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A comprehensive scientific overview of Garcinia cambogia
... These remedies reflect the plant's long-standing role in traditional medicine across the region [8][9][10][11]. It was also used in veterinary medicine to address mouth diseases in cattle [7], and served as a tonic for heart-related issues [7,10]. ...
... These remedies reflect the plant's long-standing role in traditional medicine across the region [8][9][10][11]. It was also used in veterinary medicine to address mouth diseases in cattle [7], and served as a tonic for heart-related issues [7,10]. ...
... The major chemical constituents isolated from different parts of the plant includes, the organic acids such as 1a, the lactone 1, benzophenones and polyisoprenylated benzophenones, such as garcinol (2), isogarcinol (3), and guttiferones (4-6), [7,8,10,11], as well as xanthone-type compounds like garbogiol (7), rheediaxanthone A (8), oxy-guttiferone I (9), oxy-guttiferone K (10), oxy-guttiferone M (11), and oxy-guttiferone K2 (12) [12][13][14]. The major compounds, 1 to 12, isolated from different parts of the plant are presented in Table 1. ...
Garcinia gummi-gutta, commonly known as Garcinia cambogia (syn.), is a popular traditional herbal medicine known for its role in treating obesity, and has been incorporated into several nutraceuticals globally for this purpose. The fruit rind is also used as a food preservative and a condiment because of its high content of hydroxycitric acid, which imparts a sharp, sour flavour. This review highlights the major bioactive compounds present in the tree Garcinia gummi-gutta, with particular emphasis on (2S, 3S)-tetrahydro-3-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3-furan dicarboxylic acid, commonly referred to as garcinia acid. This acid can be isolated in large amounts through a simple procedure. Additionally, it explores the synthetic transformations of garcinia acid into biologically potent and functionally useful enantiopure compounds, a relatively under-documented area in the literature. This acid, with its six-carbon skeleton, a γ-butyrolactone moiety, and two chiral centres bearing chemically amenable functional groups, offers a versatile framework as a chiron for the construction of diverse molecules of both natural and synthetic origin. The synthesis of chiral 3-substituted and 3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine-2,5-diones, analogues of the Quararibea metabolite—a chiral enolic-γ-lactone; the concave bislactone skeletons of fungal metabolites (+)-avenaciolide and (−)-canadensolide; the structural skeletons of the furo[2,3-b]furanol part of the anti-HIV drug Darunavir; (−)-tetrahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolinones, an analogue of (−)-crispine A; (−)-hexahydroindolizino[8,7-b]indolones, an analogue of the naturally occurring (−)-harmicine; and furo[2,3-b]pyrroles are presented here.
... [13] Third agent -aqueous extract of Garcinia cambogia (GC) fruit is reported to contain high concentration of hydroxycitric acid (HCA) as a main organic acid component. [14] Despite its high HCA content, GC has not been scientifically validated for its antiurolithiatic potential. After scrutinizing facts based on literature survey, present in vitro investigation is undertaken to study antiurolithiatic potential of these alternative therapeutic agent. ...
... has been reported to possess hypoglycemic, nootropic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, tuberculostatic, hepatoprotective, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and protein glycation inhibitory activity [17] and is a proven chelating agent as a member of juglone derivatives [11] while GC is a folklore medicine used for diuretic, appetite suppressant, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. [14] In addition, HCA is a main organic chemical constitute of GC. [14] In the present investigation, we evaluated in vitro antiurolithiatic activity of test drugs in nucleation and aggregation assay models at pH 6.5, 8, and 10 to rule out the influence of pH. The reaction between calcium chloride and ammonium oxalate resulted in the initiation of nucleation of CaOx crystals which is in accordance with previously reported studies. ...
... has been reported to possess hypoglycemic, nootropic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, tuberculostatic, hepatoprotective, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and protein glycation inhibitory activity [17] and is a proven chelating agent as a member of juglone derivatives [11] while GC is a folklore medicine used for diuretic, appetite suppressant, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. [14] In addition, HCA is a main organic chemical constitute of GC. [14] In the present investigation, we evaluated in vitro antiurolithiatic activity of test drugs in nucleation and aggregation assay models at pH 6.5, 8, and 10 to rule out the influence of pH. The reaction between calcium chloride and ammonium oxalate resulted in the initiation of nucleation of CaOx crystals which is in accordance with previously reported studies. ...
Back ground: Urolithiasis is one of the most common kidney diseases among world population. Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate antiurolithiatic activity of lawsone, magnesium lactate gluconate (MLG), and aqueous extract
of Garcinia cambogia (GC) fruit in in vitro assay systems of urolithiasis. Materials and Methods: Evaluation was carried out by three different in vitro models, namely, nucleation assay, aggregation assay, and extracted kidney stone weight reduction
assay. Results: Lawsone was effective at pH 6.5 in inhibiting calcium oxalate (CaOx) nucleation while MLG and GC were found to be more potent at alkaline (pH 8 and pH 10) in inhibiting nucleation as well as aggregation of CaOx crystals. The inhibition of nucleation shown by lawsone, MLG, and GC was 38.65 ± 9.50% (at 50 μg/ml, pH 6.5), 74.18 ± 8.97% (at 800 μg/ml, pH 10), and 61.28 ± 8.31% (at 200 μg/ml, pH 10), respectively. Moreover, MLG and GC showed inhibition of crystal aggregation by 62.77 ± 11.83% (at 800 μg/ml, pH 10) and 73.51 ± 5.14% (at 200 μg/ml, pH 10), respectively, suggesting that both drugs are acting through different mechanisms. Apart from this, MLG and GC significantly reduced the weight of extracted CaOx kidney stone (% reduction) when compared with lawsone and MLG. The order of overall efficacy was found to be GC>MLG>lawsone. Conclusions: The findings of in vitro study reveal that lawsone was effective in acidic pH while MLG and GC aqueous extract showed superior antiurolithiatic efficacy in an alkaline medium. Moreover, GC was more potent (effective in low doses) than MLG. Thus, these agents could be considered as potential alternatives for safer and effective management of CaOx kidney stones.
... The genus Garcinia (family Clusiaceae), which is distributed throughout the tropical Asia, Africa, New Caledonia, Polynesia, and Brazil, includes more than 300 species including G. cambogia, G. mangostana, G. xanthochymus, G. atroviridis. Out of all the species, the plant formally named Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N. Robson, though more widely known by its synonym G. cambogia Desr., is popularly used as a dietary supplement for weight management and in nutraceutical preparations all over the world due to its remarkable appetite suppressing properties (Semwal et al. 2015). ...
... Animal and cell culture studies have shown that the effects of HCA are dose-dependent and several mechanisms of HCA are thought to be involved in weight loss and anti-obesity effects through inhibition of fat biosynthesis -e.g. ability to competitively inhibit ATP citrate lyase, a key enzyme catalysing the extra-mitochondrial cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, an essential building block for fatty acid, cholesterol and triglyceride biosynthesis; increase the fatty acid oxidation and down regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism (Semwal et al. 2015). ...
Overweight and obesity are global health challenges associated with an increased risk of life-threatening comorbidities. Whereas a healthy diet and a lifestyle with a sufficient amount of exercise is the first recommendation to avert complications arising from overweight, a variety of prescription medicines is recognised as potential aids in weight loss. However, concerns about adverse effects of many prescription weight-loss agents has made that may drugs are now prohibited in some countries, though not in all countries. This has given rise to a clandestine market which has made proper monitoring of safety of products on sale increasingly complex. In addition to pharmaceutical products, a wide range of food substitutes or food supplements that are marketed as aids in weight loss is available. Regulation of food ingredients is considerably less stringent than regulation for pharmaceutical products; whereas pharmaceutical companies need to provide evidence of safety and efficacy before they are allowed marketing of any products, manufacturers of herbal and dietary supplements are just expected to ensure safety of their products. A sustainable reduction in food intake can be a major challenge, and people on weight-loss programmes have to fight cravings and hunger pangs. Appetite suppression-based therapies are the novel and promising treatments to control obesity. Recently, the peptide Semaglutide (Wegovy®, Ozempic®) has emerged as a very popular appetite suppressing prescription drug, which is administered by injection, though oral formulations have been developed too. Appetite suppressing herbal supplements have often been used traditionally since ages and are therefore generally regarded as safe. The aim of present review is to reflect on the most popular herbal supplements that are currently marketed as appetite suppressants, and that are widely promoted as aids in weight loss exercises. Notably, members of the family Apocynaceae, e.g. Caralluma spp. and Hoodia spp. contain pregnane glycosides that have been shown to restore sensitivity to the appetite suppressant hormone leptin in obese mice. The anti-obesity effect of Garcinia spp. (Clusiaceae) has been attributed to the presence of hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which inhibits fatty acid and triglyceride biosynthesis. In addition, HCA administration has been shown to increase serotonin levels, which in turn results in reduced appetite. A similar mechanism of action is seen with extracts of Griffonia simplicifolia (Fabaceae) that are particularly rich in the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan. A third mechanism of action is seen in Gymnema sylvestre (Apocynaceae) which contains gymnemic acids that selectively inhibit oral sweet taste sensation in humans, thus lessening the appeal of sweets and pastries.
... Analysis of phytochemistry reveals the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, and proteins in the extracts. The major bioactive constituents are hydroxycitric acid (HCA) (an organic acid) and garcinol (a benzophenone) along with different xanthones and amino acids (Semwal et al., 2015). According to research, these bioactive compounds possess anti-obesity, hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, and anti-parasitic properties. ...
... Garcinol-treated cells had lower iNOS and COX-2 expression, leading to reduced intracellular ROS levels in LPS-treated cells (Liao, Sang, Liang, Ho, & Lin, 2004). Reduction in proinflammatory cytokines by garcinol, guttiferone K, and guttiferone M has been demonstrated in other cell lines as well (Semwal et al., 2015). The blend of multiple bioactive compounds in G. gummi-gutta extract makes it an intriguing plant for further exploration. ...
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing in India, with a total of 2.7 lakh cases in 2019. IBD includes two categories of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Both conditions cause severe morbidity to individuals and increase the risk of GI tract cancers. Long-term use of conventional synthetic drugs like corticosteroids has significant adverse effects. Patients increasingly choose to adopt plant-derived products as an alternative or complementary medicine (CAM). In India, since ancient times, plant products have been used to treat and prevent numerous digestive tract ailments. Here, we have mentioned recent research highlights of eight commonly utilized plants (Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, Boswellia serrata, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Garcinia cambogia, Aloe vera, and Punica granatum) and their bioactive compounds used to treat IBD in both model systems and clinical trials. Many of the bioactive compounds mentioned in this article can target different drivers behind IBD pathology. Phytochemicals can modulate immune cell subsets, enhance gut epithelium regeneration, and improve gut microbiome homeostasis to inhibit aberrant immune response and promote gut barrier function leading to remission of IBD. Evidence from clinical trials indicates that these plant-derived products are safe to use, but efficacy varies depending on the nature of the preparation of the phytochemicals. New developments in targeted delivery and better absorption promise exciting advances for phytochemicals in IBD treatment.
... Therefore, they have been widely used in treating obesity. 11 The plants chosen in this study G. cambogia and E. officinalis, claim to have anti-obesity effect as well as beneficial effects on lipid profile. 11,12,13 In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects of Garcinia cambogia and E. officinalis in a high-energy dietinduced obese rat model. ...
... 11 The plants chosen in this study G. cambogia and E. officinalis, claim to have anti-obesity effect as well as beneficial effects on lipid profile. 11,12,13 In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects of Garcinia cambogia and E. officinalis in a high-energy dietinduced obese rat model. Our findings are supported by numerous studies that have explored the efficacy of these natural remedies in managing obesity and dyslipidaemia. ...
Background: Obesity has emerged as one of the significant public health burdens across the globe, which predisposes the risk of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic dysfunctions. Medicinal plants can be possible therapeutic measures for managing obesity. Garcinia cambogia and E. officinalis have been used for their anti-obesity and hypolipidemic properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects of Garcinia cambogia and E. officinalis in a high energy diet-induced obese rat model. Methods: A total 36 albino rats were included in the study. The animals were randomly divided into 6 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 (control) received distilled water orally, Group 2 received Garcinia cambogia extract orally in dose of 200 mg/kg/day, Group 3 received Garcinia cambogia extract orally in dose of 400 mg/kg/day, Group 4 received E. officinalis extract orally in dose of 20 mg/kg/day, Group 5 received E. officinalis extract orally in dose of 40 mg/kg/day and Group 6 (standard) received Orlistat in dose 20 mg/kg/day. Parameters assessed included body weight and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol). Results: Both Garcinia cambogia and Emblica officinalis interventions demonstrated significant reductions in body weight gain and improvements in lipid profile compared to the HED group. The intervention groups exhibited notable decreases in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol levels, along with an increase in HDL cholesterol levels. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that Garcinia cambogia and Emblica officinalis possess anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects in a high energy diet-induced obese rat model. These naturals show promise as potential therapeutic agents for combating obesity and associated dyslipidemia. Further research is needed to understand and validate their efficacy in human populations.
... Polyphenols could inhibit pancreatic lipase activity and lipid absorption [37], form complexes with cholesterol and bile acids and cause their excretion in faeces [38], reduce HMG-CoA reductase activity, inhibit the differentiation of the pre-adipocytes tissues to adipose tissues [39]. The anti-obesity of the bitter kola could be due to hydroxyl citric acid (HCA) present in G. kola which is a potent and competent inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) citrate lyase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of fatty acids cholesterol and triacylglycerols [40]. HCA also regulates the level of serotonin which has been associated with satiety, increased oxidation of fat, and decreased gluconeogenesis [40], thus, reducing body fat accumulation. ...
... The anti-obesity of the bitter kola could be due to hydroxyl citric acid (HCA) present in G. kola which is a potent and competent inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) citrate lyase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of fatty acids cholesterol and triacylglycerols [40]. HCA also regulates the level of serotonin which has been associated with satiety, increased oxidation of fat, and decreased gluconeogenesis [40], thus, reducing body fat accumulation. The anti-obesity effect of bitter kola may also be attributed to the presence of dietary fibres which act like a physiologic obstacle to lower energy intake by displacement of other nutrients in the diet, providing satiety; and inhibiting food absorption in the small intestine [41]. ...
Aims: Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) is commonly consumed as a snack in many localities in Cameroon and is considered to have health properties including weight-reducing agent by many people. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of bitter kola in weight management and prevention of obesity. Methodology: Three bitter kola cultivars (Bafia, Penja, Widikum) were collected from their production areas, and their phytochemical content and antioxidant activity were analysed. The effect of their dry powder consumption on body weight and lipid profile was investigated on male Wistar rats consuming a high-fat diet. The rats were allocated to 10 groups of 6 rats including one control with the feed containing 0 g/kg of bitter kola powder, and 3 test groups per cultivar having 5 g, 10 g, and 15 g of bitter kola powder per kg of feed respectively. Results: Results revealed that antioxidant activity varies with cultivars and Widikum cultivar has the highest antioxidant activity and the highest phytochemicals content. Consumption of Penja and Widikum bitter kola powder induced the highest fat excretion in rat faeces. The effect of bitter kola consumption on body weight varies with cultivars and incorporation rate, and the highest anti-obesity effect was observed with the consumption of the Widikum cultivar at 10 g/kg of rat feed. The increase in bitter kola powder proportion in rat feed was negatively correlated with the atherogenic index of plasma and atherogenic coefficient. Conclusion: From the overall results, the consumption of feed with 15 g/kg of Widikum bitter kola cultivar had the best anti-obesity activity and hypolipidemic effect. Thus, bitter kola powder can be used to prevent obesity and cardiovascular diseases in high-fat diets.
... The extract of the fruit rind of Garcinia cambogia (GC), a medicinal plant that grows in Africa and Southeast Asia, is a widely used treatment [3]. Oral intake of the GC extract (GCE) leads to weight loss [4] by decreasing food intake and lowering plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in human subjects as well as in animal models [5,6]. These effects have been attributed to the decreased lipogenesis due to the GCE active ingredient, hydroxycitrate (HCA), which is a strong competitive inhibitor of the liver enzyme ATP citrate lyase (ACL) [7][8][9][10]. ...
... The limitations of the current study require additional mechanistic studies to confirm this. Nevertheless, we can conclude that while the use of GCE could be beneficial with regard to a reduction in weight gain and plasma TG levels [6], chronic use could potentially increase the risk of hepatic and skeletal muscle lipid accumulation, leading to adverse effects on liver lipid homeostasis and function [49][50][51][52][53][54], and potential complications including insulin resistance. ...
Garcinia cambogia extract (GCE) is a popular weight-loss supplement that also lowers plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. We hypothesized that GCE-mediated inhibition of ATP citrate lyase and thereby hepatic TG production could lead to compensatory mechanisms, including increased hepatic TG uptake via lipoprotein receptors. GCE (20 mg/day) administered 40 days orally to female C57BL/6Rj mice on a standard chow diet led to a decrease in both plasma fasting and post-prandial TG-rich lipoprotein levels, but with no significant change in body weight gain. Lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) protein levels, but not those of LDL-receptor, were increased as compared to controls. Mouse Hepa1-6 cells treated with the GCE active ingredient, hydroxycitrate, also led to increased LSR protein levels. Hepatic total cholesterol, TG, and muscle TG contents were higher in GCE-treated animals as compared to controls, whereas adipose TG levels were unchanged. LSR and LDL-receptor protein levels were correlated with liver total cholesterol, but only LDL-receptor was associated with liver TG. These results show that GCE treatment in mice on a standard chow diet led to significantly increased liver and muscle lipids, with no significant change in adipose tissue TG levels, which should be considered in the long-term use of GCE.
... There are many compounds related to this research. One compound, hydroxycitric acid (HCA) which has been found in large amounts in Garcinia species, namely in the fruit rinds of G. cambogai, G. atroviridi, and G. indica (Semwal et al., 2015). The HCA is a competitive inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase that catalyzes the extra mitochondrial cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A (Fassina et al., 2015). ...
... The HPLC chromatograms showed the amount and concentration of HCA in the ethanol solvent of 0.12 and 0.06 mg/g, and 2.91 mg/ml and 1.48 mg/ml in G. atroviridis and G. schomburgkiana, respectively, which were not known for biological activity in human body following the HCA functions. Previous scientific research detected HCA in fruits of G. schomburgkiana, G. cambogia and G. indica also (Semwal et al., 2015). Chuah et al. (2013) revealed that HCA is one of the important supplements for anti-obesity and weight management. ...
The various properties of Garcinia atroviridis (Ga), G. schomburgkiana (Gs), Camellia sinensis (Cs) and Morus alba (Ma) were investigated, aimed at finding cholesterol lowering and lipase inhibiting effects. Their phytochemical components of the species were determined by GC-MS and HPLC. The total flavonoids, phenolics and polysaccharides were measured. The inhibition percentage of CEase and PPL were determined. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests in the samples were examined. The results are as followed: The various key phytochemicals distributed in all the studied species were revealed such as stigmasterol, catechol, γ-sitosterol, β-amyrin, caffeine, and squalene. An HPLC chromatogram revealed the amount and concentration of HCA in Ga and Gs, and catechin and catechol in Ga, Gs, Cs, and Ma. The highest and second highest inhibition percentages of CEase in Ga and Formula I were at 77.02±0.27 and 67.61±0.26, and PPL and Formula I in Gs at 77.92±0.59 and 78.31±0.07 compared to orlistat inhibition percentage of 84.72±0.17 and 80.83±0.38, but in different concentrations of orlistat at 10 mg/ml and Formula 1 at 3 mg/ml. Toxicity assays exhibited no IC 50 values in all samples, but ethanol Gs and Cs extracts and methanol Ma extract induced DNA damages significantly (p<0.01). However, from the LD 50 values calculated at the concentrations used, there are no effects on humans. Therefore, the studied plants and Formulas at identical concentration, 10 mg/ml would definitely show a higher inhibition effect than orlistat in reducing cholesterol and inhibiting lipase activity leading to an innovation for weight loss and high cholesterol treatments without any side effects.
... 75 Although not established, its fruit rind is considered to contain HCA, which might be the major active ingredient. 76 HCA is proposed to impede the process of fatty acid synthesis in the body and increase brain serotonin levels, leading to reduced appetite. [76][77][78] In contrast to the advertisements, there are many clinical trials of Garcinia cambogia showing the potential side effects from Garcinia cambogia extracts. ...
... 76 HCA is proposed to impede the process of fatty acid synthesis in the body and increase brain serotonin levels, leading to reduced appetite. [76][77][78] In contrast to the advertisements, there are many clinical trials of Garcinia cambogia showing the potential side effects from Garcinia cambogia extracts. The Food and Drug administration (FDA) has issued a warning against the use of weight-loss products containing Garcinia cambogia, as some patients that take it have developed serious liver problems. ...
The prevalence of obesity along with its related metabolic diseases has increased globally in recent decades. Obesity originates from a heterogeneous physiological state, which is further complicated by the influence of factors such as genetic, behavioural, and environmental. Lifestyle interventions including exercise and diet have limited success, necessitating the development of pharmacological approaches. Mechanistically, strategies target either reducing energy intake or increasing consumption through metabolism boosting. Current drugs lower energy intake via inducing satiety or inhibiting substrate absorption, while targeting mitochondria or cytosolic energy sensors has shown limited success due to toxicity. Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) has provided hope for activating these processes selectively without significant side effects. The internet-based marketing of plant-based formulations for enhancing metabolism has surged. This review compiles scientific articles, magazines, newspapers, and online resources on anti-obesity drug development. Combination therapy of metabolic boosters and established anti-obesity compounds appears to be a promising future approach that requires further research.
... In addition, molecules that inhibit or are a substrate of ACSVL1 may interfere with bempedoic acid activation and, thus, its activity. For instance, ACLY is inhibited by hydroxycitric acid present in Garcinia cambogia, a natural product utilized to reduce bodyweight and plasma cholesterol levels [25]. Thus, the addition of this nutraceutical product may potentially interfere with the activity of bempedoic acid and should be avoided. ...
Bempedoic acid is a new drug that improves the control of cholesterol levels, either as monotherapy or in combination with existing lipid-lowering therapies, and shows clinical efficacy in cardiovascular disease patients. Thus, patients with comorbidities and under multiple therapies may be eligible for bempedoic acid, thus facing the potential problem of drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Bempedoic acid is a prodrug administered orally at a fixed daily dose of 180 mg. The dicarboxylic acid is enzymatically activated by conjugation with coenzyme A (CoA) to form the pharmacologically active thioester (bempedoic acid–CoA). This process is catalyzed by very-long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSVL1), expressed almost exclusively at the hepatic level. Bempedoic acid–CoA is a potent and selective inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase (ACL), a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of cholesterol and fatty acids. The drug reduces low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (LDL-C) (20–25%), non-high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-C) (19%), apolipoprotein B (apoB) (15%), and total cholesterol (16%) in patients with hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. The drug has a favorable pharmacokinetics profile. Bempedoic acid and its metabolites are not substrates or inhibitors/inducers of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) involved in drug metabolism. On the other hand, bempedoic acid–glucuronide is a substrate for organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3). Bempedoic acid and its glucuronide are weak inhibitors of the OAT2, OAT3, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and 1B3 (OATP1B3). Thus, bempedoic acid could inhibit (perpetrator) the hepatic uptake of OATP1B1/3 substrate drugs and the renal elimination of OAT2 and OAT3 substrates and could suffer (victim) the effect of OAT3 transporter inhibitors, reducing its renal elimination. Based on these pharmacological characteristics, here, we describe the potential DDIs of bempedoic acid with concomitant medications and the possible clinical implications.
... In addition, HCA affects lipid metabolism as it decreases de novo lipogenesis by inhibiting ATP citrate lyase; the enzyme that catalyzes citrate cleavage into oxaloacetate and acetylcoenzyme-A, and increases fatty acid oxidation. Besides, HCA can reduce plasma insulin and leptin levels together with tissue glucose intake leading to increased energy expenditure [36]. ...
Background
Obesity and COVID-19 are at the top of nowadays health concerns with significant crosstalk between each other. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected healthy lifestyles and increased obesity prevalence. Thus, there was a surge in anti-obesity products (AOPs) intake. Herein, we evaluated how the pandemic has affected slimming products’ efficacy and safety in patients seeking weight reduction at an urban, weight management centre in Alexandria, Egypt. In addition, the effect of AOPs on COVID-19 infection severity was also appraised to detect whether AOPs can alter COVID-19 host cell entry and infective mechanisms, and thus, affect infection severity.
Methods
Patients were invited to complete an anonymous survey. The survey assessed self-reported changes in weight, the use of AOPs during the COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 infection severity, AOPs efficacy, and incidence of side effects. Inclusion criteria were obese patients above 18 years old who got infected by COVID-19 while receiving a single-ingredient AOP.
Results
A total of 462 participants completed our anonymous validated questionnaire. Most of the participants were females (450; 98.4%) with BMI ranging from 24.98–58.46. Eligible participants were only 234 and the top-administered products were orlistat, liraglutide, metformin, green tea, cinnamon, Garcinia cambogia, and Gymnema Sylvestre. In most cases, AOPs intake was beneficial for COVID-19 infection, and most patients experienced mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms. On the other hand, SARS-CoV-2 significantly interferes with AOPs’ mechanisms of action which positively or negatively influences their efficacy and side effects incidence due to predictable pharmacological link.
Conclusion
Concurrent AOPs intake with COVID-19 infection is a two-sided weapon; AOPs attenuate COVID-19 infection, while SARS-CoV-2 interferes with efficacy and side effects incidence of AOPs.
... The seeds are not utilized most cases. The sharp sour tasting fruit rind traditionally used as flavoring agent in rural part of southern India and also as remedy to digestive disorders and intestinal parasites, rheumatism, bowel complaints (Semwal et al 2015). Apart from rind seeds are also used for various traditional purposes viz. ...
The study conducted on seeds collected from nine distinct locations across the Uttara Kannada G. gummi-gutta district in Karnataka, a region situated within the central Western Ghats. The study employed the Soxhlet extraction method to determine the percentage of oil yield and utilized GC-MS analysis to assess the fatty acid composition. There were minimal statistical differences in seed characteristics and fatty acid profiles among the nine sites. The differences in oil yield across these sites did not demonstrate statistical significance. The study revealed highest of 46.64 percent oil yield from individual tree with an average of 39.32 percent overall. The seed oil extracted exhibited characteristics of being solid at room temperature and had an unpleasant flavour and fragrance, colours ranging from brown to creamy tones. GC-MS analysis identified the eight distinct fatty acids in the oil samples. Predominantly, oleic acid and stearic acid were found in all samples. Oleic acid ranged between 54.56 to 59.79 percent while stearic acid varied from 33.57 to 40.33 percent. The collective proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were at 60.15 percent and 39.85 percent, respectively.
... Sour G. gummi-gutta fruit rinds are traditionally used as fish preservatives, smoke dried rinds in "Colombo curing" (Pickling in brine solution) of fish (Sreenivasan and Venkataraman, 1959;Lewis and Neelakantan, 1965), in fish curries as flavoring agent among local communities. Used as traditional remedy to digestive disorders and intestinal parasites, rheumatism and bowel complaints (Semwal et al., 2015). The dried rind was used in gold and silver polishing, Acetic and formic acids substitute in rubber latex coagulation. ...
Garcinia gummi-gutta is an abundant wild tree species found in Western Ghat of India with vast ethnobotanical potential. Being underutilized and little reports on its utility in the literatures, especially from the study area. An effort was made to document the ethnobotanical knowledge of this species. The study was conducted at Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka – a part of central Western Ghat, India. Traditional knowledge of twenty-one randomly selected rural respondents was collected using semi-structured open-ended questionnaire, the data obtained was analysed and visualized into charts and graphs. Study revealed the use of G. gummi-gutta fruit rind and seed butter for both culinary and medicinal purposes, Fruit rind is used in preparation of non-vegetarian curries (fish curries etc.) and preparation of pickles. Seed butter is used in frying of edibles, lighting oil in lanterns in some cases and also used as moisturizer, treating cracks, rashes, burn wounds, sunstroke, dehydration and amashanke etc. It is also observed that 71.42 per cent of people don’t use rind for their household use. None of them found to produce the seed butter for the commercial purposes although 85.71 per cent people are aware of the process of butter extraction. The underutilized tree species (G. gummi-gutta) has many ethnobotanical benefits. Such uses can be commercialized, so that reliance on similar market alternatives can be minimized for example, the seed rich with seed oil can be used as potential feedstock in bio-diesel production and it in turn may help earn additional income for the rural communities and also help fight climate change by minimising the reliance on fossil fuels etc.
... The immense interest in this particular product is clearly demonstrated by the staggering number of over 11 million search results for "Garcinia cambogia" on Google®. Although weight-loss remains a trending topic, the discussion surrounding this product has been extensive [8]. ...
It is crucial that we incorporate nutritious and medically significant components into our daily dietary intake during this modern era. One such medicinal plant that fits this description is Garcinia cambogia which is Also known as Malabar Tamarind. This plant is native to Asia and belongs to the Clusiaceae family, which is known for its medicinal properties. The Malabar Tamarind can be utilized in the form of a paste as a food preservative, tendering agent, flavoring agent, or food bulking agent for culinary purposes. The sensory acceptability of Malabar Tamarind paste is a crucial factor in its daily consumption. This study focused on the development and sensory acceptability of processed Malabar Tamarind paste. Malabar Tamarind is rich in antioxidant properties, which help boost immunity and promote good health. The research involved the formulation of the culinary paste, employing dried Malabar Tamarind rinds. The paste was 575 evaluated through a recipe of 'Rasam' by a panel of 30 members using a hedonic scale test. The results showed that the paste was more distinguishable in terms of appearance, aroma, and mouthfeel rather than flavor and aftertaste. The paste had a dark brown to black color. These findings suggest that the paste made with Malabar Tamarind is a suitable alternative for culinary purposes, as it can replace Tamarind as a souring and tenderizing agent.
... Further, Acox1 is an essential enzyme that initiates the peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation pathway and is critical for maintaining lipid homeostasis [12]. Cpt2, an enzyme stimulating the beta-oxidation of long-chain mitochondrial fatty acids to acetyl-coenzyme A, plays a crucial role in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and triglycerides [13,48]. Glycerol release by adipose tissue serves as a prominent indicator of TG hydrolysis [49], and quantifying triglyceride and glycerol contents can be used to indicate the metabolic status of cells undergoing adipogenic differentiation [50]. ...
... Organoleptic evaluation of selected Medicinal herbs used in the treatment of Diabetes[9][10][11] . ...
... The oral doses of YC-1102 were selected based on the preliminary animal study and the NOEAL (no-observed-adverse-effect level, 5000 mg/kg/day) in a 90-day repeated oral toxicity study. We also chose the doses of HCA and Cissus based on previous report [24] and human equivalent dose conversion. HCA and Cissus, provided by YuhanCare Co., Ltd. ...
Obesity is one of the major risk factors for metabolic diseases worldwide. This study examined the effects of YC-1102, an extract derived from the roots of Rosa multiflora, on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. In vivo experiments involved the oral administration of YC-1102 (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg body weight) daily to mice for eight weeks. YC-1102 was found to downregulate the expressions of PPARγ and C/EBPα during adipogenesis, inhibiting adipocyte differentiation and upregulating the expression of PGC-1α for energy metabolism to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. It has been shown that daily administration of YC-1102 to mice receiving a HFD prevented an increase in body weight and the accumulation of body fat. YC-1102 administration also reduced TG, TC, and LDL cholesterol levels, as well as glucose and leptin levels, and increased adiponectin levels, thus effectively inhibiting the metabolism of lipids. YC-1102-treated mice showed significant reductions in the mRNA expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα. The levels of PGC-1α involved in energy metabolism increased significantly in the YC-1102-treated mice when compared to the HFD-treated mice. According to the findings of this study, YC-1102 has a dual mechanism that reduces transcription factors that promote the differentiation of adipocytes and increases transcription factors that promote energy consumption.
... Therefore, there is a need for effective and safe anti-obesity agents to treat obesity. Recently, food-and plant-derived bioactive ingredients, such as hydroxycitric acid [9,10] and catechin [11,12], have been explored and developed as effective and safe anti-obesity agents. ...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
The fruit of Cydonia oblonga Miller (COM) is used traditionally in Mediterranean region medicine to prevent or treat obesity, but its mechanism of action is still unclear. Beyond a demonstrated anti-obesity effect, the fruit was tested for the mechanism of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
MATERIALS/METHODS
3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured for 8 days with COM fruit extract (COME) at different concentrations (0–600 µg/mL) with adipocyte differentiation medium. The cell viability was measured using an MTT assay; triglyceride (TG) was stained with Oil Red O. The expression levels of the adipogenesis-related genes and protein expression were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively.
RESULTS
COME inhibited intracellular TG accumulation during adipogenesis. A COME treatment in 3T3-L1 cells induced upregulation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α phosphorylation and downregulation of the adipogenic transcription factors, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α. The COME treatment reduced the mRNA expression of fatty acyl synthetase, adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase, adipocyte protein 2, and lipoprotein lipase. It increased the mRNA expression of hormone-sensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in 3T3-L1 cells.
CONCLUSIONS
COME inhibits adipogenesis via the AMPK signaling pathways. COME may be used to prevent and treat obesity.
... GC has long been used for the treatment of intestinal parasites, bowel deregulation and rheumatism, however, recently it has gained popularity owing to its weight reducing effect. 8 The active agent in GC organic extract is hydroxyl citric acid which has hypo-lipidemic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antihelminthic and anti-cholinesterase activity both in vivo and in vitro models. 9 It has been investigated that hydroxycitric acid reduces the body fat by promoting lipolysis, proteinogenesis at hepatic level and ATP consumption by raising the metabolic rate. ...
p> Background and Objective: Obesity is the adverse outcome of modern living which has affected both the physical and mental health. Slim Smart and Ultra Slim Plus are the most frequently purchased over the counter products by desperate obese persons in Pakistan having Garcinia cambogia (GC) as the main active ingredient. This study is conducted to determine the effect of GC containing Slim Smart and Ultra Slim Plus drugs on the morphology of hepatocytes in male albino mice.
Methods: Ninety albino mice were divided into control group A, experimental groups B and C receiving Slim Smart and Ultra Slim Smart respectively. Each group was further divided into subgroup I and II and the drug was administered to experimental groups for 4 and 8 weeks respectively via oral gavage. After the completion of experiment, histological examination of liver was conducted.
Results: Marked enlargement of hepatocytes was observed in experimental groups B and C (both I & II) along with ballooning degeneration and fatty change in the cytoplasm.
Conclusion: Both Slim Smart and Ultra Slim Plus has hepatotoxic effects resulting in increase in hepatocyte size, ballooning degeneration and fatty change in liver cells. </p
... G. cambogia has been used for centuries as an appetite suppressant [5]. The main contributing component is (-)-hydroxycytric acid (HCA). ...
This case describes a 56-year-old man with a past medical history including sickle cell trait requiring blood transfusions, who presented to the emergency department (ED) with generalized weakness and fatigue following Garcinia cambogia supplementation. Initial laboratory abnormalities included: aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) 4,222 U/L and 4,664 U/L respectively, alkaline phosphatase 215 U/L, international normalized ratio (INR) 3.2, and his model for end-stage liver disease was 37. Creatinine, hemoglobin and hematocrit, and ferritin levels were all elevated. The differential diagnosis for his acute illness was broad ranging from hemochromatosis, anabolic steroid use, and portal venous thrombosis. The patient was started on N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and his liver function improved. He was discharged on hospital day 10 and instructed to discontinue his supplements and follow up for repeat blood work. This case explores the critical management of G. cambogia toxicity. The patient explored G. cambogia as an herbal supplementation resulting in weight loss, worsening generalized fatigue, and fulminant hepatic failure.
... It is used in traditional medicines and is a rich source of hydroxy citric acid (HCA), a much valued antiobesity phytochemical. The phytochemical studies revealed that the fruit also contain xanthones, benzophenones and amino acids with high antioxidant potential (Semwal et al, 2015). The sour taste due to high organic acid content of Garcinia gummi-gutta fruits is a limiting factor for the development of value added processed products. ...
... Mangosteen tree is evergreen, slow growing, erect, with a py ramidal crown and flowers are born in clusters of 3-9 at branch tips. The hull of Garcinia mangostana has free radicle radical scavenging activity which makes it suitable for used as foodstuff as well as traditional medicine (Yu et al., 2007) [15] . ...
... On the other hand, hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is one of the key bioactive chemicals in Garcinia cambogia, and its anti-obesity effect has been explained unclearly for the last decades; thus, Garcinia cambogia has been widely added as a main raw material for anti-obesity functional foods [43]. In a previous study performed by another research group, it was confirmed that the administration of Garcinia cambogia powder (1%, w/w, 60% HCA) had an effect on inhibiting fat accumulation without toxicity [44,45]. For the above reasons, Garcinia cambogia was chosen as a positive control of anti-obesity efficacy for comparison with SPY. ...
In this research, the potential anti-obesity efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus BST-L.601 and its fermented product (named SPY) with mashed sweet potato paste were investigated using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HD)-induced obese mice. SPY (0–0.5 mg/mL) dose-dependently and significantly reduced lipid accumulation and TG content and the expression of adipogenic markers (C/EBPα, PPAR-γ, and aP2) and fatty acid synthetic pathway proteins (ACC and FAS) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, demonstrating that SPY suppresses adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. Oral administration of SPY (4 × 107 CFU/kg body weight) to HD-induced obese mice for 12 weeks significantly reduced the body and liver weight, the size of adipocytes, and the weight of epididymal, visceral, and subcutaneous fat tissues. SPY was more effective in decreasing body weight gain in HD mice than in treatment with BST-L.601 alone. Administration of SPY or BST-L.601 also reduced the serum level of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and leptin secretion at a similar level. These results revealed that both SPY and BST-L.601 effectively suppress HD-induced adipogenesis and lipogenesis, suggesting that these materials would be useful in the functional foods industry to ameliorate and/or prevent obesity.
... We have every reason to believe that these behavioral abnormalities were caused by the toxicity of the hydroxycitric acid, as we observed animal mortality of 26% during hydroxycitric acid treatment (Fig. 1) and a sharp decrease in food intake in the first days of treatment (Fig. 2). These findings are surprising since hydroxycitric acid (Garcinia cambogia extract) is a widely used dietary supplement for weight loss [48]. Nevertheless, there are clinical cases when Garcinia cambogia extract use was associated with acute liver failure [49,50]. ...
Mitochondrial dysfunction in the ischemic brain is one of the hallmarks of stroke. Dietary interventions such as the ketogenic diet and hydroxycitric acid supplementation (a caloric restriction mimetic) may potentially protect neurons from mitochondrial damage induced by focal stroke in mice. We showed that in control mice, the ketogenic diet and the hydroxycitric acid did not impact significantly on the mtDNA integrity and expression of genes involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial quality control in the brain, liver, and kidney. The ketogenic diet changed the bacterial composition of the gut microbiome, which via the gut-brain axis may affect the increase in anxiety behavior and reduce mice mobility. The hydroxycitric acid causes mortality and suppresses mitochondrial biogenesis in the liver. Focal stroke modelling caused a significant decrease in the mtDNA copy number in both ipsilateral and contralateral brain cortex and increased the levels of mtDNA damage in the ipsilateral hemisphere. These alterations were accompanied by a decrease in the expression of some of the genes involved in maintaining mitochondrial quality control. The ketogenic diet consumption before stroke protects mtDNA in the ipsilateral cortex, probably via activation of the Nrf2 signaling. The hydroxycitric acid, on the contrary, increased stroke-induced injury. Thus, the ketogenic diet is the most preferred variant of dietetic intervention for stroke protection compared with the hydroxycitric acid supplementation. Our data confirm some reports about hydroxycitric acid toxicity, not only for the liver but also for the brain under stroke condition.
Glycosides are one of the important constituents in medicinal plants worldwide. According to chemical classification, Glycosides are having different types like Anthraquinones, Saponins, Flavonoids, Flavonols, Coumarins, Furanocoumarins, etc. Various plants like Digitalis, Thevetia, Senna, Senega, Brahmi, Rhuberb, Aloe, Cascara, etc fall into this category. Glycosides are basically used Purgative, Cardiotonic, anti-depressant, coloring agent, diuretic, flavoring agent, antifungal, antidiabetic, antipyretic, stomachic, anthelmintic, antirheumatic agent, etc. Different parts of these plants like rhizomes, seeds, bark, leaves, etc are used as the potent sources of glycosides. These plants are grown in worldwide. In this review article, we focussed that the basic introduction and importance of glycosides, classification, their tests, distribution of different plants and their significance.
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are those that affect the digestive tract. This may include sections from the esophagus to the rectum and the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas digestive organs. Gastrointestinal diseases may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. Natural products show the potential ability to treat the causes and decrease the GI tract production systems. This chapter is to present some of the medicinal plants that are used to treat and minimize signals of GI disease pathogenesis.
In the past, the extreme sourness of the Garcinia gummi-gutta fruit
rind, which is also called Garcinia cambogia (syn.), was often
utilized as a flavoring agent in fish curries. Other traditional uses in
the field of ethno-medicine include the treatment of eradication of
bowel problems, the digestive problems, rheumatism, and the intestinal
parasites. This little fruit, which looks quite similar to a pumpkin, is
commonly advertised and utilized as a technique of reducing extra
pounds in today’s society. In animal trials, it was revealed that both the
extracts and the major organic acid contained in the fruit rind, called (-)-
hydroxycitric acid, had anti-obese properties. These effects include a
reduction in food consumptions and body fat growth through changes in
the levels of satiety-related serotonin. Additionally, there is an increase in the
amount of fat that is oxidized, and there is a decrease in the amount of de
novo lipogenesis that takes place. The enzyme adenosine triphosphate-citrate
lyase, which is essential for the synthesis of triglycerides, cholesterol,
and fatty acids, is effectively inhibited by (-)-hydroxycitric acid.
This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of citrate to acetyl-coenzyme A and is responsible for the essential step of converting citrate to acetylcoenzyme
A. In in vivo and in vitro models, the crude extract or components
of the plant demonstrated anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anthelmintic,
anticancer, hepatoprotective, and anticholinesterase actions. Other benefits
include lowering blood sugar and cholesterol levels, and protecting the liver.
In this chapter, a complete scientific assessment of Garcinia gummi-gutta is
provided with special focus dedicated to the plant’s phytochemistry, ethnobotanical
uses, pharmacological uses, and toxicity.
Lipolysis is the hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs), commonly known as fats. Intracellular lipolysis of TG is associated with adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which provides fatty acids during times of metabolic need. The aim of this study was to determine whether Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf (Coix) sprouts (CS) can alleviate obesity through lipolysis. Overall, we investigated the potential of CS under in vitro and in vivo conditions and confirmed the underlying mechanisms. Huh7 cells were exposed to free fatty acids (FFAs), and C57BL/6J mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet. When FFA were introduced into Huh7 cells, the intracellular TG levels increased within the Huh7 cells. However, CS treatment significantly reduced intracellular TG levels. Furthermore, CS decreased the expression of Pparγ and Srebp1c mRNA and downregulated the mutant Pnpla3 (I148M) mRNA. Notably, CS significantly upregulated ATGL expression. CS treatment at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day resulted in a significant and dose-dependent decrease in body weight gain and epididymal adipose tissue weight. Specifically, the group treated with CS (200 mg/kg/day) exhibited a significant modulation of serum lipid biomarkers. In addition, CS ameliorated histological alterations in both the liver and adipose tissues. In summary, CS efficiently inhibited lipid accumulation through the activation of the lipolytic enzyme ATGL coupled with the suppression of enzymes involved in TG synthesis. Consequently, CS show promise as a potential anti-obesity agent.
The world’s fruit biodiversity is enormous in terms of genetics, species, and ecosystem. America grows about 1000 species of fruits, 500 are found in Asia, 1200 are grown in Africa, and 300 are seen in India. Fruit species show high adaptability to various environmental conditions and variable cropping systems. The need for fruits increases year by year due to an increase in public awareness of the nutrition importance, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in people’s lifestyles from consuming lots of carbohydrates to consuming more fruits and vegetables also increase the demand for fruits. Fruit species and varieties have high variation of nutrients and phytochemicals. Fruits are low in calories and fat and a great source of sugars, fiber, and micronutrients, which are essential for our health. This diversity contributes to food security, global health, and nutrition security. Their utilization is influenced by traditional knowledge and culture of local communities. This chapter describes the potential contribution of eight fruit species and their wild relatives, namely durian (Durio sp.), rambutan (Nephelium sp.), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), dragon fruit (Hylocereus sp.), salacca (Salacca sp.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), pineapple (Ananas sp.), and mango (Mangifera sp.) for food and nutritional security. The information provided is about their origin, existence, distribution, nutritional and phytochemical compounds, and medicinal potential. Currently, fruit biodiversity is threatened by rapid genetic erosion because of habitat destruction, uncontrolled exploitation, and climate change. Some of the fruit species have not been identified, poorly maintained, and undocumented, which can lead to extinction. Conservation and sustainable use activities could be protected from being threatened.
Objetivo: Analisar os riscos e efeitos adversos associados a suplementos alimentares e medicamentos comumente utilizados para perda de peso. Materiais e Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão abrangente da literatura científica, incluindo artigos, revisões sistemáticas e diretrizes de organizações de saúde, através de bases de dados como PubMed, ScienceDirect e Google Scholar. Não foram estabelecidos critérios temporais rígidos, priorizando-se a relevância e atualidade das informações. Resultados: Suplementos Alimentares: Termogênicos como cafeína e extrato de chá verde mostraram efeitos adversos, incluindo problemas cardiovasculares e hepáticos. Outros, como o Ácido Linoleico Conjugado (CLA) e fibras solúveis, apresentaram resultados mistos em termos de eficácia e segurança. Medicamentos: Fármacos como Orlistat, Liraglutida e Semaglutida demonstraram eficácia na perda de peso, mas acompanhados de efeitos colaterais, incluindo desconforto gastrointestinal, risco de pancreatite e, em alguns casos, problemas cardiovasculares. Discussão: A eficácia e segurança dos suplementos e medicamentos para emagrecimento variam. Enquanto alguns podem oferecer benefícios, outros apresentam riscos significativos. A individualização do tratamento e a supervisão médica são cruciais. Conclusão: A seleção de métodos para perda de peso deve ser cuidadosa, com ênfase na consulta e acompanhamento por profissionais de saúde. Embora existam opções eficazes, a avaliação dos riscos e benefícios é essencial para um tratamento seguro e efetivo.
Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a prevalent occurrence in various pulmonary diseases and surgical procedures, including lung resections and transplantation. LIRI can result in systemic hypoxemia and multi-organ failure. Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), the primary acid present in the peel of Garcinia cambogia, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. However, the effects of HCA on LIRI remain unknown. To investigate the impact of HCA on LIRI in mice, the mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, the I/R model group, and the I/R + low- or high-dose HCA groups. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were subjected to hypoxia for 12 h followed by reoxygenation for 6 h to simulate in vitro LIRI. The results demonstrated that administration of HCA effectively attenuated lung injury, inflammation, and edema induced by ischemia reperfusion. Moreover, HCA treatment significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels while decreasing iron content and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels after ischemia-reperfusion insult. Mechanistically, HCA administration significantly inhibited Hif-1α and HO-1 upregulation both in vivo and in vitro. We found that HCA could also alleviate endothelial barrier damage in H/R-induced HUVECs in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, overexpression of Hif-1α counteracted HCA-mediated inhibition of H/R-induced endothelial cell ferroptosis. In summary, these results indicate that HCA alleviated LIRI by inhibiting oxidative stress and ferroptosis through the Hif-1α pathway.
Garcinia merupakan tanaman khas daerah tropis yang memiliki banyak manfaat. Manfaat ini telah diperoleh dari pengalaman empiris masyarakat setempat yang telah menggunakan buahnya sebagai makanan dalam bentuk buah-buahan, bumbu dapur, maupun sebagai obat untuk penyakit-penyakit tertentu. Penelitian terhadap kandungan senyawa kimia dari tanaman tersebut telah banyak dilakukan. Bahkan, beberapa komposisi maupun formulasinya telah menghasilkan paten, dan produknya telah banyak beredar di pasaran. Untuk menghasilkan paten yang dimulai dari penelitian memerlukan waktu yang cukup panjang.
Asam gelugur fruit has economic value. The government’s reforestation program empowers farmers through planting asam gelugur seeds at 3 altitudes, The problem is that not all of asam gelugur trees produce fruit. Characterization of morphology needs to be carried out to obtain basic data for selecting prospective mother trees as a source of seed supply that guarantees reforestation trees bear fruit. This study aims to characterize the morphology of asam gelugur based on classification of local wisdom of farmers of North Sumatra, namely classifying Asam gelugur based on the success or failure of the pollination process followed by the formation of fruit at 3 altitudes. This study was conducted in three altitudes: lowlands 1-<400 m above sea level (asl), medium (400- < 800 m asl and highlands (800- 1300 mdpl), exploration using survey method with IPGRI Descriptor guide and purposively sampling. The results found three types of asam gelugur in North Sumatra: Female, Male and Shemale (muzzy) at the three altitudes. There is no effect of altitude on the morphological characters of the three types of asam gelugur, except for the sharpness of the leaves color of the shoots.People namely Female asam gelugur tree, if pollination is successful and produces fruit. the tree routinely produces fruit. The name of a tree that has never been successfully pollinated and never bears fruit is called a male tree.The shemale tree is called a tree whose pollination occurs sometimes successfully. There were five striking differences in the characteristics of the three types asam gelugur based on local wisdom. The different characteristics were the Character shape (canopy), the petal’s color, the shape fruit, the Color of the young leaves, and the thickness of the leaves.
Overweight and obesity prevalence has increased worldwide. Apart from conventional approaches, people also resort to botanical supplements for reducing body weight, although several adverse events have been associated with these products. In this context, the present study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of Garcinia cambogia-based products and shedding light on the mechanisms involved. The suspected hepatotoxic reactions related to G. cambogia-containing products collected within the Italian Phytovigilance System (IPS) were examined. Then, an in vitro study was performed to evaluate the possible mechanisms responsible for the liver toxicity, focusing on the modulation of oxidative stress and Nrf2 expression. From March 2002 to March 2022, the IPS collected eight reports of hepatic adverse reactions related to G. cambogia, which exclusively involved women and were mostly severe. The causality assessment was probable in three cases, while it was possible in five. In the in vitro experiments, a low cytotoxicity of G. cambogia was observed. However, its combination with montelukast greatly reduced cell viability, increased the intracellular ROS levels, and affected the cytoplasmic Nrf2 expression, thus suggesting an impairment of the antioxidant and cytoprotective defenses. Overall, our results support the safety concerns about G. cambogia-containing supplements and shed light on the possible mechanisms underpinning its hepatotoxicity.
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are those that affect the digestive tract. This may include sections from the esophagus to the rectum and the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, associated digestive organs. Gastrointestinal diseases may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. Natural products show the potential ability to treat the causes and decrease the GI tract production systems. This chapter presents some of the medicinal plants that are used to treat and minimize signals of GI disease pathogenesis.
Novel in situ gelling liquid formulations incorporating garcinia extract were developed to achieve prolonged delivery of hydroxycitric acid (HCA), an active compound displaying anti-obesity function, following oral administration. The optimized formulation was composed of sodium alginate (1.5% w/v), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100) (0.25% w/v), calcium carbonate (1% w/v) and garcinia extract (2% w/v). The formulation displayed rapid gelation in less than a minute on exposure to 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (pH 1.2) and remained afloat for more than 24 h. The formulations were capable of gradually releasing more than 80% of HCA load over 8 h, depending on the composition. The resulting gels exhibited high values of gel strength by texture analysis, suggesting they would offer resistance to breakdown under the action of stomach content movement. The optimized formulation loaded garcinia extract significantly reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells and displayed moderate anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. These findings demonstrate that oral in situ gelling liquid formulations based on sodium alginate and HPMC K100 offer much potential for sustained delivery of HCA and other anti-obesity compounds.
Background
The present study formulates and evaluates a polyberry gel comprising extracts of cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) and brindle berry ( Garcinia cambogia ) in patients suffering from chronic periodontitis.
Materials and Methods
The polyberry gel was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, in vitro permeability and stability, and the active phytoconstituents were quantified by High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Total phenolic content, total antioxidants, and ascorbic acid were estimated in the two extracts by in vitro assays. Patients suffering from chronic periodontitis with probing pocket depth (PPD) up to 5 mm were divided into 3 groups of 21 patients each and treated with scaling and root planing (SRP) or SRP followed by subgingival placement of polyberry gel or tetracycline fibers (standard). Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), PPD, Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), and the salivary aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were recorded at baseline and after 1 month.
Results
A significant ( P < 0.01) reduction in the periodontic disease parameters was observed in the standard and gel-treated groups between their baseline and 1-month time-interval readings. The polyberry gel treatment significantly ( P < 0.05 for AST and P < 0.01 for the rest) attenuated the periodontitis-elevated PI, GI PPD, CAL, AST and CRP levels when compared with SRP at the end of the study and was comparable with tetracycline.
Conclusion
The amelioration of periodontitis and gingival inflammation may be attributed to the potent antioxidant activity of the polyphenolic phytoconstituents of the gel. The polyberry gel may thus be used as a safe adjunct to SRP/tetracycline in chronic periodontitis.
Garcinia cambogia, a weight control herbal, can cause mild liver toxicity with nonspecific histologic changes. Herein, we reported a case of herbal-induced fulminant cholestatic giant cell hepatitis due to garcinia cambogia use. A 65-year-old woman with breast cancer treated 18 years earlier was admitted for obstructive jaundice for 2 weeks. She started using garcinia cambogia 3 months ago for weight loss. Physical exam showed scleral icterus. Serum studies excluded Wilson's disease, systemic infection including COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), autoimmune hepatitis, and metabolic or toxicologic causes. An urgent liver biopsy showed severe giant cell hepatitis in absence of HSV-1/2, cytomegalovirus, HBsAg and HBcAg (immunostain), and EBV (in situ hybridization). Despite supportive therapy, the patient developed grade 2-3 hepatic encephalopathy and necessitated liver transplant. The explanted liver was markedly atrophy, in which the most striking histologic finding was diffuse distribution of multinucleated giant hepatocytes with syncytial pattern in a background of extensive zone-1 accentuated, geographic, hemorrhagic, confluent hepatocytic necrosis, along with remarkable hepatocytic and canalicular cholestasis. Marked hepatocellular and sinusoidal iron orverload present. The patient recovered uneventfully.
Based on their current wide bioavailability, botanical dietary supplements have become an important component of the United States healthcare system, although most of these products have limited scientific evidence for their use. The most recent American Botanical Council Market Report estimated for 2020 a 17.3% increase in sales of these products when compared to 2019, for a total sales volume of $11,261 billion. The use of botanical dietary supplements products in the United States is guided by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) from 1994, enacted by the U.S. Congress with the aim of providing more information to consumers and to facilitate access to a larger number of botanical dietary supplements available on the market than previously. Botanical dietary supplements may be formulated for and use only using crude plant samples (e.g., plant parts such as the bark, leaves, or roots) that can be processed by grinding into a dried powder. Plant parts can also be extracted with hot water to form an “herbal tea.” Other preparations of botanical dietary supplements include capsules, essential oils, gummies, powders, tablets, and tinctures. Overall, botanical dietary supplements contain bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemotypes that typically are found at low concentration levels. These bioactive constituents usually occur in combination with inactive molecules that may induce synergy and potentiation of the effects observed when botanical dietary supplements are taken in their different forms. Most of the botanical dietary supplements available on the U.S. market have been used previously as herbal remedies or as part of traditional medicine systems from around the world. Their prior use in these systems also provides a certain level of assurance in regard to lower toxicity levels. This chapter will focus on the importance and diversity of the chemical features of bioactive secondary metabolites found in botanical dietary supplements that are responsible for their applications. Many of the active principles of botanical dietary substances are phenolics and isoprenoids, but glycosides and some alkaloids are also present. Biological studies on the active constituents of selected botanical dietary supplements will be discussed. Thus, the present chapter should be of interest for both members of the natural products scientific community, who may be performing development studies of the products available, as well as for healthcare professionals who are directly involved in the analysis of botanical interactions and evaluation of the suitability of botanical dietary supplements for human consumption.KeywordsBlack cohoshBotanical dietary supplementsAcaiCranberryDSHEA
Echinacea
Herbal medicineChemical constituentsBiological activities
Kidney stone is a urinary system disease with a high incidence, and effective stone drugs are limited. Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), mainly found in Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus sabdariffa, can reduce body weight and calcium salt deposition. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms of HCA inhibition of renal calcium oxalate (CaOx) deposition and nephrotoxicity in an oxalate-induced cell model and rat model. HCA could effectively inhibit CaOx crystal deposition and reduce crystal adhesion and oxidative damage. Further cellular transcriptomic analysis and in vitro results showed that HCA could stably bind peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), thus promoting the expression of downstream oxidative stress molecules and inhibiting calcium ion release and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus reducing oxalate-induced renal lipid peroxidation damage. HCA, a drug with the ability to modulate lipid metabolism and inhibit CaOx formation, may be a therapeutic option for the treatment of oxalate nephropathies.
In China, the endemic species Garcinia yunnanensis and native Garcinia xanthochymus are known as edible and medicinal plants. However, a systematic metabolomic and bioactivity evaluation of different plant parts from both species is lacking. In this study, comprehensive investigations of 11 plant parts of G. yunnanensis and 10 of G. xanthochymus employing UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MSE-based metabolomic analysis in conjunction with three bioactivity assays were undertaken. A customized chemotaxonomic-based in-house library containing 6456 compounds was constructed and coupled to the Progenesis QI informatic platform for metabolite annotations. From these two species, a total of 235 constituents were characterized using multiple criteria. Differences in metabolite profiles between the plant parts within each species were uncovered using multivariate analysis. Based on orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), 23 markers were identified as highly differential metabolites from G. xanthochymus and 20 from G. yunnanensis. Comparative assessment of the biological assays revealed the activity variations among different plant parts. The seeds of both species and G. yunnanensis latex exhibited excellent cytotoxic and antibacterial activities, while G. xanthochymus roots and G. yunnanensis arils showed strong anti-inflammatory effects. S-plot analysis identified 26 potential biomarkers for the observed activities, including the known cytotoxic agent cycloxanthochymol and the anti-inflammatory compound garcimultiflorone B, which likely explains some of the potent observed bioactivity.
In the present study Antichol, a polyherbal formulation was evaluated for its antihypercholesterolemic activity against cholesterol cocktail induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Antichol, at an oral dose of 0.25 and 1.25 mg/kg, significantly prevented the cholesterol cocktail induced changes in the serum glucose, lipid profile (triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol) and ALP levels (p<;0.05). In addition, it also significantly prevented the cholesterol induced fatty degeneration of the liver and changes in the liver antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH and catalase). Based on the above results it may be concluded that, the polyherbal formulation, Antichol, shows a significant protection against cholesterol cocktail induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. The above activity of Antichol may be attributed to its beneficial effects on the in vivo antioxidant system.
Many plants had been used as raw materials in drug development. One of them is a tropical plant native to Southeast Asia, named Garcinia cambogia. The extract obtained from Garcinia cambogia fruits presents hypolipidemic properties, which arise from its high flavonoid content. The aim of the study was to validate the ability of HCA-containing Garcinia cambogia extract and flavonoids on cardiac lipid and protein metabolism in old and obese rats fed high lipid diet. Thirty female, one-year-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used and separated into three equal groups. Group 1 (control group) was fed basal diet, while the diets of both group 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil and cholesterol (3%). 4.5% Garcinia cambogia extract was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. At the end of 75 days trial period, heart samples of all animals were promptly excised and homogenized. Cardiac total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were determined in post-mitochondrial fractions of the samples. The administration of diets containing vegetable oil (10%) and cholesterol (1.5%) in high levels in group 2 caused an insignificant increase in triglyceride and cholesterol levels of heart compared with control group. Also feeding with 4.5% Garcinia cambogia extract added to the diet and starting on day 45 caused an insignificant decrease in triglyceride and cholesterol levels in group 3 compared with group 2. Levels of cardiac total protein showed no significances between groups. All these findings suggest that there is a suppressive effect of HCA-containing Garcinia cambogia extract on cardiac lipid and protein metabolism in rats fed high lipid diet. According to these results, Garcinia cambogia can be recommended as a therapeutic agent against coronary heart disease by reducing cardiac triglyceride and cholesterol levels.
Despite many herbs having both antidiabetic as well as antiobesity activity; there is no marketed polyherbal formulation for obesity associated diabetes. In light of this, polyherbal preparation for obesity associated diabetes containing Gymnema sylvestre R., Garcinia Cambogia, Lagerstromia speciosa L., was investigated in normal and obese streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Effect of oral administration of polyherbal formulation (412, 825 and 1625 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days on the level of serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, serum LDL, serum HDL, serum VLDL levels and body weight in obese diabetic rats were evaluated. Administration of the formulation for 21 days significantly decreased serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL levels and body weight and increased the HDL level. A comparison was made between the action of polyherbal formulation and glibenclamide (4 mg/kg), the standard antidiabetic drug, sibutramine (5mg/kg), the standard antiobesity drug. The antidiabetic and antiobesity effect of the formulation was found to be nearly similar to that observed for glibenclamide and sibutramine respectively. It ican be concluded that, the formulation should be considered as an excellent candidate for future studies of obesity associated diabetes.
The aim of the study was to investigate the preventive effects of dietary Garcinia cambogia extract on lipid metabolism and serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyle transferase (GGT) in rats fed high-lipid diet. Thirty female, one-year-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used and separated into three equal groups. Group 1 (control group) was fed basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol), while the diets of both group 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid and 5% hydrogenated vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3%). 4.5% (w/w) Garcinia cambogia extract was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. Blood samples were withdrawn from all rats on days 0, 45 and 75. Serum levels of total protein, LDL-cholesterol and phospholipid were lower in the control group than in the other two groups, and there were no significant differences between these two experimental groups at the end of the study (P<0.05). Serum triglyceride concentrations rose significantly in the Garcinia cambogia- supplemented group (group 3). HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly different between the three groups (P<0.05). The highest levels were in the control group. Serum ALT activities were not significantly different between the groups at the end of the study. Serum AST and GGT activities were significantly lower in the groups 2 and 3 than those in the controls, respectively. Fat feeding caused rising lipid indices in serum, while Garcinia cambogia supplementation to the fatty diet failed to decrease the rise in serum lipid indices in the present dose. The higher doses of Garcinia cambogia extract should be investigated.
The aim of the study was to investigate the improving effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on performance metrics, and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in rats fed with atherogenic diet. Thirty, one-year-old, female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of ten animals each. Control group was fed with basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol), while the diets of groups 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid- and 5% hydrogenated-vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3%). 4.5% Garcinia cambogia was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. Performance metrics were significantly lower in group 3 than the other groups. Serum NEFA levels were significantly higher in group 3 than the control group on day 45, and in group 3 compared with the other groups on day 75. Serum CRP levels were not significantly different among all groups in all days. In conclusion, the reduced performance metrics indicate that supplementation with Garcinia cambogia extract is a novel therapeutic tool for weight management. Also, this study indicates that large doses of Garcinia cambogia can lead to a substantial increase in serum NEFA concentrations which may be due to the increased fat degradation.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the antiobesity agent Garcinia cambogia extract, on serum lipoprotein (a), apolipoproteins A1 (apo A1) and B (apo B), and total cholesterol levels in atherogenic diet fed rats. Thirty female, one year old Sprague-Dawley rats were separated to three equal groups. Group 1 (control group) was fed basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol). The diets of Groups 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid and 5% hydrogenated) and cholesterol (3%) in high levels. 4.5% (w/w) Garcinia cambogia extract was added to the diet of Group 3 after Day 45 up until the end of trial period. Blood samples were withdrawn on Days 0, 45 and 75. Serum lipoprotein (a), apo B, apo A1 and total cholesterol levels were determined by colorimetric methods. Serum lipoprotein (a) and apolipoprotein B levels were not significantly different between groups throughout the study. Serum apo A1 levels increased (P<0.05) towards the end of the study in Groups 2 and 3. Serum total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in Groups 2 and 3 than in the control group on Days 45 and 75. Garcinia cambogia extract did not ave any significant effect on the analysed indices. The rising in serum apo A1 levels in Groups 2 and 3 was surprising, ince apo A1 is a primary protein of high density lipoprotein and is protector from atherosclerosis. In conclusion, a %65 HCA containing diet was insufficient to lower atherosclerotic lipoprotein levels. Therefore, a higher dose of Garciniacambogia extract should be experienced in future studies.
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers (Menispermaceae) has long been used for the treatment of asthma, tuberculosis, dysentery, hyperglycaemia, cancer, fever, intestinal complaints, sleep disturbances and inflammation in many Asian countries. It mainly contains alkaloids and, until now, over 30 alkaloids such as bisbenzylisoquinolines, hasubanalactams, berberines and aporphines have been isolated from its tuber. Most of its traditional medicinal activities are scientifically approved by various in vitro and in vivo studies. It shows remarkable anti-psychotic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial and anti-hypertensive activities. This work includes comprehensive information on the ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of S. glabra. This review also focuses on the future perspectives with main emphasis on the establishment of therapeutic index and safety index of the plant. This review concludes that S. glabra has a great potential to treat various diseases, and could be used as a source for novel healthcare products in the near future, which needs further studies.
Obesity, the leading metabolic disease, is a prevalent health problem in industrialized countries and is closely associated with coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and even cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of dip-sauce for meat containing Garcinia cambogia extract (GC) on the lipid accumulation and body weight reduction in rats fed high-fat diet for three months. Eighteen Sprague Dawley male rats of five-week-old were randomly assigned to one of three groups; normal chew diet (NCD) group, high-fat diet plus GC-noncontaining dip-sauce (HFD) group, and HFD plus GC-containing dip-sauce (HFD+GC) group. Co-administration of GC-containing dip-sauce (5 g/kg body weight/day) with HFD significantly attenuated cumulative body weight gain, compared with NCD or HFD groups. Both epididymal and perirenal fat pad weights in the HFD plus GC group were significantly lower than those of HFD or NCD groups. Administration of GC-containing dip-sauce also resulted in significant reduction in the serum levels of total cholesterol, total lipid, and triglyceride, compared with NCD or HFD groups. Thus, GC-containing dip-sauce confers beneficial effects to pathological states associated with metabolic disorder via its anti-obesity and lipid lowering properties.
This article presents the evaluation of the notifications of adverse events related to medicinal plants and their derivatives (herbal medicines). Such evaluations were voluntarily run by the Brazilian Pharmacovigilance System, coordinated by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), from January 1999 to March 2009. Pharmacovigilance involves the detection of adverse reactions that occur during or after the use of drugs, drug interactions, problems of quality, improper use and inefficacy. There is scarce scientific confirmation about efficacy and safety of herbal medicines, so the notification of adverse events provides of information, and promotes rational use.
A nutraceutical product composed of a combination of Garcinia cambogia, l-carnitine and a seaweed extract of Ascophyllum nodosum has been recently developed. The aim of the present study was to characterize its effects on subjective satiety sensations and food preferences in healthy volunteers. In a crossover design, 28 subjects (21 females and 7 males, aged 31 ± 5, BMI 22.6 ± 1.7) were randomly assigned to receive the active treatment (LIS) or placebo (PL) over one week. At the end of each treatment period, subjects were instructed to consume ad libitum a test meal. Food preferences and appetite sensations were evaluated by means of the Leeds Food Preferences Questionnaire and visual analog scales, before and after meal, over three hours. There were no differences in energy intake between study groups. LIS was associated with a reduction in subjective hunger sensations (p = 0.018) and to an increase in satiety (p = 0.02) and fullness (p = 0.01) ratings. The preference for high fat foods was reduced after consuming the test meal in both study groups. There was a significant effect of LIS treatment on food explicit liking and implicit wanting, as evidenced by an increase in preference for sweet foods (relative to savory foods; p = 0.03 and p = 0.004, respectively), but no differences were observed regarding the preference for low or high fat foods (NS). These results provide proof of principle for the satiating properties of a nutraceutical containing Garcinia cambogia, Ascophyllum nodosum extract and l-carnitine and suggest that it might be useful as an appetite modulator.
Garcinia cambogia extract (GC) with its active component consisting of hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is widely utilized for weight loss. Various HCA salts are available, including calcium, magnesium, potassium and mixtures of these. Experimentally, these salts exhibit different properties with some, but not all, improving glucose tolerance and blood pressure. Recently, obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45 kcal% fat) with or without GC (1%, w/w) for 16 wk. The active arm reduced visceral fat, adipocyte size and serum glucose, yet purportedly also exhibited hepatic collagen accumulation, lipid peroxidation and increased mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative stress. The latter findings are at odds with a large body of animal and human studies that have been conducted on the safety and efficacy of HCA. This literature shows HCA to be protective against the liver toxicity associated with ethanol and dexamethasone administration, and to maintain serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase at near normal levels. In both animal and clinical literature, elevated intakes of HCA per se have not led to signs of inflammation or hepatotoxicity. The compound has been found to reduce markers of inflammation in brain, intestines, kidney and serum.
Comparison of morphogenetic potential of three important Indian species of Garcinia—G. indica, G. cambogia and G. xanthochymus has been reported. Apomictic seeds of G. indica were found to be morphogenetically most potential followed by G. cambogia. The explants of G. xanthochymus were highly recalcitrant towards in vitro conditions and failed to induce adventitious buds on any of the media tested. High frequency direct shoot bud differentiation was induced in aseptic seed cultures of G. indica and G. cambogia on MS medium supplemented with cytokinins (BAP, kinetin or TDZ). Amongst the three cytokinins tested, TDZ (0.1–0.5 μM) was most effective for adventitious bud differentiation in both G. indica and G. cambogia, however, the proliferating buds failed to elongate. Substantial number of buds induced on BAP supplemented media elongated into shoots after subculture on elongation medium. Addition of NAA along with cytokinins in the induction medium enhanced callusing without improvement in bud induction response. The induced adventitious buds were elongated on MS basal medium containing 0.2% activated charcoal. Direct rooting was achieved in both G. indica and G. cambogia on auxin supplemented media with best response at 10 μM IBA concentration in both the species. The in vitro raised plantlets showed 90% survival in the field when transferred after hardening and acclimatization.
Garcinia is a plant under the family of Clusiaceae that is commonly used as a flavouring agent. Various phytochemicals including flavonoids and organic acid have been identified in this plant. Among all types of organic acids, hydroxycitric acid or more specifically (-)-hydroxycitric acid has been identified as a potential supplement for weight management and as antiobesity agent. Various in vivo studies have contributed to the understanding of the anti-obesity effects of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid via regulation of serotonin level and glucose uptake. Besides, it also helps to enhance fat oxidation while reducing de novo lipogenesis. However, results from clinical studies showed both negative and positive antiobesity effects of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid. This review was prepared to summarise the update of chemical constituents, significance of in vivo/clinical anti-obesity effects, and the importance of the current market potential of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid.
To investigate long-term effects of Garcinia Cambogia (GC), weight-loss supplement, on adiposity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese mice.
Obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45 kcal% fat) with or without GC (1%, w/w) for 16 wk. The HFD contained 45 kcal% fat, 20 kcal% protein and 35 kcal% carbohydrate. They were given free access to food and distilled water, and food consumption and body weight were measured daily and weekly, respectively. Data were expressed as the mean ± SE. Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package for the social science software program. Student's t test was used to assess the differences between the groups. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05.
There were no significant changes in body weight and food intake between the groups. However, the supplementation of GC significantly lowered visceral fat accumulation and adipocyte size via inhibition of fatty acid synthase activity and its mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue, along with enhanced enzymatic activity and gene expression involved in adipose fatty acid β-oxidation. Moreover, GC supplementation resulted in significant reductions in glucose intolerance and the plasma resistin level in the HFD-fed mice. However, we first demonstrated that it increased hepatic collagen accumulation, lipid peroxidation and mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and inflammatory responses (tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) as well as plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels, although HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was not altered.
GC protects against HFD-induced obesity by modulating adipose fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation but induces hepatic fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.
Using oral potassium-magnesium hydroxycitrate (KMgHCA) doses comparable to suggested human intake, effects on systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose-insulin metabolism, inflammatory markers, blood chemistries and carageenan-induced paw edema were examined in rats. Initially, four groups of eight 8-week old male Sprague-Dawley Rats (SD) received diets supplying calories as 30% fats, 50% carbohydrates and 20% proteins. For 8 weeks, test arms received HCA (from KMgHCA) at 14 mg, 28 mg or 84 mg daily. In a second study, two groups of 6 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) consuming normal rat chow mixed with 20% w/w sucrose were examined (Control or 84 mg HCA daily) to expand findings on SBP and glucose-insulin metabolism. In the first study, there were no significant differences in food intake or weight gain. The 28 mg and 84 mg doses significantly lowered SBP. In all test groups, circulating insulin levels were lower, but without significance due to variances in Control. The highest test dose significantly reduced paw edema and all doses strongly trended towards reduced CRP and TNF-alpha. There was no evidence of toxicity. In the second study, the intake of KMgHCA (84 mg daily) in genetically hypertensive rats quickly caused a significant decrease in SBP. Losartan challenge suggested the renin-angiotensin system was involved. Glucose tolerance and insulin challenges indicated that KMgHCA enhanced insulin sensitivity.
Food is the major source for serving the nutritional needs, but with growing modernization some traditional ways are being given up. Affluence of working population with changing lifestyles and reducing affordability of sick care, in terms of time and money involved, are some of the forces that are presently driving people towards thinking about their wellness. There has been increased global interest in traditional medicine. Efforts to monitor and regulate traditional herbal medicine are underway. Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine, remains the most ancient yet living traditions. Although India has been successful in promoting its therapies with more research and science-based approach, it still needs more extensive research and evidence base. Increased side effects, lack of curative treatment for several chronic diseases, high cost of new drugs, microbial resistance and emerging, diseases are some reasons for renewed public interest in complementary and alternative medicines. Numerous nutraceutical combinations have entered the international market through exploration of ethnopharmacological claims made by different traditional practices. This review gives an overview of the Ayurvedic system of medicine and its role in translational medicine in order to overcome malnutrition and related disorders.
This book continues as volume 10 of a multi-compendium on Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. It covers such plants with edible modified storage subterranean stems (corms, rhizomes, stem tubers) and unmodified subterranean stem stolons, above ground swollen stems and hypocotyls, storage roots (tap root, lateral roots, root tubers), and bulbs, that are eaten as conventional or functional food as vegetables and spices, as herbal teas, and may provide a source of food additive or nutraceuticals. This volume covers 66 plant species with with edible modified stems, roots and bulbs in the families Amaranthaceae, Cannaceae, Cibotiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cyperaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Marantaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Orchidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Simaroubaceae, Solanaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Typhaceae and Zingiberaceae. The edible species dealt with in this work include wild and underutilized crops and also common and widely grown ornamentals. To help in identification of the plant and edible parts more than 200 colored illustrations are included.
As in the preceding nine volumes, topics covered include: taxonomy (botanical name and synonyms); common English and vernacular names; origin and distribution; agro-ecological requirements; edible plant parts and uses; plant botany; nutritive, medicinal and pharmacological properties with up-to-date research findings; traditional medicinal uses; other non-edible uses; and selected/cited references for further reading. This volume has separate indices for scientific and common names; and separate scientific and medical glossaries.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the weight loss and the decrease of cholesterolemia and triglyceridemia in overweight of subjects treated with lyophylized extract of Garcinia cambogia (GC). Two groups were randomly allocated. Each group had 20 adult, healthy (except for the overweight from I to III grade) subjects. Placebo was administered to the subjects in the first group, and GC to the subjects in the second group, both in similar capsules of 500 mg, before each meal and during eight weeks. Results showed that GC caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of the overweight, cholesterol and triglycerides in relation to the control group with placebo, without the side effects commonly caused by anorectic sympathomimetic amines. In conclusion, it can be assured that GC represents a new efficacious alternative in the control of obesity.
Garcinia extract was used as a potential anti-obesity agent. In this study, we found that Garcinia extract inhibits the cytoplasmic lipid accumulation as well as adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes. The mechanisms that regulate the inhibition of insulin-induced differentiation by Garcinia extracts include the inhibition of expression of the early adipogenic transcription factor, CCAAT element binding protein (C/EBP)α that regulate adipogenesis. These results suggest that the specific targets of Garcinia extract on differentiation process of 3T3-L1 cells could be, at least, early adipogenic differentiation factor.
Ethanolic and water extracts from six species of Indian medicinal plants mainly distributed in the region of Western Ghats, India such as Morinda citrifolia (leaf), Garcinia indica (leaf), Garcinia cambogia (leaf), Salacia oblonga (leaf), Coccinium fenestratum (stem bark) and Calophyllum inophyllum (bark) were tested for their inhibitory activities against two prime enzymes of HIV which are HIV-1 protease (HIV-PR) and HIV-1 integrase (HIV-IN). The results revealed that the ethanolic and water extract of the bark extract of Calophyllum inophyllum exhibited potent anti-HIV-IN activity with IC50 values of 9.8 and 5.6 μg/ml, respectively. Whereas those for anti-HIV-1 PR effect were found to be 63.8 and 16.3 μg/ml, respectively. This result strongly supports the basis for the use of C. inophyllum for AIDS treatment by local traditional practitioners of Ayurveda and Unani system of Indian medicine and it is the first report on HIV-1 Protease and HIV-1 Integrase enzyme inhibition by this plant extract.
The parts of the plant Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr. commonly known as Malabar tamarind, have been used by many Asian countries in traditional medicine for treating intestinal parasites, constipation, cancer, piles, bowels complaints, rheumatism, edema, delayed menstruation, demulcent, bilious affections and other diseases. The root contains the xanthone called garbogiol. The bark of the stem contains benzophenones such as garcinol and isogarcinol. Malabar tamarind is shown to possess antioxidant, antihelmintic, anticattarhal, anti-cancer and antimicrobial activities. The rind of the fruit is the most extensively studied part of the plant. Hydroxycitric acid, the most abundant constituent of the fruit rind apart from the other constituents, has reported to be the active principle for many of its useful properties. The ethanol extract of the leaves and the fruit have been shown to possess invitro antihelmintic activity. This review paper describes the chemical compounds present in Malabar tamarind, their therapeutic applications and their occurrence in different parts of the plant.
Garcinia cambogia is an exotic fruit grown in the southern parts and Western ghats of India. Hydroxy citric acid is the active component present in this fruit which imparts the characteristic sour taste. Hydroxy citric acid is found to be physiologically active. It is a significant factor in reducing obesity. Hydroxy citric acid is an alpha, beta dihydroxy tricarboxylic acid, which is less stable and easily converted into its lactone. Both hydroxy citric acid and its lactone are estimated using RP amide C16 HPLC column and is described in this paper. Ethylene diamine salt of hydroxy citric acid is used as the reference material. The percentage of hydroxy citric acid varies from 45-65% in different salts of hydroxy citric acid.
Garcinia cambogia extract, used in the treatment of obesity, is standardized by quantification of hydroxycitric acid (HCA) in its salt form (CaHCA). The aim of this study was to quantify HCA in two samples of marketed GC extracts (A and B) containing 50 % of HCA, as origins specifications. The maceration extraction yield was 23.83 % (A) and 22.37 % (B). The quantification, performed by HPLC-DAD using calibration with CaHCA standard, was 36.09 % (A) and 41.57 % (B) related to the water-soluble portion and 8.82 % (A) and 9.70 % (B), related to the initial extract. On the water-soluble portion quantification, results are similar to those specified by the distributors. However, considering the quantification over the initial extract, results are significantly below of the specified values. Observing that part of the extract is insoluble in water, to quantify the analyte considering only the water-soluble portion could lead to considerable error for the adequacy of dose of this phytotherapic.
Human beings are primary hosts for many helminthes. Most worms reproduce sexually in the human host, pro-ducing eggs or larvae that pass out of the body and infect the secondary host. Anthelmintic from natural sources may play an important role in the treatment of those parasite infections. In this view our attempt has been made to study the leaves of Garcinia cambogia by method described in details by Kuppast and Nayak. In this study pe-tether, choloroform,and ethanolic, extracts were used and studied for paralysis and death of earthworm. The ethanol extract was found to be more effective to execute the earthworm.
The lesion of peptic ulcer disease is a disruption in the mucosal layer of the stomach or duodenum. Recent researchers have discovered a number of newer risk factors regulating the development of disease which are not addressed properly by the current clinical therapies. In this study polyherbal formulation was prepared consisting of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Garcinia cambogia, deglycyrrhizinated licorice extract and Azadirachta indica. Suitable extracts depending on effective chemical composition was prepared and studied on four antiulcer models, namely Naproxen induced ulcers, Histamine induced ulcers, Cysteamine induced ulcers and Ethanol induced ulcer models. This polyherbal formulation significantly reduces ulcer index and ulcer area and shows protection index around 80%, the formulation also shows good antioxidant activity. All results show that polyherbal formulation show gastric healing property by multiple mechanisms. These entire drugs target specific etiological and pathological step which take part in development of ulcers.
Being overweight and obesity are serious public health problems in numerous countries. This study describes an 8-week clinical evaluation of the effects of Garcinia cambogia and Phaseolus vulgaris extracts on overweight adults in Taiwan. In this study, 114 overweight adults were recruited and randomly divided into three groups: a G. cambogia extract group (which was given Super CitriMax) , a P. vulgaris extract group (which was given Phase 2) , and a placebo group (which was given maltodextrin) . Each participant was administered 2800 mg/day of G. cambogia extract, P. vulgaris extract, or a placebo for 8 consecutive weeks; participants' diets were not restricted during the intervention. Participants received nutritional education and anthropometric measurements once every 2 weeks starting from week 0, and hemobiochemical tests of the blood were conducted at weeks 0 and 8. The statistics of anthropometric measurements indicated that compared to week 0, by week 8 the waist, hip, and thigh circumferences of participants in the placebo group had significantly increased; whereas participants in the G. cambogia extract group had maintained their waist and hip circumferences and waist-hip ratios, while participants in the P. vulgaris extract group had also maintained their hip circumferences and waist-hip ratios. Results of the hemobiochemical analysis after 8 weeks showed that aspartate aminotransferase had decreased and fasting blood-glucose had stabilized in participants of the G. cambogia extract group, whereas high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was elevated in participants in the P. vulgaris extract group.
Hydroxycitric acid is prepared by citric acid. Hydroxycitric acid is obtained by aconitic acid with oxidation, which is obtained by citric acid with dehydration. The optimum conditions of aconitic acid and hydroxycitric acid are studied separately. The optimum condition for aconitic acid is that 1 mol citric acid reacts with 56% sulfuric 270 ml to obtain aconitic acid after 7 - hour reflux in 140°C. Its' m. p. is 186°C. Because waste acid and unreacted citric acid are used cyclically, reclaimed citric acid is 28% and reclaimed sulfuric acid is 65%. The optimum condition for hydroxycitric acid is that 2 mol oxidant reacts with 1 mol aconitic acid in 50 for 7-hour, and obtains hydroxycitric acid, whose yield is about 80%.
The present study evaluated the free radical scavenging and anticholinesterase activity of the water extracts of Garcinia combogia (WEGC) fruit rinds in vitro. The antioxidant activity of WEGC was evaluated by using the free radical scavenging activity assay (DPPH method), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential, total peroxy radical trapping potential and lipid peroxidation activity. In addition, total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid was determined by using pyrocatechol and quercetin as a standard. The anticholinesterase activity of WEGC was significantly lower than neostigmine, a standard drug. Furthermore, a significant correlation between the total phenolic content, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of both the extracts indicating that total phenolics might be responsible for the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities.This is the first report in this direction.
Garcinia gummi-gutta (Syn. Garcinia cambogia) is normally propagated by seeds. Germination is uneven and occurs over six to nine mouths period which results in differentially-aged seedlings. Experiments were conducted to overcome dormancy both by chemical and mechanical methods. There was no response of seeds pretreated with petroleum ether, methanol or hydrogen peroxide. When seeds were decoated, 100% germination occurred in three months. Uniform germination of decoated seeds in different concentrations of pulp (barring the incidence of 40% seed mortality due to fungal attack) and water and methanol extracts of seed coat indicated the absence of chemical inhibitors. Positive results of decoating and acid scarification confirmed the role of seed coat in governing seed dormancy. Nicking of seeds dried in shade for 15 days was an effective method for raising even-aged, agronomically-sound seedlings in village nurseries.
This study aimed to examine the mechanisms underlying the effects of Garcinia cambogia extract on the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and long-chain saturated fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity of HepG2 cells. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, mouse embryonic fibroblast-adipose like cell line, were treated with MDI solution (0.5 mM IBMX, 1 μM dexamethasone, 10 μg/mL insulin) to generate a cellular model of adipocyte differentiation. Using this cellular model, the anti-obesity effect of Garcinia cambogia extract was evaluated. MDI-induced lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenesis-related genes were detected by Oil red O staining, Nile Red staining, and Western blot analysis. Effects Garcinia cambogia extract on palmitate-induced lipotoxicity was also analyzed by MTT assay, LDH release, and DAPI staining in HepG2 cells. Garcinia cambogia extract significantly suppressed the adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes and intracellular lipid accumulation in the differentiating adipocytes. Garcinia cambogia extract also markedly inhibited the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARy2), CCAT/enhancer-binding protein a (C/EBPa), and adipocyte protein aP2 (aP2). In addition, Garcinia cambogia extract significantly attenuated palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Palmitateinduced cellular damage and reactive aldehydes were also significantly reduced in the presence of Garcinia cambogia extract. These findings suggest that the Garcinia cambogia extract inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, probably by regulating the expression of multiple genes associated with adipogenesis such as PPARy2, C/EBPa, aP2, and thereby modulating fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity to reduce cellular injury in hepatocytes.
The present study evaluated the free radical scavenging and anticholinesterase activity of the water extracts of Garcinia combogia (WEGC) fruit
rinds in vitro. The antioxidant activity of WEGC was evaluated by using the free radical scavenging activity assay (DPPH method), hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential, total peroxy radical trapping potential and lipid peroxidation activity. In addition, total
phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid was determined by using pyrocatechol and quercetin as a standard. The anticholinesterase activity of WEGC was
significantly lower than neostigmine, a standard drug. Furthermore, a significant correlation between the total phenolic content, antioxidant and
anticholinesterase activities of both the extracts indicating that total phenolics might be responsible for the observed antioxidant and
anticholinesterase activities.This is the first report in this direction
Objective: To determine the modulating effect of Garcinia cambogia fruit extract on ethanol induced peroxidative damage in rats. Method: Male albino rats weighing 125 to 150g were administered ethanol (7.11g per kg body weight / day) for 45 days. Ethanol administered rats were treated concomitantly with Garcinia cambogia fruit extract (1g/kg body weight / day) orally for 45 days. After the experimental period the antioxidant enzymes, LPO, conjugated diene in the liver tissue, serum AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase and lipid levels in both serum and liver tissue were estimated. Results: Co-treatment of the rats with Garcinia cambogia significantly inhibited the rise in lipid levels and also the peroxidative damage caused by ethanol, which is evident from the improved antioxidant status. The levels of serum AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase were maintained at near normalcy in Garcinia cambogia treated rats. Conclusion: The imbalance in lipid metabolism could be the reason for increase in lipid peroxidation. In our present study the treatment with Garcinia cambogia fruit extract resulted in reduction of both serum and liver lipid to near normalcy. This hypolipidemic property of Garcinia cambogia in turn reduces the peroxidative damage, enhanced by ethanol.