the community-dwelling older adults in an agricultural area in Taiwan. Twenty-nine older adults aged 65 and above in one agricultural community care center completed the program. Based on cosmetic therapy, the beauty program consisted of 13 sessions focused on facial skin care, make-up application, and massage with essential oils. Each 90 min session of the program was conducted in groups once a week for 13 weeks. This study applied the mixed methods approach, and data were gathered through questionnaire surveys, interviews, and observation. Before and after the beauty program, the elderly individuals’ self-perceptions of aging and depression were assessed using the Attitudes towards Old People Scale (ATOPS) and Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire (TDQ), respectively. The participants’ ATOPS scores after the program were significantly higher than those examined before the program (p < 0.001), and their TDQ scores were significantly lower than those before the program (p < 0.001). Additionally, the participants’ body images were improved, the participants disrupted their stereotypes about makeup, and they were willing to gradually maintain their appearance. Overall, the beauty program was effective for enhancing the self-perceptions of aging and reducing depression in older adults in rural Taiwan. Further research with a larger population of older individuals, male older adults, or frail older adults is needed to examine the specific effects of the beauty program.
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The aim of this study was to examine the association between physical functioning and cardiovascular burden on the cognitive performance of community-dwelling older adults. Ninety-three adults aged 60 and older completed a medical evaluation by a geriatrician, performance-based physical tests, and neuropsychological assessments. Cognitive composite scores (memory, speed, and executive) as well as a physical functioning score were created by averaging standardized z-scores of selected tests. A cardiovascular burden index was also computed by totalling the number of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses reveal that higher level of physical functioning was significantly associated with greater processing speed and better executive functions but was not associated with memory performance. These relations were independent of age, sex, and level of education. Cardiovascular burden was not significantly associated with any cognitive domain. These results suggest that cognition is related to simple performance-based physical tests and highlight the importance of intervention studies aimed at enhancing cognitive and physical functioning in older adults.
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Studies supporting the notion that physical activity and exercise can help alleviate the negative impact of age on the body and the mind abound. This literature review provides an overview of important findings in this fast growing research domain. Results from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention studies with healthy older adults, frail patients, and persons suffering from mild cognitive impairment and dementia are reviewed and discussed. Together these finding suggest that physical exercise is a promising nonpharmaceutical intervention to prevent age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.
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An increasing number of studies have relied on brain imaging to assess the effects of cognitive training in healthy aging populations and in persons with early Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). At the structural level, cognitive training in healthy aging individuals has been associated with increased brain volume, cortical thickness, and density and coherence of white matter tracts. At the functional level, task-related brain activation (using fMRI and PET) and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) were found to be sensitive to the effects of training. In persons with MCI, cognitive training increased brain metabolism and task-related brain activation, whereas healthy older adults showed patterns of increased and decreased activation. Further studies are required to generalize these findings to larger groups and to investigate more diverse training protocols. Research will also need to address important methodological issues regarding the use of biomarkers in cognitive aging, including reliability, clinical validity, and relevance to the pathophysiological process.
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Growing evidence supports the use of physical training interventions to improve both physical and cognitive performances in healthy older adults. Few studies have examined the impact of aerobic exercise on Stroop task performance, a measure of executive functions. In the current 3-month aerobic training study, 50 older adults (mean age = 67.96 ± 6.25 years) were randomly assigned to either a three-month physical training group or to a control group (waiting list). Training sessions were 3 times per week for 60 minutes. All participants completed pre- and post-test measures of cognitive performance using the modified Stroop task and physical performance (Rockport one-mile test). Compared to controls, the training group showed significant improvements in physical capacity (P < 0.001) and enhanced Stroop performance, but only in the inhibition/switching condition (P < 0.03). Furthermore, the increase in aerobic capacity induced by the training regimen correlated negatively with reaction time in the inhibition/switching condition of the Stroop task at posttest (r = -0.538; P = 0.007). Importantly, the reported gains in cognitive performance were observed after only three months of physical training. Taken together, the results suggest that even short-term physical interventions can enhance older adults' executive functions.
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Objectives: Frailty is a state of vulnerability associated with increased risks of fall, hospitalization, cognitive deficits, and psychological distress. Studies with healthy senior suggest that physical exercise can help improve cognition and quality of life. Whether frail older adults can show such benefits remains to be documented. Method: A total of 83 participants aged 61-89 years were assigned to an exercise-training group (3 times a week for 12 weeks) or a control group (waiting list). Frailty was determined by a complete geriatric examination using specific criteria. Pre- and post-test measures assessed physical capacity, cognitive performance, and quality of life. Results: Compared with controls, the intervention group showed significant improvement in physical capacity (functional capacities and physical endurance), cognitive performance (executive functions, processing speed, and working memory), and quality of life (global quality of life, leisure activities, physical capacity, social/family relationships, and physical health). Benefits were overall equivalent between frail and nonfrail participants. Discussion: Physical exercise training leads to improved cognitive functioning and psychological well-being in frail older adults.
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It has been shown that dual-task training leads to significant improvement in dual-task performance in younger and older adults. However, the extent to which training benefits to untrained tasks requires further investigation. The present study assessed (a) whether dual-task training leads to cross-modality transfer in untrained tasks using new stimuli and/or motor responses modalities, (b) whether transfer effects are related to improved ability to prepare and maintain multiple task-set and/or enhanced response coordination, (c) whether there are age-related differences in transfer effects. Twenty-three younger and 23 older adults were randomly assigned to dual-task training or control conditions. All participants were assessed before and after training on three dual-task transfer conditions; (1) stimulus modality transfer (2) response modality transfer (3) stimulus and response modalities transfer task. Training group showed larger improvement than the control group in the three transfer dual-task conditions, which suggests that training leads to more than specific learning of stimuli/response associations. Attentional costs analyses showed that training led to improved dual-task cost, only in conditions that involved new stimuli or response modalities, but not both. Moreover, training did not lead to a reduced task-set cost in the transfer conditions, which suggests some limitations in transfer effects that can be expected. Overall, the present study supports the notion that cognitive plasticity for attentional control is preserved in late adulthood.
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The hippocampus shrinks in late adulthood, leading to impaired memory and increased risk for dementia. Hippocampal and medial temporal lobe volumes are larger in higher-fit adults, and physical activity training increases hippocampal perfusion, but the extent to which aerobic exercise training can modify hippocampal volume in late adulthood remains unknown. Here we show, in a randomized controlled trial with 120 older adults, that aerobic exercise training increases the size of the anterior hippocampus, leading to improvements in spatial memory. Exercise training increased hippocampal volume by 2%, effectively reversing age-related loss in volume by 1 to 2 y. We also demonstrate that increased hippocampal volume is associated with greater serum levels of BDNF, a mediator of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Hippocampal volume declined in the control group, but higher preintervention fitness partially attenuated the decline, suggesting that fitness protects against volume loss. Caudate nucleus and thalamus volumes were unaffected by the intervention. These theoretically important findings indicate that aerobic exercise training is effective at reversing hippocampal volume loss in late adulthood, which is accompanied by improved memory function.
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This study assessed the effects of an aerobic training program on reaction time tasks that manipulated preparatory intervals (PI) to produce temporal preparation effects using short (1, 3, 5 s) and long (5, 7, 9 s) PI. Older adults were assigned to either a 3-month aerobic training group or to a control group. Individuals in the training group participated in an aerobic training program of three 60-min sessions per week. The control group did not receive any training. Results indicated that 12 weeks of aerobic training induced a significant improvement in cardiorespiratory capacity (VO(2)max estimate). All participants who completed the aerobic program showed improvement after training in the choice RT task, along with enhanced preparation, such that they maintained preparation over time more efficiently after the training program. Moreover, enhanced ability to use the short PI was observed but only in lower fit individuals. Results of the present study suggest that improving aerobic fitness may enhance attentional control mechanisms in older adults.
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There is growing evidence of the involvement of executive control in the maintenance of balance in old age. We examined whether healthy older adults who completed five sessions of nonmotor cognitive dual-task training would show significant improvements on measures of dual-task standing balance and mobility, compared with an untrained control group. Twenty healthy older adults were assigned to either training or control groups. In the pre- and post-training sessions, all participants performed tests of cognition, balance, and mobility (single-support balance, dynamic posturography, sit-to-stand, 40-foot walk) under single- and dual-task conditions. The training group completed five sessions of cognitive dual-task training spaced at least 2 days apart. The two tasks involved making two-choice decisions to visually presented stimuli. Participants completed multiple blocks of single-task (task A or B, blockwise) and mixed (A, B, or A + B) trials in each training session. The training group showed significant improvements in body sway during single-support balance and center of gravity alignment during double-support dynamic balance. The control group showed no appreciable improvements. This study is the first to demonstrate training-related benefits to gross motor performance stemming from cognitive dual-task training. The results support the view that motor control in aging is influenced by executive control and have implications for theories of cognitive training and transfer.
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The relationship between physical activity and cognitive function is intriguing but controversial. We performed a systematic meta-analysis of all the available prospective studies that investigated the association between physical activity and risk of cognitive decline in nondemented subjects. We conducted an electronic literature search through MedLine, Embase, Google Scholar, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library and bibliographies of retrieved articles up to January 2010. Studies were included if they analysed prospectively the association between physical activity and cognitive decline in nondemented subjects. After the review process, 15 prospective studies (12 cohorts) were included in the final analysis. These studies included 33,816 nondemented subjects followed for 1-12 years. A total of 3210 patients showed cognitive decline during the follow-up. The cumulative analysis for all the studies under a random-effects model showed that subjects who performed a high level of physical activity were significantly protected (-38%) against cognitive decline during the follow-up (hazard ratio (HR) 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54-0.70; P < 0.00001). Furthermore, even analysis of low-to-moderate level exercise also showed a significant protection (-35%) against cognitive impairment (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.57-0.75; P < 0.00001). This is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the role of physical activity on cognitive decline amongst nondemented subjects. The present results suggest a significant and consistent protection for all levels of physical activity against the occurrence of cognitive decline.
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A number of studies have suggested that attentional control skills required to perform 2 tasks concurrently become impaired with age (A. A. Hartley, 1992; J. M. McDowd & R. J. Shaw, 2000). A. A. Hartley (2001) recently observed that the age-related differences in dual-task performance were larger when the 2 tasks required similar motor responses. The present study examined the extent to which age-related deficits in dual-task performance or time sharing—in particular, dual-task performance of 2 discrimination tasks with similar motor requirements—can be moderated by training. The results indicate that, even when the 2 tasks required similar motor responses, both older and younger adults could learn to perform the tasks faster and more accurately. Moreover, the improvement in performance generalized to new task combinations involving new stimuli. Therefore, it appears that training can substantially improve dual-task processing skills in older adults.
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Older adults' difficulties in performing two tasks concurrently have been well documented (Kramer & Madden, 2008). It has been observed that the age-related differences in dual-task performance are larger when the two tasks require similar motor responses (2001) and that in some conditions older adults also show greater susceptibility than younger adults to input interference (Hein & Schubert, 2004). The authors recently observed that even when the two tasks require motor responses, both older and younger adults can learn to perform a visual discrimination task and an auditory discrimination task faster and more accurately (Bherer et al., 2005). In the present study, the authors extended this finding to a dual-task condition that involves two visual tasks requiring two motor responses. Older and younger adults completed a dual-task training program in which continuous individualized adaptive feedback was provided to enhance performance. The results indicate that, even with similar motor responses and two visual stimuli, both older and younger adults showed substantial gains in performance after training and that the improvement generalized to new task combinations involving new stimuli. These results suggest that dual-task skills can be substantially improved in older adults and that cognitive plasticity in attentional control is still possible in old age.
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The availability of neuroimaging technology has spurred a marked increase in the human cognitive neuroscience literature, including the study of cognitive ageing. Although there is a growing consensus that the ageing brain retains considerable plasticity of function, currently measured primarily by means of functional MRI, it is less clear how age differences in brain activity relate to cognitive performance. The field is also hampered by the complexity of the ageing process itself and the large number of factors that are influenced by age. In this Review, current trends and unresolved issues in the cognitive neuroscience of ageing are discussed.
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Glucose enhancing effects in older adults have mostly been observed for episodic memory, but have recently been found for attentional control performance. Yet, brain activation patterns underlying these effects are still unknown. The present study examined the acute effects of glucose ingestion on prefrontal brain activation during the execution of a divided attention task in fasting non-diabetic older adults. Twenty older adults (60 years and older) took part in the study that included two experimental sessions. After an overnight fast, participants received either a glucose drink (50 g) or a placebo (saccharin) drink, following which they completed a dual-task. During task execution, prefrontal activation was recorded with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). A repeated-measures design was used such that each participant served as his or her own control. The two experimental sessions were counterbalanced among participants and were performed two weeks apart. When participants were in the glucose condition, they showed similar dual-task costs for both tasks, whereas in the placebo condition they prioritized one task over the other, with a significantly larger dual-task cost for the non-prioritized task (p<0.01). Differential brain activation was also observed in right ventral-lateral prefrontal regions for oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin, with more activation apparent in the glucose condition (p<0.05). Furthermore, behavioral and activation data were influenced by individual differences in glucose regulation. Glucose ingestion appears to momentarily enhance fasting seniors' capacity to coordinate more equally two concurrent tasks and this is reflected in brain activation patterns.
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Cognitive deficits are frequent after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in the elderly population. In fact, memory and attention deficits can persist several months after the surgery. Recent studies with healthy older adults have shown that memory and attention can be improved through cognitive training programs. The present study examined whether memory training (method of loci and story generation) and attentional training (dual-task computerized training) could improve cognitive functions in patients aged 65 years and older who underwent CABG surgery. Participants (n = 51) were assigned to one of three groups: (1) control group (tested at 1, 3 and 6 months after the surgery), (2) attention training followed by memory training, (3) memory training followed by attention training (groups 2 and 3: tested at 1, 2, 3 and 6 months after the surgery). The trainings took place between the 6th and 10th week following the surgery. The three groups were compared before and after each training program using attention and memory tests and neuropsychological tests. The results showed that attention and memory trainings lead to significant improvement in the cognitive domain that was trained. It thus seems that cognitive training can be a promising tool to enhance cognitive functions after a CABG surgery.
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A meta-analytic study was conducted to examine the hypothesis that aerobic fitness training enhances the cognitive vitality of healthy but sedentary older adults. Eighteen intervention studies published between 1966 and 2001 were entered into the analysis. Several theoretically and practically important results were obtained. Most important fitness training was found to have robust but selective benefits for cognition, with the largest fitness-induced benefits occurring for executive-control processes. The magnitude of fitness effects on cognition was also moderated by a number of programmatic and methodological factors, including the length of the fitness-training intervention, the type of the intervention, the duration of training sessions, and the gender of the study participants. The results are discussed in terms of recent neuroscientific and psychological data that indicate cognitive and neural plasticity is maintained throughout the life span.
Article
The extent to which cortical plasticity is retained in old age remains an understudied question, despite large social and scientific implications of such a result. Neuroimaging research reports individual differences in age-related activation, thereby educing speculation that some degree of plasticity may remain throughout life. We conducted a randomized longitudinal dual-task training study to investigate if performance improvements (a) change the magnitude or pattern of fMRI activation, thereby suggesting some plasticity retention in old age and (b) result in a reduction in asymmetry and an increase in age differences in fMRI activation as a compensatory model of performance-related activation predicts. Performance improvements were correlated with an increase in hemispheric asymmetry and a reduction in age differences in ventral and dorsal prefrontal activation. These results provide evidence for plasticity in old age and are discussed in relation to an alternative argument for the role of reduced asymmetry in performance improvements.
Article
Laboratory based training studies suggest that older adults can benefit from training in tasks that tap control aspects of attention. This was further explored in the present study in which older and younger adults completed an adaptive and individualized dual-task training program. The testing-the-limits approach was used [Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1995). Testing-the-limits and experimental simulation: Two methods to explicate the role of learning in development. Human Development, 38, 349-360.] in order to gain insight into how attentional control can be improved in older adults. Results indicated substantial improvement in overlapping task performance in both younger and older participants suggesting the availability of cognitive plasticity in both age groups. Improvement was equivalent among age groups in response speed and performance variability but larger in response accuracy for older adults. The results suggest that time-sharing skills can be substantially improved in older adults.
Amélioration des performances cognitives et de la qualité de vie suiteà un programme d'entraînement physique chez une patiente sévèrement fragile. La revue francophone de gériatrie et de gérontologie
  • F Langlois
  • T T M Vu
  • K Chassé
Langlois, F, T.T.M. Vu, K. Chassé, et al. 2013. Amélioration des performances cognitives et de la qualité de vie suiteà un programme d'entraînement physique chez une patiente sévèrement fragile. La revue francophone de gériatrie et de gérontologie. 194: 136-141.
Benefits of physical exercise and cognitive training on dual-task performance
  • L Bherer
Bherer, L. et al. 2014. Benefits of physical exercise and cognitive training on dual-task performance. Presented at the Cognitive Aging Conference. April 3-6, 2014. Atlanta, Georgia.
Amélioration des performances cognitives et de la qualité de vie suite à un programme d'entraînement physique chez une patiente sévèrement fragile
  • Langlois F