Article

Female Sex Pheromone of Choristoneura parallela (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

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  • Klun Entomology consulting service
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Abstract

Heptane washes of the excised ovipositors of Choristoneura parallela (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) females were analyzed by capillary chromatography with polar and apolar liquid phases, by capillary gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. and by microchemical degradation techniques. A mixture of four compounds was found that serves as a sex pheromone blend; (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol is the major component and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol, tetracadecan-1-ol, and (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate arc minor components. Field traps baited with a mixture of these four compounds captured as many C. parallela males as traps baited with virgin females. Population-monitoring studies using the pheromone in Maryland showed that C. parallela is bivoltine.

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... This suggests a metabolic relationship between the acetates and aldehyde pheromones in this genus. Of the angiospermfeeding species, C. conflictana, the large aspen tortrix (Evenden and Gries 2006), C. parallela, the spotted fireworm (Neal et al. 1982;Polavarapu and Lonergan 1998), and C. rosaceana (Hill and Roelofs 1979;El-Sayed et al. 2003) (Table 18.1) likely share similar biochemical pathways to their sex pheromones based on the Δ11-14Ac motif common to all. ...
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... In the summer, 2nd generation larvae need to be controlled before they enter the fruit. Sex pheromones are available to monitor adult flight of both species [59][60][61], and for S. sulfureana a degree-day model is available to predict time of egg laying and hatch [62]. Among the insecticides tested here, methoxyfenozide is the only option during bloom in cranberries to prevent newly-hatched larvae from entering the fruit. ...
Article
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Laboratory and extended laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the residual toxicities of various insecticides against two key pests of cranberries, Sparganothis sulfureana and Choristoneura parallela (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and their non-target effects on the predatory Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). The effects of nine insecticides with different modes of action on S. sulfureana and Ch. parallela eggs, larvae, and adults were tested in the laboratory, while the efficacy of a post-bloom application on larval mortality and mass of these pests and on adult O. insidiosus was evaluated in extended laboratory experiments. The organophosphate chlorpyrifos and the spinosyn spinetoram provided long-lasting (seven-day) control against all stages of both pests. The growth regulator methoxyfenozide and the diamides chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole had strong (1-7 days) larvicidal, particularly on young larvae, and growth inhibitory activity, but only the diamides were adulticidal. Among neonicotinoids, acetamiprid had stronger ovicidal and adulticidal activity than thiamethoxam, showing within-insecticide class differences in toxicities; however, both were weak on larvae. Lethality of novaluron and indoxacarb was inconsistent, varying depending on species and stage. Chlorpyrifos was most toxic to O. insidiosus. These results show species- and stage-specific toxicities, and greater compatibility with biological control, of the newer reduced-risk classes of insecticides than older chemistries.
... These enzymes are responsible for the production of distinct, desaturated fatty acids that form a blend of pheromones unique to each species. For example, the main sexpheromone component of Choristoneura parallela, the spotted fireworm moth (SFW), is (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) ( Neal et al., 1982;Polavarapu and Lonergan, 1998), whereas the closely related Choristoneura rosaceana possesses a 95:5 Z/E11-14:OAc pheromone blend (Hill and Roelofs, 1979). These pheromone blends have evolved a dual purpose to serve as chemical beacons for mate attraction and as species recognition signals, which guarantee that interspecific hybridization does not occur. ...
Article
Six acyl-CoA desaturase-encoding cDNAs from mRNA isolated from the spotted fireworm moth, Choristoneura parallela (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were characterized and assayed for functionality. The expression levels of these cDNAs were determined in the pheromone gland and fat body by real-time PCR and the resulting patterns are in line with results from published studies on other moth sex pheromone desaturases. The cDNAs were found to correspond to six genes. Using both biochemical and phylogenetic analyses, four of these were found to belong to previously characterized desaturase functional groups [the Delta 10,11, the Delta 9 (16>18) and the Delta 9 (18>16) groups]. A desaturase highly expressed in the pheromone gland was a novel E11 desaturase that was specific to 14-carbon precursor acids. The fifth gene [CpaZ9(14-26)] was found to display a novel Z9 activity indicating that it belongs to a new Delta 9 functional group, whereas the sixth gene was determined to be nonfunctional with respect to desaturase activity. In accordance with previous studies, we find that desaturases of the Delta 10,11 and Delta 14 groups, which are the fastest evolving desaturases and possess the novel pheromone biosynthetic function, are expressed primarily in the pheromone gland whereas all other desaturases, which do not possess the novel reproductive function, evolve more slowly and display the ancestral metabolic function and pattern of gene expression.
Chapter
As the field of pheromone research evolved, and it became clear that pheromones possessed great potential as components of pest management strategies, it became necessary (a) to define precisely the pheromonal blend emitted by the insect, (b) to determine the rates of production and release of the blends by the insect, and (c) to develop controlled release systems for use in monitoring, mass trapping, and aerial dissemination control programs; such development, as noted by Roelofs (1979), requiring a knowledge of the useful longevity of the formulated materials under normal use conditions.
Article
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The composition of the sex pheromone gland of the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) was re-investigated. In addition to the two previously identified compounds, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14Ac) and (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (E9E11-14Ac), seven additional candidate pheromone compounds were identified: (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14OH), tetradecyl acetate, hexadecanal, (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (E11-16Ac), hexadecyl acetate, octadecanal, and octadecyl acetate. Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analysis showed that only four (of the nine) compounds (E11-14OH, E11-14Ac, E9E11-14Ac, and E11-16Ac) elicited electrophysiological responses. When either E11-14OH or E11-16Ac were tested at various ratios in three-component blends with both E11-14Ac and E9E11-14Ac, no increase in trap catch was observed compared to that to the previously identified binary blend. However, when these two compounds (1% E11-14OH and 0.5% E11-16Ac) were both added to E11-14Ac and E9E11-14Ac, trap catch was roughly double that to the previously identified binary blend alone. The new four-component blend should be more sensitive for detecting this economically important insect, especially in low population areas (i.e., in newly invaded habitats). In addition, this new blend may enhance pheromone control of this pest, through approaches such as mating disruption, lure and kill, and mass trapping.
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