No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
At the intersection of maps and emotion: The challenge of spatially representing experience
Abstract
Only relatively recently have cartographers taken up the emotional component of the human relationship with space. Calls for a more humanized version of geospatial technologies have been heard since the mid 1990‘s (Pickles, 1995). However, only a relatively small proportion of cartographic efforts have been made in this direction because, perhaps, of the difficulties in data collection and representation that mapping emotion entails. This paper reviews recent humanistic cartography, including the representation of emotion in maps as well as the use of maps to collect emotional data. The role of maps in evoking emotion in map readers is also discussed. Finally, potential future intersections of cartography and emotion are explored. We argue that the time is ripe in cartography to engage with this element of human experience, as new data collection methodologies and Web 2.0-derived data sources provide the potential to open up whole new worlds for cartographers to more fully map the human experience, including emotions, and in so doing, to make a significant contribution to a richer understanding of human geographies.
... Thematic cartography has a long history of mapping different geographic, economic, and social phenomena, including visible and intangible features. Nevertheless, one of the defining characteristics of every human being-emotions-has only recently gained the attention of cartographic researchers (Griffin and McQuoid 2012;Caquard and Cartwright 2014;Caquard and Griffin 2018). ...
... For example, a typical example of a map that shows spatial emotional data ( Figure 1) uses a color wheel scheme to represent eight types of emotion (Meenar, Flamm, and Keenan 2019). The use of color to show emotions, both within cartography (Griffin and McQuoid 2012;Caquard and Griffin 2018) and within data visualization generally (Lin et al. 2013;Setlur and Stone 2015), makes consideration of the colors used to display emotional data an important aspect of map design. ...
... This research contributes to the literature on categorical colormap design (Lee, Sips, and Seidel 2013;Lin et al. 2013;Schloss et al. 2018;Brewer 1994), to studies of color-emotion associations (Demir 2020;Hanada 2018;Jonauskaite et al. 2020;Fugate and Franco 2019), and to the general body of emotional mapping research (Griffin and McQuoid 2012;Caquard and Griffin 2018). ...
Emotions are touchstones of humans’ everyday life experiences. Maps of emotions inform a variety of research from urban planning and disaster response to marketing studies. Emotions are most often shown on maps with colors. Previous research suggests that humans have subjective associations between colors and emotions that impact objective task performance. Thus, a mismatch between the emotion associated with a color and the emotion it represents may bias the viewer’s attention, perception, and understanding of the map. There are no guidelines that can help cartographers and designers choose matching colors to display spatial emotional data. This study aimed to address this gap by suggesting cognitively congruent color palettes—color sets matched to emotions in a way that is aligned with color-emotion associations. To obtain the set of candidate congruent colors and identify appropriate color-to-emotion assignments, two user experiments were conducted with participants in the United States. In the first, participants picked a representative color for 23 discrete emotions. In the second experiment, for each candidate color from a set derived from the results of the first experiment, participants selected the best-matching emotions. The probability of the emotion being selected served as a measure of how representative the color is of that emotion. Due to the many-to-many nature of associations between colors and emotions, suitable color choices were incorporated into a dynamic palette generation tool. This tool solves the color assignment problem and produces a suitable color palette depending on the combination of selected emotions.
... Cartographers have recently begun to explore the relationship between maps and emotion [47], [48]. Research on the emotional impacts of maps on users has primarily focused on the deliberate addition of artistic elements to maps, and on examining how these designs influence user affect [48]. ...
... Cartographers have recently begun to explore the relationship between maps and emotion [47], [48]. Research on the emotional impacts of maps on users has primarily focused on the deliberate addition of artistic elements to maps, and on examining how these designs influence user affect [48]. Fabrikant et al. [49], for example, applied color schemes based on famous works of art to topographic base maps, and found that unconventional color schemes (e.g., blue land and pink water) elicited high emotional arousal in participants, some of whom described the color schemes as "shocking," or "strange." ...
... Current research in cognate fields [13], [15], [16] as well as an emerging interest in emotion within cartography itself [47], [48] has brought affective considerations to the forefront. Thematic map use is increasingly ubiquitous, and visual analytics are now used to explore big spatial datasets [47], [51]. ...
Recent work in data visualization has demonstrated that small, perceptually-distinct color palettes such as those used in categorical mapping can connote significant affective qualities. Data that are mapped or otherwise visualized are also often emotive in nature, either inherently (e.g., climate change, disease mortality rates), or by design, such as can be found in visual storytelling. However, little is known about how the affective qualities of color interact with those of data context in visualization design. This paper describes the results of a crowdsourced study on the influence of affectively congruent versus incongruent color schemes on categorical map-reading response. We report both objective (pattern detection; area comparison) and subjective (affective quality; appropriateness; preference) measures of map-reader response. Our results suggest that affectively congruent colors amplify perceptions of the affective qualities of maps with emotive topics, affective incongruence may cause confusion, and that affective congruence is particularly influential in maps of positive-leaning data topics. Finally, we offer preliminary design recommendations for balancing color congruence with other design factors, and for synthesizing color and affective context in thematic map design.
... This chapter is positioned at the juncture between approaches that reckon emotions central in social mobilization (della Porta & Diani, 2006;Goodwin, Jasper, & Polletta, 2001, 2004Melucci, 1996) and the 'emotional turn' in critical cartography, produced by the need to integrate affects in the study of places (Griffin & Mcquoid, 2012;Maddrell, 2016). On the one hand, there is no protest without strong emotions (Jasper, 1998), which can include 'anger and indignation, fear and disgust, joy, and love' (Goodwin et al., 2001, p. 2). ...
... On the other hand, Kennedy and Hill (2017) discuss strong emotional reactions-including 'pleasure, anger, sadness, guilt, shame, relief, worry, love, empathy, excitement, offence'-amongst participants in focus groups exposed to data visualizations. Maps-as particular visualizationscan spur sentiment too (Fabrikant, Christophe, Papastefanou, & Maggi, 2012;Griffin & Mcquoid, 2012). In his interview, Panek speaks about how making maps can spark strong emotions and feelings of belonging among cartographers. ...
... One is based on the use of technologies to collect and chart emotions spawned by locations (Hauthal & Burghardt, 2013;Klettner et al., 2013). A second approach focuses on the exploration of the feelings engendered by cartography (Fabrikant et al., 2012;Griffin & Mcquoid, 2012). Nold (2009) combines both viewpoints. ...
... This chapter is positioned at the juncture between approaches that reckon emotions central in social mobilization (della Porta & Diani, 2006;Goodwin, Jasper, & Polletta, 2001, 2004Melucci, 1996) and the 'emotional turn' in critical cartography, produced by the need to integrate afffects in the study of places (Grifffijin & Mcquoid, 2012;Maddrell, 2016). On the one hand, there is no protest without strong emotions (Jasper, 1998), which can include 'anger and indignation, fear and disgust, joy, and love' (Goodwin et al., 2001, p. 2). ...
... On the other hand, Kennedy and Hill (2017) discuss strong emotional reactions-including 'pleasure, anger, sadness, guilt, shame, relief, worry, love, empathy, excitement, offfence'-amongst participants in focus groups exposed to data visualizations. Maps-as particular visualizationscan spur sentiment too (Fabrikant, Christophe, Papastefanou, & Maggi, 2012;Grifffijin & Mcquoid, 2012). In his interview, Panek speaks about how making maps can spark strong emotions and feelings of belonging among cartographers. ...
... One is based on the use of technologies to collect and chart emotions spawned by locations (Hauthal & Burghardt, 2013;Klettner et al., 2013). A second approach focuses on the exploration of the feelings engendered by cartography (Fabrikant et al., 2012;Grifffijin & Mcquoid, 2012). Nold (2009) combines both viewpoints. ...
Thus far little has been said about how maps are employed in activism to unleash sentiments. Employing as a lens the emotional turn currently inf luencing geography, this article looks at a 15M map, a cartographic animation that shows a ‘connected multitude’ of indignad@s as they demonstrated in Spain in 2011; the ‘Left-to-die boat’ map, tracing the course of a ship in which 63 refugees lost their lives; and the ‘Western Africa missing fij ish’ map, which shows foreign fij ishing vessels operating irregularly in African waters. Interviews, fij ieldwork, and participatory observation are employed to understand how maps are designed to activate people through emotions. Based on DeSoto (2014) and Muehlenhaus (2013), the chapter also off fers a taxonomy as a heuristic tool.
Keywords: Emotions; Critical cartography; Data activism; Maps
... Feminist critiques of cartography and data visualization recognize emotion and affect as legitimate ways of knowing (Huffman 1997;D'Ignazio and Klein 2016). Emotions influence reflexes, cognition, memory, economics, health, well-being (Yik et al. 2011), decision-making, reasoning (Damasio 2001), and map reading; they are defining qualities of being human (Griffin and McQuoid 2012). Maps have long been critiqued for being perceived as objective and neutral (Kitchin and Dodge 2007). ...
... Maps have long been critiqued for being perceived as objective and neutral (Kitchin and Dodge 2007). Maps and emotions intersect in at least three ways: maps of emotions, the use of maps to collect emotional data, and map users' emotions (Griffin and McQuoid 2012). ...
... Core affects are the accessible elements of an anticipated emotional reaction, a present emotion, or a current mood; they are always present (Västfjäll et al. 2002;Feldman Barrett 2006). This understanding of emotion and affect aligns with geographic notions of emotion (Griffin and McQuoid 2012). ...
Thematic maps facilitate spatial understanding of patterns and exceptions. Cognitive ability, spatial cognition, and emotional state are related, yet there is little research about map readers’ emotions. Feminist critiques of cartography recognize emotion and affect as legitimate experiences on par with quantitative ways of knowing. We conducted an online survey to measure users’ affective states before and after engaging with three thematic map types. The maps showed data from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal to achieve gender equality, on the proportion of girls and women aged 15 to 49 who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting. Participants viewed a choropleth, a cartogram, and a repeating icon tile map; completed map‐related tasks; rated certain map qualities; rated their affective states before and after engaging with the maps; and answered open‐ended questions. The maps piqued curiosity and evoked emotions for most users, while some users perceived the thematic maps as clinical or neutral despite the sensitive topic. After viewing the maps, female participants who were affected expressed deeper engagement in their open‐ended comments than males. Traditionally, cartography construes the human experience as male experience and denies or trivializes women's experiences. Our findings corroborate feminist critiques of this disembodiment and entrenched rational rhetoric of maps .
... For example one's perception of place is intrinsically linked to one's experience of place, and perceiving is ongoing (Casey, 2001;Merleau-Ponty, 1945. Therefore each new experience is affected by past experiences, imbued with emotions and memories that result in ever-evolving perceptions of place (Carlstein et al., 1978b;Griffin & McQuoid, 2012;Nold, 2009;Tuan, 1979). ...
... Cartographers are mapping the human experience of place beyond the visible and tangible, using a combination of the mind, body, and place. In so doing, there has been a foregrounding of the mental and bodily phenomenon of emotions, to help better understand one's everevolving perception of place (Griffin & McQuoid, 2012;Nold, 2009). ...
One's perception of place is in constant flux, shaped by experience, memories, and feelings over time. Time and perception of place are inextricably linked, where the transient nature of time and one's perception of place affects one's understanding of the world. This transience challenges cartography. This paper reports on the outcomes of a year-long mapping project (A Walk in the Park), where the effects of time on perception of place could be seen through recording personal experiences of being in the park. The outcomes of these experiences were used to develop a new model of reflective practice which is called the Interdisciplinary Model of Creative Practice. This model and an accompanying tool, the brief, was employed to create ephemeral mapping prototypes from records of my experiences and ideas about time and perception of place from the scholarly literature. The model builds a creative mapping process by drawing from and weaving together the perspectives of scientific cartography, design, and artistic expression. Using the example of ephemeral mapping, this paper shows how one can use this Interdisciplinary Model of Creative Practice, describing the approach for other researchers, cartographers, designers, or artists who might utilise the model and tools offered in this paper for their own creative practice.
... Emotions can be acknowledged as a pivotal parameter in delineating the distinctive features of spaces and places, despite not having received adequate attention (Griffin and McQuoid 2012). The foundational concept underpinning emotional mapping posits that places, emotions, and spaces are intrinsically interconnected. ...
... The foundational concept underpinning emotional mapping posits that places, emotions, and spaces are intrinsically interconnected. Emotions are regarded as integral facets denoting the human presence on maps and contributing to the definition of humanity itself (Griffin and McQuoid 2012). They significantly influence a certain place and the spatial distribution of the perceptions (Zadra and Clore 2011;Ilbeigi et al. 2019a). ...
Perception of Citizens about a city is an essential issue in urban planning. Hence, having an understanding of the people’s perception can help designers improve city planning. This study aimed to discover the emotional and cultural parameters of urban places by considering the collective memory of citizens. The main gap in the studied subjects was the lack of a combination of cultural and emotional mapping from the perspective of citizens. To fill the mentioned gap, the findings of this study emphasize the importance of engendering emotions and cultural mapping in the citizens in urban spaces. Respectively, a quantitative method was conducted through a comprehensive case study in the form of a questionnaire. Results indicated that emotional mapping is more important than cultural mapping for collective memory. Moreover, emotional parameters were substantial to female participants as cultural factors were for male respondents. Same as gender, Level of education, and age were two factors that affect cultural mapping or emotional mapping choices. Besides, pride, a sense of power, pleasure, excitement, peace, compassion, vitality, and happiness were found important emotions in this study. Our findings revealed that designing urban places based on the culture of each society has a significant role in engendering emotions and drawing the interest of citizens.
... In terms of affectual and emotional geography, geographers have taken up a variety of positions and have also shifted position over time, the terrain being mapped out expanding continuously as it is woven out of many threads [18]. Nevertheless, for geographers, emotions reside in the nexus of bodies, minds, and places [19]. Cities are seen as sites of emotional norms, emotions having a great role in urban transformations since they are not just the by-product of change [16]. ...
... Cities are seen as sites of emotional norms, emotions having a great role in urban transformations since they are not just the by-product of change [16]. However, even though emotion is an underlying trait of being human, its presence in maps and spatial data is hardly commonplace [19]. ...
The research presents the results of a survey carried on in Craiova, one of the largest Romanian cities, which contains numerous buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some of which were reconsolidated and brought back to use, while others are still decaying. The aim was to spatially investigate residents’ perceptions of the built heritage in the historical city center of Craiova based on questionnaires and mapping perceptions using the Emotional GIS (EGIS) methodology proposed by Wang (2021) and the extent to which this heritage could be a valuable asset for cultural tourism. The alteration of function as well as the context for part of the historical area of the city center testify to the musealization of the study area. The large number of buildings included on the heritage list outlines the characteristics of a living open-air museum, capitalizing on the heritage in situ.
... Emotional mapping (Caquard & Griffin, 2019;Griffin & Mcquoid, 2012) is a subgroup of mental mapping of urban perceptions, and it has the tools to support the ideas of Mody, Willis & Kerstein (2009) that emotions, spaces and places are interconnected and that every location can evoke an emotion, and places can be seen as attractive, boring, dangerous or scary, among other perceptions (Korpela, 2002). In the book of essays titled Emotional Cartography: Technologies of the self (Nold, 2009, p. 3) the editor presented the collection of essays by artists, designers, psychogeographers, cultural researchers, futurologists and neuroscientists. ...
... Emotions are one of the defining characteristics of human beings, and yet their presence in maps and spatial data is uncommon (Griffin & Mcquoid, 2012). Several authors (e.g. ...
Urban planning and decision-making can often be elitist and non-participatory processes. Citizens are frequently a neglected part of these activities and are usually only involved in and considered before elections, or are informed about the planned changes at the very last stage, often beyond the possibility to change anything. Nevertheless, citizens have a relevant role in the processes of town planning and administration; and this chapter describes the implementation of a web-based crowdsourcing tool for the collection and visualisation of emotion-based and subjective information on maps used in the neighbourhood planning and revitalisation. The tool was used in four case studies of neighbourhood development consultations in various locations in the Czech Republic in 2015-2018. The results presented in this chapter allow for the replication of the research methodology in other areas, both location-wise as well as topic-wise.
... Emotions are one of the defining characteristics of human beings and yet their presence in maps and spatial data is uncommon (Griffin & Mcquoid, 2012). Several authors (e.g. ...
... From the cartographical perspective, Griffin & Mcquoid (2012) distinguish three categories as regards maps and emotions: (1) maps of emotions, (2) using maps to collect emotional data, and (3) emotions while using maps. The case study described in this paper is a combination of the first two categories. ...
City planning, decision-making and participation in local administration can be sometimes elitist, closed to the public and non-participatory processes. Citizens are frequently a neglected part of these activities and are usually only involved and considered prior to elections. Yet citizens have a relevant role in the processes of town planning and administration. This paper describes the implementation of a web-based crowdsourcing tool for the collection and visualisation of emotion-based and subjective information on maps. The tool was used in a case study of neighbourhood development consultation in the city of Příbram, the Czech Republic. Visual, textual and statistical analyses showed a similar spatial distribution of some topics within the Křižáky neighbourhood and provide results, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches in the process of e-participation in urban e-planning. The results presented in this paper allow replication of the research methodology in other areas as well as its implementation.
... In this way, this topic presents the methods used to collect geographic information related to people's emotions about the physical environment, including collaborative approaches. The literature contains different ways of collecting emotional geographic information, such as strategies based on oral and written comments, crowdsourcing, biosensors, and social networks (Griffin and Mcquoid 2012;Klettner and others 2013). Based on Klettner and others (2013), it is possible to see that collecting data through oral and written comments is the most common method; however, these traditional ways are usually applied in artificial conditions (in controlled laboratories or with individuals equipped with unusual devices). ...
Emotional cartography is a tool that makes it possible to map people’s emotions concerning a given space. This review article explores the use of emotional cartography in analysing and planning public open spaces (POSs) in urban areas. As evolving social and spatial organisms, cities hinge on POSs to enrich the quality of life. The study foregrounds challenges in urban development, especially in developing regions, where uncontrolled growth impacts POS and living standards. The significance of POSs’ roles as hubs for social interaction, environmental conservation, and leisure activities is emphasized. The article delves into how emotional cartography and concepts like Topophilia can effectively capture users’ perceptions of these spaces, aiding in urban planning by understanding the socio-environmental value of POSs. A key component of this review is an in-depth bibliometric analysis, which maps the academic landscape surrounding emotional cartography. This analysis uncovers the methods used in emotional mapping, including crowdsourcing, biosensors, and social networks, and identifies a significant research gap in emotional maps for subjective population analysis, particularly in developing nations. The article advocates for emotional cartography as a crucial tool in participatory urban development.
... Such local and usually temporal projects are coupled with global platforms where people can continually develop a joint mapping project such as Ushahidi or OpenStreetMap (Pánek, 2016. The primary conceptual frameworks of emotional data collection have been specified by Griffin and Mcquoid (2012). Emotional maps and comparable local mapping tools are used extensively in Czechia, particularly when mapping citizens' attitudes towards both physical and social features of the urban environment. ...
The aim of the paper is to describe the advantages and weaknesses of participatory mapping and to compare them with a questionnaire survey. This case study focuses on two medium-sized cities and their surrounding municipalities, Ostrava (OV) and Hradec Kralove (HK), both located in the Czech Republic. The study works with a questionnaire survey from the research agency STEM/MARK (n=536, PAPI method 86%, CAWI method 14%) from 2022. The main objective of this research was to find out the mobility goals of seniors. Overall, respondents reported 479 goals, with respondents identifying 23 types of important goals in HK and 24 types in OV, with shopping (37 and 24% respectively), doctor (19 and 22%), family (10 and 13%), walking (8 and 6%) and friends (5 and 4%) identified as top priorities. Maximum clustering was assessed at a distance of 370 m for web mapping targets (p<0.05). Survey targets reached maximum clustering at a distance of 140 m in HK and 200 m in OV (p<0.05). The results of web mobility mapping show that natural places and parks are the most common attractive places for respondents. On the other hand, in OV, locations with noisy people or homeless people, as well as industry and brownfields, are identified as repulsive places. In HK, roads, traffic and some public buildings are perceived as the main repulsive places. The perception of railway stations is ambiguous. This study contributes to the discussion on the validity of participatory mapping, showing the importance of careful survey design and data preprocessing. The results from the web mapping were compared with the results from the questionnaire survey (PAPI method) to better describe the advantages and weaknesses of web mapping.
... These have an obvious value for our research, as they involve the locating of stories and other things in places along with conceptual considerations of representation (Dodge and Kitchin, 2013), visualisation (Caquard and Fiset, 2014), and the complexities of capturing the 'sensory experience of place as lived' (Powell, 2010;Roth, 2021; see also Back, 2012). Geographers have highlighted the potential for mapping emotions, including using maps to assist in the collection of data on emotions, how people feel in places and spaces (e.g., places that inspire, places to be avoided) (Griffin and McQuoid, 2012). Indeed there is a rich scholarship on the affective interactive potential of maps for eliciting knowledge, fostering community and belonging, and generating activism (e.g., Guitérrez, 2020;Roth, 2021). ...
How we elicit rich reflections from people about their feelings and experiences is a central consideration of qualitative research. Creative techniques of elicitation can open reflective dialogic spaces between participants and researchers, bridging memory and meaning. In this article we discuss participant-led explorations of a digital story-mapping platform as an elicitation technique in qualitative interviews. This platform is Queering the Map, a community-generated counter-mapping project that digitally archives queer moments in place. An atemporal cartographic representation of queer life, visitors to the site zoom, drag and click to reveal the anonymous contributions of others: micro-stories of experience, poems, messages and yearnings, claiming a global landscape of queer feeling. Here we offer reflections from our experience of asking participants to explore and guide us around the map within an interview. We chart how this method of live digital discovery was generative of elicitation and evocation, of insights on affective roots (where have I come from?) and affective routes (where can I take you?). This article contributes to scholarship on elicitation and live methods, including digital and spatial approaches, and to conceptualisations of orientation and mapping.
... das cidades, para que os recursos do município possam ser redirecionados para a correção efetiva dos problemas relatados (MASDEVAL; VELOSO, 2015;PÁNEK et al. 2018), porém são informações valorizadas entre pesquisadores de várias áreas, como ciências sociais e estudos ambientais (GRIFFIN; MCQUOID, 2012;BENEDIKTSSON, 2017;MAREK, 2017;PÁNEK et al. 2020;CAMARA et al. 2021;PÁNEK et al. 2021). ...
Os mapas são fundamentais para entender o espaço geográfico, contudo comumente são apresentados prontos para os(as) alunos(as) não permitindo qualquer inserção de dados. À vista disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um mapeamento participativo identificando pontos sujeitos a alagamento e inundações. Ao invés de somente localizar, os(as) alunos(as) usaram emojis para representar as emoções. O trabalho detém um caráter qualitativo e apresenta os resultados de uma oficina aplicada na turma de 8º ano de uma escola localizada em Santa Maria (RS). Em relação aos conceitos usados na oficina, os alunos(as) relataram que conheciam somente o de alagamento, pois este fenômeno faz parte de seu cotidiano, já que nenhum deles indicou que vive em pontos de inundação. O primeiro grupo mapeou 16 pontos, sendo que seis foram com o emoji de raiva,pois relataram que em dia de chuva molhavam os tênis indo para a escola, principalmente nas áreas próximas aos trilhos de trem. Ao passo que o segundo grupo mapeou 12 pontos, sendo que três se referiam à frente da escola, representando raiva, tristeza e fúria, pois estava chovendo e toda entrada estava alagada, fazendo com que molhassem seus calçados. Em síntese, a interação na oficina foi abaixo da esperada, pois provavelmente os alunos não estão acostumados com metodologias ativas. Destaca-se que outras emoções foram citadas nos emojis como a violência e poluição, confirmando possibilidades de aplicação da metodologia com outras temáticas urbanas.sendo que três se referiam à frente da escola, representando raiva, tristeza e fúria, pois estava chovendo e toda entrada estava alagada, fazendo com que molhassem seus calçados. Em síntese, a interação na oficina foi abaixo da esperada, pois provavelmente os alunos não estão acostumados com metodologias ativas. Destaca-se que outras emoções foram citadas nos emojis como a violência e poluição, confirmando possibilidades de aplicação da metodologia com outras temáticas urbanas.sendo que três se referiam à frente da escola, representando raiva, tristeza e fúria, pois estava chovendo e toda entrada estava alagada, fazendo com que molhassem seus calçados. Em síntese, a interação na oficina foi abaixo da esperada, pois provavelmente os alunos não estão acostumados com metodologias ativas. Destaca-se que outras emoções foram citadas nos emojis como a violência e poluição, confirmando possibilidades de aplicação da metodologia com outras temáticas urbanas.confirmando possibilidades de aplicação da metodologia com outras temáticas urbanas.confirmando possibilidades de aplicação da metodologia com outras temáticas urbanas.
... Several works have been focusing on the proposition of good practices to select visual variables, in particular colors, and to manage relations between them, in particular color contrasts and visual saliency (BREWER, 1994;FABRIKANT & GOLDSBERRY, 2005;KLIPPEL et al. 2009;CHRISTOPHE, 2011, etc.). Knowledge about the perception and the understanding of relations between graphic signs and relations between related meanings, leads researchers to better formalize the understanding and the usability of 2D representations (CÖLTEKIN et al. 2009;WILKENING & FABRIKANT, 2011;GRIFFIN & MCQUOID, 2012). Hoarau (2015) defines the notion of abstraction as a simplification of the perception of the real world. ...
In cartography, good practices are clearly established whereas they are not clearly defined for 3D (geographical) renderings. This article details some very first researches and an agenda that aims to provide a style knowledge database that offers possibilities to classify renderings according to graphical patterns. One application is to provide a method to generate relevant transition between two different styles to ease navigation in 3D geographical environment.
... Reaction scales included participant interests in and beliefs about the visual story. Participant also self-reported their core affect in reaction to the visual story, including audience arousal (activated vs. deactivated) and hedonic valence (pleasant vs. unpleasant;Griffin and McQuoid 2012). ...
Visual storytelling describes the communication of stories through illustrations, graphics, imagery, and video instead of, or in addition to, oral, written, and audio formats. Compared to their popularity and wide reach, empirical research on map-based visual stories remains limited. We work towards infilling this gap through an empirical study on data journalism, providing the first assessment of four emerging design considerations for visual storytelling with maps: story map themes and their constituent narrative elements, visual storytelling genres, visual storytelling tropes, and individual audience differences. Specifically, we recruited 125 participants to an online map study, requiring them to separately review two visual stories and respond to a series of free-response and Likert scale questions regarding their retention, comprehension, and reaction. We followed a 2×2×2 factorial design for the visual stories, varying their themes (US presidential campaign donations, US coastal sea-level rise), genres (longform infographic, dynamic slideshow), and tropes (color highlighting, leader lines), while holding other design dimensions constant. The story theme did not influence the participants’ total retention or comprehension, indicating that a three-act narrative and its constituent elements can be applied consistently and effectively across variable kinds of topics. Instead, genres and, to a weaker degree, tropes influenced total participant retention, pointing to the importance of intentional design in map-based visual storytelling. Participants overall performed better when the visual storytelling designs used longform infographics or “scrollytelling” (genres) to structure content and leader lines (tropes) to visually accent information. In contrast, the story theme influenced audience reaction, with participants feeling significantly more concerned about and upset with the US presidential campaign donations story compared to the US sea-level rise story. Individual audience differences by expertise, motivation, and prior beliefs also influenced participant reaction. Our study signals a need for establishing a research and education agenda on map-based visual storytelling in both cartography and data journalism.
... Percepční prostor je pak rozvinut k hledané lokalitě a je vybírána cesta dle určitých kritérií, například dle nejsnazší orientace a popisu dané cesty (Geoinovace, 2013 McQuidové se přístup k pocitům a mapám dělí do tří kategorií. První kategorie jsou mapy emocí, druhá kategorie je způsob použití map pro sběr emocí a poslední kategorií jsou emoce při využívání map (Griffin, 2012 ...
This bachelor thesis processes the use of feeling maps in transport issues. The work systematically describes the method of creating a functional system for collecting the feelings of children from the Primary School, its application, its data collection, and subsequent evaluation, including the conclusions resulting from the analysis carried out. Part of the work is the design of options for the future use of the obtained results by public institutions.
... Several pieces of research on the field of Emotional Cartography have been developed to collect and represent the individuals' intangible emotional bonds with the geographic space (Nold, 2009;Gartner, 2012;Griffin and McQuoid, 2012). Applications in this area of Cartography have been widely explored in several urban planning contexts, especially on developing policies based on the citizens' needs, including those on urban mobility. ...
... Thus, it can adapt and transcend cartographical rules such as selection of geographical landmark elements shared between the mapmaker and the different users of the map, mathematical projections and graphic semiology using visual variables (Bertin, 1973). The sensitive mapping method globally leads to the creation of maps with characteristics about the selection and drawing of information: selection of landmarks meaningful only for a person or a group (Mekdjian et al., 2016;Frémont, 1976); selection of sensitive information like sounds, smells (Grésillon, 2013) and emotions (Poplin, 2017); distance metrics, topology and other units unique to the map (Roqueplo, 2010); figurative symbols and materials (Olmedo, 2015;Griffin et al., 2012). Maps resulting of a sensitive mapping approach can then follow a gradient along the type of selected information, measured topographical elements vs. feelings, permanent vs. temporary, and a gradient along the type of drawing, conventional semiology vs. personal semiology. ...
The first lock-down in France due to the Covid-19 pandemic happened during spring 2020. It meant restrictions for everyone regarding reachable space and possible time length outside home. The seminar of sensitive mapping taking place in École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) went online and proposed an exercise to investigate the consequences of these statutory restrictions on individual lived and perceived space. The defined protocol of the exercise was based on the framework of the sensitive map approach. This approach adapts the principles of conventional cartography so that to favour personal information selection and design. Each participant of the seminar had the task to map their space. Displayed information should concern meaningful elements from their spatial environment. Other targeted information was sensitive information including emotions, feelings, and opinions as well as perceived elements from the five senses. The resulted map corpus offers diverse mapping creations. Each map contains several graphic items. Items are mainly cartographical displays enriched with non-cartographical drawings, pictures, photos, records, charts. Techniques were mixed: pen, fabrics, computer-based. The themes of displayed elements are about spatially-stable features like the dwelling, buildings remained open, green spaces, and about ephemeral and sensitive information like social interactions, people, perceived sounds, smells and feelings about the lock-down situation and the pandemic. Some maps have used or were inspired by topographic maps. Though in most maps, distances and topology are subjective. Sensitive mapping appeared as an interesting approach to collect individual testimonies and might be complementary to statistical studies.
... Maps can be illustrative or they can be a support for the spatial analysis (Caquard, 2017). Subjective information like perception is challenging to display since it does not have clear spatial boundaries, it differs between people and it may change over time (Griffin et al., 2012) (Olmedo, 2016). The objectives are to analyse the spatial distribution of quoted places names, to characterize those places from associated information including perception and to determine potential spatial patterns in the perceptions of places. ...
Places can be defined by different features including geographical coordinates, landscape elements and also subjective information like perception. The corpus collected by the Réseau des acteurs de l’histoire et la mémoire de l’immigration (RAHMI) contains oral interviews about Spanish Republicans journeys during Spanish Civil War and World War II. These life stories quote place names corresponding to proper name (Npr) or common name (Nc) and which can be qualified or associated to non-geographical nouns, adjectives and expressions. Methods from natural language processing have been used to automatically extract and characterize these pieces of informations into annotations. The objective of the presented work is to analyse the geographical aspects of places and associated features, and to propose cartographical displays illustrating life stories and supporting analysis. Distribution of quoted Npr place names was first studied. It enabled targeting relevant spatial scales and so mapping extents for the corpus. Second, features of Npr places about their type (administrative, topographic) and their spatial target based on assocations with Nc have been synthetized. Then perception were allocated to Npr, falling into the three values of polarity positive, negative or neutral. Spatial patterns of each value have been displayed and interpreted. Summary of the annotations, analysis and created maps offer insights into the corpus driven by the mentioned places. Based on individual testimonies, it may help further interpretation and researches about this historical period.
... In this sense, the integration of emotions with the participation of citizens in the field of urban planning, allows public managers to improve their understanding of the relationship between the population and urban spaces (Shoval, Schvimer and Tamir 2018). Therefore, the emotions experienced in certain portions of the geographic space could be a valuable input for creating urban planning policies, represented through the "emotional maps" (Mody, Willis and Kerstein 2009;Griffin and McQuoid 2012). ...
In this article, we present a framework to collect and represent people’s emotions, considering the urban mobility context of Curitiba. As a procedure, we have interviewed individuals during an intermodal challenge. The participants have described their experiences of urban mobility while using different transport modes. We have we used emojis as graphic symbols representing emotional data, once it is a modern language widely incorporated in everyday life as well as evokes a natural emotional association with the data we collected. We built an online geoinformation solution for visualising the emotional phenomenon. As a result, we found that the proposed methodology captures environmental factors as well as specific urban features triggering positive and negative/neutral emotions. Therefore, we validated the methodology of collaborative emotional mapping through volunteered geographic information, collecting and representing emotions on maps through emojis. Thus, here we argue this is a valid way to represent emotions and incorporate a modern language to maps. Based on the results and broader literature, we affirm this is a valuable alternative to increase knowledge about cities, once mapping emotions could assist urban planners in identifying variables, generating positive and negative feelings over the city space, which drives urban planning within a citizen-centred perspective.
... Traditionally, cartographers have paid little attention to the mapping of emotions. Griffin and McQuoid (2012) give an overview of how emotions are represented on maps and observe that emotion, contrary to the inter-related topic of cognition, has received little attention in the cartographic literature. With new data sources (e.g., from directed or undirected online activities), sentiment or emotion analysis has become a research topic in many areas (e.g., urban issues: Masdeval and Veloso 2015), but uses surprisingly few maps. ...
Locations become places through personal significance and experience. While place data are not emotion data, per se, personal significance and experience are often emotional. In this paper, we explore the potential of using visual data exploration to support the qualitative analysis of place-related emotion data. To do so, we draw upon Creswell’s (2009) definition of place to define a generic data model that contains emotion data for a given location and its locale. For each data dimension in our model, we present symbolization options that can be combined to create a range of interactive visualizations, specifically supporting re-expression. We discuss the usefulness of example visualizations, created based on a data set from a pilot study on how elderly women experience their neighborhood. We find that the visualizations support four broad qualitative data analysis tasks: revising categorizations, making connections and relationships, aggregating for synthesis, and corroborating evidence by combining sense of place with locale information to support a holistic interpretation of place data. In conclusion, the paper contributes to the literature in three ways. It provides a generic data model and associated symbolization options, and uses examples to show how place-related emotion data can be visualized. Further, the example visualizations make explicit how re-expression, the combination of emotion data with locale information, and visualization of vagueness and linked data support the analysis of emotion data. Finally, we advocate for visualization-supported qualitative data analysis in interdisciplinary teams so that more suitable maps are used and so that cartographers can better understand and support qualitative data analysis.
... In the following, I use story to describe an account of specific events, places, and people, and I use narrative to describe the structure and presentation of this content that shapes the meaning of the story. A emotions of people in the story and evoke emotions from the audience (Griffin and McQuoid, 2012). Accordingly, visual stories perhaps should be judged less on how efficiently or effectively they are read or understood, but instead how they make the audience feel about and connect to other people and places. ...
In this article, I review considerations and techniques for approaching cartographic design as visual storytelling. Stories, like maps, are a method for documenting and explaining, for meaningfully abstracting our experiences, for communicating and sharing, and for asserting a particular worldview. I argue that visual storytelling offers an entry point for hybridization in cartography, uniting technology with praxis, product with process, and design with critique while opening rich new avenues for transdisciplinary research and design. I begin by introducing influences on map-based visual storytelling and review ten recurring themes that make visual storytelling different from traditional perspectives on cartographic design. I then offer three of potentially many ways to articulate and organize the design space for map-based visual storytelling: foundational narrative elements and their adaptation to geographic phenomena and processes, visual storytelling genres delineating different story experiences, and visual storytelling tropes used to advance narratives across text, maps, images, and other multimedia. I conclude with a call for future research on visual storytelling in cartography, including visual design, visual ethics, and visual literacy.
... While the term vivid is rarely, if ever, used in the cartographic realm, attention, emotion, salience and persuasion are common themes within the cartographic literature (e.g. Fabrikant et al., 2012;Fabrikant & Goldsberry, 2005;Griffin & McQuoid, 2012;Muehlenhaus, 2012Muehlenhaus, , 2013Muehlenhaus, , 2014. I argue that maps are vivid through their cartographic design and through the emotions they evoke in their readers. ...
Maps are a key way to communicate climate change. The goal of these maps is to make climate change relatable, tangible, and understandable. However, little research has assessed the content of these maps and the aspects of these maps which attract readers, reduce complexity, and make climate change tangible. One way to evaluate maps of climate change is through the concept of vividness, a term from the communication literature. This article examines the content and vividness of maps of climate change to answer the following: which media organizations publish these maps? What is the design and content of these maps? Did these maps convey climate change vividly? Using content analysis and multidimensional scaling (nMDS) this research showed that producers of climate change maps are often not the publishers of this same content. These maps primarily showed topics which were relevant to audiences in the United States. There was a wide variety of different cartographic designs used. And finally, maps were vivid when they employed the eight aspects of vividness presented in this paper: legend design, symbolization, layout, projections which were appropriate for the data, visual salience, visible change over time, color use which aligned with color connotations, and novel design styles.
... Jang (2012) studied visualization of emotions and a creation of a 3D emotional map to reveal the unique emotions inherent to the areas surrounding the Yeongsan River in Korea. Griffin and Mcquoid (2012) reviewed research and project efforts in the representation of emotion in maps as well as the use of maps to collect emotional data. They also discuss the role of maps in evoking emotion in map readers. ...
The main goal of this paper is to explore the concept of place and the emotions felt at specific places. The paper is concentrated on power places, places in which people recharge and feel at peace, and places that evoke positive feelings. The reported project is based on a set of mapping experiments conducted in the city of Hamburg, Germany. Participants were asked to map their power places, describe their characteristics and the feelings they feel at these places. In total, 191 power places were identified, including the descriptions of their physical characteristics and emotions associated with these places. This paper summarizes the main findings of the empirical work.
... Much in the way that text can be read in various emotions, stylistic choices set the emotional tone of the map (Griffin and McQuoid 2012). Persuasive maps combine stylistic map marks, texture, color, and text choices to impact a map viewer's emotions (Muelenhaus 2011). ...
Design and aesthetics are fundamental to cartographic practice. Developing students’ skills in design and aesthetics is a critical part of cartography education, yet design is also one of the most difficult part of the cartographic process. The cartographic design process of planning, creating, critiquing, and revising maps provides a method for making maps with intentional design decisions, utilizing an understanding of aesthetics to promote clarity and cohesion to attract the user and facilitate an emotional response. In this entry, cartographic design and the cartographic design process are reviewed, and the concepts of aesthetics, style, and taste are explained in the context of cartographic design.
... This definition allowed me to examine the stories told by my seven interviewees, looking for these intimate geographies, including experiences (Amal's physical injury), perspectives (Amal's recognition of public distrust of hospitals), and feelings (Amal's internal struggle treating both sides of the conflict). Although attempts have been made in the last ten years to map personal and emotional geographies (Griffin and McQuoid 2012), personal geographies and the individual body are often not mapped in Western media (Kelly 2015b). As cartographers, we have a tendency to aggregate bodies (Sprunk 2010;Kelly 2015b). ...
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees calls the ongoing Syrian Civil War “the biggest humanitarian emergency of our era.” Since 2011, over 5.4 million individuals have fled across borders throughout the region and further abroad into Europe. Western media have documented Syrian border crossings and stories through riveting journalism, interviews, photography, and maps. While the written and photographic reporting of Syrian stories use captivating imagery and testimonials to convey the traumatic experiences of individuals, these experiences are limited in the accompanying cartographic coverage. Instead, Western media’s cartographic practices commonly aggregate refugees into flow lines, proportional symbols, and reference points, and frequently simplify border experiences into homogeneous, black line symbols. Flow lines, homogeneous border symbols, and other mapping conventions silence the experiences of individual Syrians and negate emotions, perils, and geopolitical issues linked to border crossings. I ask the following research questions: How can the cartographic portrayal of Syrian peoples’ border experiences be improved to more fully represent their experiences? Furthermore, how can a feminist perspective inform an alternative mapping of borders and border experiences? Through a feminist lens, I have developed an alternative mapping technique that emphasizes borders as a theoretical and conceptual advancement in cartographic design and border symbolization. By rendering Syrian border stories and experiences visible with cartography, my work nudges critical and feminist cartographies forward and gives Syrians a geographic voice unavailable to them through conventional cartographies.
The contemporary period is disrupted by multiple and interdependent crises. The Anthropocene is the concept designating the fact that, for the first time, a geological epoch would be defined by human action. It would be a matter of rethinking the relationship to knowledge and the methods of its transmission, particularly relevant to geography and its teaching in schools, both at primary and secondary levels. What strategies should be developed for teaching geography in a way that is civic-minded, responsible, participatory, and forward-looking, but also embodied, sensitive, and humanistic? The question that now arises is: Why and how can scholars take into account juvenile spatiality when thinking about learning? What avenues could be favoured to bring the relational process and the environmental paradigm into the geography classroom? The idea is to revive a traditional geography practice of field investigation, while allowing participants to have spatial experiences.
The editors set out what the book seeks to trouble and what we are troubled by when speaking about feminist methodologies. We highlight the commonalities and differences across the book showcasing the many methodologies feminism has inspired and shaped. We delve into the patterns we saw woven across the chapters and the major themes that emerge in the book. We reflect on what we learned, what surprised, and what delighted us, as well as the ways in which the creative tensions and the inevitable silences invited us to reflect on what we could not do, the queer art of failure that is also part of our feminist method.
This chapter tells the story of my fifteen-month ethnographic study in Tamil Nadu, India. I begin by tracing my journey from the time I, as a physician, opted out of clinical medicine to work at the primary care level in rural India. I look at how in this process I gathered theory, methods, politics and found a way of being. The interpretive approach followed acknowledges how my background, positionality, and emotions were an integral part of producing ‘data’. I observed the village people’s everyday lives, as reflected, and refracted through a multi-layered class, caste and gender lenses even as I negotiated my everyday life in the village. Reflecting on the methodology I adopted, I conclude that methodologies need to be lived rather than applied.
Our chapter builds upon feminist understandings of the more-than-human, using our experiences of working with peasant farmers involved in seed saving (Leila) and activists’ relation to individual environmental practices (Karijn). Through a dialogue around our experiences, we reflect on feelings of discomfort, and how, rather than resolving our anxieties, discomfort has the potential to open up conventional ways of being a researcher. Focusing on relationality through embodied and processual research challenges the notion of method as a tool used by a disembodied researcher observing an inert or external world, a central concern of feminist-oriented research. We show how participating in plural and more-than-human worlds also challenges multiple binary positionings and allows for unwarranted surprises that might undo the assumptions and categories underpinning our research.
My chapter examines whether and if so, how, alternative approaches can be used to engage with intimate partner violence (IPV). I explore how poetry, creative writing and other forms of expression can be feminist methodologies for looking at IPV as they both offer us ways of thinking differently about objects of study, in more embodied, personal and situated ways, and can also be forms of healing in the very process of studying such “difficult” objects of research. I use artistic mediums as a form of healing when writing about the very thing that has caused so much personal hardship. My chapter also narrates my own experience with IPV as a survivor’s “ethnography of one”.
In this chapter, I describe my journey of becoming a user of menstrual tracking apps. I explore how my positionality and the different encounters I have had prior to and during this journey have shaped my understanding and experience of using the app. I am reflexive about how my standpoint constituted my meaning-making processes. I emphasize that through the journey of self-tracking, knowledge was developed in conversation with other users of these apps. I reflect on the tensions I face with regards to giving away personal data to the health app about my body while questioning the advertised possibilities to build body awareness and knowledge through digital traces. My chapter concludes by assessing my methodological choices, stressing the possibilities and limitations of a reflective writing.
Our chapter builds on an intergenerational transnational exchange about how feminists can create safe places of engagement via the internet as part of embodied active research processes. We tell two stories separated by over two decades that illustrate how safe feminist and queer places are co-created and embodied as vital for connections and communication in cyberspace. Inspired by feminist geographies, we employ the term “place” as a term to explain a virtual sense of belonging where people could explore possibilities of embodied politics within cyberspace. Our two stories illustrate how embodied sexuality and gender power relations are shaped in the digital world. It explores the potential for feminists in online worlds to create places where individual and collective transformative processes are possible.
In the context of my research on aging and later life, I explore the complexities of navigating feminist ethics in the context of a pandemic. This chapter begins by situating how I entered the research process and my early thinking about research ethics, discussing how my assumptions were partially validated in my early data collection. I then unpack how the Covid-19 pandemic has flipped some of these assumptions on their head, underscoring the unexamined ageism that fed them. I reflect on how my understanding of risk in research has also been problematized because of Covid-19. I close with a reflection on feminist research ethics as a practice of feminist methodologies, and gesture towards what I have learned about in practice when unpacking assumptions.
In my chapter I discuss the process of creating comprehensive embodied urban cartographies of women’s daily trajectories to work by public transportation in Guadalajara, Mexico. I argue that mapping methods can be used as a feminist tool to reveal the power structures that shape women’s urban experience and to analyse how those assemblages are lived from an embodied and intersectional perspective. I underline the relevance of such a perspective showing how feminist cartographies help to re-draw more equitable urban geographies.
During a multi-sited ethnographic research on responses towards the presence of refugees from abroad in Indonesia, I brought along my knitting needles and five colours of yarn. Knitting was an effective outlet to manage the emotions and anxieties of fieldwork. The chapter documents my fieldwork experiences through a knitting project that would use colours to “code” my feelings on a weekly basis. The chapter explores how arts and crafts are used as metaphors to capture the intuitive and emotional dimensions of academia that are often missing from research methodology teaching. The coloured yarns have now been knitted into a striped cloth “scarf” representing the emotional labour of doing research that is partial to fieldwork but often excluded from its retelling.
This chapter presents three experiences of doing research with social movements using feminist methodologies. It explores challenges, ethics and possibilities of feminist research with Extinction Rebellion in the Netherlands, the Movement of People Affected by Dams in Brazil and the Abortion Rights Movement in Costa Rica. The chapter asks: What makes these methodologies “feminist”, and how do “feminist researchers” relate to feminist and socio-environmental movements differently? We explore what the role of feminist research and knowledge production is in contributing to social struggles, reflecting on the contradictions of activist and academic knowledge production. All of our engagements approached social movements as producers of situated knowledges and emphasise the importance of our embodied experiences as we actively align ourselves with these struggles.
In the chapter I reflect on ten months of research in Yogyakarta, Indonesia undertaken in the company of an 8/9-year-old boy as a single mother. By unpacking the shared journey, how it felt and what we had to consider, I place this social adventure and professional challenge within a feminist assessment of academic, family and parenthood institutions. I highlight the epistemic gains when recognising myself as both mother and academic. Engaging with the growing literature on fieldwork accompanied by children, I focus on the dimensions that construct the field as a parent and researcher showing what I learnt because I was accompanied by a child as part of feminist intellectual and emotional enquiry.
Feminist scholars such as Donna Haraway ( Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium. FemaleMan©Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and technoscience , Routledge, 1997, Making oddkin: Story telling for earthly survival, YaleUniversity , 2017, a/b: Auto/Biography Studies 34(3): 565–575, 2019) have been using storytelling in their research, challenging dominant thinking and writing practices in academic work. To counter dominant knowledge practices, storytelling interweaves a plurality of voices and knowledges which speak to one another in order to move toward the imagination and creation of new words, therefore new worlds. Our chapter explores the rich opportunities and challenges that narrative approaches provide for feminist research. We discuss what we could learn from the varied engagements with storytelling as an alternative methodological approach. To do so, creatively and in a dialogue, we bring together literature and insights from feminist narrative studies. At the same time, we ask each other questions, thinking through and reflecting on the use of this method.
Because crafting attractive and effective colors from scratch is a high-effort and time-consuming process in map and visualization design, transferring color from an inspiration source to maps and visualizations is a promising technique for both novices and experts. To date, existing image-to-image color transfer methods suffer from ambiguities and inconsistencies; no computational approach is available to transfer color from arbitrary images to vector maps. To fill this gap, we propose a computational method that transfers color from arbitrary images to a vector map. First, we classify reference images into regions with measures of saliency. Second, we quantify the communicative quality and esthetics of colors in maps; we then transform the problem of color transfer into a dual-objective, multiple-constraint optimization problem. We also present a solution method that can create a series of optimal color suggestions and generate a communicative quality-esthetic compromise solution. We compare our method with an image-to-image method based on two sample maps and six reference images. The results indicate that our method is adaptive to mapping scales, themes, and regions. The evaluation also provides preliminary evidence that our method can achieve better communicative quality and harmony.
16 Even if we are not aware, our emotions can influence and interplay with our navigation and use of 17 mobile navigation aids. A given map display can make us feel good by reminding us of pleasant past 18 experiences, or it can make us feel frustrated because we are not able to understand the information 19 provided. Navigation aids could also make a given landmark emotionally charged, and thus more 20 salient and memorable for a navigator, for example, by using an auditory narrative containing 21 emotional cues. By storytelling, it would also be possible to provide details about a given landmark 22 and connect proximal landmarks to each other. But how do navigational instructions in the form 23 of emotional storytelling affect spatial memory and map use? Results from a preliminary study 24 indicated that a video presentation viewed from a first person perspective is looked at more often 25 than an abstract map, and this evidence becomes even stronger when instructions are emotionally 26 laden. We discuss results in the context of place meaning and how emotions' role in navigation 27 should be further assessed, in particular to increase spatial learning from navigation aids. 28
Today we are witnessing an increased use of data visualization in society. Across domains such as work, education and the news, various forms of graphs, charts and maps are used to explain, convince and tell stories. In an era in which more and more data are produced and circulated digitally, and digital tools make visualization production increasingly accessible, it is important to study the conditions under which such visual texts are generated, disseminated and thought to be of societal benefit. This book is a contribution to the multi-disciplined and multi-faceted conversation concerning the forms, uses and roles of data visualization in society. Do data visualizations do 'good' or 'bad'? Do they promote understanding and engagement, or do they do ideological work, privileging certain views of the world over others? The contributions in the book engage with these core questions from a range of disciplinary perspectives.
As maps become more common and popular in the media to illustrate large social and environmental problems such as climate change, cartographers who are given this task are searching for ways to present information to persuade readers to care and take action. Research has shown that simply presenting facts is often not enough for someone to take action to solve these types of socio-environmental problems; information must not only be presented accurately but also must connect with readers’ emotions. Indeed, cartographers have increasingly been interested in understanding not just the cognitive implications of map design but also both the persuasive nature of and affective responses to map design. Here I present the term vividness, a term used in other communication domains to describe content which attracts attention, evokes emotion, and makes distant topics proximate to readers. While this term is new to the cartographic realm it provides a framework by which to evaluate maps for their persuasiveness based in both cognitive map design research conducted since the middle of the last century and newer research in cartography on maps and emotion. Through semi-structured interviews with experts I illustrate how cartographers create persuasive maps that align with the definition of vividness and I argue that vividness is composed of the following elements in maps: (1) visual salience, (2) visible change over time, (3) congruent colour use, (4) projection choice, (5) symbolization, (6) legend design, (7) layout, and (8) novel designs.
Mapping things such as feelings (e.g. discomfort) or representations of lived-spaces (risks) reported by people require substantial conceptual and technical baggage, which in turn requires a semantic and methodological focus. Given the increasing use of this type of mapping, this article will focus on the current state of research on the topic. Sometimes referred to as “mental maps”, does this expression accurately state what the researcher wants to represent? What objects are being mapped? A lexical clarification shows that the expression “a map of feelings and representations” is more precise. Furthermore, discussion about the methodological investigation and the analysis of the spatial dimension of this kind of data reveals that both a quantitative and a cartographic survey are needed. Ultimately, our research is of interest to not only scholars in applied research but also to territorial managers who need better tools to address urban planning and risk management.
Usability studies in the feld of map usage became widespread. On the other hand, aspects of user experience, which also evaluate a number of “soft” factors like aesthetics, emotions or fun, fnd only little attention. Out of this set of factors, this contribution concentrates on the phenomenon of trust. Based on fndings in trust research a theoretical framework model with the elements „map“, „user“ and „task“ is presented. On this basis an interview study is performed that evaluates trust-building features with respect to their signifcance. Finally, consequences of these initial results for further empirical research on trust in the context of map usage are outlined.
Cognitive maps have been dealt with in a remarkable number of studies. By today, it has been shown that spatial judgements based on information learned from maps are systematically distorted. These findings of cognitive psychology, however, have not been taken on board in the theory of map design. The aim of a current interdisciplinary DFG-funded project is to identify and optimise the design of specific map features in order to reduce the perception-based distortion errors people learn from cartographic maps and store in their cognitive maps. This paper presents the approach of this project after giving a brief overview of the most relevant spatial distortions identified by today. In addition, the results of a first empirical study are shared and discussed.
Maps enable us to relate to spatial phenomena and events from viewpoints far beyond direct experience. By employing signs and symbols, maps communicate about near as well as distant geospatial phenomena, events, objects, or ideas. Besides acting as identifiers, map signs and symbols may, however, not only denote but also connote. While most cartographic research has focused on the denoting character of visual variables, research from related disciplines stresses the importance of connotative qualities on affect, cognition, and behavior. Hence, this research focused on the connotative character of map symbols by empirically assessing the affective qualities of shape stimuli. In three stimulus conditions of cartographic and non-cartographic contexts, affective responses towards a set of eight shape stimuli were assessed by employing a semantic differential technique. Overall findings showed that shape symbols lead to, at times, highly distinctive affective responses. Findings further suggest two particular stimulus clusters of affective qualities that prevailed over all stimulus conditions, i.e., a cluster of asymmetric stimuli and a cluster of symmetric stimuli. Between the intersection of psychology, cartography, and semiotics, this paper outlines theoretical perspectives on cartographic semiotics, discusses empirical findings, and addresses implications for future research.
This article examines the development of conceptual schemata of environment-behaviour interaction since behavioural geography's inception in the late 1960s. Although these schemata have developed since then, they have remained naive and in many cases conceptually weak, lacking psychological 'depth'. It is argued that this is one of the prime reasons why behavioural geography failed to achieve academic 'take-off'. Ways to increase the integrity of cognitive mapping research are examined by developing and implementing an integrative conceptual schema. This schema draws together five contemporary theories concerning cognitive map knowledge's content, structure and form, the learning strategies used to acquire such knowledge and the processes of spatial thought, and interweaves them with basic transactional theory to produce a more detailed schema of spatial thought and behaviour. It is argued that this schema, by combining contemporary theories into a more complete whole, advances transactionalism by explicitly detailing the mental processes that are used in environment-behaviour interaction. This provides a theory which is framed in cognition and human agency, and which is reactive to environmental, societal and cultural contexts. As such, it provides a new theoretical framework for future cognitive mapping research, raising new questions and providing testable hypotheses. In addition, the schema explicitly illustrates how geographical and psychological theory and practice can be combined to provide an integrative framework for cognitive mapping research.
We discuss the strong relationship between affect and cognition and the importance of emotions in multimodal human computer interaction (HCI) and user modeling. We introduce the overall paradigm for our multimodal system that aims at recognizing its users' emotions and at responding to them accordingly depending upon the current context or application. We then describe the design of the emotion elicitation experiment we conducted by collecting, via wearable computers, physiological signals from the autonomic nervous system (galvanic skin response, heart rate, temperature) and mapping them to certain emotions (sadness, anger, fear, surprise, frustration, and amusement). We show the results of three different supervised learning algorithms that categorize these collected signals in terms of emotions, and generalize their learning to recognize emotions from new collections of signals. We finally discuss possible broader impact and potential applications of emotion recognition for multimodal intelligent systems.
Although studies concerned with the communication of information and of power-relations have been central to the development of cartographic theory, as hermeneutics they do not seem to have fully explored the relationship between maps and aesthetics. In this short paper, I will briefly discuss the reasons why aesthetics belongs in the development of cartographic theory and suggest possible avenues for further research.
This article discusses potential applications of Geographic Information Technologies in cultural research – amidst concern that confusion surrounds what these technologies are, and how they might be used. We discuss the adoption of Geographic Information Technologies in our own cultural research projects, motivated by empirical shortcomings with existing creative industries and cultural planning research methods, coupled with a desire to more fully explore the geography of cultural life within Australian cities. Geographic Information Technologies can comprise a range of technologies (proprietary GIS software systems, GPS, web mapping) that seek to accumulate geographical information for analysis within computer database systems. In our projects, Geographic Information Technologies enabled spatially sensitive questions about creative activity, affective links to city environments and cultural vitality (asked in interviews and focus groups) to be linked to central map databases. “Collisions of epistemologies” (Brown & Knopp, 20086.
Brown , M. and
Knopp , L. 2008. Queering the map: The productive tensions of colliding epistemologies. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 98(1): 40–58. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®]View all references) were made possible, dissolving boundaries between qualitative and quantitative methods, and connecting our philosophical commitment to everyday, vernacular forms of culture to matters of cultural planning. Results showed a refreshing amount of creative activity occurring beyond visible “hubs”, in suburbs and the vernacular spaces of everyday life. Moreover, cultural life – and creative activities more specifically – was layered, localized and multifaceted within cities, in ways that preclude singular generalizations. Geographic Information Technologies and maps – with their capacities to capture complexity and layered phenomena – helped communicate such findings in digestible formats, to a range of community and government audiences.
While links between social and physical disorder, crime, and the fear of crime have long been areas of research interest, few studies have looked at these links from a spatiotemporal viewpoint. This is somewhat surprising, as many of the factors associated with disorder, crime, and fear are known to vary over time and space. This paper uses GISystems to investigate potential spatiotemporal links between these areas in Wollongong, New South Wales, with specific focus on links between graffiti and the fear of crime. The results reveal that the distribution of fear of crime varies considerably over time and is often spatially coincident with concentrations of disorder. Graffiti was found to be one of the most prevalent types of physical disorder. The results are discussed in the context of the “broken windows” thesis and strategic intervention at the community level.
Building on earlier contributions to feminist understanding of geospatial technologies (GT), I seek to further develop feminist perspectives on GT along new directions. I argue that an attention to the importance of affect (feelings and emotions) and the performative nature of GT practices offers a distinctive critical edge to feminist work on GT. I emphasize the need for GT practitioners to contest the dominant meanings and uses of GT, and to participate in struggles against the oppressive or violent effects of these technologies. I argue that only when emotions, feelings, values, and ethics become an integral part of our geospatial practices can we hope that the use of GT will lead to a less violent and more just world.
Several experiments and reanalyses of archival data were performed in which sets of common emotions were mapped onto visual and auditory perceptual stimuli of varying degrees of complexity. Subjects showed reliability across several different experimental paradigms and diverse stimulus sets. Furthermore, the results were reducible to a two-dimensional emotion space of valence and activity, after the work of Osgood, Succi, and Tannenbaum (1957). The perceptual locus of an aesthetic stimulus in this two-dimensional space is hypothesized to provide a first approximation to how the synesthetic qualities of a percept provide a basis for emotional responses to such stimuli. More generally, this direct mapping of percept onto emotion provides an interesting conundrum for theories of emotion research.
This paper focussed on how electrophysiological autonomic data may contribute to better understand neural substrates of emotional processing. The utility of autonomic electrophysiological markers for assessing emotional and cognitive processes is presented in the context of an important bodily arousal interface. Components of general autonomic control are reviewed and relevant neural modulations of specific autonomic variables were discussed. The role of autonomic feedback on central processes is emphasized and neural influences on autonomic activities as an index of arousal dimension, the electrodermal activity (EDA), are outlined. An overview of brain mechanisms governing generation and control of EDA is presented, and the contribution of electrodermal parameters as indices of emotional activation illustrated by data related to diurnal emotional reactivity and to non consciously subjective emotionality. Conclusions highlight the role of electrical autonomic expressions as tools to explore emotional components of mind-body-mind relationships.
In this paper we discuss the affective appraisal and affective response of users to three different visualization types: colored raster cells, 2D-icon and 3D-icons. For that we developed a dedicated multi-layered visualization of current and future land use in the Netherlands, that may allow policy-makers to assess and compare land use scenarios. This Google Earth based visualization, abbreviated GESO, facilitates users by means of the three different visualizations of current and future land use. It is often assumed that 3D-visualization improves the cognitive understanding of scenario outcomes. There are many uncertainties, however, about the affective responses to 3D-visualization. A between-subject experiment has been designed to compare viewers’ responses to the three types of visualizations on affective appraisals of the environment. 3D-icon visualization elicited the highest affective appraisals and positively influenced perception of the environmental quality. Moreover, the results demonstrated that 2D-icons and 3D-icons, compared with colored raster cells, did not improve the efficiency or accuracy of the participants in this experiment. The results provide evidence that the visualization type may influence the affective appraisal of the environment represented. The need for further research is discussed, especially regarding the question whether these types of visualizations may influence judgement and decision-making in environmental planning.
This paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the city. Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent economic activities occur outside the formal sector, and governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the task of documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia’s tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the city—and hard-copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview – mapping process were accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the location of creativity in the urban landscape. The opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, spaces of the city are described.
The authors argue that specific emotions can alter the persuasive impact of messages as a function of the emotional framing of persuasive appeals. Because specific emotions inflate expectancies for events possessing matching emotional overtones (D. DeSteno, R. E. Petty, D. T. Wegener, & D. D. Rucker, 2000), the authors predicted that attempts at persuasion would be more successful when messages were framed with emotional overtones matching the emotional state of the receiver and that these changes would be mediated by emotion-induced biases involving expectancies attached to arguments contained in the messages. Two studies manipulating discrete negative emotional states and message frames (i.e., sadness and anger) confirmed these predictions. The functioning of this emotion-matching bias in parallel with emotion-induced processing differences and the limitations of a valence-based approach to the study of attitude change are also considered.
This book addresses the role of GIS in its social context. Contributors assess ideas and practices that have emerged amongst users of GIS, demonstrating how they reflect the material and political interests of certain groups. The contributors also discuss the impact of new GIS technologies on the discipline of geography and evaluate the role of GIS within the wider context of the free market. The chapters include detailed case studies of the societal and disciplinary roles being played by the various technologies of surveillance currently deployed. The ethical implications of the dissemination of electronic imagery and spatial representation are also discussed. The decentralising effect of mass electronic communication in terms of social and political control is highlighted. Specific chapters cover: GIS and geographic research; computer innovation and adoption in geography; the strategic discourse of geodemographic information systems in a modern marketing context; the redressing of South Africa's historical political ecology through participatory GIS, and a concluding chapter which envisages the development of an economy dominated by electronic representation and the virtual image. -after Editor
Cartographers have always been concerned about the appearance of maps and how the display marries form with function. An appreciation of map design and the aesthetic underpins our fascination with how each and every mark works to create a display with a specific purpose. Yet debates about what constitutes design and what value it has in map-making persist. This is particularly acute in the modern map-making era as new tools, technology, data and approaches make map-making a simpler process in some respects, yet make designing high-quality maps difficult to master in others. In the first part of a two-part paper, we explore what we mean by map design and how we might evaluate it and apply it in a practical sense. We consider the value of aesthetics and also discuss the role of art in cartography taking account of some recent debates that we feel bring meaning to how we think about design. Our intent here is to reassert some of the key ideas about map design in cartography and to provide a reference for the second part of the paper where we present the results of a survey of cartographers. The survey was used to identify a collection of maps that exhibit excellence in design which we will showcase as examplars.
Geographic information systems (GIS) are convenient and potentially powerful platforms for transportation and urban analysis. Most GIS-based tools for transportation and urban analysis continue a place-based representation that is increasingly ill-suited to answer important questions in theory, policy and practice. The increasing disconnection between people and places means that a people-based representation is required to address questions of access, exclusion and evolution at the forefront of transportation and urban analysis and policy. A people-based GIS can be achieved by integrating principles from time geography and activity theory with geographic information science (GISci) representational theories and geographic information technologies. This paper reviews the principles, state of the art and research needs for a people-based GIS based on integrating time geographic and space-time activity concepts with the theories and tools of GISci and GIS.
One of the themes of critical cartography is the question of how to map space as it is experienced. The conventions of Western cartographic language—the visual variables and their grammar—are structured to communicate spaces of homogeneity and modernity, not the spaces shaped by human experience. How then can we map place? I review some of the ways in which mapmakers have addressed this question in their visual and written works and propose another technique for uncovering place, using narrativity. Through the example of a historical map project, I consider the dialectic of place and narrative and demonstrate how this dialectic can be encoded in cartographic language.
This article discusses and analyzes the online phenomenon of Google Earth, which poses a number of spatial ambiguities. By using a tourism perspective emphasizing the dynamics between physical, imaginary, and mediated experiences, four dimensions of Google Earth users’ practices are analyzed: a cartographic, an informational, an emotional, and a social dimension. It is argued that Google Earth facilitates an enhanced spatial and social experience, a spatial augmentation. It demonstrates that the Internet is not a space radically distinct from the space of the “real world.” Rather it is used and included as a part of the users’ social space by constant dynamics between physical, imaginary, and mediated experiences.
Résumé Dans l’article, on parle des résultats d’une étude menée pendant deux ans sur la peur du crime et la victimisation dans un quartier central de la ville de Winnipeg, Manitoba. Des entrevues en personne ont été menées en 2007 auprès d’un échantillon de 394 résidents de ce quartier très touché par la criminalité. Les répondants ont fourni des données spatiales, qualitatives et quantitatives sur les niveaux de peur, les modèles de victimisation et l’expérience vécue avec les troubles dans le quartier. Malgré un niveau élevé de victimisation criminelle et de préoccupations concernant la criminalité, les résidents du quartier se sont dits plus inquiets par les troubles que par les crimes comme on le détermine dans les lieux les plus visés par la peur dans la collectivité. Les mesures spatiales et qualitatives de la peur dans ce quartier viennent appuyer le lien qui existe entre les troubles et la peur du crime, même dans les collectivités très touchées par la criminalité.
Fear of crime is a major urban stressor. Certain areas-hot spots of fear-evoke higher levels of fear than others. In conditions of general wariness, certain proximate cues should evoke site-specific fears. This research examined 3 proximate cues to fear: physical entrapment, and 2 aspects of concealment-hiding places and dark spots. Twenty-six college females walked a route after dark and reported their feelings into a recorder. Content analysis of the comments revealed that concealment and, to a lesser extent, entrapment evoked fear. Such knowledge can inform policy to reduce fear and stress.
The use of bars to represent numeric values in desktop virtual environments that provide information in 3D through monocular depth cues is evaluated. Using empirical experiments we test hypotheses regarding the effectiveness of participants in judging the heights of different bar combinations in four different settings (static 2D and 3D desktop virtual environment with and without frames). The results show that the participants are highly successful in identifying the taller of two bars. However, there are significant differences between the static 2D and 3D desktop virtual environment settings in terms of accuracy and task completion times when comparing bars. Characteristics such as the participant's spatial abilities or the position of the bars in the landscape do not influence the effectiveness of the judgements in our study.
Given the examples above, one can establish some guidelines to help identify persuasive maps. We must remember that such maps are not inherently bad, but the user should be aware that he or she is being persuaded. Because we do not always know the original intent of the cartographer, we must examine the various elements of a map and any accompanying text to determine the nature and degree of persuasion. The following are clues to a persuasive map: 1. The map is highly generalized. 2. The map lacks a scale; distances may be distorted 3. The projection name is not shown; the projection may be unsuited to the task; grid lines may be omitted or may be on a different projection than the outlines of the land masses. 4. The layout is simple with a definite eyepath. 5. Symbols are pictorial, dynamic, or suggestive with little or no explanation. The symbols may have high emotional impact. 6. Color is used primarily to attract attention or to evoke an emotional response rather than as a clarifying agent; color associations are played upon. 7. The most attention-getting color is used to represent the place or object being “sold”; undesirable areas or phenomena are shown by unpleasant colors or colors with unpleasant connotations. 8. Text is minimal and may be limited to only a persuasive title. Of course, not all persuasive maps will include each of these characteristics. The greater their number, however, the more likely it is that the map has been designed to persuade. Students should be encouraged to examine a variety of maps and to be critical of all maps, even those in their textbooks. Only in this way can they become less susceptible to persuasion through maps.
Editors' overviewA case for affectFilmic spatial dataAffecting the geovisualReferencesFurther readingSee also
ABSTRACT The focus of humanistic geography is on people and their condition. Humanistic geography is thus not primarily an earth science, yet it is a branch of geography because it reflects upon kinds of evidence that interest other branches of the discipline. The following topics are briefly noted from the humanistic perspective: geographical knowledge, territory and place, crowding and privacy, livelihood and economics, and religion. The basic approach to these topics is by way of human experience, awareness, and knowledge. Humanistic geography contributes to science by drawing attention to facts hitherto beyond the scientific purview. It differs from historical geography in emphasizing that people create their own historical myths. A humanist geographer should have training in systematic thought, or philosophy. His work serves society essentially by raising its level of consciousness.
Emotion and feeling are no more elusive than any other complex biological phenomena and can be studied objectively. They play a critical role in cognitive processes such as perception, learning, and decision-making and are equally critical in the maintenance of health.
In this submission the concept of Emotional Wayfinding is analysed. It is anticipated, that the emotional relation and the
degree of emotional response is structuring space and can therefore be relevant for human wayfinding. Possible measures for
linking explicit links between person’s memory/experience/emotional response with the physical environment are investigated
and possible applications for navigation systems are discussed.
When it comes to designing animated maps, the bottleneck is no longer the hardware, the software, or the data - it is the limited visual and cognitive processing capabilities of the map reader. Only sporadic progress has been made within GIScience in answering even the most basic questions: Under what conditions and for what kinds of map-reading tasks are animated maps effective, and how can their effectiveness be increased? Fortunately, over the past 20 years cognitive researchers in psychology and education have created a comprehensive set of theories that explain how people look at and learn from dynamic images, under what conditions these images work or fail, and why. Moreover, numerous controlled experiments, often designed to replicate and build upon previous studies, have validated these theories (something that is rare in cartography). This article presents a synthesis of this research and shows how it (1) directly informs mapping practices, (2) explains important cognitive differences between static and animated maps, (3) provides much-needed empirical support for emerging cartographic practices (where testing has yet to be done), and (4) generally confirms results from previous map studies. The article outlines solutions to split attention, retroactive inhibition, and cognitive overload. It also champions a perceptual-cognitive approach to cartography that would allow us to can explain why our designs work and not merely whether they work. Given the sizeable investment and number of animated maps in use today, such insights seem highly relevant.
We developed a smartphone technology to sample people’s ongoing thoughts, feelings, and actions and found (i) that people
are thinking about what is not happening almost as often as they are thinking about what is and (ii) found that doing so typically
makes them unhappy.
We have access to an unprecedented amount of fine-grained data on cities, transportation, economies, and societies, much of these data referenced in geo-space and time. There is a tremendous opportunity to discover new knowledge about spatial economies that can inform theory and modeling in regional science. However, there is little evidence of computational methods for discovering knowledge from databases in the regional science literature. This paper addresses this gap by clarifying the geospatial knowledge discovery process, its relation to scientific knowledge construction, and identifying challenges to a greater role in regional science. Copyright (c) 2010, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A general framework for the study of maps and map use. Ten chapters examine the nature of maps in detail, with main themes being: a scientific approach to map representation and design; information processing and visual cognition; eye-brain, and perceptual issues; knowledge structures, cognition, and mental schema; semiotics and signs; semantics and syntactics of map design; a lexical approach to map representation; geographic visualisation, 2D, 3D, time; space and time; "truth' and map perception. -after Author
Greenwich Emotion Map, Available from: http://emotionmap
- C Nold
Nold, C., 2005, Greenwich Emotion Map, Available from:
http://emotionmap.net/GreenwichEmotionMap.pdf.
The experience of emotion, Annual review of psychology
- L F Barrett
- B Mesquita
- K N Ochsner
- J J Gross
Barrett, L.F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K.N. & Gross, J.J.,
2007, The experience of emotion, Annual review of
psychology, 58, 373-403.
Affective Computing, M.I.T. Media Laboratory Perceptual Computing Section Technical Report No. 321, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- M W Picard
Picard, M.W., 1995, Affective Computing, M.I.T. Media
Laboratory Perceptual Computing Section Technical
Report No. 321, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Boston. Available from: http://affect.media.mit.edu/
pdfs/95.picard.pdf [6 July 2012].
Die Kartenwissenschaft: Forschungen und Grundlagen zu einer Kartographie als Wissenschaft [The science of maps: Research and foundations for a cartography as science
- M Eckert
Eckert, M., 1921/1925, Die Kartenwissenschaft:
Forschungen und Grundlagen zu einer Kartographie
als Wissenschaft [The science of maps: Research and
foundations for a cartography as science], in, W. De
Gruyter, Berlin.
Sounds dangerous: Emotion, geovisual analytics and music, 25 th International Cartographic Conference
- R Edsall
Edsall, R., 2011, Sounds dangerous: Emotion, geovisual
analytics and music, 25 th International Cartographic
Conference, A. Ruas (ed.), International Cartography
Association, Paris, France. Available from: http://icaci.
org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2011/
Poster%20Presentations%20PDF/POSTERS%20
Modelling Affective Responses to Space, REAL CORP 2012
- S Klettner
- G Gartner
Klettner, S. & Gartner, G., 2012, Modelling Affective
Responses to Space, REAL CORP 2012, V. Schrenk,
V. Popovich & P. Zeile (eds), Multiversum Schwechat,
Austria, pp. 1–7.
World Emotional Mapping (e-maps
- M Benayoun
Benayoun, M., 2005, World Emotional Mapping
(e-maps), Available from: http://www.moben.net/
projet.php?id=28.
Deconstructing the map, Cartographica
- J B Harley
Harley, J.B., 1989, Deconstructing the map, Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 26(2), 1-20.
Affective Geovisualisations Available from: http://www.directionsmag. com/articles/guest-editorial-affective-geovisualiza- tions
- S C Aitken
- J Craine
Aitken, S. C. & Craine, J., 2006, Affective Geovisualisations. Available from: http://www.directionsmag.
com/articles/guest-editorial-affective-geovisualiza-
tions/123211 [6 July 2012].
The emotional life of maps, 24th International Cartographic Conference Available from: http://icaci.org/files
- S C Aitken
Aitken, S.C., 2009, The emotional life of maps, 24th
International Cartographic Conference, Santiago,
Chile. Available from: http://icaci.org/files/documents/
ICC_proceedings/ICC2009/html/refer/27_2.pdf [6 July
2012].
Affecting decision making: Eliciting emotional responses during map reading through music, A special joint symposium of ISPRS Technical Commission IV & AutoCarto in conjunction with ASPRS/CaGIS 2010 Fall Specialty Conference Available from: http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/ XXXVIII
- R Edsall
Edsall, R., 2010, Affecting decision making: Eliciting emotional responses during map reading through music, A
special joint symposium of ISPRS Technical Commission IV & AutoCarto in conjunction with ASPRS/CaGIS
2010 Fall Specialty Conference, ISPRS, Orlando, Florida. Available from: http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/
XXXVIII/part4/files/Edsall.pdf [6 July 2012].
How maps work: representation , visualization and design What about people in geographic information science?, in Re-Presenting Geographic Information Systems
- A M Maceachren
- H J Miller
MacEachren, A.M., 1995, How maps work: representation, visualization and design, Guilford Press, New York.
Miller, H.J., 2005, What about people in geographic
information science?, in Re-Presenting Geographic
Information Systems, P. Fisher and D. Unwin (eds.),
John Wiley, 215–242.