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World Development Report 1992.
... The EKC is a hypothesis first proposed by Grossman and Kruger in 1991 and popularized by the World Bank in 1992(Uchyiama, 2016. It suggests an inverted U-shaped curve in International Public Administration and Politics the relationship between environmental degradation and economic development, commonly measured in CO2 emissions and income/GDP per capita, respectively. ...
... Regarding the specifics of FDI in Cyprus, the World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI) database presents data on the net FDI. Cyprus saw a sharp increase in FDI starting in 2008, with the numbers multiplying fourfold in that year and even 26-fold in 2009, when compared to 2007(World Bank, 2020. A multitude of factors might play a part in this development, among them the introduction of the euro in 2008 (Young-Brown, 2019, p. 43), thus prompting an investigation into the specifics of FDI in the Cyprian economy. ...
... These plots suggest that, at least thus far, income and environmental degradation do indeed accompany one another as they increase and decrease. (Data Source: World Bank, 2020) These findings prompted the development of the research theme and questions to investigate the relationships between these two economic indicators (i.e. FDI and GDP) and environmental impact, motivating the time series analysis which follows. ...
The interconnection between economic factors and environmental degradation is an established part of the discussion surrounding climate change, CO2 emissions, and mitigation policies. As part of this discourse, the pollution haven hypothesis, pollution halo hypothesis, and the Environmental Kuznets Curve are established theoretical constructs, shaping the discussion concerning the implications or consequences of this interplay. As a result, this project investigates these concepts by examining FDI and GDP’s possible correlation with environmental degradation. An anomaly in Cypriot FDI trends, observed through a preliminary inductive exploratory analysis, made Cyprus the focus of this investigation. Within a neoclassical theoretical framework, this project thus examines the possibility of validating these three hypotheses in the context of Cyprus. The relationship between economic and environmental variables is analyzed deductively through the conduction of a time series analysis. The time series analysis presents statistically significant results for a correlation of GDP and GDP2 with CO2 emissions, as well as a positive relationship between energy consumption and CO2 emissions. As such, it found results inverse to the EKC’s theoretical proposition, identifying a U-shaped curve instead of an inverse U-shaped one. Concerning the pollution haven/halo hypotheses, the analysis could not identify a significant relationship between FDI and CO2 emissions, thus confirming neither of the theories. However, a Granger causality test revealed FDI as a significant Granger-cause of CO2, indicating an existing influence. Due to the inconclusive pollution haven/halo test and an analysis of Cyprus’ permissive tax policies, this project results in the construction of a new hypothesis, stating that
Cyprus’ tax haven status influences the research variables’ causal relationships.
... Çevreye verilen zararlar şu an ve gelecekteki insan refahını üç şekilde etkileyebilmektedir (World Bank, 1992: 4): ...
... Şekilde ilk üç kutu politikaları, ortadaki dört kutu bağlantıları ve son üç kutu ise uygulanan politikalar ile sağlanan çevresel faydaları ifade etmektedir. Ekonomik aktivite ve çevre ilişkisi için önemli rol üstlenen dört faktör aşağıdaki gibi ifade edilebilir (World Bank, 1992: Kaynak: World Bank, 1992: 39 Özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde gelir artışının sağlanması, yoksulluğun azaltılması ve çevresel gelişimin desteklenmesi için gerçekleştirilebilecek birçok kazan-kazan stratejisi olarak nitelendirilen politika mevcuttur (World Bank, 1992: 2-3). Bu politikalar aşağıda maddeler halinde sıralanmıştır. ...
... Ormansızlaşma, doğal düzenin bozulması, birçok hava ve su kirliliği göstergeleri ilk başta kötüleşmekte, fakat gelir düzeyi arttıkça bu problemler giderilmektedir. Bu iyileşme otomatik olarak gerçekleşmemekte, ülkeler çevre sorunlarıyla ilgili ek kaynakların ayrıldığından emin olmak için politikaları kasıtlı olarak uyguladıklarında bu çevresel gelişme ortaya çıkmaktadır (World Bank, 1992: 10). ...
Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de finansal gelişme, kentleşme, sanayileşme, reel gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYİH), petrol, kömür, elektrik, hidro, toplam, birincil, fosil, yenilenebilir ve alternatif enerji tüketiminin karbon salımına etkilerinin çevresel Kuznets eğrisi çevçevesinde incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Her bir enerji tüketimi değişkeni için ayrı modeller kurulmuştur. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2016 yılında veri hesaplama yöntemini değiştirmiştir. Bu nedenle çalışmada 1971-2013 ve 1971-2014 olmak üzere iki farklı dönem aralığı ARDL, sınır testi yaklaşımı ile incelenmiştir. Sınır testinin sonuçları, analize dahil edilen değişkenlerin eşbütünleşik olduğunu belirtmektedir. İlk veri seti için uzun dönem sonuçları ise reel GSYİH, finansal gelişme, kentleşme, sanayileşme, petrol, kömür, birincil, toplam ve fosil yakıt kaynaklı enerji tüketiminin karbon salımı üzerinde pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkilerinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Bulgulara ek olarak hidro enerji bu salımı azaltmaktadır. Çevre kirliliğinin azalmaya başlayacağı dönüm noktası aralığı 11.499-22.576$ olarak belirlenmiştir. Dönüm noktaları analiz döneminin dışında yer almaktadır. Bu bulgular Türkiye’de ilerleyen yıllarda dönüm noktasındaki kişi başına düşen GSYİH düzeyine ulaşıldığında, karbon salımının azalmaya başlayacağını göstermektedir. Sanayileşme değişkeni haricinde ikinci veri seti için de benzer bulgular elde edilmiştir.
... However, leading publications like the World Development Report concluded that modern fuels would remain unaffordable and unavailable for a large proportion of the population, making the transition to commercial fuels difficult and long (Barnes et al., 1994;World Bank, 1992). These reports also highlighted that making modern fuels accessible would require loans or subsidies for appliances and fuel, whereas particularly subsidies on fossil fuels create other problems like wasteful consumption (see Chapter 2). ...
... The environmental motivation remained nevertheless important and was underpinned by publications in the mid-1990s which described HAP as critical environmental problem (due to the global warming potential of biomass combustion) and highlighted the relevance of energy efficient cookstoves in this context (Barnes et al., 1994;World Bank, 1992). In the late 1990s, donors began to prioritise public health, which opened up new financing channels for cookstove programmes (Bailis & Hyman, 2011). ...
... Nigeria currently experiences economic decline in spite of her huge oil earnings. (World Bank, 1992;Kigundu, 1993;Enworom, 1994;Iguisi, 1994;Onuoha, 1999;Duze, 2002;Nwadiani, 2005;UNESCO, 2005). Among several reasons given for this is the lack of adequate local industrial management. ...
Following continued search for reasons on the inability of African nations to realize appreciable economic development through education, the researcher investigated the influence of cultural environment on management in industry. Because input/output measures of productivity are not easily measured in education, the industry was used, hoping that the results would safely apply to education since education has appreciable similarities to the profit-oriented industry. The researcher therefore studied employee/management values in two steel production companies in Nigeria. For comparison, a similar study was simultaneously done in a steel company in Italy. Because confidentiality was promised at data collection, the three companies were referred to in this study as P, Q, and R respectively. Italy, besides having the same steel production process like Nigeria, was chosen to eliminate influences on culture by British colonialism. A major aim was whether the results can help explain the disappointing economic development of African countries, with particular focus on Nigeria. Eight research questions guided the investigation. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using percentages. Results revealed almost same performance in X and Y (Nigeria) but comparison with Z (Italy) showed profound differences due to differences in cultural values especially with regard to motivation, satisfaction, and employee-management communication. Conclusion was that Western individualist and participative management models are unsuitable for African nations, and therefore, time for Africans to evolve suitable African management models which encompass African culture for use in Africa. The same can, by implication, apply to practices in education.
... -La transizione ambientale (TA) è il passaggio da una economia a elevato impatto ambientale verso una a più basso impatto, grazie a più alti livelli di crescita economica. Questa teoria ha avuto una particolare enfasi a partire dai primi anni 1990, quando la Banca Mondiale, nel suo World Development Report del 1992 (World Bank, 1992), propose una lettura del rapporto tra crescita economica e impatto ambientale attraverso la correlazione tra il PIL pro capite (PILpc) e alcuni inquinanti (CO2, SOx, particolato), indicatori di consumo (rifiuti urbani) e indicatori di qualità della vita (disponibilità di acqua potabile, accesso a cure sanitarie). Il WDR, per alcuni di questi indicatori, concludeva che essi seguivano un andamento a U rovesciata: l'impatto cresce nelle prime fasi di espansione economica per poi ridursi nelle fasi della maturità economica. ...
The relationship between environmental quality and GDP has been emphasized in the past, placing the accent on the "natural" trend towards improving environmental quality during the maturity of economic growth, after its deterioration in “takeoff” phases of the economy, according the so called Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). This condition has in many parts been disavowed or weakened. In the same way, an attempt was made to read the energy transition through the EKC filter, but a regional analysis, carried out within the European Union, of the components of the energy transition (energy demand, intensity of energy, consumption of fossil fuels and renewables) shows that this conditions can vary considerably from country to country and that policies can determine changes, not just economic growth.
Transizione ambientale e transizione energetica.-La transizione ambientale (TA) è il passaggio da una economia a elevato impatto ambientale verso una a più basso impatto, grazie a più alti livelli di crescita economica. Questa teoria ha avuto una particolare enfasi a partire dai primi anni 1990, quando la Banca Mondiale, nel suo World Development Report del 1992 (World Bank, 1992), propose una lettura del rapporto tra crescita economica e impatto ambientale attraverso la correlazione tra il PIL pro capite (PILpc) e alcuni inquinanti (CO2, SOx, particolato), indicatori di consumo (rifiuti urbani) e indicatori di qualità della vita (disponibilità di acqua potabile, accesso a cure sanitarie). Il WDR, per alcuni di questi indicatori, concludeva che essi seguivano un andamento a U rovesciata: l'impatto cresce nelle prime fasi di espansione economica per poi ridursi nelle fasi della maturità economica. Questa posizione teorica trovava le sue basi scientifiche nella cosiddetta Curva Ambientale di Kuznets (EKC), un diagramma con una curva a U rovesciata che si delinea mettendo in correlazione PILpc (variabile indipendente) e intensità di emissioni (emissioni/PIL) (Grossman e Krueger, 1991; Shafik, Bandyopadhyay, 1992) 1. Una scoperta non da poco-in contrasto con quanto messo in evidenza da precedenti rapporti di tutt'altro tenore, quale il famoso Limits to Growth (Meadows e altri, 1972)-che permette di spingere sull'acceleratore della crescita economica, che dall'essere percepita come la causa dell'impatto ambientale, diviene la sua soluzione: le politiche di crescita economica diventano un anche un mezzo per raggiungere un migliore livello di qualità ambientale (si tratta delle cosiddette politiche win-win). In realtà, la EKC è uno strumento affascinante, ma del tutto parziale nella lettura della TA, per le modalità in cui le variabili vengono utilizzate (de Vincenzo, 2000). Infatti, l'uso delle intensità di emissioni inquinanti 1 Per ulteriori approfondimenti, de Vincenzo, 2000; de Vincenzo, 2012; Fardelli, 2012; Bravo e altri, 2009.
... Stren (2004) evaluated the EKC concept that first appeared in the studies of Grossman and Krueger (1991) and Shafik and Bandyopadhyay (1992). In fact, in the World's report Development Bank (1992), EKC is popular for debate. The basic idea is the need for economic growth with a quality environment to support sustainable development. ...
Business challenges in the transportation sector in Indonesia will be tough if they are only profit-oriented, without considering environmental aspects. A vital phenomenon that also motivated the author to investigate the environmental kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for the transportation sector in Indonesia for the period 2000-2019. We applied the analysis model using partial adjustment model (PAM) with control variable (labor) and without control variable based on least square (LS) and robust least square (RSL).This finding detects that it significantly proved the EKC hypothesis in the transportation sector for the estimation of emissions with short-term control variables. In energy estimation, the result is not significant. Economic activity and energy consumption in the transportation sector play an inefficient role in supporting GHG emissions because the actual maximum value of economic activity is still on the left or before it reached the maximum EKC value. The government must be consistent with regulations, cooperate between institutions, and require continuous public attention. This is certainly useful for encouraging investment and achieving more efficient economic growth by maintaining a quality environment in the long term.
... However, as people's income level and welfare increase, environmental awareness and responsibility rise as well, increasing the demand for a cleaner environment (Beckerman, 1992;Arı & Zeren, 2011). At the same time, income growth induces clean environment demand by making resources available to tackle environmental pollution (World Bank, 1992), particularly rich countries are more robust in this fight because they have better institutional capacities (Neumayer, 2003). However, it should not be forgotten that, although highincome countries are thought to have a cleaner environment as they get richer, these countries export their pollution to less developed countries in accordance with the pollution heaven hypothesis (Walter & Ugelow, 1979;Van Alstine & Neumayer, 2010). ...
he contribution of this study to the literature is that all countries are grouped by income group and special results are discussed for each country group. In the study, the relationships between CO2 emissions, economic growth, and openness were examined from the perspective of EKC. In the first part, the theoretical information regarding EKC is given, while the second part presents a literature review, which deals with EKC and mainly combines foreign trade to the model. In the third, data and model are introduced and empirical findings are reported. In the conclusion part, the obtained results are discussed and various policy recommendations are suggested.
... However, from a sustainable development approach, we could have achieved both economic growth and ecological sustainability. Based on the empirical phenomenon of Kuznets (1955), the economists have assumed that economic growth, rather than being a threat to the environment, would be the means to eventual environmental improvement (World Bank, 1993). The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is an inverted U-shaped between environmental quality and income per capita. ...
Being a highly vulnerable country due to climate change, Vietnam has issued various climate policies while trying to keep the pace of economic growth. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these policies by examining the effect of economic and energy factors in the efforts of controlling CO2 emissions. Approach by Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) analysis, the model of a linear regression between CO2 emissions and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) & sources of energy consumption has been developed from 1985 to 2018. The study indicates that the economic factor as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a possible significant element to mitigate the emission. In addition, sources of energy consumption have the important role of controlling CO2 emissions. In the long run, the consumption of non - renewable energy is a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions while renewable energy is vice versa. These outcomes show the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and renewable energy consumption factors lead to the decrease of CO2 emissions in the long run for Vietnam, which implies the co-exist of economic growth and decarbonization.
... Thus, the protection and management of watersheds have emerged as a local and national policy imperative throughout the developing world (Faye, 2016). The growing populations and mismanagement of complex, fragile and poorly understood riverine ecosystems continue to jeopardize the livelihoods of local populations as well as the prospects for environmental protection and conservation (World Bank, 1992;Foley et al., 2011). ...
... Although Europe, North America, Japan, and other advanced economies produce much more CO2, less-developed nations pollute the air at a rate of 3.8 percent per year, or 7.6 times faster. The global average annual rise in these ozone contaminants is 1.8 percent (World Bank 1992). The immediate effect is increased health threats, such as respiratory diseases, as well as flora and fauna damage, not to mention global warming's long-term catastrophic consequences. ...
Various countries around the world are experiencing instability. Each country has its own set of circumstances. Efforts are being made all over the world to limit or stop them. Nigeria, as a developing nation, is not exempt. Efforts are also being made to lessen the danger. This paper aims to identify one of the areas in which Nigeria is severely impacted, namely environmental insecurity. The articles collected from the internet were used in this review paper. Over 100 references were found, but only a few that were important to this project were used. There is no question that environmental insecurity exists in the areas of air (epidemics, noise, ozone depletion, and climate change), water (oil spills, plastic waste, freshwater contamination, and acid rain), and soil (land degradation, erosion, deforestation, desertification, biodiversity). For Nigeria to be environmentally stable, the approved blueprint of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDG) must be strictly pursued.
... However, an unfailing increase in income may allow them to embrace advanced and energy-efficient techniques, and people may start paying more attention to the ecological system. Increased environmental consciousness may help in correcting environmental imbalance (World Bank, 1993). The outcomes of various studies corroborated this notion where the initial impact of the per capita income on environmental pollution is observed to be direct or positive; and after a certain level of income, their association turned into negative or indirect (Haseeb et al., 2018). ...
Purpose
In the present study, the authors intended to investigate whether the economic growth drivers such as per capita income, financial development, nonrenewable energy solutions and trade expansion have invigorated the level of environmental pollution in the eight developing nations of South and Southeast Asia.
Design/methodology/approach
Considering the possibility of the cross-sectional dependency, the authors employed relatively new econometric approaches, that is, the Westerlund cointegration test and cross-sectional augmented distributed lag mean estimation (CS-DL) for the period of 1990–2015.
Findings
The simulation results of the study confirmed an N -shaped environmental Kuznets curve, which raised a question on the existing economic policies in these nations. Further, the study reported that the improvements in the financial sector, nonrenewable energy consumption and trade expansion contributed to increasing the level of CO 2 emissions in the long run.
Originality/value
Based on the results, the authors intended to provide a unique policy framework because the present policies are generating a trade-off between economic and environmental goals. If the suggested framework is employed across sectors, the given countries may likely achieve the sustainable development goals by 2030.
... This is by many factors ranging from access to safe water, air pollution, deforestation, natural disasters Poor claims millions of lives every year and over cultivation (Thakur en listed three primary 1990, the World Bank listed which 2016). Ia environmental problems 2 priorities in Nigeria; soil degradation, water contamination and deforest (World Bank 1992). It also noted cite more problems; gully erosion fisheries loss, coastal erosion, wildlife and biodiversity loss, air pollution unchecked spread of water hyacinth, global warming and ozone layer depletion (Olawumi, 2009) Nigeria is not a major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions when compared with the developed industrialized countries. ...
Agriculture plays a major role in cconomic growth and development. It serves as source of food for animals and humans. It is a major source of raw materials for industries and it is an important contributor to economic activity in other sectors of the economy. Agriculture is a substantial user of natural resources (land and water) and other forest resources, It has a major impact on ecosystems and on non-agricultural plants and animals, particularly in terms of biodiversity. Its activities can have negative environmental impacts which are manifested in soil degradation and erosion, alt and water pollution, loss of biodiversity that expose vulnerable countries to climate change.
... However at some point on the development path, parts in the economy start to adopt cleaner technologies and acceleration in pollution slows down till pollution levels reach a maximum after which the entire economy enters into a state characterized by a decline in pollution. We do not aim to provide a large survey of the literature, for a progression of the debate, see (World Bank, 1992;Grossman and Krueger, 1995;Stern et al., 1996;Stern, 1998Stern, , 2004Andree et al., 2018). For many, the central question is whether increases in wealth and income result in increasing pressure on the environment, or whether economic development provides the basis for environmental improvement. ...
... Will continuation of economic development increase pressure on the earth's finite resources, or does the increase in income provide the basis for environmental improvement? This question asked by (Grossman and Krueger, 1995) and highlighted earlier in (World Bank, 1992) is critical to the design of sustainable development strategies but continues to remain at the center of debate. Evidence from past development suggests that increases in wealth and income occur simultaneously with a structural transformation process in which the composition of inputs and methods of production used in the economy gradually shift in favor of less destructive production. ...
... Grossman and Krueger (1991) applied the hypothesis to argue that economic growth is necessary in order for environmental quality to be maintained or improved in the path of sustainable development. Based on technology, tastes and environmental investment, greater economic activities will lead to increase the environmental quality (World Bank, 1993). The EKC has also faced criticisms due to its assumption that environmental damage does not reduce economic activity sufficiently to stop the growth process and reduce the level of income in the future (Arrow et al., 1995;Stern, 2004). ...
This study tests the environmental Kuznets curve while examining the role of renewable energy sources and FDI to potentially effect the amount of CO2 emissions in Vietnam. Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, the relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP, FDI and sources of energy consumption has been investigated during 1980–2018 in Vietnam. The results of study reveal that there is non-existence EKC for Vietnam in long run and a sign of inverted U- shape in short run in this period. The analysis also shows that the coefficient of energy consumption from hydro-power renewable sources which correlates to CO2 emissions is negative and significant while FDI leads to increasing carbon dioxide emissions in the long run. That implies Vietnam could have been benefited from a drop in CO2 emissions at some point in the early stage of the period, however, the country has been facing environmental pollution increase as GDP and FDI growth.Keywords: Environmental Kuznets Curve, Renewable energy, FDI, Vietnam.JEL Classifications: O44, Q56, Q4DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10367
... Investigating the EKC hypothesis traces back to the nineties. Following the leading studies by Bank (1992), Shafik and Bandyopadhyay (1992), Krueger (1993, 1995) and Panayotou (1993), among others, empirical analyses of the EKC hypothesis abound in the literature. 4 Various environmental degradation indicators have been examined: emissions or concentrations of pollutants (CO, CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x among others), deforestation rate, water quality, etc. ...
Existing studies disjointly addressed the environmental convergence and environmental Kuznets curve hypotheses, though these research lines are theoretically interconnected. This paper proposes a unified empirical methodology to simultaneously investigate both hypotheses, relying on a semiparametric dynamic panel data model that accounts for regressor endogeneity. The approach, when applied to CO2 emissions in 106 countries, suggests that there is no global level evidence supporting the environmental Kuznets hypothesis, while a convergence process is taking place. Our results imply that current international agreements have not been sufficiently binding to globally curb CO2 emissions, especially in high-income countries, as aimed by Sustainable Development Goals.
... The World Bank [8] reported that salinization caused by improper irrigation practices affects about 24% of all irrigated land, and the productivity of about 10% of these areas has declined severely. Therefore, improving the production per area and water unit are the major options available to meet increases in food demand [9]. ...
Salinity and water shortage are the most important factors limiting crop productivity, so increasing the productivity of salt-affected soils is important to address the global food gap. Two field experiments were conducted under typical farm conditions in the North Nile Delta to study the effect of planting methods and gypsum application on wheat yield and water productivity under a range of water and soil salinity levels. In the first experiment, wheat was treated with gypsum (25%, 75%, and 100% gypsum-requirement) with moderate or high salinity in soil and water. The second experiment was conducted for two seasons at two sites to test three planting methods (flat, 60-cm furrows, and 120-cm raised-beds) under normal or high salinity levels of both soil and water. The results showed that gypsum alleviated the hazardous effects of salinity stress on grain yield. Raised furrows or beds under higher salinity levels increased soil salinity, and soil salinity was slightly increased with flat plots. Higher yields, water savings, and water productivities were achieved with raised furrows or beds under normal salinity. To improve yield under normal salinity conditions, raised beds are the recommended planting method. Furthermore, gypsum application in cultivated fields can mitigate the negative effects of salinity stress.
... By 2030, the global demands for water, energy, and food resources are estimated to be increasing by 40%, 50%, and 35%, respectively (United States National Intelligence Council US NIC (United States National Intelligence Council) (2012). Abundant use of water and energy resources in agricultural food production, along with maintaining the improved living standards and climate change issues, have severe ecological and environmental consequences (World Bank 1992;Mariolakos 2007). Under this context, the Bonn-2011 conference, held in Germany, introduced the concept of Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus as a solution for the green economy. ...
With the increasing threat to water, energy, and food resources world-wide, it is highly imperative to manage these resources sustainably. This study develops an optimal crop area allocation model based on a novel nexus-sustainability index (NSI), integrating the water use, energy use (environmental dimension); land use, labour use (social dimension); yield return, and per capita food production (economic dimension) indicators in agricultural food production. This NSI-based model is evaluated in a reservoir-canal command for optimal water and energy uses and, subsequently, compared with the conventional models of Net-Economic Return (NER), Water-Food (W-F) nexus, and Energy-Food (E-F) nexus based approaches using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) analysis. The comparative results revealed that the NSI-based model is the best that could save water, energy and labour resources by 36.82(±1.91)%, 23.72(±2.47)%, and 2.29(±0.16)% during the Kharif season; and 17.5(±0.59)%, 19.82(±1.52)%, and 2.02(±0.42)% during the Rabi season as compared to the existing condition, respectively, enhancing the net economic return by 56.53(±3.28)% and 79.96(±2.97)% during the corresponding seasons, respectively. Finally, it is advocated that the NSI-based approach could manage the water and energy resources sustainably ensuring security in the local water-energy-land-food (WELF) nexus.
... In developing countries, the conversion of watersheds into agricultural land and urban areas has resulted in disruption of ecosystem integrity and deterioration of ecosystem services, which is the aggregate of ecosystem goods and services that represent the benefits human populations derive directly or indirectly from ecosystem functions (Wang et al., 2014). The growing populations and mismanagement of complex, fragile and poorly understood riparian forest ecosystems continue to jeopardize the livelihoods of local populations as well as the prospects for environmental protection and rehabilitation (World Bank, 1992;Foley et al., 2011). Thus, the protection and management of riparian forest ecosystems has emerged as both a local and national policy imperative throughout the developing countries (Faye, 2016). ...
... From the first time when EKC was popularized in the World Development Report of 1992 (World Bank, 1992), it has been evident that not all the environmental burdens exhibit the same type of relationship with per capita income, either cross nationally or over time. A great deal of variation in environmental burdens is not related casually or statistically to economic status. ...
The aim of this paper is to examine the interconnection between the environmental Kuznet curve (EKC) and urban environment transition hypotheses in the Malaysian economy. Economic growth, CO2 emissions, energy consumption, financial development, urbanization variables for the 1971–2013 period, F-bound tests, and multivariate Granger causality methods are used. The long-run relationships among the above series of variables are examined. Also, the findings confirm the existence of an inverted EKC hypothesis in the Malaysian economy. Furthermore, the study implies that long-run urban sprawl can create environmental and health burdens in Malaysia. Moreover, the causality analysis finds bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and energy consumption, between economic growth and urbanization, and from economic growth to financial development. The overall results suggest that a rapid urbanization process can help to reduce the level of pollution and energy consumption by employing technical innovation and ecological modernization. In addition, the increased energy efficiency, implementation of energy savings projects, energy conservation, and energy infrastructure outsourcing reduce the level of pollution produced by urban areas. Also, alternative biofuels can reduce the emission intensity and fulfill future energy needs.
With climate change, melting sea ice and snow in the Arctic increase the probability that states engage in activities there. The prosperity of Arctic activities serves as a reminder to the international community that the issue of Arctic governance must be prioritised to avoid Arctic unsustainable development. As a major stakeholder besides the Arctic states, it is necessary to study China’s role in Arctic governance for its sustainable development to provide a reference for the diplomatic decision-making of other states. The paper selects international law as a perspective. It discusses China’s engagement in the development of international law related to the theme from the global, regional, and bilateral/multilateral levels. At the global level, China’s national role is characterized by engaging in global governance under the international rule of law for guarding the international order based on international law. At the regional level, China maintains the role of supporting and engaging in the Arctic Council, both before and after its establishment. At the bilateral and multilateral levels, China, as an Arctic stakeholder pursuing cooperation, has achieved many cooperation results. The paper holds that under China’s national roles, China’s engagement has affected the development of international law referred to the theme to some extent.
The potential effect of implementing environmental regulations on economic growth has been a controversial issue for a long time. Environmental regulations may impact on economic growth by reconstructing the economic structure. With the intention of exploring the nature of this mechanism, it is important to understand the internal inter-relation of the three parties, requiring data from a large economy experiencing the transition in economic structure. This paper selects panel data for 30 provinces in China from 2008–2019, constructs a PVAR model, and empirically examines the dynamic relationship among environmental regulation, economic structure reconstruction, and economic growth. The results demonstrate that there is a two-way effect between environmental regulation and economic growth. In other words, environmental regulation has a “U” shape effect on economic growth, which first inhibits and then promotes economic growth, while economic growth has a strong and then weak promotion effect on environmental regulation. Economic growth has a short-term negative impact on economic structure reconstruction, whereas economic restructuring has a long-term beneficial impact on environmental regulation. Therefore, the government should reasonably set the intensity of regulation and optimize the path of economic restructuring to deal with the relationship between environmental regulation, economic structure reconstruction, and economic growth.
In every society, there exist disadvantaged groups who have failed constantly to take part in the development of the economy and reap the benefits of economic growth as well. Along with economic and social factors, environmental factors are also accountable in making inclusion a challenge for the marginalized group. Contaminated drinking water, inappropriate sanitation systems, and pollution are the factors that affect health and wellbeing of the poor class by affecting their productivity. Thus, the lack of a clean environment leads the poor section towards further poverty and income inequality. Since the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development emphasizes three components to achieve sustainable development, namely economic, social, and environmental, this study inspects the role of macroeconomic policies in ensuring an inclusive clean environment in developing countries. Moreover, it considers the composite effect of fiscal policy and monetary policy on environmental inclusion by including interactive terms. This investigation uses FE-2SLS on a panel of 51 developing countries for the period of 1995–2019 to analyse the impact of macroeconomic policies on environmental inclusion. The study provides empirical evidence that fiscal and monetary policy has the potential to ensure an inclusive clean environment in developing countries. The findings imply that the macroeconomic policy actions depend on each other. Furthermore, governments in developing regions are required to cut nondeveloping expenditures and use expansionary monetary policy to promote green growth.
The study looks at Economic growth and environmental pollution: an assessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Brazil from 1990 to 2018. The ADF-Fisher, PP-Fisher, Im Pesaran, and Chin unit root tests checked stationarity. The VAR model was used to check the influence of individual endogenous variables, and the Wald test was used to determine the variables’ combined impact. The researchers used the Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality (PDHPC) and Pairwise Granger causality tests to assess all of the hypotheses. At order one, the variables are integrated. The lag order used for further calculations is the Akaike Information Criterion. The Fisher cointegration test revealed the cointegration according to the individual cross-section result. According to the Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality (PDHPC) and Pairwise Granger causality tests, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions are bidirectional. Both the PDHPC and the PGCT support the environmental Kuznets curve theory. Because the EKC hypothesis exists in Brazil, the study concluded that both pure and filthy productions coincide. When Brazil reaches a particular level of development, however, its population may seek a healthier environment, and governments in these countries may pass stricter environmental regulations to encourage cleaner industry. When followed, the procedures may help to improve environmental quality.
Most studies suggest that the global effects of ecological degradation will be mostly felt on the continent of Africa, yet indices that are developed to measure ecological sustainability are not entirely contextually relevant to the continent of Africa. Africa’s history provides a unique phenomenon that explains and predicts the future of sustainability on the continent, which when applied would hasten the global sustainability goal. In this chapter, it is argued that sustainability indices that have been developed in the West may not be holistically applicable to the African continent. Secondly, Africa is placed under a lens that examines the historical, socio-cultural, and other macro and micro factors that have ensured the conservation of the African environment and that may be relevant today in the global struggle for ecological sustainability. African-specific issues such as culture and political influence, which include traditional authority, are very important indicators of ecological sustainability.
Rural poverty is perhaps the main cause of deforestation and vice versa. This two-way relationship appears to exist in a slightly greater form in rural communities worldwide. To analyse the same relationship empirically, a study was conducted in Malakand Division, of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The data was collected from one hundred and eighty respondents through a self-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed using a non-recursive two-stage linear regression model and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed a two-way relationship between poverty and deforestation in the area under study. It was established that rural communities have low-income levels and rely heavily on natural resources, particularly the forest sector, for their fundamental survival and subsistence needs. The survey also shows that environmental deterioration in the form of deforestation is severe in the Malakand Division and that the majority of people are unaware of the necessity of environmental conservation. It is recommended that the government through strict regulations and by taking practical steps towards poverty reduction, may stop deforestation in the area under study.
„Environmentalism‟ is a term that denotes the concern for the preservation, restoration, or improvement of the natural environment, such as the conservation of natural resources, prevention of pollution, certain land use actions and shaping a better human life by keeping the purity of the nature. It supports efforts and struggles of people, organizations and institutions against the spread of the objects and means of environmental degradation, such as exploitative and destructive misuses of natural resources that end up the ecological balance and creates multi-dimensional pollution to their way of life, which are seen as less harmful to the environment. For the last four decades, the world has continuously struggled to reach a new beginning to initiate a united journey with the growing need to protect the environment and natural systems that support all life. The present study aims to discuss issues of environmental degradation and significant administrative trends in India. It reveals a comprehensive range of legal provisions adopted by the government to balance the environment with the development of the nation. The people should recognize the environmental problems and change their attitudes and behaviour suitably to devote themselves to helping the mother earth to renew. Hence, implementing strict constitutional and legal environmental laws, educating the young generation, and organizing awareness programmes are the crucial and motivating steps that will help in increasing the people‟s concern for nature and boost the public to participate in programs organized to protect the environment. Awareness and participation can efficaciously help society to develop sustainability.
One of the most challenging tasks of public service delivery in the urban areas of the world, especially in developing countries, has been providing drinking water services to all, more so to the urban poor. According to recent data from WHO and UNICEF, 156 million people in urban areas of the world do not have access to improved water sources.
The need to increase the price of non-green, carbon-emitting goods, as well as the application of new environmental taxes and fees to help solving the global climate crisis, has been actively discussed. However, price is not only a strong impetus for market development , but it can also restrain growth. The price level and population purchasing power belong to the key indexes that define the market capacities in different countries. This paper aims to investigate the impact of income inequality, including price levels and purchasing power, on environmental performance in different countries. The research method is based on RapidMiner's machine learning programs, applying three modeling algorithms: correlation, clustering, and decision trees with a static index database of more than 150 countries around the world. The results obtained partially confirm the conclusions made by other researchers studying the Environmental Kuznets concept (EKC) effects. In particular, it was found that an important factor influencing the efficiency of the environment in the country's ecosystem is the level of population's income. The analysis also shows that environmental performance is strongly dependent on domestic price levels. This may support the hypothesis that the cost of green goods reflects a high benchmark for natural resource costs. However, further research is needed, including such directions as sources of financing for the implementation of circular projects, as well as the associated economic and environmental effects.
South Asian economies have experienced considerable growth over the last two decades, which has brought with it a number of problems. Despite the rapid growth, income inequality has increased in South Asia and political instability continues mainly due to territorial disputes between Pakistan and India. In addition to these factors, the increase in population and energy consumption has also contributed to the environmental problems in South Asia. Therefore, there is a need to analyze the role of income inequality and political stability in environmental degradation and thus take measures to prevent irreversible environmental consequences. In this background, this study examines the role of income inequality and political stability on environmental degradation in four South Asian countries (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh). For this purpose, the study employs second-generation panel data approaches on a Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology model (STIRPAT). Based on annual data for the period 2002-2016, the empirical results show that economic growth, income inequality, urbanization, and financial development increase the ecological footprint, while political stability and renewable energy utilization help to reduce environmental degradation. The findings of the panel causality test also suggest unidirectional causality from urbanization, renewable energy, economic growth, and income inequality to ecological footprint. According to these findings, ensuring political stability, reducing income inequality, and promoting renewable energy are essential policy instruments for sustainable and green development in four South Asian countries.
Cities are the engines of economic growth. With the process of globalization, the entire world has shrunk to a common platform, whereby the dual process of economic growth and rapid urbanization largely determines the growth of cities and measures their ecological sustainability, with “Delhi Metropolitan Region” being no exception to this. A prime mover and nerve center of ideas and actions, Delhi mega city, however, stand at the crossroads, today. Delhi, a symbol of rich and ancient tradition, a seat of mesmerizing Indian culture, a growing hub of contemporary educational system, the seat of national governance and a center of business, is assuming increasing eminence among the great cities of the world. With an unprecedented pace of growth, Delhi needs to be able to integrate its elegant past as well as modern developments into an organic whole keeping pace with the future generations. The paper attempts to unravel the intricate relationships between urban infrastructure and development of urban environment ensuring its sustainability. Such an approach, if handled with care coupled with good governance practices, is likely to lead a movement towards making Delhi Metropolitan Region, a world-class sustainable city in the decades to come. In addition, some of the best practices in good governance pertaining to this mega city have been highlighted to depict and validate the cities move on the crossroads of sustainable development.
The development and expansion of water infrastructure have been a fundamental requirement of urbanization since the mid-nineteenth century. As urban areas have grown, the protection of water resources, the collection, and treatment of wastewater and rainwater from urban areas have become as significant as potable water supply. Urban water as a public service provided by the municipalities in Turkey. Water management in Turkey moved away from the public service approach under regulatory changes enacted after 1980 as an extension of worldwide neoliberal policies. The prerequisites of obtaining credit other than from public resources, and specifically through international organizations, and technical assistance, have led to structural changes in water management at the central and local levels. This article discusses the structural change in water management as part of the integration of the national economy with global capital between 1980 and 2000 and within the framework of local economies becoming integrated with global capital after 2000. In 1981, the first arrangement was made for the commercialization of water services with the Water and Canal Administration, the model prerequisite of the World Bank infrastructure loan for the metropolitan city of Istanbul. In 1986, water and sewerage administrations (Su ve Kanal İdareleri-SKİs-) were founded under all greater city municipalities as organizations with an independent budget and public legal entity. After 2000, with the adoption of the EU Water Framework Directive, new institutional arrangements were made, watershed management and provincial water management were established, and the commodification of water and the environment continued under environmental legislation. Today, SKİs are strong actors in water management that provide rural and urban water services in Turkey’s 30 provinces. However, after the rescaling made by overlapping the metropolitan boundaries with the provincial boundaries, the operational efficiency of SKIs and the affordability of water service by user was opened up to discussion.
The Asia-Pacific region has been experiencing rapid development in the past 30 years, and issues relating to sustainable development will become increasingly important in the coming decades. This comprehensive overview presents sustainable development from the perspectives of Asia and the Pacific, with contributions from more than 70 leading international experts. The first part focuses on the theories and practices of sustainable development, including national and regional perspectives, as well as international policies and law concerning climate change. The second part highlights the challenges and opportunities of sustainable development and poverty reduction amid the changing ecological, social, cultural, economic, and political environment in this region. These include issues such as the importance of science for sustainable development and related areas, including sustainable energy, stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change, land-use change, biodiversity, and disaster risk reduction. The volume is an invaluable reference for all researchers and policy makers with an interest in sustainable development.
Sustainability is one of the significant development paradigms of the present world because of increasing concerns about environmental deterioration. Sustainability depends on the interaction among various social, economic and environmental factors. Thus, the role of people, resources and technologies become vital. Although people, resources and technologies play an essential role in ensuring sustainability, sustainability is impossible without proper policy intervention. Accordingly, institutions become an integral component of sustainability. Humanity has developed common sustainable goals, yet the way to achieve them remains a critical question for policymakers and a major component of political discourse. In this context, this paper revisits the sustainability components of the economic philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi.
Economic activities, technological innovation and diffusion, energy consumption and financial development have been significant in BRICS countries over the last three decades. Corresponding to it, BRICS have been facing substantial environmental deterioration. The growth of such factors needs a comprehensive analysis. Hence, this paper examines the impact of technological innovation and diffusion, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and financial development on ecological footprint under the Kuznets framework in BRICS countries over the time from 1990 to 2018. To confirm the long- and short-run relationship, we apply the second-generation and heterogeneity panel techniques. Where, to measure the impact of technological innovation and diffusion, energy consumption and financial development and other control variable on ecological footprint we use Westerlund Co-integration and pooled mean group (PMG) model for this interest. The results reveal that technological diffusion and non-renewable energy consumption deteriorate environmental quality in the long run. In contrast, renewable energy and technological innovation improve environmental sustainability/quality significantly. Further, results also confirm the existence of the EKC hypothesis. The study suggests that the government should encourage technological innovation and renewable energy consumption to improve environmental quality and achieve the sustainable development goal (SDG).
The investment gap to fund sustainable infrastructure, especially in the developing and Muslim world, is massive. Goal 17 of SDGs acknowledges the role of domestic and international finance, private sector and multinationals to fund infrastructure gap, which, according to various estimates, ranges between USD 2.6 and 3.4 trillion globally and USD 1–1.5 trillion annually for developing countries. Infrastructure projects cover a wide range of sectors and could be categorized from both financial and non-financial perspectives. Increasingly, a comprehensive definition of sustainability is being used that combines the elements of financial, environmental, social and institutional sustainability. Governments in most developing and Muslim countries don’t have required fiscal space to finance the infrastructure needs of their societies from domestic sources due to which options such as funds from international lenders, bond issuance, consortium financing, public-private partnership and even seeking investments and donations from citizens are used. Most of these options, however, end up increasing the debt burden on the government, resulting into even further reduction of their fiscal space. Islamic financial system offers infrastructure building tools that are not only more sustainable from financial management perspective but also address related environmental and community issues. Using an exploratory research design, this paper explores these options in detail by undertaking literature research, case study review and analysis of stimulating examples from history and recent past to suggest various reforms that could make these tools more impactful, widely available and cost-efficient. Finally, an assessment is provided on the immediate impact of Covid-19 on the ongoing and future infrastructure projects and opportunities this crisis will bring for Islamic finance.
In rapidly developing countries, it is imperative to study the changes in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation for planning waste management and treatment. This study took the largest 11 economies in the world as cases, comprising half of the global population, analyzed the variations of definition of MSW among these economies. Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and using parametric model, Feasible General Least Squares (FGLS) regression, and nonparametric models, Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs), it was expected that the change features and its socioeconomic drivers of total MSW generation and per capita MSW (PCMSW) since the 1960s would be determined. Efforts were also made to find the turning/stabilizing point in the relationship between PCMSW and per capita gross domestic product (PCGDP) in each economy. It shows that population has the most important impact on total MSW, however, the economic indicators might be ignored. The United States and Germany have the highest PCMSW generation, while China and India indicate the lowest. The turning/stabilizing point in the relationship between PCMSW and PCGDP perfermed in most developed economies, Singapore and Korea reached the turning point around 1990, while for other developed economies it was 2000. Germany came to a stabilizing point in 1990, and with some arbitrary, so did the United States. The developing economies seem to be still in their early stage of the potential EKC. In developed economies, heterogeneous time effects on PCMSW seem to be more significant than heterogeneous income effects, which is contrary to developing economies.
The study investigated the roles of bureaucracy in Nigeria and its inadequacies in adhering to the Weberian model of policy implementation in the Nigeria democratic governance. The study adopted a survey research design and utilized primary data obtained through the administration of questionnaires to a purposively selected 220 respondents comprising senior bureaucrats and CSOs, and conduct of the in-depth interview. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis with the aid of SPSS. The study revealed that even though, bureaucrats are not necessarily the primary makers of the policy. They play an active role in policy implementation in Nigeria. However, factors such as political pressure, inadequate budgetary allocation, over politicization of the appointment into governmental offices leading to inadequate professionalism, and environmental variables hinder the effective implementation of policy in Nigeria. It was equally established that as ideal as the Weberian model of bureaucracy is, there are inevitable lacuna and inadequacies in its application to Nigeria, due to factors such as socio-cultural forces, collectivism as against individualism, and absolute formalism. The study concluded that, although Weberian bureaucracy could be ideal and applicable to large-scale economy, its model is inadequate in addressing all the needs and circumstances of Nigeria. Hence, the need to restructure or readjust the bureaucracy to adapt to new and complex problems becomes apparent.
Free full manuscript accessible under:
https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2021-1602
Knowing the history and context of landscapes is an unfortunately often neglected necessity for planning disciplines (including conservation and forestry). Just as a doctor can only suggest an appropriate therapy if he knows the antecedents of the disease, the possible or appropriate changes to, for example, a forest can only be seriously considered if the historical, economic and social causes for its creation and current state are described and understood. The present work undertakes this comprehensive description for the remaining oak-hornbeam forest relicts, and widespread beech forests near Göttingen. Since vegetation science is understood here as an art of telling the story(s) and current background of an object, the vegetation study of these forests, however, only forms the basis for telling a multifaceted story.
This story focuses on the historical coppice with standards forests, the struggle for their conversion into beech high forests, and the underlying sustainability views of various actors. Methodically, the author draws on current, archival and historical-contemporary literature from over 400 years. The result is a closely interwoven web consisting of: the perfect integration of coppice with standards into the historical economy, numerous competing notions of sustainability and their implementation in the context of sovereign power claims, as well as the resulting silvicultural change and the defamation of the coppice with standards forest. In the process, the creation and aftermath of myths that have never been questioned internally in forestry to this day, and the short-sightedness of current nature conservation are also uncovered.
The overall result is not only the "disenchantment" of the "beautiful oak-hornbeam forest", but also that of the currently predominant beech forest on limestone - a forest type that, thanks to its abundance of colourful spring geophytes, has been called not only pretty, but also "natural". However, interdisciplinary observation suggests that the species richness of these forests is in part the consequence of the historical, formerly widespread coppice with standards forestry, which "persists" in the herb layer for a long time, but will also disappear in the future.
Using a long span of data (from 1751 to 2016), this paper empirically investigates the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and economic growth (real GDP per capita) in the United Kingdom. The empirical results provide strong support for the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in the UK, i.e., an inverted U-shaped relationship between CO 2 emissions and economic growth, with turning point estimated around the mid-twentieth century. This turning point corresponds with the introduction of changes in environmental standards and policies, which reflects the regulatory efforts to limit pollution by reducing the discharge of grit into the atmosphere, as well as the decline in the use of coal as source of energy, which reflects the country willingness to ensure the energy transition necessary for sustainable development.
The Coase theorem is one of the most influential and controversial ideas to emerge from post–World War II economics. This article examines the theorem’s origins, diffusion, and the wide variety of uses to which it has been put by economists and others over the sixty years since Coase published “The Problem of Social Cost.” Along the way, we explore the ambiguity and controversy surrounding the theorem, develop a Coase theorem that is valid as a proposition in economic logic, and probe the implications of all of this for the use of the Coase theorem going forward. (JEL D23)
Date palm leaves are huge wastes in the growing regions which are mostly burnt annually. One of the solutions is converting leaves to substrate and using in soilless culture. In this study, 24 different mixes were produced by adding zeolite and vermicompost to the composted date palm substrate. The mixtures were incubated for 2 weeks in 35-40%(w/w) moisture. Their physicochemical properties were measured. To study the mixes, two multivariate methods were applied; Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the factors that affect mixture properties to a large extent and Cluster Analysis (CLA). The clustering was processed based on the factors recognized by the PCA. The CLA was done in several stages and in each stage the furthest mixture from cocopeat was deleted. Date palm substrate was processed by leaf waste composting. Using the CLA, on the basis of the PCA analysis, the most superior mixture was defined as date palm substrate (90%), vermicompost(5%) and zeolite (5%) respectively (P 90 V 5 Z 5 ) with indexes in cation exchange capacity, particle density, total porosity, bulk density, water holding capacity and electrical conductivity in the same cluster as cocopeat.
This study aims to achieve two main objectives; first, it provides a brief but critical description of the empirical literature on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in terms of history, origin, micro-foundations, measurement of environmental degradation, methodologies and samples. Second, it examines the curious attraction of the EKC despite considerable criticism it has attracted over time. The motivation stems from the mixed results probably due to different econometric techniques, sample periods, country-specific factors and environmental indicators used to test EKC. The study concludes that of course, the EKC has attracted a great deal of criticism, but its survival power is undeniable. Different taxonomies of the approaches to explain income-environment nexus have been established by various commentators producing different results under different scenarios. It is still equally important among researchers to interpret the relationship between income and pollution due to its charismatic characteristics; therefore, the empirical literature on EKC continues to grow despite criticism on its validity and assumptions. However, we should not be convinced that economic growth on its own will solve environmental ills. The proposition that affluent countries will invest heavily to level off and gradually contain their environmental pollution should not be persuaded. Therefore, policymakers must not encourage unlimited economic growth to cure environmental problems.
Today, global warming and climate change issues are among the biggest concerns all over the world. many factors, especially fossil fuel consumption, increase CO2 emissions. This situation causes global warming. The aim of this study is to test the influence of the gross domestic product (GDP), clean energy consumption, export, import, financial development, industrialization and urbanization on environmental pollution for Turkey from the period 1971 to 2014. The result of bounds testing shows that there is a long-run relationship between the variables. In the long-run the coefficients obtained from the Autoregressive Distribute Lagged (ARDL) bounds testing approach demonstrate that income, import, financial development, industrialization and urbanization increase carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while clean energy consumption decreases environmental degradation. Moreover, the results of this study also indicate that environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis which inverted U-shaped relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions is valid in Turkey for both the short- and long-run. However, the turning point of per capita GDP is found to be 15,644$, outside the analysis period. The main finding of this study shows that investing in clean energy sources will contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions and increase energy security of Turkey.
The present research paper tries to explore the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in New Zealand by taking annual time series data from 1970 to 2017. The study also considers other variables like trade openness, financial development and foreign direct investment. Depending on the nature of the selected variables, the study has utilized the autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL) model to explore the cointegration among the variables. The result verifies the existence of the long-run cointegration among the variables. Further, it confirms the presence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve.The estimated result also shows that trade openness, financial development and foreign direct investment improves the environmental quality. Moreover, to verify the Environmental Kuznets Curve visually, we have plotted the CO2 emissions and economic growth, the scatter plot exhibit an inverted U shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth. The turnaround point of the plot with a single break is in1987. These findings give a wide range of policies for economic growth and environmental quality in New Zealand.
Stochastic economic processes are often characterized by dynamic interactions between variables that are dependent in both space and time. Analyzing these processes raises a number of questions about the econometric methods used that are both practically and theoretically interesting. This work studies econometric approaches to analyze spatial data that evolves dynamically over time. The book provides a background on least squares and maximum likelihood estimators, and discusses some of the limits of basic econometric theory. It then discusses the importance of addressing spatial heterogeneity in policies. The next chapters cover parametric modeling of linear and nonlinear spatial time series, non-parametric modeling of nonlinearities in panel data, modeling of multiple spatial time series variables that exhibit long and short memory, and probabilistic causality in spatial time series settings.
From carbon pricing to green industrial policy, economic ideas have shaped climate policy. Drawing on a new dataset of policy reports, we show how economic ideas influenced climate policy advice by major international organizations, including the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and the World Bank, from 1990 to 2017. In the 1990s, the neoclassical notion of weak complementarity between environmental protection and growth dominated debates on sustainable development. In the mid-2000s, economic thought on the environment diversified, as the idea of strong complementarity between environmental protection and growth emerged in the green growth discourse. Adaptations of Schumpeterian and Keynesian economics identified investment in energy innovation and infrastructure as drivers of growth. We thus identify a major transformation from a neoclassical paradigm to a diversified policy discourse, suggesting that climate policy has entered a postparadigmatic period. The diversification of ideas broadened policy advice from market-based policy to green industrial policy, including deployment subsidies and regulation. This analysis of global climate policy reports shows how economic ideas have shaped climate policy. The authors find a shift from neoclassical dominance to a more diversified discourse, which has expanded policy choices beyond market-based policies to include green innovation and industrial policy.
This dissertation proposes to show the interest of considering simultaneously intra and intergenerational equity for environmental resources management issues. More specifically, the dissertation examines the trade-offs between these two dimensions of equity to define an equitable allocation of resources over time and within generations. Inequalities between two heterogeneous regions are considered. The first chapter focuses on sustaining the highest level of welfare over time, through the maximin criterion, when the economy has an intragenerational inequality aversion. Counter-intuitively, the region with the lower resource stock pays a higher price for overall sustainability. The second chapter examines growth toward the maximum sustainable level of welfare, the golden rule. Similarly, the region with the lower resource stock shall contribute more to the growth, by limiting relatively more its consumption. The third chapter examines the transfers that shall be made from the well-off to the worse-off region. The transfer shall either be a lump-sum or proportional to the consumption of the contributing region, depending on whether the objective is to promote or to limit its consumption. In any case, the worst-off region receives a compensatory transfer for the constraint imposed on it.
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