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National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary
Abstract
Objective:
The objective was to conduct a scientifically rigorous update to the National Sleep Foundation's sleep duration recommendations.
Methods:
The National Sleep Foundation convened an 18-member multidisciplinary expert panel, representing 12 stakeholder organizations, to evaluate scientific literature concerning sleep duration recommendations. We determined expert recommendations for sufficient sleep durations across the lifespan using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method.
Results:
The panel agreed that, for healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for newborns is between 14 and 17 hours, infants between 12 and 15 hours, toddlers between 11 and 14 hours, preschoolers between 10 and 13 hours, and school-aged children between 9 and 11 hours. For teenagers, 8 to 10 hours was considered appropriate, 7 to 9 hours for young adults and adults, and 7 to 8 hours of sleep for older adults.
Conclusions:
Sufficient sleep duration requirements vary across the lifespan and from person to person. The recommendations reported here represent guidelines for healthy individuals and those not suffering from a sleep disorder. Sleep durations outside the recommended range may be appropriate, but deviating far from the normal range is rare. Individuals who habitually sleep outside the normal range may be exhibiting signs or symptoms of serious health problems or, if done volitionally, may be compromising their health and well-being.
... Based on the above statements, this study aims to investigate the sleep profile of young elite table tennis players, male and female, its variation throughout the week, and ascertain whether their sleep patterns are consistent with the recommended ranges [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. We hypothesize that young elite table tennis athletes exhibit sleep patterns close to those recommended by the literature. ...
... The classification criterion was based on the total score obtained, classifying as good sleep (up to four points) or bad sleep (five or higher) [21,22]. In addition, sleep latency ≤ 30 min, sleep efficiency ≥ 85% [26], and 8-10 h sleep duration [27][28][29] have been recommended for indexing good sleep quality in young people. ...
... Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation for quantitative data and absolute and relative frequency for qualitative data) were used to summarize and present the collected data. To compare the players' sleep profile with recommended values [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], we calculated the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and assessed its overlap with the references (for example, the 95% CI values for Social Jetlag in the female group ranged from 0.4 to 1.9 h, overlapping with the recommended value of 2 h). To analyze the variation in total sleep duration, bedtime, get-up time over the 7 days, we employed the repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). ...
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the sleep profile of young elite table tennis players, its variation throughout the week, and ascertain whether their sleep patterns are consistent with the recommended values.
Methods
27 young elite players (17 males and 10 females), who had been selected to participate in the 2022 or 2023 Brazilian Table Tennis Association Youth Qualifiers, participated in this study. A total of four questionnaires and the 7-day sleep diary were used to determine the athletes’ sleep profile.
Results
The players’ chronotype was classified as indifferent (score of 53.8 ± 7.8). Social jetlag (1.4 ± 1.4 h., 95% CI 0.8–1.9 h.), sleep latency (19.6 ± 11.9 min., 95% CI 14.8–24.3 min.), and sleep efficiency (92.3 ± 7.2%, 95% CI 89.4–95.1%) are within the recommended range. Total sleep duration (7.3 ± 0.9 h., 95% CI 6.9–7.7) was below the recommended range. In contrast, sleep quality scores (5.4 ± 2.5, 95% CI 4.4–6.4) and sleepiness scores (10.0 ± 3.5, 95% CI 8.6–11.4) were slightly elevated, exceeding the recommended values. The players’ present later bedtime and get-up time and longer sleep duration on weekends with statistical differences compared to weekdays (p < 0.05). Finally, total sleep duration on weekdays was below the recommended values for most of the evaluated players.
Conclusion
This is the first study to characterize the sleep profile of young elite table tennis players, expanding this scarce knowledge in young athletes, and contributing to future guidelines in this research field.
... For children aged 5 and older, the guidelines advise at least 60 min of MVPA per day [2]; along with reducing sedentary time to maximize health benefits. In addition, adequate sleep time for their age is advised to achieve these PA recommendations [8], with a target of approximately 10-13 h per day, while limiting screen time to less than one hour per day [2,6]. Therefore, it is crucial to closely monitor adherence to all these recommendations, with a particular emphasis on PA levels and duration. ...
... An adequate sleep pattern was considered when it ranged between 10 and 14 h/day for children under 6 years old and between 9 and 12 h/day for children over 6 years old. Sleeping less or more than these values was considered an inadequate sleep pattern [8]. ...
... Data reported from the questionnaires showed that children in the present study slept an average of 10 h per day, in line with the international guidelines (10-13 h/ day of sleep [8]. However, it is noteworthy that approximately one-third of the children did not meet these sleep recommendations, as previously reported [81,82]. ...
Background
Physical activity (PA) and sedentary lifestyle are recognized as modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Healthy habits in early childhood tend to persist throughout life. This study aims to evaluate the physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns in a cohort of Spanish preschool children using device-based measures, and compare these patterns by sex. This study analyzed a sample of 643 preschoolers aged 3–6 years with valid accelerometry data from the Childhood Obesity Risk Assessment Longitudinal Study (CORALS) cohort (NCT06317883; May 30, 2024).
Results
67% of preschoolers met the international PA recommendations, with 72.1 min of moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) per day. Boys exhibited higher levels of MVPA than girls, and MVPA increased with age in both groups. Sedentary time was higher on weekends, and boys spent more time watching TV than girls. Involvement in extracurricular sports was reported by 67.5% of children, with boys showing a greater engagement in outdoor activities.
Conclusions
A relevant proportion of Spanish preschool children meet the international PA recommendations, with variations based on sex, age, and day of the week, reflecting global trends at this stage of life. Future interventions should address sex-specific preferences and age-related changes to enhance the effectiveness of promoting active lifestyles in this population.
... The sleep duration of urban dwellers, including those in the present study, might be shorter than that of individuals in OECD member countries; however, details of the OECD data are not available. The American National Sleep Foundation recommends a sleep duration of 7-9 h for healthy individuals, though 6 h may also be appropriate [35]. Sleep continuity and structural indicators used to evaluate sleep quality show that for young people and adults (18-64 years), good sleep quality is characterized by SOL ≤ 15 min, Number of Awakenings ≤ 1, WASO ≤ 20 min, and SEI ≥ 85% [35,36]. ...
... The American National Sleep Foundation recommends a sleep duration of 7-9 h for healthy individuals, though 6 h may also be appropriate [35]. Sleep continuity and structural indicators used to evaluate sleep quality show that for young people and adults (18-64 years), good sleep quality is characterized by SOL ≤ 15 min, Number of Awakenings ≤ 1, WASO ≤ 20 min, and SEI ≥ 85% [35,36]. Compared to these guidelines, this study met the SOL and SEI criteria. ...
The field survey on indoor thermal environment was conducted in real‐life 22 houses occupied by 29 middle‐aged men and women in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 18 had air conditioners (AC) in the master bedroom, and 4 had natural ventilation (NV), though all homes had ceiling or standing fans. During nighttime sleeping hours, the average air temperature (Ta) in the participants' bedrooms ranged from 22.6°C to 32.2°C, with relative humidity (Rh) varying between 32% and 80% and airflow between 0.1 and 1.3 m/s. Based on the ET* values, the participants were divided into three groups (A, 20.9°C–24.9°C ET*; B, 25.0°C–27.9°C ET*; and C, 28.0°C–32.5°C ET*), and sleep variables were then compared among the three groups. Group B had the shortest time to fall asleep, whereas group C had the longest awakening time during sleep. The sleep efficiency index (SEI) revealed that sleep quality in group C was inferior to that in group A. No differences were observed in subjective sleep sensations and thermal comfort among the groups, except for humidity sensation. This study demonstrates the importance of using activity meters to measure objective sleep variables in daily life.
... Regarding sleep durability variables, there were no significant age group differences for TST, which was unexpected. While many individuals slept significantly fewer hours than recommended for their age, particularly in the youngest age group where the group average TST was lower than expected for age, the adult group averages were longer than might be expected (Hirshkowitz et al. 2015). The lack of differentiation in total sleep with age is a key finding, as developmentally, total sleep decreases across childhood and into adulthood, decreasing 2 | Sleep parameters comparison obtained from ambulatory circadian monitoring (ACM) recordings between the four participant groups 1 (between 0-9 years old), 2 (10-17 years old), 3 (18-27 years old) and 4 (28-65 years old). ...
... Groups 0-9 years old (n = 40) 10-17 years old (n = 53) 18-27 years old (n = 59) 28-65 years old (n = 62) p Light intensity (Continues) again in old age (Buysse et al. 1992;Hirshkowitz et al. 2015;Yoon et al. 2003). A recent meta-analysis found that autistic adults, most of whom did not have ID, slept less than comparison samples (Morgan et al. 2020) and reviews report that autistic children also sleep less than typically developing children (e.g., (Hodge et al. 2014)). ...
Sleep problems among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are a persistent issue that spans from early childhood to adulthood. The present study aimed to objectively investigate sleep continuity and alignment using ambulatory circadian monitoring (ACM) in a group of autistic individuals, with and without intellectual disabilities. We studied 214 participants. Sleep continuity and alignment were assessed using a minimum of 3 days of ACM. Participants were divided into four groups: (1) age < 10 years (n = 40, 87.5% males, M = 6.78 ± 1.40 years), (2) age 10–17 years (n = 53, 90.6% males, M = 12.62 ± 2.04 years), (3) age 18–27 years (n = 59, 74.6% males, M = 23.50 ± 2.60 years), and (4) age 28–65 years (n = 62, 74.2% males, M = 39.04 ± 9.49 years). All groups had significantly impaired sleep outcomes, except for TST. Adults had longer SOL and WASO duration, than children and adolescents. However, those differences were attenuated if participants ‘percentages of sleep parameters within normal range’ were compared. When evaluating circadian misalignment, sleep M5 is delayed in children and adolescents (2:56 am and 3:00 am, respectively), and strongly advanced in the older adults (group 4). Sleep problems that manifest in autism during childhood can endure throughout adulthood. Furthermore, there is a necessity to investigate how living conditions, such as enforced schedules in residential facilities, can influence the timing of the sleep midpoint.
... Para promover a qualidade do sono e, consequentemente, a saúde mental, é fundamental adotar hábitos saudáveis de sono. Segundo a National Sleep Foundation (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015), o tempo de sono ideal para um adulto jovem varia de 7 a 9 horas por dia, enquanto adolescentes precisam de 8 a 10 horas, embora essa necessidade possa variar de indivíduo para indivíduo. Neste tópico, discutiremos os principais sinais e sintomas dos distúrbios do sono que requerem atenção e exploraremos práticas que podem ser adotadas para melhorar a qualidade do sono. ...
... • A consistência nos horários de sono está associada a uma melhor qualidade de sono e menor incidência de distúrbios do sono (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015). • Limite os cochilos diurnos para não afetar o sono noturno. ...
A relação entre neurociência e educação tem despertado crescente interesse entre pesquisadores e profissionais da área, levando a um avanço significativo na compreensão dos processos que regem a aprendizagem. O conhecimento sobre o funcionamento do sistema nervoso e sua influência no desempenho acadêmico tem permitido o desenvolvimento de estratégias pedagógicas mais eficazes e embasadas cientificamente. É nesse contexto que esta obra, Neurociência aplicada à aprendizagem: estratégias para um desenvolvimento acadêmico saudável, se insere, oferecendo uma abordagem que alia fundamentos teóricos sólidos a aplicações práticas voltadas para o ensino e a aprendizagem. O público-alvo deste livro inclui educadores, estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação, psicólogos, pedagogos e demais profissionais interessados na interseção entre neurociência e educação. Além disso, orientadores educacionais e gestores escolares poderão encontrar aqui informações relevantes para a implementação de práticas científicas que favoreçam o desenvolvimento acadêmico e o bem-estar dos alunos. A linguagem acessível e a estrutura didática tornam o conteúdo igualmente atrativo para leitores leigos que desejam compreender como o conhecimento neurocientífico pode ser aplicado no cotidiano.
... Based on considerable evidence that insomnia has relevant implications for several constituents of SA definition [25][26][27], further study is warranted to explore potential relationship of insomnia with SA. In addition, the US National Sleep Foundation recommends that the optimal amount of sleep associated with subjective well-being and mental health is 7-9 h for adults and 7-8 h for older adults [28], suggesting that longer or shorter sleep time could adversely affect human health. Chinese population aged ≥ 60 years who slept less than 6 h per day reduced the odds of SA by 48% (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.40-0.67) ...
... Information on sleep duration and insomnia was collected via questionnaires in present study. Participants were asked to round to the nearest integer when asked to self-report their average sleep duration including both daytime napping and nighttime sleep, and was categorized into three groups: ≤6 h, 7-8 h, and ≥ 9 h [28]. The Bergen insomnia scale [32] was employed to assess insomnia during last month. ...
Objective
Successful aging (SA) is a major challenge of population aging. Exploring modifiable factors becomes the focus of promoting SA. We aimed to understand SA status and determine association between sleep and SA in China.
Methods
Present study targeted subjects aged ≥ 60 years and those with completed data of demographics, lifestyle, disease history, physical and mental health, and anthropometrics in China Health and Nutrition Survey 2018. Sleep was evaluated using self-reported sleep duration and Bergen insomnia scale. SA was assessed from overall health, mental and cognitive health, activities of daily life, and physical capacity. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to examine association between sleep and SA and its components. Restricted cubic spline regression models were applied to explore dose-response relationships between insomnia score/sleep duration and SA.
Results
About 41.29% subjects achieved SA. Compared to reference of having no insomnia or having 7–8 h of sleep daily, subjects with insomnia and those with ≥ 9 h of sleep had decreased odds of SA by 53% and 18%, respectively (p < 0.05). Relative to subjects with 7–8 h sleep per day (meaning optimal sleep duration) and without insomnia, those having optimal sleep duration but suffering from insomnia (OR = 0.50, 95%CI:0.39–0.62), improper sleep duration ruling out 7–8 h of sleep but without insomnia (OR = 0.84, 95%CI:0.73–0.97), and both improper sleep duration and insomnia (OR = 0.40, 95%CI:0.32–0.50) displayed lower odds of SA. There were nonlinear dose-response relationships between sleep indicators and SA, that was concave-up for insomnia score while inverted U-shape for sleep duration, where inflection points indicating rapidly decreased SA odds were 2.95 points of insomnia and 8 h sleep duration daily.
Conclusions
Insomnia and longer sleep duration are negative factors for SA in Chinese older adults, and good sleep quality indicated by no insomnia seems more important than sleep duration for SA.
... The average age of respondents was 20-35 years (SD=1. 16), and the average GPA was 3.31 (SD=0.47). The average monthly income reported was 11,073 THB (SD=6,882.62). ...
... [15] also showed that incentivizing sleep can help students sleep longer without harming academic performance. According to [16], teenagers should aim for 8-10 hours of sleep per night, while young adults need 7-9 hours. Interestingly, students in this study only spent 3.06 hours per day in lectures and 1.54 hours on self-study (which should be higher for effective learning), which is less than recommended. ...
This study examines online gaming behavior among university students in Thailand, focusing on mobile gaming time and its influencing factors. Using precise screen time data from iOS and Android devices, the study provides a more accurate analysis of students' gaming habits than traditional methods. The sample included 200 students from Walailak University, with data revealing that students spend an average of 2.21 hours daily on mobile gaming and 9.60 hours on non-gaming apps. The study also explored demographic and economic factors, finding that higher income correlates with increased gaming time. At the same time, students in Health Sciences, due to rigorous academic demands, spend significantly less time gaming. Moreover, the analysis highlighted the impact of mobile phone brands and in-game purchases on gaming behavior. The findings offer valuable insights for educational institutions, parents, businesses, and policymakers to develop strategies that promote balanced digital habits and responsible gaming practices. The study underscores the need for tailored educational approaches, ethical business practices, and public policies that support healthy gaming behavior in the digital age.
... Athletes likely require more sleep than age-matched counterparts to facilitate recovery from the strain of training and competition (Fullagar et al., 2015). Yet, athletes frequently sleep less than the National Sleep Foundation's recommended 7-9 h per night (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015;Walsh et al., 2021). Factors associated with sleep duration and quality, such as sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency, are often impaired in elite athletes (Gupta et al., 2017;Juliff et al., 2015;Mah et al., 2018;Swinbourne et al., 2016). ...
... Cyclists were routinely (77% of total nights; 83% of race nights) able to achieve sleep duration within the 7-9 h range recommended by the National Sleep Foundation (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015), with an average sleep duration (08:11 h). This aligns with the 8.2 h/night previously reported by road cyclists as being sufficient during times of heavy exercise load (Sargent et al., 2021). ...
This study explores the dynamics of sleep, somatic/psychological experience, and exercise performance before, during, and after the Tour de France (TDF). Objective and subjective sleep, self‐reported perceived experience, and objective exercise performance data were collected daily from eight elite male cyclists across a 6‐week period including the 3‐week TDF and 11‐day pre‐ and post‐race periods. Associations between, and temporal changes in, primary interest metrics were explored through Pearson correlation and linear mixed models. Participants were (mean ± SD) aged 30 ± 4 years with overall objective sleep duration of 8 h 11mins (±58 min) per night. Sleep quality (0–100) was lower during the race than pre‐race (β [95% CI]; −8.0[−11.7, −4.3]). During the pre‐race period, sleep onset (4 [2, 5] mins) and offset times delayed (5 [3, 7] mins) and self‐reported stress increased (1.87 [1.14, 2.61]) daily. Increases in muscular soreness (0.6 [0.3, 0.8]) and fatigue (0.4 [0.2, 0.6]) during the race preceded daily declines during the post‐race period (−3.1 [−4.0, −2.1]; −2.7 [−3.5, −1.8]). Relative performance output (Performance Index; 0–1000) negatively predicted sleep duration (r [95% CI]; −0.32 [−0.46, −0.17]) and sleep quality (−0.34 [−0.47, −0.19]) during the race. Temporal changes in, and associations between, sleep timing, perceived experience, and exercise function highlight the potential for sleep‐improvement strategies that enhance performance in naturalistic endurance sporting contexts.
... Recomendações sobre a duração do sono da National Sleep Foundation mencionam que, para indivíduos saudáveis com sono normal, a duração de sono apropriada para crianças em idade escolar é entre 9 e 11 horas. Para adolescentes, 8 a 10 horas foram consideradas apropriadas (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015). Ao analisar a qualidade do sono do velejador, notou-se que ele tem boa qualidade de sono, pois está entre as 8 e 10 horas diárias (Vasconcellos, 2024c). ...
During each Olympic cycle of a sailor, there are changes in the commitment and performance of young people. The objective of this study was to verify which variables influenced the (dis)performance of a young sailor from a Social Project in the Olympic cycle. The methodology was a longitudinal, qualitative-quantitative (or integrated mixed) case study, carried out with analyses from 2021-2024, with a sailing athlete, a teenager from the Grael Project in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Grael Project athlete who participated in Optimist class competitions and who could be accompanied by an Olympic cycle was considered eligible. The results showed that there are at least 18 characteristics that can influence the (dis)performance of a sailor; during the years of investigation, the sailor showed commitment by being assiduously punctual, making an effort, and being dedicated during training and competitions. The sailor's performance was considered excellent in the monitored cycle and exceeded the goals set, as he managed to become Brazilian champion in the rookie Optimist class in 2023, qualify to represent Brazil in the South American and North American championships in 2024 and closed the 1st cycle with 24 podiums in the Optimist class and 33 in the Dingue class. It was also noted that sailing is perceived by the athlete as an opportunity to get to know other cities and countries that foster the culture of sports sailing. It was found that the sailing athlete investigated may give up or abandon high-performance sport due to: 1) lack of motivation, 2) lack of encouragement, 3) changing schools, 4) entering university, 5) external pressure for immediate results, 6) having already experienced “early” high-level competitions, 7) lack of social support from parents or 8) lack of financial resources. The number of days and hours per year that the athlete surveyed spent sailing were respectively 25% of the days and 364 hours in 2022, 58% of the days and 796 hours in 2023 and 54% of the days and 788 hours in 2024. It can be concluded that several variables are capable of influencing the athlete's (dis)performance and require specific attention from sailors. A plural look at the factors that may be influencing the sailor's performance and commitment can help to understand their current moment so that rapid intervention can be made and so that the pleasure of sailing continues to be the driving force behind good winds.
... Our findings indicate that reallocating time from MVPA to sleep is associated with greater tiredness. This relationship remains unclear; it may be that the average sleep duration in our sample was already around 8 h, which falls within the optimal range for adults [50], so additional sleep might not necessarily reduce tiredness. Alternatively, the average duration of MVPA in our sample was only 8 min which is likely to be well below the optimal level suggesting a high return on reallocating any time to MVPA. ...
Background
The composition of daily time-use physical behaviours—such as sedentary behaviour (SB), light physical activity (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and sleep may be crucial for overall health and wellbeing. This study examined the associations between these time-use behaviours and both evaluative wellbeing (life satisfaction) and experienced wellbeing (momentary happiness, anxiousness, and tiredness). Evaluative wellbeing reflects an individual's overall life assessment, while experienced wellbeing captures real-time affective states. We investigated these associations by reallocating time among behaviours and assessing the predicted impact on wellbeing outcomes.
Methods
Time-use behaviours were obtained from 211 adults who wore Axivity AX3 accelerometers on their wrists for seven days. Participants also completed a survey to assess demographics and life satisfaction, before using a custom smartphone app to report their real-time happiness, anxiousness, and tiredness levels over seven days (at three random times each day). Time-use data were processed using UK Biobank machine learning algorithms. We employed Bayesian multilevel compositional analysis to investigate how time-use behaviours, and reallocating time between behaviours, were associated with both life satisfaction and momentary affective states.
Results
Increasing sedentary time (relative to other behaviours) over the week of observation was negatively associated with happiness and positively associated with anxiousness aggregated at the day level. Conversely, increasing the proportion of MVPA (relative to other behaviours) was associated with reduced anxiousness and tiredness. Substitution analysis showed that reallocating 20 min of SB to MVPA increased happiness by 0.12 units, 95% CI [0.01, 0.22] and reduced anxiousness by 0.20 units, 95% CI [-0.34, -0.07]. Additionally, reallocating 20 min of time spent in LPA to MVPA reduced tiredness by 0.16 units, 95% CI [-0.28, -0.03]. All affective states are reported on a 0–10 scale. No associations were found between time-use behaviours and life satisfaction.
Conclusion
Our study shows that time-use behaviours, particularly reducing sedentary time and increasing physical activity, were more strongly linked to experienced wellbeing. Studies that focus solely on examining time-use behaviours and long-term wellbeing outcomes, such as life satisfaction (common in population studies), may overlook the dynamic interplay and immediate impacts of behaviours on wellbeing. While some associations were present, most of the tested relationships were weak or non-significant, suggesting that contextual factors like social and environmental conditions may play a greater role in shaping wellbeing. The next step is to explore sequential associations, such as behaviours occurring immediately before or after a momentary affect response is recorded.
... Additionally, SWRL rules in the A-Track Ontology categorize individuals into age groups based on established guidelines for recommended sleep duration [Hirshkowitz et al., 2015] and physical activity levels [Bull et al., 2020]. These rules, prefixed with Age group , classify individuals as Newborn,Infant, Toddler, Preschooler, SchoolAged-Child, Teenager, YoungAdult, Adult, or OlderAdult. ...
Anxiety, a natural survival mechanism, becomes chronic under modern stressors, escalating into chronic disorders with multifaceted health impacts. While early detection is crucial, healthcare systems struggle with scalability. This study introduces the A-Track Ontology, a digital tool designed to model anxiety through personalized context histories. Validated through logical consistency, domain coverage, and utility assessments, the ontology synthesizes multimodal data into actionable insights for proactive intervention. Integrating ontological reasoning with real-world context awareness, this approach addresses clinical scalability gaps, enabling personalized, data-driven strategies for anxiety management.
... The responses were as follows: 1) yes, 2) no, and 3) I do not know. These questions were translated into Thai and evaluated based on sleep duration guidelines established by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine [12] and the National Sleep Foundation [13]. According to these guidelines, children aged 3-5 years should sleep 10-13 h per day, including naps, while children aged 6-12 years should sleep 9-12 h per night. ...
Health literacy (HL) enables individuals to make informed decisions and manage their well-being. Although studies have examined caregiver HL and child outcomes, research in Thailand is limited, particularly regarding its impact on child sleep. This study investigates the associations among caregiver HL, their expectations of child sleep, and sleep hygiene in relation to child sleep outcomes. From January 2024 to October 2024, a cross-sectional study was conducted among caregivers of children aged 3–12 years. Data on caregiver HL, expectations of child sleep, sleep quality, sleep hygiene, and child sleep outcomes were collected using the Thai Health Literacy Scales (Thai-HLS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Sleep Hygiene Index, and Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Multiple linear regression analysis examined these associations. Among 215 participants (182 mothers), 89.8% had at least a bachelor’s degree. Although caregiver HL was not associated with total sleep disturbances on the CSHQ, the communication and social support domain of the Thai-HLS was negatively correlated with child sleep duration problems (β = -0.17, p = 0.003). Caregiver’s expectations of appropriate sleep duration for their child’s age were associated with fewer total sleep disturbances. Poor caregiver sleep hygiene was associated with poorer sleep quality (β = 0.430, p < 0.001), while better self-management of health, another HL component, was related to better caregiver sleep quality.
Conclusions: Higher caregiver HL, particularly in communication, social support, and self-management, was associated with fewer child sleep duration problems and better caregiver sleep quality. Higher levels of these HL components may be associated with more favorable family sleep health. What Is Known:
• Main caregiver health literacy is a key determinant of children’s health outcomes, including sleep patterns.
• Research indicates that lower main caregiver health literacy is associated with greater difficulties in children’s sleep habits, such as increased sleep disturbances and shorter sleep durations.
What Is New:
• Higher main caregiver health literacy, particularly in communication, social support, and self-management, was associated with fewer child sleep duration problems and better main caregiver sleep quality.
• Main caregivers who had accurate expectations of appropriate sleep duration for their child’s age reported fewer total sleep disturbances.
• These findings emphasize the need to integrate health literacy into child healthcare programs, with a strong focus on sleep education, to support family sleep health.
... Additionally, a sedentary lifestyle can disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythms, leading to sleep disturbances that increase stress levels (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015). Insufficient sleep has been shown to negatively impact cognitive function and emotional regulation, further heightening feelings of anxiety and depression (Wheaton et al., 2016). ...
The rapid rise of work-from-home (WFH) practices, especially during the COVID-19
pandemic, has reshaped how individuals engage with both their professional and
personal lives. This dissertation explores the impact of home workspaces on mental
well-being and productivity, focusing on factors such as workspace design, emotional
challenges, and family dynamics. Through a survey-based approach, insights were
gathered from individuals across various professional backgrounds to understand
how different aspects of home work environments influence mental well-being and
productivity. The study begins with a comprehensive literature review to identify gaps
in existing research, which guides the creation of targeted survey questions on topics
like workspace ownership, physical and emotional factors, and balancing work and
family responsibilities. The analysis reveals that well-designed workspaces, featuring
natural light, ergonomic furniture, and privacy, contribute to higher productivity and
reduced stress. Conversely, makeshift workspaces that lack these elements often
lead to feelings of isolation, burnout, and lower job satisfaction. Additionally, the
emotional strain of juggling work with family responsibilities in shared spaces
compounds the challenges of remote work, blurring the boundaries between
personal and professional life.
Ultimately, this dissertation offers evidence-based recommendations to optimize
home workspaces, emphasizing the need for environments that support both
productivity and mental well-being. By understanding the complex relationship
between workspace features, emotional responses, and family dynamics, the
research provides valuable insights into creating home workspaces that foster a
healthy work-life balance and enhance overall well-being.
Keywords: Home Workspace, Work-from-home, Work environment, Mental
well-being, Productivity
... The average sleep time was 6.6 hours per day, which is below the recommendation for adults: the Sleep Foundation recommends that people between 18 and 64 years of age sleep 7 to 9 hours per night [48]. 26 (55.3%) patients slept less than 7 hours a day, which is close to the national prevalence and can be considered a high number, especially when considering the harmful effects of insufficient sleep on obesity [49] and blood pressure [50]. ...
Obesity is currently a serious clinical problem, and it is estimated that by 2035, approximately 1.77 billion adults will be overweight 1.53 billion will be obese, and arterial hypertension is one of the most prevalent comorbidities. One of the challenges associated with the correct approach to blood pressure among patients with obesity concerns its correct measurement. An alternative that has been used is measurement using automatic equipment, in addition to the usual positioning on the arm, also the wrist as the measurement site. Cardiovascular risk markers have been evaluated for sodium consumption, and it is considered that there is a strong relationship between excessive consumption and greater risk, including increased arterial stiffness. Objective: It was to evaluate whether blood pressure measurements obtained using automatic equipment on the arm and wrist are equivalent in patients with obesity, to analyze sodium consumption through urinary excretion, to evaluate the correlation between sodium consumption and blood pressure, to evaluate the correlation between sodium consumption and cardiovascular risk markers, and to observe markers related to lifestyle and health habits such as alcohol consumption, physical activity, smoking, sleep, work, lipid profile, glycemic profile, and renal function. Methods: A total of 47 patients treated at the Nutrology Outpatient Clinic of HCRP-USP in 2022 and 2023 were included. The inclusion criteria were patients aged between 20 and 60 years; both genders; Body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2. The exclusion criteria were the presence of body deformities that prevented anthropometry and/or blood pressure measurement; the presence of arm circumference greater than that allowed for cuff use; previous bariatric surgery; pregnancy; and Failure to perform the requested laboratory tests. Personal, anthropometric, and laboratory data were collected from each patient. Results and Conclusion: Systolic blood pressure did not show any difference between measurements on the arm and wrist. Diastolic pressure was different, being lower on the wrist. 93.6% of patients had a daily consumption greater than 2 g/day, the limit recommended by the WHO. No correlation was found between sodium intake and blood pressure measurements taken on the arm and wrist, as well as correlations between sodium intake and glycemic profile, lipid profile, and renal function. The prevalence of diabetes was similar to that observed in other studies involving patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2 but was higher than the overall prevalence. The presence of dyslipidemia was higher than the overall prevalence and also higher than other studies involving only patients with obesity. Renal function was preserved in most patients and the few who showed signs of impairment were all diabetic and/or hypertensive. Graphical Abstract
... According to recent outcome-based recommendations from the National Sleep Foundation, adults should aim for a sleep duration of 7 to 9 hours per night [98]. Recent data indicate that only 48% of the U.S. adult population reports sleeping within the recommended range of 7 to 9 hours per night [99], while 26% average 6 to 7 hours of sleep, and 20% sleep less than 6 hours nightly. ...
Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy or “broken heart syndrome”, is characterized by transient left ventricular dysfunction, often triggered by emotional or physical stress. Emerging evidence suggests that sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and sleep disruption may play a significant role in the pathophysiology and exacerbation of TTS. This review explores the influence of conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), insomnia, and other sleep disturbances on the onset and progression of TTS. SDB, particularly OSA, is marked by repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to intermittent hypoxia and increased sympathetic nervous system activity. These physiological changes can trigger or exacerbate TTS by promoting myocardial stress and impairing autonomic regulation. Insomnia and other forms of sleep disruption also contribute to heightened sympathetic activity and elevated stress hormone levels, which may precipitate TTS in susceptible individuals. Thus, this review synthesizes current research on the mechanisms linking sleep disturbances to TTS, highlighting the impact of nocturnal hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, and autonomic dysregulation. Moreover, this review discusses the clinical implications of these findings, emphasizing the need to screen and manage sleep disorders in patients with or at risk of TTS. Addressing sleep disturbances through therapeutic interventions may reduce the incidence and recurrence of TTS, offering a novel approach to managing this condition. In conclusion, this review underscores the importance of recognizing and treating SDB and sleep disruption as potential contributors to Takotsubo syndrome. Future research should focus on elucidating the precise mechanisms involved and determining effective strategies for integrating sleep management into the care of patients with TTS.
... Tidur merupakan salah satu elemen penting dari kesehatan manusia karena tidur mendukung fungsi kekebalan tubuh, sistem metabolisme, kognisi, dan emosional [4]. Kualitas tidur baik merupakan suatu keadaan dimana seseorang merasa puas terhadap tidurnya dan tidak memperlihatkan adanya gangguan tidur [5]. ...
p>The prevalence of poor sleep quality in the productive age population in Indonesia is quite high. This study aims to analyze factors that influence the sleep quality level of the productive age population in Indonesia by an ordinal logistic regression model based on the Fifth Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS5). In this study, the response variable used is sleep quality with an ordinal scale of 5 categories and 12 predictor variables with 1 continuous predictor variable that is age and 11 categorical predictors including education, job status, smoking habit, health, gender, marital status, physical activity, religious, depression level, life satisfaction, and economic level with data of 28.743 respondents. The results of this study indicated that the ordinal logistic regression model with proportional odds model was more suitable to be used to analyze the sleep quality level of productive age population in Indonesia than non-proportional odds model. Based on the analysis result, it was found that among 12 predictor variables, variables that had a significant effect on sleep quality level were education, job status, smoking habit, health, age, depression level, life satisfaction, and economic.
Keywords: IFLS, sleep quality, ordinal regression, productive age population
</p
... A recent meta-analysis, encompassing 1.1 million individuals, revealed that a quarter of the population had sleep durations shorter than recommended for their specific age, with only 5.8% exceeding the "acceptable" sleep duration [24]. Thus, we categorized participants as either " Meet NSF " or " Non-meet NSF " based on the recommended sleep duration values specific to different age groups, as advised by the NSF [25,26]. ...
The joint effects of physical activity and sleep duration on depression remain unclear. The aim of this study is to explore the independent and joint associations between physical activity (PA) and sleep duration with depressive symptoms.
We included and analyzed 18,052 participants (age ≥ 20 years) from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2007 and 2014.
After adjustment, both males and females showed a significant correlation between PA, sleep duration, and depressive symptoms. In the joint association analysis, we found: 1. The interaction between PA and sleep duration was statistically significant in males but not significant in females (P = 0.380). 2. Compared to individuals with the lowest PA level and not meeting the National Sleep Foundation’s (NSF) guidelines, those with the highest PA level and recommended sleep duration had a 79% decrease in depression risk in males (odds ratio [OR] 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14–0.32) and a 74% decrease in females (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.20–0.35). 3. In male participants adhering to NSF guidelines, each increase in PA quartile is associated with a 19% reduction in the risk of depression (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71–0.92). Conversely, among male participants not adhering to NSF guidelines, there is a 23% decrease in depression risk (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.69–0.86). For female participants, the respective reductions in depression risk are 20% (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.73–0.89) and 14% (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80–0.93).
For males, adherence to recommended sleep duration weakens the relationship between physical activity and depression, while the opposite is observed for females.
... Specifically, the fourth question on the PSQI was used to determine sleep duration, asking "How many hours do you sleep per night?" Participants who reported sleeping less than 6 h per night were classified as having short sleep [49]. ...
Background
The association between the dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) and sleep status is well-documented. Nevertheless, a consistent relationship with employees population has yet to be known. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the DASH diet and sleep quantity/quality among Iranian employees of both genders.
Methods
We enrolled 337 persons whose Sleep status was assessed through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. A validated Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to measure the DASH diet score. Analysis of variance and covariance, chi-square, and multinomial logistic regression tests were used as appropriate.
Results
Our findings demonstrated that, even after adjusting for multiple potential confounders the odds of poor sleep quality were not significantly related to the higher DASH diet adherence (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.38–1.27). However, participants in the highest tertiles of DASH had lower chances of experiencing short sleep duration compared to those in the lowest one (OR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.30–0.96).
Conclusions
The present study indicated that Iranian employees with a higher adherence to the DASH diet had considerably lower odds of having short sleep; however DASH adherence has no significant effect on sleep quality. More prospective and controlled investigations are required to confirm these findings.
... Nevertheless, approximately 20% of adults report insufficient sleep on workdays, typically receiving fewer than 6 hours of sleep within a 24-hour period. [51] Napping is widely considered an effective strategy to compensate for sleep loss and to alleviate both short-and long-term consequences of sleep deprivation. Previous studies have shown that daytime napping can enhance cognitive performance. ...
Delirium is a common neurological complication among hospitalized patients and has been closely linked to sleep disturbances. Dynamic changes in sleep rhythms are influenced by various sleep characteristics, which complicates the identification of the relationship between individual sleep features and the risk of delirium. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential causal relationships between distinct sleep characteristics and delirium, and to further investigate their independent effects. We obtained summary-level data on delirium and 10 distinct sleep characteristics. inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was employed as the primary analytical approach, supplemented by additional robust Mendelian randomization (MR) techniques. To ensure the robustness of the IVW results, heterogeneity tests and horizontal pleiotropy analyses were performed. Additionally, we employed a multivariable MR analysis to identify a direct causal relationship between the 2 conditions. The 2-sample MR analysis revealed that sleep duration (oversleepers) (OR = 5.561, 95% CI = 2.102–14.717, P < .001) and evening chronotype (OR = 1.879, 95% CI = 1.179–2.994, P = .008) were significantly associated with an increased risk of delirium. Conversely, getting up in the morning (OR = 0.544, 95% CI = 0.296–0.999, P = .049) and daytime dozing (OR = 0.134, 95% CI = 0.030–0.598, P = .008) appeared to be protective factors against delirium. The results of the reverse MR analysis showed that patients with delirium were more likely to exhibit a morning chronotype (OR = 0.998, 95% CI = 0.996–1.000, P < .020). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings. Multivariable MR analysis further confirmed that evening chronotype remained causally associated with an elevated risk of delirium (OR = 3.860, 95% CI = 1.173–12.696, P = .026). Additionally, after adjusting for other sleep characteristics, daytime napping emerged as a significant risk factor for delirium (OR = 10.427, 95% CI = 1.246–87.287, P = .031). Various sleep characteristics exhibited both protective and detrimental effects on the risk of delirium. This study enhances our understanding of modifiable risk factors for delirium and offers new perspectives for its prevention strategies.
... However, while such compensatory sleep behavior partially alleviates weekday sleep deprivation, it may also induce circadian rhythm disruption and other adverse effects, potentially compromising overall sleep quality (32,33). Several domestic and international guidelines recommend that children should be in bed before 21:00 (34,35). However, our survey reveals that 81.48%-92.08% of ASD children across different age groups go to bed after 21:00 on weekdays, with this proportion further increasing to 90.37%-94.58% on weekends. ...
Background
Social jet lag (SJL) is a form of circadian rhythm misalignment caused by the mismatch between social schedules and biological clocks, which is associated with cognition, behavior, and emotion in children. However, social jet lag among children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and its impacts are unknown.
Methods
This cross-sectional study recruited 2-7-year-old children with ASD from special education institutions and outpatient clinics. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) assessed children’s sleep. SJL was calculated as |weekend sleep midpoint - weekday sleep midpoint|. Sleep adequacy was determined based on the National Sleep Foundation’s recommendations. Core symptoms were evaluated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC). Developmental level was assessed using the Gesell Developmental Scale.
Results
1) The prevalence of sleep problems was 49.8% and the mean CSHQ total score was 48.04 in ASD. There are significant differences in sleep patterns between weekends and weekdays, characterized by later bedtimes, delayed wake-up times, increased total sleep duration, and reduced prevalence of sleep deficiency during weekends. 2) The 2-3-year-old group had the highest rates of sleep insufficiency (80.77% on weekdays; 82.17% on weekends). There were no significant differences in sleep duration across different age groups, with the median sleep duration ranging from 9.5 to 10 hours. 3) Median SJL in each age group was 0.25 h (2–3 years), 0.5 h (3–4 years), 0.42 h (4–5 years), and 0.5 h (≥5 years), respectively. In children aged 2–3 years, SJL was significantly positively correlated with core symptoms 4) SJL was observed to be weakly associated with developmental level of personal-social only in the ≥ 3-year-old group (r = 0.100, P = 0.042).
Conclusion
Our study found for the first time a correlation between SJL and core symptoms in 2-3-year-old children with ASD. This finding suggests that SJL may have a potentially negative impact on core symptoms in ASD. Therefore, it is crucial to emphasize the importance of regular routines for ASD, especially in younger children.
... In a study by Ferrie et al., sleep duration was categorized as ≤5, 6,7,8, and ≥9 h based on weekday averages in a general adult population [19]. However, given that our participants were older adults, we adopted the recommendation of Hirshkowitz et al., which considers ≥ 7 h as the optimal sleep duration for older individuals [20]. Therefore, we grouped sleep duration as >7, 6-7, 5-6, and <5 h to reflect both the distribution in our sample and the age-appropriate sleep health guidelines. ...
Background/Objectives: Poor sleep quality is a prevalent health concern among older adults, impacting cognitive and physical functions. This study aimed to determine the association between sleep quality and self-reported health status among middle-aged and older adults in northern Taiwan. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted from April to October 2017, assessed participants using the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI) with a cut-off of 5; scores above 5 indicated poor sleep quality. The self-reported health status was evaluated using a questionnaire. Statistical analyses included the chi-squared test, one-way ANOVA, Cochran–Armitage trend test, and multiple logistic regression models. Results: This study included 850 adults (243 males and 607 females). The participants were grouped according to their self-reported health status as follows: good (n = 278), fair (n = 499), and poor (n = 73). Poor health status was associated with worse sleep quality components, including sleep latency, efficiency, disturbances, medication use, and daytime dysfunction (p for trend < 0.001). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed higher dissatisfaction with health status among the participants with a CPSQI score of >5 (odds ratio, 4.12; 95% CI 2.26–7.50; p < 0.001). A poor health status was reported by 19.51% of the participants sleeping < 5 h, compared to 6.97% of the participants sleeping 5–6 h, 6.60% of the participants sleeping 6–7 h, and 6.34% of the participants sleeping > 7 h, showing a trend toward a shorter sleep duration (p for trend = 0.002). Conclusions: Our study findings indicate that a poor sleep quality and short sleep duration were independent risk factors for poor self-reported health status in middle-aged and older adults in Taiwan. Addressing sleep quality is crucial for implementing preventive health measures in this demographic group.
... However, insufficient sleep has been strongly associated with detrimental effects on intellectual capacities, potentially leading to deficiencies in concentration, performance, decision-making, and critical reasoning abilities [3,4]. Consequently, it is recommended that young adults maintain a consistent sleep duration of seven to nine hours per night [5]. ...
Background
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a prevalent concern among health-related students, but its incidence and impact on academic performance remain unexplored in undergraduate respiratory therapy (RT) students in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to determine the prevalence of EDS and its association with academic performance.
Methods
A cross-sectional online survey using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was distributed to RT students from January 5 to March 30, 2023. The prevalence of EDS was calculated using percentages and 95% confidence intervals, and logistic regressions identified associations with sociodemographic, sleep, and academic variables.
Results
Among 925 respondents, EDS prevalence was 32% (95% CI 23–35%). The overall mean ESS score was 8.31 ± 4.4, indicating a normal level of EDS. Current and ex-smokers were more likely to experience EDS than non-smokers [(OR): 3.28 (1.95–5.54), p < 0.001; (OR): 2.61 (1.35–5.07), p = 0.004]. Students with > 3 academic warnings had higher odds of EDS [(OR): 6.4 (1.98–20.71), p = 0.002]. Those napping ≥ 4 times weekly were 15 times more likely to experience EDS [(OR): 15.2 (6.94–33.35), p < 0.001], and students not sleeping before exams were 11 times more likely to report EDS [(OR): 11.3 (1.28–100.52), p = 0.029].
Conclusion
EDS affects a significant proportion of RT students, with several sociodemographic, sleep, and academic factors contributing to susceptibility. Further research is needed to identify primary determinants and develop targeted interventions to mitigate EDS and its impact on academic performance.
... The amount of sleep required varies with age, with children and adolescents needing more sleep than adults, usually over 8 h per day. [5][6][7] Adults and the elderly, who often sleep less than 7 h, are at increased risk of health issues 8 ; however, both sleeping too little (less than 6 h) or too much (more than 9-10 h) appears to negatively influence well-being to varying degrees. 9,10 Sleep duration and its association with various health-related outcomes have become a major topic of interest and concern, evidenced by 18 systematic reviews conducted in the last decade. ...
The increasing prevalence of reduced habitual sleep duration presents a significant public health challenge, impacting cardiovascular health, metabolic function and mental well-being. This umbrella review analyses findings from systematic reviews and meta-analyses to comprehensively evaluate the consequences of sleep deprivation (SD) on health. The databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria focused on adult populations with SD and systematic reviews/meta-analyses. Twenty-nine articles were included in the final synthesis, encompassing a variety of health outcomes. Key findings highlight a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and all-cause mortality, with both short (<7 h) sleep durations associated with increased risks. SD was a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, stroke and coronary heart disease. Alongside heightened risks of metabolic disorders, like obesity and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, SD contributed to elevated anxiety levels, impaired emotional regulation. As well as increased susceptibility to stress and depressive symptoms. This synthesis underscores the critical importance of maintaining recommended sleep duration (typically 7-9 h for adults) to mitigate these health risks effectively. The findings support the need for robust public health interventions aimed at promoting healthy sleep habits to reduce the burden of associated health conditions and enhance overall well-being.
... S leep quality is vital for physical health, cognitive function, and overall well-being; as individuals age, they experience natural changes in sleep patterns as well as an increased prevalence of sleep problems (e.g., insomnia, insuffi cient sleep duration) that directly compromise sleep quality (Lucey et al., 2019). Approximately 30% of older adults consistently sleep <7 hours, which is less than the recommended amount by the National Sleep Foundation (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015), whereas 13% experience frequent insomnia and 18% experience frequent insomnia and poor sleep quality (Gordon et al., 2022). Sleep fragmentation reduces deep sleep, and increased nighttime awakenings further deteriorate sleep quality in this population (Mander et al., 2017). ...
Purpose
Sleep quality is crucial for older adults, yet many experience poor sleep due to physical, mental, and social factors. The current study addresses the research gap on sleep quality among Korean American older adults in senior housing by examining relevant factors.
Method
Using data from 314 Korean American residents in Los Angeles senior housing, we conducted descriptive analysis and logistic regression models.
Results
Poor sleep was significantly associated with poor physical health (odds ratio [OR] = 4.89), low energy (OR = 7.92), severe pain (OR = 14.92), multiple chronic conditions (OR = 2.71), and poor mental health (OR = 5.82), including moderate to severe anxiety (OR = 4.71) and depression (OR = 5.11).
Conclusion
Findings emphasize the unique sleep needs of Korean American older adults in senior housing and provide insights to improve their well-being. The study also highlights the need for further research using longitudinal designs, broader samples, and comprehensive sleep measures. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, xx(x), xx–xx.]
... As described above, the quantity and quality of sleep are important for the proper functioning of many activities, from cardiovascular to metabolic and immunoregulation [4]. Adults should get around 7 h of sleep per night [7]. ...
Sleep is a fundamental part of life for all living beings. The propensity to fall asleep is regulated by a circadian rhythm, which controls the secretion of the hormone melatonin. Melatonin secretion is linked to the light and dark phases of the day/night cycle. Getting proper sleep is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. Scientific evidence shows that sleeping less than 7 h per night, or as little as 2 h per night, is a cardiovascular, metabolic, and cerebral risk factor. In addition, the role of sleep is fundamental for the recovery phase for athletes. Nutrition, supplementation, and exercise can greatly support the quality and quantity of sleep. They can have positive effects on sleep through specific physiological and biochemical responses. The objective of this short review is to critically investigate the possible sleep benefits of nutrition, exercise, and supplementation and to discuss further directions for research in this area.
Background
Studies into the bidirectional relationship between sleep and long COVID have been limited by retrospective pre-infection sleep data and infrequent post-infection follow-up. We therefore used prospectively collected monthly data to evaluate how pre-infection sleep characteristics affect risk of long COVID and to track changes in sleep duration during the year after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Methods
COVIDENCE UK is a prospective, population-based UK study of COVID-19 in adults. We included non-hospitalised participants with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and used logistic regression to estimate adjusted ORs for the association between preinfection sleep characteristics and long COVID. We assessed post-infection sleep duration using multilevel mixed models. We collected sleep data from participants using a subset of questions from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. We defined long COVID as unresolved symptoms at least 12 weeks after infection. COVIDENCE UK is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04330599 .
Results
We included 3994 participants in our long COVID risk analysis, of whom 327 (8.2%) reported long COVID. We found an inverse relationship between pre-infection sleep quality and risk of long COVID (medium vs good quality: OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.81; medium–low vs good: 1.55, 1.12 to 2.16; low vs good: 1.94, 1.11 to 3.38). Greater variability in pre-infection sleep efficiency was also associated with long COVID when adjusted for infection severity (OR per percentage-point increase 1.07, 1.02 to 1.12). We assessed post-infection sleep duration in 6860 participants, observing a 0.11 hour (95% CI 0.09 to 0.14) increase in the first month after infection compared with pre-infection, with larger increases for more severe infections. After 1 month, sleep duration largely returned to pre-infection levels, although fluctuations in duration lasted up to 6 months after infection among people reporting long COVID.
Conclusions
While poor-quality sleep before SARS-CoV-2 infection associates with increased risk of long COVID thereafter, changes in sleep duration after infection in these non-hospitalised cases were modest and generally quick to resolve.
Trial registration number
NCT04330599 .
Infants' sleep fundamentally di ers from that of adults. There are major di erences in overall sleep need and duration as well as in the structure and timing of sleep. Moreover, sleep-wake patterns develop continuously through childhood until they become fairly static in adulthood. By understanding and supporting infants’ sleep, one also supports the caregivers’ sleep and their energy levels, which has been suggested to be a bene cial method to promote positive parenting and better responsiveness to infants’ needs. This white paper starts by summarizing the di erences between adult and infant sleep. Next, it presents physiological mechanisms that explain why infants actually sleep as they do, and nally, it gives science-backed tips for healthy sleep practices for families. Read more: https://nucubaby.com/blogs/white-papers/contrasting-sleep-infants-and-adults
Context
The bidirectional relationship between sleep and the circadian clock has prompted many studies investigating the effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) on sleep, although with inconsistent results.
Objective
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of TRE on sleep.
Data Sources
The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant studies investigating the effects of TRE on sleep, published up to February 5, 2024.
Data Extraction
Changes in sleep duration, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), wake-up time, and sleep-onset time from baseline were extracted and analyzed using R language (2021; R Core Team, Vienna, Austria).
Data Analysis
The quality of the studies was assessed using a methodological index for a nonrandomized studies checklist and the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Thirteen studies comprising 638 participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included. Meta-analysis based on single-arm studies and TRE arms revealed that the TRE intervention significantly increased sleep duration (mean change [MC]: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.01–0.25; P = .03) and decreased the PSQI (pooled MC: –0.47; 95% CI: –0.80 to –0.15; P < .01, I2 = 0%, P = .43). Participants with early TRE exhibited low PSQI scores after the intervention (pooled mean difference: –0.77; 95% CI: –1.29 to –0.24; P < .01). However, meta-analysis based on controlled trials revealed no differences in sleep duration or PSQI scores. Pooled results revealed that TRE had no significant effect on sleep-onset or wake-up time.
Conclusion
Current evidence suggests that TRE may have a modest effect on sleep; however, further studies are required to verify this hypothesis.
Resumo Objetivo Investigar os fatores associados ao nível de atividade física em pessoas idosas robustas residentes na comunidade. Método Foi realizado um estudo transversal com indivíduos com mais de 65 anos, considerados robustos de acordo com o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico-Funcional 20 (IVCF-20). Os dados primários foram coletados entre setembro de 2021 e novembro de 2023. Após a aplicação do IVCF-20, os indivíduos classificados como robustos responderam a um instrumento de coleta de dados e foram submetidos a avaliações utilizando a Avaliação Cognitiva de Montreal – Versão Básica (MoCA-B), a Escala de Confiança no Equilíbrio para Atividades Específicas (ABC), a Escala de Comportamentos de Queda (FaB), o teste Timed Up and Go (TUG) e o Perfil de Atividade Humana (PAH). As associações entre as variáveis explicativas e a variável reposta (PAH) foram avaliadas por modelos de regressão linear, sendo apresentadas pelos coeficientes da regressão (β) e seus intervalos de 95% de confiança. Resultados De acordo com o IVCF-20 preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade 101 pessoas idosas com mediana de idade de 71 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (74,3%). Na análise multivariada os dados comportamentais, como confiança no equilíbrio (ABC) (β=0,23) e comportamento de risco para queda (FaB) (β=-4,19) se mantiveram independentemente associados ao nível de atividade física. Conclusão Os achados deste estudo sugerem que, entre idosos robustos e moderadamente ativos, uma maior confiança no equilíbrio está associada a níveis mais elevados de atividade física. Por outro lado, a adoção de comportamentos mais protetores em relação às quedas também está associada a níveis mais elevados de atividade física.
Objective To investigate the factors associated with physical activity levels in robust community-dwelling older adults. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with individuals aged over 65 years who were considered robust according to the Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index 20 (IVCF-20). Primary data were collected from September 2021 to November 2023. After applying the IVCF-20, individuals classified as robust completed a data collection instrument and underwent assessments using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic (MoCA-B), the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), the Falls Behavioral Scale (FaB), the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) and the Human Activity Profile (HAP). Associations between explanatory variables and the response variable (HAP) were evaluated using linear regression models, with regression coefficients (β) and 95% confidence intervals. Results According to the IVCF-20, 101 older adults met the eligibility criteria, with a median age of 71 years, and the majority were female (74.3%). In the multivariate analysis, behavioral data such as balance confidence (ABC) (β=0.23) and fall risk behavior (FaB) (β=-4.19) remained independently associated with physical activity levels. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that, among robust and moderately active older adults, greater balance confidence is associated with higher levels of physical activity. Conversely, the adoption of more protective behaviors against falls is also related to increased physical activity levels.
Background
Physical activity (PA) is known to protect against incident hypertension, but the preferred intensity of PA to prevent hypertension remains unknown. Energy expenditure (EE) in PA is generally considered the primary determinant of effect, whereas intensity is usually considered nondifferential provided it is moderate or above. However, intensity may produce its own distinct effect.
Methods and Results
We used data from the SUN ( Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra ) cohort—a large prospective longitudinal cohort in Spain—to investigate the relation between intensity of habitual PA and hypertension incidence. Average intensity of habitual PA was calculated including both leisure time PA and incidental PA (walking and stairclimbing). Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident hypertension and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox regression analyses adjusted for EE, body mass index, and other important covariables. Comparative models explored how duration of time in PA and EE in PA related to hypertension incidence. In the study,10 524 participants without prior diagnosis of hypertension (62.5% women, mean age 36.2 years, mean body mass index 23.3 kg/m ² ) were followed for 126 876 person‐years. A total of 1504 cases of incident hypertension emerged. After adjustment for EE and other covariables, increasing intensity of PA was monotonically associated with decreased risk for incident hypertension (adjusted HR for Q5 versus Q1, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.64–0.92]). In contrast, increasing time in PA did not appear to affect risk of incident hypertension following adjustment for EE (aHR for Q5 versus Q1, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.57–1.55]).
Conclusions
Intensity of habitual PA is independently and inversely associated with incidence of hypertension.
Registration
URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique Identifier: NCT02669602.
Purpose
To examine associations between sexual orientation and sleep; interrelations with race/ethnicity, age, and generation; and mediation by perceived sexual orientation discrimination among United States (US) women.
Methods
Eligible Sister Study participants (N=50,790) identified as heterosexual or non-heterosexual at enrollment (2003–2009), and self-reported sleep duration, sleep quality, and sleep mask and sleep medication use. We used latent class analyses to determine patterns of sleep health (good, moderate, poor). We investigated race/ethnicity, age, and generation as modifiers and perceived sexual orientation discrimination as a modifier and/or mediator. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) and inverse odds weighting to assess mediation.
Results
Median age was 55 (interquartile range: 49–62) years; 2% identified as non-heterosexual; 86% identified as non-Hispanic White, 9% non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and 5% Hispanic/Latina. Overall, sleep masks were more common among non-heterosexuals than heterosexuals (PR: 1.75 [95% CI: 1.17, 2.61]), and we did not identify other sexual orientation-sleep associations. Among NHB women, sleep medications were more prevalent among non-heterosexual orientation (1.54 [1.01, 2.35]). Among women who ever perceived discrimination, shorter than recommended duration was less common among non-heterosexuals than heterosexuals (0.78 [0.63, 0.96]) as was moderate sleep health compared to good sleep health (0.77 [0.63, 0.94]). Among women who never perceived discrimination, poor sleep health was more common among non-heterosexuals (1.29 [1.02, 1.63]).
Conclusion
Prevalent sleep aid use among sexual minoritized women may help reduce sleep disparities by sexual orientation. Differential sleep experiences among intersecting identities can shape health inequities, and identification of mediating pathways can inform interventions.
Depression is a highly prevalent mental health condition affecting millions worldwide, including medical students who face unique stressors. This study aimed to assess the relationship between excessive daytime sleepiness and depression among medical students in various institutions across Pakistan. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 151 medical students. Responses were evaluated using validated scales including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS). Each scale assessed specific parameters such as depression severity, sleep quality, and suicidal ideation. While no statistically significant direct association was found between excessive daytime sleepiness and either depression or suicidal ideation, an indirect relationship was observed. Notably, poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration were significantly associated with higher scores on depression and suicidality scales. In conclusion, although a direct link between daytime sleepiness and depression was not established, sleep quality and duration appear to indirectly influence depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts among medical students.
INTRODUCTION
Poor sleep is commonly associated with poorer cognition in older adults. Unfortunately, effective sleep improvement therapies for older adults are limited in their accessibility and have shown only subtle effects on cognition. Physical activity, however, is associated with better cognition in older adults and may compensate for cognitive deficits related to poor sleep. This study examined whether greater engagement in physical activity moderates the association between sleep and cognitive function in older adults.
METHODOLOGY
We utilized baseline data from the Investigating Gains in Neurocognition in an Intervention Trial of Exercise (IGNITE) study. Cognitively unimpaired older adults (n = 589, mean age ± SD: 69.8 ± 3.7, 70% female) underwent a comprehensive cognitive assessment. Sleep was measured via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and both sleep and physical activity were measured using 24‐h actigraphy for 7 days.
RESULTS
Moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) accumulated in at least 10‐min bouts moderated the association between self‐reported sleep efficiency and episodic memory, processing speed, executive function (EF)/attentional control, and working memory (β[range] = −0.10 to −0.17, all p < 0.05). In addition, light‐intensity physical activity moderated the association of actigraphy‐measured wake after sleep onset (WASO) with EF/attentional control and processing speed (βs = 0.10, all p < 0.05). The direction of these results was such that lower sleep efficiency and greater WASO was associated with poorer cognitive performance, but this association was attenuated by engaging in greater amounts of physical activity.
DISCUSSION
These results support the hypothesis that physical activity may mitigate the association between poor sleep and cognitive deficits in older adulthood. We highlight the need for further longitudinal studies and randomized clinical trials of exercise to further examine these associations. These results suggest that even small amounts of MVPA or light intensity physical activity mitigate the association between poor sleep and cognitive deficits in older adulthood.
Highlights
Moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity moderated the association of self‐reported sleep efficiency with cognition.
Light physical activity moderated the association of wake after sleep onset with cognition.
Physical activity may mitigate sleep‐related cognitive deficits in older adults.
Further longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials are needed.
This study aimed to determine the emotional eating and sleep behaviors of protected children and compare them with their peers who live with their parents.
The study was conducted with 78 (Group 1: 39 government-protected children vs Group 2: 39 children living with their parents) 10–18-year-old children and adolescents in Northern Cyprus. Each child in Group 2 had to match a government-protected child with similar sociodemographic features and age as well as the same gender. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with a survey including the Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ), the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and questions related to general background information.
No difference was found according to EEQ scores, PSQI scores, PSQI sub-scores, sleep quality, ESS scores, and daytime sleepiness between the groups (p > 0.05). However, Group 1 had a significantly longer sleeping time (8.99 ± 1.69 vs 8.04 ± 1.67 h) when compared with Group 2 (p: 0.025). For both of the groups, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between ESS and PSQI as well as EEQ and PSQI scores (p < 0.05).
In this study, it was shown that while government-protected children had longer sleeping time, they had similar emotional eating status and sleep quality with their peers. Also, ESS and EEQ scores were found to be positively correlated with PSQI scores in each group. The sample size of this study is limited, and data were collected by questionnaires. Future studies with larger sample size and observational methods are needed.
Humans spend approximately one third of their life asleep but, as counterintuitive as it may sound, sleep is far from being a quiet state of inactivity. Sleep provides the opportunity to perform numerous biological and physiological functions that are essential to health and wellbeing, including memory consolidation, physical recovery, immunoregulation, and emotional processing. Yet, sleep deprivation, chronic sleep restriction, and various types of sleep disorders are all too common in modern society. Failure to meet the recommended 7-9 hours of restful sleep per night is known to increase the risk of several health conditions, reason why regular and adequate sleep should be seen as a priority instead of an unnecessary commodity easily traded as required by the commitments of our busy lives. While both the quantity and the quality of sleep can be largely improved with relatively straightforward practices dictated by good sleep hygiene, emerging research suggests that dietary and supplementation protocols focused on certain foods, nutrients, and biochemical compounds with sleep-promoting properties can act as subsidiary sleep aids in complementing these behavioral changes. The scope of this narrative review is to summarize the available evidence on the potential benefits of selected nutraceuticals in the context of circadian rhythm and sleep disturbances, namely melatonin, magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit, apigenin, valerian root, L-theanine, glycine, ashwagandha, myoinositol, Rhodiola rosea, and phosphatidylserine. A comprehensive recapitulation of the relevant literature is provided, alongside corresponding evidence-based nutritional protocols to promote and improve restful sleep.
Background
Training and education may benefit nurses whose nonstandard work hours put them at risk of poor sleep, fatigue, and ensuing adverse health and safety outcomes. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published “Training for Nurses on Shift Work and Long Work Hours” in 2015 as a free online resource which remains one of the few trainings available on this topic. However, the extent to which nurses have completed the program and the characteristics of current learners have not been examined.
Objective
We aimed to describe the potential reach of the NIOSH Training for Nurses between May 2015 through December 2020.
Methods
Data were obtained on learners who received continuing education credits upon completion of the NIOSH Training for Nurses. We applied a widely used implementation and evaluation framework, RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance), to describe the potential reach of the nurses’ training and provide descriptive statistics of learners.
Results
From 2015 to 2020, 7899 learners from different occupations received continuing education credits for completing the training. Approximately 60% of learners were nurses and 30% were students. Among nurses, most were Registered Nurses (93%), with few Licensed Practical Nurses (6%) and Advanced Practice Nurses (2%). In 2020, the number of learners who were nurses represented only 0.09% of all licensed US nurses.
Conclusion
A renewed dissemination plan may help extend training reach to the larger population of licensed US nurses. The NIOSH training remains a seminal, freely available, online resource for nurses, filling a critical gap in training to manage work-related fatigue.
It's about integrating individual clinical expertise and the best external evidenceEvidence based medicine, whose philosophical origins extend back to mid-19th century Paris and earlier, remains a hot topic for clinicians, public health practitioners, purchasers, planners, and the public. There are now frequent workshops in how to practice and teach it (one sponsored by the BMJ will be held in London on 24 April); undergraduate1 and postgraduate2 training programmes are incorporating it3 (or pondering how to do so); British centres for evidence based practice have been established or planned in adult medicine, child health, surgery, pathology, pharmacotherapy, nursing, general practice, and dentistry; the Cochrane Collaboration and Britain's Centre for Review and Dissemination in York are providing systematic reviews of the effects of health care; new evidence based practice journals are being launched; and it has become a common topic in the lay media. But enthusiasm has been mixed with some negative reaction.4 5 6 Criticism has ranged from evidence based medicine being old hat to it being a dangerous innovation, perpetrated by the arrogant to serve cost cutters and suppress clinical freedom. As evidence based medicine continues to evolve and adapt, now is a useful time to refine the discussion of what it is and what it is not.Evidence based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The …
The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method user's manual
- K Fitch
- S J Bernstein
- M D Aquilar
Fitch K, Bernstein SJ, Aquilar MD, et al. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method
user's manual. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation; 2001.
The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method user's manual The RAND Corporation
- K Fitch
- Sj Bernstein
- Md Aquilar
Fitch K, Bernstein SJ, Aquilar MD, et al. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method
user's manual. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation; 2001.