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A comprehensive scientific overview of Garcinia cambogia
... It is a small to moderate-sized woody tree up to 12 m tall, with a rounded crown and drooping branches, about 70 cm dbh, with smooth, darkish lactiferous bark 18,19 ( Figure 1). ...
... They are also subacute and hairless. 17,18 2.3 | Floral morphology G. gummi-gutta is a dioecious plant producing male and female blooms on different plants. The plant's flowering season lasts from March to April. ...
... 2,[20][21][22] The fruit is ovoid/ spherical in shape with 5-7 cm in diameter and the ripened fruits are yellow, orangey, or reddish in color. 18 ...
Garcinia gummi-gutta, also known as Garcinia cambogia, is a member of the Guttiferae family. Garcinia is a polygamous genus consisting 200 species of trees and shrubs. It is found in different zones of the planet including Asia’s tropical regions. In India alone, around 30 species have been discovered. They are widely used as a flavoring agent to garnish fish curry in southern India, particularly in Kerala and Karnataka. The fruit rind of G. gummi-gutta has traditionally been used to treat gastrointestinal problems, diarrhoea, and ulcers. South Indian people have been utilizing it traditionally as evidenced by its ethnobotanical properties. In vivo and in vitro effects of the crude fruit extract showed anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anthelmintic, anti-microbial, and antioxidant activities. G. gummi-gutta fruit rind is medicinally significant and is frequently used in ayurvedic and traditional medicine for many diseases. Various secondary metabolites such as organic acids-hydroxycitric acid (HCA), flavonoids, terpenes, polysaccharides and polyisoprenylated benzophenones - garcinol, xanthochymol, guttiferone, benzophenone, xanthone, biflavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and saponins isolated from the G. gummi-gutta have diverse pharmacological activities. This review provides a summary of G. gummi-gutta, including biological activities, phytochemistry, and ethnobotanical applications.
... This study provides a concise summary of the scientific data on the biological activity and toxicity of Garcinia cambogia and HCA as well as phytochemical. [6] ...
... The study showed that the HCA-SX absorption intake is relatively rapid after acute consumption and that the product remains in plasma for several hours. [6] Proximate and phytochemical properties ...
... This enzyme is responsible for the loss of cognitive capacity, the first stage of the disease of Alzheimer's. [6] Cambogia fruit rind extract produced significant activity with cholinesterase inhibition of 30% and 30% and 67%, respectively, of 500 and 1000 μg/ml. The activity is comparable to the positive neostigmine control with inhibited 5 and 10 μg/mL of 78 and 92% cholinesterase. ...
Garcinia gummi-gutta, also known as Garcinia cambogia, has been shown to have excellent properties beneficial against many health conditions. The use of Garcinia cambogia in traditional medicine has involved treating gastrointestinal ailments, intestinal parasites, rheumatism, digestive disturbances, among other ethnobotanical applications. The fruit, which resembles a pumpkin in appearance, is presently most often used and heavily promoted as a supplement for weight loss. According to studies, hydroxycitric acid (HCA), the main organic acid present in the fruit rind, has anti-obesity properties that include lowering appetite and reducing body fat gain by regulating serotonin levels linked to satiety, increasing fat oxidation, and reducing de novo lipogenesis. HCA is a strong inhibitor of the enzyme adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase, which converts citrate to acetyl-coenzyme A, a catalyst for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. In in vitro and in vivo models, the plant's crude extract or components also have hepatoprotective, anti-cholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies on the phytochemistry of several plant components found that organic acids and xanthones, such as carbogiol and benzophenones, were also present. There are already several G. cambogia/HCA dietary supplements available for weight loss, however there are some safety concerns about the potential toxicity of continuous usage of these supplements. The majority of complaints have been in connection with multi-component formulations. G. cambogia has not been positively identified as a possibly harmful aggressor. In this paper, the scientific properties of G. cambogia are discussed in relation to pertinent botanical features, ethnobotanical applications, phytochemistry, biological activity, and toxicity. The study will be very helpful in emphasizing the therapeutic properties and mechanism of this plant and its applications.
... 18,19,20 Garcinia Cambogia and its fruit rind, are used extensively in culinary in South India, Northern Australia, and South Africa. 21,22,23 It is also used for medicinal purposes in various diseases such as rheumatic pain, hemorrhoids, ulcers, and bowel complaints. 24 Garcinia fruits have a rich source of hydroxy citric acid, which has gained tremendous attention in advertisements and commercial products as a promising agent for weight reduction. ...
... Garcinia Cambogia, extensively used as a flavoring agent, has currently gained popularity as a weight reducing supplement. 22 The mechanism of its anti-obesity activity is by decreasing food intake and fat deposition in the body by inducing satiety, increasing oxidation of fatty acids, and reducing de-novo lipogenesis. 26 A detailed study was carried out to see the response of the liver to the intake of weight-reducing agents, which contained Garcinia Cambogia. ...
... They experimented with both in vivo and in vitro models. 22 In another study designed by Heo J et al in the year 2016, it was suggested that Garcinia Cambogia alleviates adiposity and weight gain in the high-fat diet-fed mice by altering the composition of the microbiota of the gut. 23 In the year 2016, Sripradha R, et al analyzed the effects of Garcinia Cambogia extract on male Wistar rats and concluded that it ameliorates hyperlipidemia induced by high-fat diet thus reducing fat deposition and obesity. ...
Background: Obesity is growing continuously, and people opt for pharmacological therapies, which might have negative side effects. Objective: To study the effect of Garcinia Cambogia on body weight and safety profile regarding the morphology of the liver in albino mice. Methodology: This animal experimental study was conducted on, Ninety male albino mice were used by diving into three groups containing thirty mice each. Group I, was Control group, group II and III were experimental groups, given drugs A (Slim Smart) and B (Ultra Slim Plus) respectively via oral gavage. Each group was further subdivided into subgroups "a", drug was given for 4 weeks, and "b", the drug was given for 8 weeks. Control group animals were given plain distilled water via oral gavage tube. Body weight and weight of the liver was measured and its gross features were observed. Results: Mean body weight of animals significantly increased in intervention groups, at 4 weeks, p=0.000 and 8 weeks p=0.000. Mean body weights of animals in experimental group II and III in 4 weeks categories were 33.92±3.23 grams in group II and 28.46±3.53 grams in group III. The mean relative tissue weight index at 4 weeks for group II was 6.66±0.67 and for group III was 5.71±0.41, p=0.004, while at 8 weeks were 5.88±0.64 and 5.91±0.69, p=0.713, respectively. When observed at 8 weeks time, the animals of the group I had the normal color of the liver while the two experimental groups had all the animals with the abnormally pale color of liver, p=0.001. Conclusion: In this study, the herbal slimming agents, claiming to contain Garcinia Cambogia, did not reduce weight among albino mice, and are not safe for reducing weight.
... Garcinia cambogia, also known as the Malabar tamarind, is widely distributed in India, Malaysia and Thailand, and is one of the most medicinally important members of the family Clusiaceae (Semwal et al., 2015). In Indian folk medicine, G. cambogia has been used to treat gastric ulcers, diarrhoea and dysentery. ...
... G. cambogia has long been used as a food preservative, flavouring agent or food-bulking agent (Semwal et al., 2015). Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), the major organic acid in the fruits of G. cambogia, is responsible for its acidic nature. ...
... Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), the major organic acid in the fruits of G. cambogia, is responsible for its acidic nature. Additionally, PPAPs, xanthones and bioflavonoids have been discovered in these fruits (Semwal et al., 2015). ...
Background and purpose:
Pharmacological intervention to induce browning of white adipose tissue provides a promising anti-obesity therapy. The fruits of Garcinia cambogia (Clusiaceae) have been widely applied to manage body weight, however the chemical principles remain unclear. The current study aims to discover browning inducers from the fruits of G. cambogia and investigate the underlying mechanisms.
Experimental approach:
The bioactivity-based molecular networking and Oil-red O staining on 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 adipocytes were applied for guided isolation. High-fat diet-induced obese mice were recruited to evaluate the anti-obesity activity.
Key results:
The bioactivity-based molecular networking-guided isolation yielded several polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from the fruits of G. cambogia with lipid lowering effect on adipocytes, including guttiferone J (GOJ), garcinol and 14-deoxygarcinol. As the most potent one, GOJ (10 μM) reduced lipid accumulation by 70% and 76% in 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 adipocytes, respectively. Furthermore, GOJ (2.5-10 μM) increased the expression of the deacetylase Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and activated it, which, in turn, reduced the acetylation level of PPARγ coactivator-1α to boost mitochondrial biogenesis, and promoted uncoupling protein 1 expression to enhance thermogenesis, resulting in browning of adipocytes. In high-fat diet-induced-obese mice, GOJ (10 and 20 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 for 12 weeks) protected against adiposity, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and liver lipotoxicity, through boosting SIRT3-mediated browning of inguinal adipose tissue.
Conclusions and implications:
GOJ represents a new scaffold of thermogenic inducer, which is responsible for the anti-obesity property of G. cambogia and can be further developed as a candidate for treating obesity and its related disorders.
... From these results, extracts of G. cambogia fruit rinds (GC1-GC5) were obtained at 45 • C for 30 min and were analyzed via LC-UV and GC-MS to obtain a genuineness profile that could be compared with those obtained for GCFS. Figure 1A shows the LC-UV profile of GC1 kudam puli extract. (-)-HCA, (-)-HCAL, and citric acid were detected in all the samples, as previously reported by other authors [14,20,26,27]. Despite the low polarity and small size of these acids, an acceptable resolution between them was achieved under the applied chromatographic conditions. ...
... The (-)-HCA content varied from 77 to 121 mg g −1 , while (-)-HCAL was present in the range of 93 to 140 mg g −1 , with GC4 being the sample that showed the highest values for both compounds. These values agreed with those found by other authors in Garcinia cambogia rinds (between 10% and 30% of (-)-HCA in the free form or as its lactone) [14,20]. also detected. ...
... Few references can be found in the literature reporting the presence of carbohydrates in G. cambogia fruit rinds [14,25,30]; however, to the best of our knowledge, no information about the qualitative and quantitative composition of the carbohydrate fraction present in this matrix is available. Thus, this work contributes to the characterization of G. cambogia fruit rinds and allows for obtaining a genuineness profile of this natural product consumed worldwide. ...
Food supplements of plant origin for weight control are increasingly being demanded by consumers as a way to promote good health. Among them, those based on Garcinia cambogia (GCFS) are widely commercialized considering their bioactive properties, mainly due to (-)-hydroxycitric acid ((-)-HCA). However, recently, controversy has arisen over their safety; thus, further research and continuous monitoring of their composition is required. Hence, in this work, a multi-analytical approach was followed to determine not only (-)-HCA but also other constituents of 18 GCFS, which could be used as quality markers to detect fraudulent practices in these samples. Discrepancies between the declared (-)-HCA content and that experimentally determined were detected by LC-UV in 33% of the samples. Moreover, GC-MS analyses of GCFS allowed the detection of different compounds not present in G. cambogia fruits and not declared on supplement labels, probably related to heat exposure or to the addition of excipients or other extracts. This multi-analytical methodology is shown to be advantageous to address different fraudulent practices affecting the quality of these supplements.
... There are many compounds related to this research. One compound, hydroxycitric acid (HCA) which has been found in large amounts in Garcinia species, namely in the fruit rinds of G. cambogai, G. atroviridi, and G. indica (Semwal et al., 2015). The HCA is a competitive inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase that catalyzes the extra mitochondrial cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A (Fassina et al., 2015). ...
... The HPLC chromatograms showed the amount and concentration of HCA in the ethanol solvent of 0.12 and 0.06 mg/g, and 2.91 mg/ml and 1.48 mg/ml in G. atroviridis and G. schomburgkiana, respectively, which were not known for biological activity in human body following the HCA functions. Previous scientific research detected HCA in fruits of G. schomburgkiana, G. cambogia and G. indica also (Semwal et al., 2015). Chuah et al. (2013) revealed that HCA is one of the important supplements for anti-obesity and weight management. ...
The various properties of Garcinia atroviridis (Ga), G. schomburgkiana (Gs), Camellia sinensis (Cs) and Morus alba (Ma) were investigated, aimed at finding cholesterol lowering and lipase inhibiting effects. Their phytochemical components of the species were determined by GC-MS and HPLC. The total flavonoids, phenolics and polysaccharides were measured. The inhibition percentage of CEase and PPL were determined. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests in the samples were examined. The results are as followed: The various key phytochemicals distributed in all the studied species were revealed such as stigmasterol, catechol, γ-sitosterol, β-amyrin, caffeine, and squalene. An HPLC chromatogram revealed the amount and concentration of HCA in Ga and Gs, and catechin and catechol in Ga, Gs, Cs, and Ma. The highest and second highest inhibition percentages of CEase in Ga and Formula I were at 77.02±0.27 and 67.61±0.26, and PPL and Formula I in Gs at 77.92±0.59 and 78.31±0.07 compared to orlistat inhibition percentage of 84.72±0.17 and 80.83±0.38, but in different concentrations of orlistat at 10 mg/ml and Formula 1 at 3 mg/ml. Toxicity assays exhibited no IC 50 values in all samples, but ethanol Gs and Cs extracts and methanol Ma extract induced DNA damages significantly (p<0.01). However, from the LD 50 values calculated at the concentrations used, there are no effects on humans. Therefore, the studied plants and Formulas at identical concentration, 10 mg/ml would definitely show a higher inhibition effect than orlistat in reducing cholesterol and inhibiting lipase activity leading to an innovation for weight loss and high cholesterol treatments without any side effects.
... 75 Although not established, its fruit rind is considered to contain HCA, which might be the major active ingredient. 76 HCA is proposed to impede the process of fatty acid synthesis in the body and increase brain serotonin levels, leading to reduced appetite. [76][77][78] In contrast to the advertisements, there are many clinical trials of Garcinia cambogia showing the potential side effects from Garcinia cambogia extracts. ...
... 76 HCA is proposed to impede the process of fatty acid synthesis in the body and increase brain serotonin levels, leading to reduced appetite. [76][77][78] In contrast to the advertisements, there are many clinical trials of Garcinia cambogia showing the potential side effects from Garcinia cambogia extracts. The Food and Drug administration (FDA) has issued a warning against the use of weight-loss products containing Garcinia cambogia, as some patients that take it have developed serious liver problems. ...
The prevalence of obesity along with its related metabolic diseases has increased globally in recent decades. Obesity originates from a heterogeneous physiological state, which is further complicated by the influence of factors such as genetic, behavioural, and environmental. Lifestyle interventions including exercise and diet have limited success, necessitating the development of pharmacological approaches. Mechanistically, strategies target either reducing energy intake or increasing consumption through metabolism boosting. Current drugs lower energy intake via inducing satiety or inhibiting substrate absorption, while targeting mitochondria or cytosolic energy sensors has shown limited success due to toxicity. Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) has provided hope for activating these processes selectively without significant side effects. The internet-based marketing of plant-based formulations for enhancing metabolism has surged. This review compiles scientific articles, magazines, newspapers, and online resources on anti-obesity drug development. Combination therapy of metabolic boosters and established anti-obesity compounds appears to be a promising future approach that requires further research.
... Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a derivative of citric acid that is widely found in tropical rainforest plants such as Garcinia Cambogia and Hibiscus Subdariffa, and has been widely reported to have a weight and fat loss effect [12,13]. HCA effectively inhibits the first step in fatty acid synthesis by inhibiting adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase and preventing the conversion of citric acid to acetyl coenzyme A [12]. ...
... Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a derivative of citric acid that is widely found in tropical rainforest plants such as Garcinia Cambogia and Hibiscus Subdariffa, and has been widely reported to have a weight and fat loss effect [12,13]. HCA effectively inhibits the first step in fatty acid synthesis by inhibiting adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase and preventing the conversion of citric acid to acetyl coenzyme A [12]. HCA, therefore, plays a key role in inhibiting the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. ...
Oxalate-induced nephropathies comprise a range of kidney disorders, for which there are no efficient pharmacological treatments. Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a derivative of citric acid with a variety of pharmacological activities including reducing body weight and calcium salt deposition. However, the specific mechanism of inhibition of oxalate nephropathies by this compound is not well understood. In this study, we successfully applied bioinformatics-based and simulated drug molecular docking approaches to predict potential targets of HCA. Subsequently, we explored the molecular mechanisms of HCA inhibition of renal calcium oxalate (CaOx) deposition and nephrotoxicity in an oxalate-induced NRK-52E cell model and an oxalate nephropathy rat model. HCA could effectively inhibit CaOx crystal deposition and reduce crystal adhesion and oxidative damage, effectively inhibit lipid deposition caused by high oxalate, and reduce lipid nephrotoxicity. HCA is more effective than traditional stone medications in inhibiting CaOx deposition and kidney damage. Further cellular transcriptomic analysis and in vitro results showed that HCA could stably bind peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and promote PPARα-RXR heterodimer formation, thus promoting the expression of downstream oxidative stress molecules (Nrf2, HO-1, SOD) and inhibiting calcium ion release and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus reducing oxalate-induced renal lipid peroxidation damage. Therefore, HCA, a novel drug with the ability to modulate lipid metabolism and inhibit CaOx formation, may be a therapeutic option for the treatment of oxalate nephropathies.
... cambogia), belongs to the family Clusiaceae, commonly known as "Malabar Tamarind" is found in the Southeastern regions of the world. This evergreen plant is about 12 meters long and is widely found in the dense forest of Southwest Indian states [8]. The fruit of Garnicia can be yellow, orange, or red depending on the ripening condition, and each fruit has 6 or 8 seeds surrounded by a succulent aril ( Figure 1). ...
... The intake of Garnicia fruit is reported to result in weight loss. Additionally, this plant extract is reported to have several medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-helmintic, anti-ulcer, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities in various in vivo and in vitro models [8][9][10]. Considering the ancient Indian traditional medical system, which used chemical constituents of plants as alternative medicine, the present study aimed to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of ethanol extract of G. cambogia fruit rind in a streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NAD)-induced diabetic Wistar Rat model that mimics type II diabetes mellitus. ...
Background and objectives:
Diabetes mellitus, a global health problem, is associated with metabolic complications such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and loss of vision. The present study evaluated the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of ethanol extract of Garcinia cambogia (L.) N. Robson (G. cambogia) fruit rind in a streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic Wistar Rat model.
Materials and methods:
Streptozotocin-nicotinamide was injected intraperitoneally to induce diabetes in Wistar rats. Five groups of rats (n=6) - normal control, diabetic, diabetic treated with G. cambogia at 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg body weight, and diabetic treated with metformin at 500 mg/kg body weight, were studied. Blood samples were collected after three weeks of treatment. Random blood glucose (RBG), Serum total cholesterol levels (TCL), serum total triglyceride levels (TGL), high-density lipoprotein levels, and body weight were measured.
Results:
Although G. cambogia treatment did not have any antidiabetic activity (p>0.05) rind in the streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic Wistar Rat model, it decreased the serum TCL, and body weight significantly (P<0.05).
Conclusions:
Ethanolic extract of G. cambogia fruit rind possesses anti-obesity activity and significantly reduces total cholesterol but does not have antidiabetic activity.
... 38 Analysis and QC Approaches of G. cambogia and in Nutraceuticals. G. cambogia fruit is a valued weight-loss supplement owing to its richness in organic acids, mainly hydroxycitric acid (HCA) and HCA lactone, benzophenones, and polyisoprenylated benzophenones, viz., garcinol (camboginol or guttiferone E) and isogarcinol (cambogin), guttiferone I, guttiferone N, guttiferone J, guttiferone K, and guttiferone M. 39 Xanthones were also reported in G. cambogia such as garbogiol, rheediaxanthone A, oxy-guttiferone I, oxy-guttiferone K, oxy-guttiferone K2, and oxy-guttiferone M 39 ( Figure 1). Xanthones, benzophenones, and HCA as the major constituents in G. cambogia were reported for their biological activities such as antiobesity, 40 hypolipidemic, 41 and anticancer activity. ...
... HCA is the major organic acid identified in G. cambogia fruit and the main chemical used in weight loss programs due to its antiobesity action and appetite suppressant effect. 39,43 HCA content in G. cambogia fruits was analyzed spectrophotometrically by forming a unique, specific, and stable colored complex with sodium meta vanadate and measuring its absorbance at 467 nm. 44 HCA amounted for ca. ...
Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr. (known as Malabar tamarind) is a popular traditional herbal medicine and is one of the well-known folk medicines reported for the treatment of obesity and incorporated in several nutraceuticals worldwide. These effects are mediated by a myriad of bioactive compounds with most effects attributed to its hydroxy citric acid (HCA) content. This review aims to present a holistic overview on novel trends in the production of G. cambogia bioactive components and how extraction optimization is important to ensure best product quality with its reported nanoformulations with particular emphasis on HCA content. Further, an overview of the different analytical approaches used for quality control assessment of G. cambogia plant and its nutraceuticals is presented highlighting both advantages and limitations. Moreover, analytical approaches for detecting G. cambogia metabolites in biological fluids with emphasis on HCA level to determine its pharmacokinetics and proof of efficacy are presented for the first time.
... Brindle berry [Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb.] belongs to the Clusiaceae family. It is a small or medium sized fruit tree, native to Southeastern Asia [1]. The genus having around 200 species and 30 are in cultivation all over the world. ...
... Conversion of citrate and coenzyme A to oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), primary building block of fatty acid synthesis is reduced by the competitive inhibition of ATP-citrate lyase enzyme by HCA [8]. In addition to that, the plant contains pharmacologically important phytoconstituents [1,9]. The seed oil is used to make biofuels [10][11][12] and is applied as a preservative in an icing medium for storing fish [13]. ...
Garcinia gummi-gutta (Family: Clusiaceae) is a rich source of a natural anti-obesity agent, hydroxy citric acid (HCA). The present approach aimed to analyse the extent of genetic variability and structure of a population of 50 accessions of G. gummi-gutta from different geographical localities of Kerala state, India using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Among 30 primers tested, 21 showed clear, reproducible and scorable banding patterns. A total of 157 ISSR fragments were observed with an average of 7.48 bands for each primer. An average of 59.52% polymorphic bands were observed among the accessions, with the highest percentage was observed for UBC 809 (87.5%). Polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.355 indicating high degree of allele divergence within the individuals. The highest values for Simpson (0.99) and Shannon indices (1.02) substantiated the significant level of polymorphism within the population. Dendrogram with bootstrapping values (100) based on the neighbour joining method distributed the accessions into three main clusters. Relationships exhibited by the accessions discloses continuous geneflow happening between them irrespective of their geographical distances. STRUCTURE analysis revealed the probability of eight subpopulations based on Bayesian clustering. So, ISSR markers can be used as a powerful tool to differentiate closely related individuals.
... G. cambogia has been used for centuries as an appetite suppressant [5]. The main contributing component is (-)-hydroxycytric acid (HCA). ...
This case describes a 56-year-old man with a past medical history including sickle cell trait requiring blood transfusions, who presented to the emergency department (ED) with generalized weakness and fatigue following Garcinia cambogia supplementation. Initial laboratory abnormalities included: aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) 4,222 U/L and 4,664 U/L respectively, alkaline phosphatase 215 U/L, international normalized ratio (INR) 3.2, and his model for end-stage liver disease was 37. Creatinine, hemoglobin and hematocrit, and ferritin levels were all elevated. The differential diagnosis for his acute illness was broad ranging from hemochromatosis, anabolic steroid use, and portal venous thrombosis. The patient was started on N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and his liver function improved. He was discharged on hospital day 10 and instructed to discontinue his supplements and follow up for repeat blood work. This case explores the critical management of G. cambogia toxicity. The patient explored G. cambogia as an herbal supplementation resulting in weight loss, worsening generalized fatigue, and fulminant hepatic failure.
... It is used in traditional medicines and is a rich source of hydroxy citric acid (HCA), a much valued antiobesity phytochemical. The phytochemical studies revealed that the fruit also contain xanthones, benzophenones and amino acids with high antioxidant potential (Semwal et al, 2015). The sour taste due to high organic acid content of Garcinia gummi-gutta fruits is a limiting factor for the development of value added processed products. ...
... Mangosteen tree is evergreen, slow growing, erect, with a py ramidal crown and flowers are born in clusters of 3-9 at branch tips. The hull of Garcinia mangostana has free radicle radical scavenging activity which makes it suitable for used as foodstuff as well as traditional medicine (Yu et al., 2007) [15] . ...
... On the other hand, hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is one of the key bioactive chemicals in Garcinia cambogia, and its anti-obesity effect has been explained unclearly for the last decades; thus, Garcinia cambogia has been widely added as a main raw material for anti-obesity functional foods [43]. In a previous study performed by another research group, it was confirmed that the administration of Garcinia cambogia powder (1%, w/w, 60% HCA) had an effect on inhibiting fat accumulation without toxicity [44,45]. For the above reasons, Garcinia cambogia was chosen as a positive control of anti-obesity efficacy for comparison with SPY. ...
In this research, the potential anti-obesity efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus BST-L.601 and its fermented product (named SPY) with mashed sweet potato paste were investigated using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HD)-induced obese mice. SPY (0–0.5 mg/mL) dose-dependently and significantly reduced lipid accumulation and TG content and the expression of adipogenic markers (C/EBPα, PPAR-γ, and aP2) and fatty acid synthetic pathway proteins (ACC and FAS) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, demonstrating that SPY suppresses adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. Oral administration of SPY (4 × 107 CFU/kg body weight) to HD-induced obese mice for 12 weeks significantly reduced the body and liver weight, the size of adipocytes, and the weight of epididymal, visceral, and subcutaneous fat tissues. SPY was more effective in decreasing body weight gain in HD mice than in treatment with BST-L.601 alone. Administration of SPY or BST-L.601 also reduced the serum level of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and leptin secretion at a similar level. These results revealed that both SPY and BST-L.601 effectively suppress HD-induced adipogenesis and lipogenesis, suggesting that these materials would be useful in the functional foods industry to ameliorate and/or prevent obesity.
... We have every reason to believe that these behavioral abnormalities were caused by the toxicity of the hydroxycitric acid, as we observed animal mortality of 26% during hydroxycitric acid treatment (Fig. 1) and a sharp decrease in food intake in the first days of treatment (Fig. 2). These findings are surprising since hydroxycitric acid (Garcinia cambogia extract) is a widely used dietary supplement for weight loss [48]. Nevertheless, there are clinical cases when Garcinia cambogia extract use was associated with acute liver failure [49,50]. ...
Mitochondrial dysfunction in the ischemic brain is one of the hallmarks of stroke. Dietary interventions such as the ketogenic diet and hydroxycitric acid supplementation (a caloric restriction mimetic) may potentially protect neurons from mitochondrial damage induced by focal stroke in mice. We showed that in control mice, the ketogenic diet and the hydroxycitric acid did not impact significantly on the mtDNA integrity and expression of genes involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial quality control in the brain, liver, and kidney. The ketogenic diet changed the bacterial composition of the gut microbiome, which via the gut-brain axis may affect the increase in anxiety behavior and reduce mice mobility. The hydroxycitric acid causes mortality and suppresses mitochondrial biogenesis in the liver. Focal stroke modelling caused a significant decrease in the mtDNA copy number in both ipsilateral and contralateral brain cortex and increased the levels of mtDNA damage in the ipsilateral hemisphere. These alterations were accompanied by a decrease in the expression of some of the genes involved in maintaining mitochondrial quality control. The ketogenic diet consumption before stroke protects mtDNA in the ipsilateral cortex, probably via activation of the Nrf2 signaling. The hydroxycitric acid, on the contrary, increased stroke-induced injury. Thus, the ketogenic diet is the most preferred variant of dietetic intervention for stroke protection compared with the hydroxycitric acid supplementation. Our data confirm some reports about hydroxycitric acid toxicity, not only for the liver but also for the brain under stroke condition.
... also known as Garcinia gummi gutta (L.) Roxb. is member of family Clusiaceae is used to give flavor or aroma in fish curries. 19 This fruit is a popular nutritional supplement for weight loss. The extract and its constituent such as hydroxy citric acid (HCA) have been demonstrated to have anti-obesity action, markedly reduced food consumption and body fat growth through modulating serotonin levels, increased fat burning, and lower de novo lipogenesis. ...
Background
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine metabolic disorder of women.
Purpose
This study aimed to explore the potential of aqueous extract of Garcinia cambogia Desr. (AEGC) in PCOS.
Methodology
The HPLC was used to determine the phytoconstituents present in Garcinia cambogia. Thirty adult female albino rats were divided into 6 groups: Normal control (NC) disease Control (PCOS; letrozole 1 mg/kg), plant extract (AEGC 100, 300, 500 mg/kg) and standard (metformin; 20 mg/kg). Disease was confirmed by vaginal smear cytology. After 10 weeks, animals were euthanized, ovaries dissected for histopathology, blood collected for hormonal and biochemical analysis.
Results
HPLC analysis showed the presence of phenolic contents; chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, coumaric acid while flavonoid contents were quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin. After treatment, there was dose dependent reduction of weight, ovarian cysts, improvement of follicle growth. DPPH radical scavenging percentage was 67.89%. Hormonal analysis showed a significant improvement ( P < .05) in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen, and progesterone while a reduction in testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and insulin level. Antioxidant enzymatic markers were significantly ( P < .05) increased. Lipid profile and LFTs were also improved.
Conclusions
The study validated the potential of Garcinia cambogia in the management of PCOS.
... Also, it competitively inhibits the ATP-citrate lyase meant for the conversion of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A, a building block of fatty acid synthesis (Rao and Sakariah, 1988;Chuah et al., 2013;Tomar et al., 2019). The species having plentiful phytoconstituents, substantiate its diverse pharmacological activities (Semwal et al., 2015;Angami et al., 2021). It is an important constituent of certain health-wellness medications and dietary supplements (Asghar et al., 2007;Murthy et al., 2018;Seethapathy et al., 2018;Mena-García et al., 2022). ...
... A review of the efficacy of Garcinia cambogia fruit extract (GCFE), another popular ingredient in weight loss products, highlights that this ingredient has contradicting data regarding its effect on body composition. One study [32] and two systematic reviews [33,34] highlight the lack of significant positive effects on resting energy expenditure, weight loss, or satiety in overweight or obese males and females between 20 and 70 years of age after chronic supplementation of 2-5 g/day of GCFE. Another systematic review [35] concluded that there may be a small magnitude of effect for GCFE with short-term weight loss with 1-3 g chronic supplementation. ...
Background
Thermogenic supplements are widely used in the general population to support attempted fat loss; however, the efficacy and safety of these supplements are questioned.
Purpose
To determine whether a thermogenic supplement affects metabolic rate, hemodynamic responses, and mood states.
Methods
In a randomized double-blind crossover design, 23 females (22.2 ± 3.5 years; 164.8 ± 6.4 cm; 73.5 ± 6.9 kg) who were moderate caffeine consumers (<150 mg/day) reported to the lab after a 12 h fast for baseline assessments of resting energy expenditure (REE) via indirect calorimetry, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (SBP and DBP), blood variables, and hunger, satiety, and mood states. Thereafter, subjects ingested the assigned treatment (active treatment containing caffeine, micronutrients, and phytochemicals [TR] or placebo [PL]). All variables were reassessed at 30-, 60-, 120-, and 180 min post-ingestion. Subjects repeated the same protocol with ingestion of the opposite treatment on a separate day. All data were analyzed using a 2 × 5 ANOVA with repeated measures and significance was accepted a priori at p < 0.05.
Results
In the TR group, mean increases in REE of 121 to 166 kcal/d were observed at 30-, 60-, and 180 min post-ingestion (p < 0.01 for all). PL group mean decreases in REE of 72 to 91 kcal/day were observed at 60-, 120-, and 180 min (p < 0.05 for all). Respiratory quotient decreased at 120 and 180 min in both treatments. Slight increases in SBP of 3–4 mmHg were observed at 30, 120, and 180 min (p < 0.05 for all) post-ingestion of TR, while no effects were observed for DBP. Observed increases in SBP were within normal blood pressure ranges. TR decreased subjective fatigue with no other significant changes in mood states. Glycerol was maintained in TR, while there was a decrease at 30, 60, and 180 min (p < 0.05 for all) post-ingestion of PLA. Free fatty acids increased in TR at 60 and 180 min (p < 0.05) post-ingestion as well as a significant difference between treatments at 30 min post-ingestion indicating greater circulating free fatty acids levels in TR vs. PL (p < 0.01).
Conclusion
These findings indicate that ingestion of a specific thermogenic supplement formulation produces a sustained increase in metabolic rate and caloric expenditure and reduces fatigue over 3 h without producing adverse hemodynamic responses.
... It is also used as a food flavoring agent and a preservative. [114][115][116][117] G. gummi-gutta yields a high amount of oil and this is known to possess potential therapeutic properties. Commercially, these fruits are used for preparation of cosmetics and functional foods. ...
The Western Ghats is a mountain range western coast of the Indian peninsula that covers an area of 160,000 km 2. It is one of the eight biodiversity hotspots in the world. It contains a very large proportion of the country's flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to this region. According to a survey, the Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas and home to many wild edible fruits that are rarely eaten and are traditionally being used as medicine for several ailments. These wild edible fruits provide a variety of nutrients, vitamins and secondary metabolites. Hence, this review, we documented 28 important wild edible fruiting plants from Western Ghat. The most species of wild edible fruit plants belong to the families of Anacardiaceae, Clusiaceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Moraceae, Rutaceae, etc. Conventionally, tribal and rural people often rely on wild edible fruits for their food, which could provide primary dietary constituents and natural bioactive compounds. In this study, we have precisely recorded the medicinal importance, nutritional constituents, occurrence, and the biological activities of wild edible fruits prevalent to Western Ghat.
... , the second largest genus in Clusiaceae consists of 404 accepted species worldwide (POWO 2022) and distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world with species richness in South East Asia (Jones 1980, Li et al. 2007, Rogers & Sweeney 2007, Stevens 2007, Nimanthika & Kaththriarchi 2010, Sharma et al. 2013, Nazre et al. 2018). The genus is used significantly worldwide for food, medicinal, and ornamental purposes (Yapwattanaphun et al. 2000, Hemshekhar et al. 2011, Kadam et al. 2012, Sarma & Devi 2015, Semwal et al. 2015. In India, the genus is represented by 49 taxa (Anderson 1874, Maheshwari 1964, Singh 1993, Srivastava 1994, Mohanan et al. 1997, Sabu et al. 2013, Sarma et al. 2016, Shameer et al. 2021a and are distributed mainly in northeast regions, the Western Ghats and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. ...
Garcinia stipulata (Clusiaceae) is recollected after a lapse of 53 years from Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling, India. A taxonomic description with photograph and illustration are provided to facilitate easy identification. Also, a second-step lectotypification is discussed.
... It is because the these dietary supplements or slimming agents are being sold into the marker without clinical trial phase for the evaluation of their safety and efficacy. [22][23][24] General population remains at peace because of the inherent misconception regarding these products being composed of organic and natural ingredients thus totally safe for consumption. 25,26 These products are rampantly consumed as self-medication without physician's prescription by purchasing from local market, over the counter medicine or ordering online. ...
Background and Objectives: Obesity is a rapidly growing morbidity, putting lives of the affected individuals at risk and badly affecting the quality of their life. Garcinia Cambogia is claimed to be the most effective natural ingredient present in these slimming agents. This study was designed to investigate the effects of the Garcinia Cambogia on liver histology. Methods: Ninety male albino mice were randomly divided into three groups containing thirty mice each. Group I served as Control group and group II and III were experimental groups administered with drugs A (Slim Smart) and B (Ultra Slim Plus) respectively via oral gavage, whereas control group was only given equivalent volume of distilled water. Animals were sacrificed and liver were inspected for congestion and lymphocytic infiltration on histological examination. Results: Histological examination revealed that group II and III had significantly larger number of inflammatory cells/HPF as compared to group I (p-value = 0.001). Group II and III were having no significant differences when compared for inflammatory cells (p-value = 0.172).Features of congestion were present in 60 (100%) animals of group II and III when compared to group I (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion: Garcinia Cambogia containing weight reducing drugs tested in this experiment adversely affected the histology of liver. Both Slim Smart and Ultra Slim Plus have hepatotoxic effects resulting in marked cellular infiltration and congestion.
... The polyherbal mixture prepared for the study comprised of three plants viz. Emblica officinalis, Camellia sinensis and Garcinia cambogia, each of which are known to have therapeutic value [3][4][5]. The polyherbal blend was prepared with the aim to enhance the overall potential of the herbal extracts as these are used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity agent. ...
Simple, sensitive high performance thin layer chromatography method for the estimation of gallic acid and quercetin in in-house polyherbal blend has been developed and validated. Methanolic solution of herbal blend comprising of Emblica officinalis, Camellia sinensis and Garcinia cambogia was used for analysis. The sepa-ration was performed on TLC aluminum plates precoated with silica gel G60 F254 and toluene : ethyl ace-tate : formic acid (5:1.5:1 v/v/v) at 254 nm scanning wavelength. The system gave well resolved peaks for gallic acid and quercetin at Rf 0.14 and Rf 0.29 respectively. The method validated as per ICH Q2R1 guide-lines which shows regression co-efficient 0.9939 for gallic acid and 0.9988 for quercetin in range of 2–6 μg/ml. Recovery of gallic acid and quercetin was found in range of 98–102 % which confirms the accuracy of method. Precision study (interday & intraday) showed that the relative standard deviation is less than 2 %, showing method is well precise. Proposed validated HPTLC method is simple, precise, specific, robust and accurate, and could find application in routine quality-control analysis. The method was used for quantitative estimation of gallic acid and quercetin in the polyherbal blend and was found as 1.648 % w/w and 3.165 % w/w respectively.
... Garcinia cambogia is an evergreen tropical shrub of the family Clusiaceae commonly known as Garcinia gummi-gutta or Malabar tamarind [1]. It is a tree that is native to southeastern Asia and also distributed in tropical Asia, Polynesia and, Africa [2]. Garcinia cambogia fruits are used to treat rheumatism, edema, irregular menstruation, constipation, piles, and intestinal parasites in many south Asian countries [3]. ...
... Garacinia Cambogia Wet Fruits Fig 6 Garacinia Cambogia Dry Fruits Fig 7 : Mechanisms for Anti-obesity effect of Garcinia/HCA.38 sthoulya roga, Meda dhtau (adipose tissue) is taken as the principal Dushya in sthoulya roga 7,8 and it is recently confirmed in modern medicine, where the central obesity and dyslipidaemia are being considered as the main components of the basic matrix of obesity and dyslipidaemia. ...
In recent years’ obesity which is one among the metabolic syndrome is a leading health problem which can be corelated to dyslipidaemia – “prayaha snehat meda pravaradhyet”, implying the factor that excessive sneha(oleation) is responsible for excessive production of meda dhatu (fatty tissue) and such excessively accumulated meda dhatu (fatty tissue) causing avarodha (obliteration) of other dhatu(tissues) leading to medoroga(dyslipidaemia) or else it is taken as sthoulya (Obesity). Obesity is always associated with dyslipidaemia and other such metabolic disorders. There is an exact explanation to this pathology in Ayurveda and our acharyas have mentioned proper shamana aushadi (alleviating therapy) which can tackle both obesity as well as dyslipidaemia together. Hence our aim for this case report is to find out the efficacy of Vrikshamla (Garcinia Cambogia) in the management of sthoulya (Obesity) and dyslipidaemia and objectives that were assessed are body weight, BMI, body circumference and lipid profile of the patient. A 32-year-old male patient was a known case of obesity and diagnosed with dyslipidaemia based on the laboratory investigation. Patient was not a known case of any other metabolic disorders and administered with shamana aushadi (alleviating therapy) vrikshamla 2gms per day for 60 days. Patient was assessed before and after treatment with the subjective and objective parameters were taken up for the study which showed the drastic improvement in weight reduction of 6kgs and BMI was reduced to 29.2 from 32.2 and shows better results in lipid profile as well. Drug Vrikshamala (extract) which has amla(sour), katu(pungent) and madhura(sweet) rasa(taste) with laghu(lightness) and usna(hot) guna(properties) in predominance and having the kapha medohara property helps in agnisam dhukshana (stimulate digestive power) and does the ama sanchaya, clears the srotorodha (obstruction of channels) was profoundly successful in reducing weight, BMI and lipid profile of a patient. Thus vrikshamala shows a better efficacy against sthoulya(obesity) and in dyslipidemia.
... Moreover, East South Asian peoples usually eat the fruit of G. mangostana, G. xanthochymus, and G. cambogia for calories or nutrition and use the extracts of G. xanthochymus and G. cambogia in curry powder to increase the sour flavor in India. Interestingly, the extract of G. cambogia is also used as an antiseptic for preserving food freshness [18,19]. ...
Approximately 400 Garcinia species are distributed around the world. Previous studies have reported the extracts from bark, seed, fruits, peels, leaves, and stems of Garcinia mangostana, G. xanthochymus, and G. cambogia that were used to treat adipogenesis, inflammation, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Moreover, the hypoglycemic effects and underlined actions of different species such as G. kola, G. pedunculata, and G. prainiana have been elucidated. However, the anti-hyperglycemia of G. linii remains to be verified in this aspect. In this article, the published literature was collected and reviewed based on the medicinal characteristics of the species Garcinia, particularly in diabetic care to deliberate the known constituents from Garcinia and further focus on and isolate new compounds of G. linii (Taiwan distinctive species) on various hypoglycemic targets including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptor kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) via the molecular docking approach with Gold program to explore the potential candidates for anti-diabetic treatments. Accordingly, benzopyrans and triterpenes are postulated to be the active components in G. linii for mediating blood glucose. To further validate the potency of those active components, in vitro enzymatic and cellular function assays with in vivo animal efficacy experiments need to be performed in the near future.
Asam gelugur fruit has economic value. The government’s reforestation program empowers farmers through planting asam gelugur seeds at 3 altitudes, The problem is that not all of asam gelugur trees produce fruit. Characterization of morphology needs to be carried out to obtain basic data for selecting prospective mother trees as a source of seed supply that guarantees reforestation trees bear fruit. This study aims to characterize the morphology of asam gelugur based on classification of local wisdom of farmers of North Sumatra, namely classifying Asam gelugur based on the success or failure of the pollination process followed by the formation of fruit at 3 altitudes. This study was conducted in three altitudes: lowlands 1-<400 m above sea level (asl), medium (400- < 800 m asl and highlands (800- 1300 mdpl), exploration using survey method with IPGRI Descriptor guide and purposively sampling. The results found three types of asam gelugur in North Sumatra: Female, Male and Shemale (muzzy) at the three altitudes. There is no effect of altitude on the morphological characters of the three types of asam gelugur, except for the sharpness of the leaves color of the shoots.People namely Female asam gelugur tree, if pollination is successful and produces fruit. the tree routinely produces fruit. The name of a tree that has never been successfully pollinated and never bears fruit is called a male tree.The shemale tree is called a tree whose pollination occurs sometimes successfully. There were five striking differences in the characteristics of the three types asam gelugur based on local wisdom. The different characteristics were the Character shape (canopy), the petal’s color, the shape fruit, the Color of the young leaves, and the thickness of the leaves.
Overweight and obesity prevalence has increased worldwide. Apart from conventional approaches, people also resort to botanical supplements for reducing body weight, although several adverse events have been associated with these products. In this context, the present study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of Garcinia cambogia-based products and shedding light on the mechanisms involved. The suspected hepatotoxic reactions related to G. cambogia-containing products collected within the Italian Phytovigilance System (IPS) were examined. Then, an in vitro study was performed to evaluate the possible mechanisms responsible for the liver toxicity, focusing on the modulation of oxidative stress and Nrf2 expression. From March 2002 to March 2022, the IPS collected eight reports of hepatic adverse reactions related to G. cambogia, which exclusively involved women and were mostly severe. The causality assessment was probable in three cases, while it was possible in five. In the in vitro experiments, a low cytotoxicity of G. cambogia was observed. However, its combination with montelukast greatly reduced cell viability, increased the intracellular ROS levels, and affected the cytoplasmic Nrf2 expression, thus suggesting an impairment of the antioxidant and cytoprotective defenses. Overall, our results support the safety concerns about G. cambogia-containing supplements and shed light on the possible mechanisms underpinning its hepatotoxicity.
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are those that affect the digestive tract. This may include sections from the esophagus to the rectum and the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, associated digestive organs. Gastrointestinal diseases may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. Natural products show the potential ability to treat the causes and decrease the GI tract production systems. This chapter presents some of the medicinal plants that are used to treat and minimize signals of GI disease pathogenesis.
Novel in situ gelling liquid formulations incorporating garcinia extract were developed to achieve prolonged delivery of hydroxycitric acid (HCA), an active compound displaying anti-obesity function, following oral administration. The optimized formulation was composed of sodium alginate (1.5% w/v), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100) (0.25% w/v), calcium carbonate (1% w/v) and garcinia extract (2% w/v). The formulation displayed rapid gelation in less than a minute on exposure to 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (pH 1.2) and remained afloat for more than 24 h. The formulations were capable of gradually releasing more than 80% of HCA load over 8 h, depending on the composition. The resulting gels exhibited high values of gel strength by texture analysis, suggesting they would offer resistance to breakdown under the action of stomach content movement. The optimized formulation loaded garcinia extract significantly reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells and displayed moderate anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. These findings demonstrate that oral in situ gelling liquid formulations based on sodium alginate and HPMC K100 offer much potential for sustained delivery of HCA and other anti-obesity compounds.
Background
The present study formulates and evaluates a polyberry gel comprising extracts of cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) and brindle berry ( Garcinia cambogia ) in patients suffering from chronic periodontitis.
Materials and Methods
The polyberry gel was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, in vitro permeability and stability, and the active phytoconstituents were quantified by High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Total phenolic content, total antioxidants, and ascorbic acid were estimated in the two extracts by in vitro assays. Patients suffering from chronic periodontitis with probing pocket depth (PPD) up to 5 mm were divided into 3 groups of 21 patients each and treated with scaling and root planing (SRP) or SRP followed by subgingival placement of polyberry gel or tetracycline fibers (standard). Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), PPD, Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), and the salivary aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were recorded at baseline and after 1 month.
Results
A significant ( P < 0.01) reduction in the periodontic disease parameters was observed in the standard and gel-treated groups between their baseline and 1-month time-interval readings. The polyberry gel treatment significantly ( P < 0.05 for AST and P < 0.01 for the rest) attenuated the periodontitis-elevated PI, GI PPD, CAL, AST and CRP levels when compared with SRP at the end of the study and was comparable with tetracycline.
Conclusion
The amelioration of periodontitis and gingival inflammation may be attributed to the potent antioxidant activity of the polyphenolic phytoconstituents of the gel. The polyberry gel may thus be used as a safe adjunct to SRP/tetracycline in chronic periodontitis.
Garcinia cambogia, a weight control herbal, can cause mild liver toxicity with nonspecific histologic changes. Herein, we reported a case of herbal-induced fulminant cholestatic giant cell hepatitis due to garcinia cambogia use. A 65-year-old woman with breast cancer treated 18 years earlier was admitted for obstructive jaundice for 2 weeks. She started using garcinia cambogia 3 months ago for weight loss. Physical exam showed scleral icterus. Serum studies excluded Wilson's disease, systemic infection including COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), autoimmune hepatitis, and metabolic or toxicologic causes. An urgent liver biopsy showed severe giant cell hepatitis in absence of HSV-1/2, cytomegalovirus, HBsAg and HBcAg (immunostain), and EBV (in situ hybridization). Despite supportive therapy, the patient developed grade 2-3 hepatic encephalopathy and necessitated liver transplant. The explanted liver was markedly atrophy, in which the most striking histologic finding was diffuse distribution of multinucleated giant hepatocytes with syncytial pattern in a background of extensive zone-1 accentuated, geographic, hemorrhagic, confluent hepatocytic necrosis, along with remarkable hepatocytic and canalicular cholestasis. Marked hepatocellular and sinusoidal iron orverload present. The patient recovered uneventfully.
Based on their current wide bioavailability, botanical dietary supplements have become an important component of the United States healthcare system, although most of these products have limited scientific evidence for their use. The most recent American Botanical Council Market Report estimated for 2020 a 17.3% increase in sales of these products when compared to 2019, for a total sales volume of $11,261 billion. The use of botanical dietary supplements products in the United States is guided by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) from 1994, enacted by the U.S. Congress with the aim of providing more information to consumers and to facilitate access to a larger number of botanical dietary supplements available on the market than previously. Botanical dietary supplements may be formulated for and use only using crude plant samples (e.g., plant parts such as the bark, leaves, or roots) that can be processed by grinding into a dried powder. Plant parts can also be extracted with hot water to form an “herbal tea.” Other preparations of botanical dietary supplements include capsules, essential oils, gummies, powders, tablets, and tinctures. Overall, botanical dietary supplements contain bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemotypes that typically are found at low concentration levels. These bioactive constituents usually occur in combination with inactive molecules that may induce synergy and potentiation of the effects observed when botanical dietary supplements are taken in their different forms. Most of the botanical dietary supplements available on the U.S. market have been used previously as herbal remedies or as part of traditional medicine systems from around the world. Their prior use in these systems also provides a certain level of assurance in regard to lower toxicity levels. This chapter will focus on the importance and diversity of the chemical features of bioactive secondary metabolites found in botanical dietary supplements that are responsible for their applications. Many of the active principles of botanical dietary substances are phenolics and isoprenoids, but glycosides and some alkaloids are also present. Biological studies on the active constituents of selected botanical dietary supplements will be discussed. Thus, the present chapter should be of interest for both members of the natural products scientific community, who may be performing development studies of the products available, as well as for healthcare professionals who are directly involved in the analysis of botanical interactions and evaluation of the suitability of botanical dietary supplements for human consumption.KeywordsBlack cohoshBotanical dietary supplementsAcaiCranberryDSHEA
Echinacea
Herbal medicineChemical constituentsBiological activities
Kidney stone is a urinary system disease with a high incidence, and effective stone drugs are limited. Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), mainly found in Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus sabdariffa, can reduce body weight and calcium salt deposition. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms of HCA inhibition of renal calcium oxalate (CaOx) deposition and nephrotoxicity in an oxalate-induced cell model and rat model. HCA could effectively inhibit CaOx crystal deposition and reduce crystal adhesion and oxidative damage. Further cellular transcriptomic analysis and in vitro results showed that HCA could stably bind peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), thus promoting the expression of downstream oxidative stress molecules and inhibiting calcium ion release and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus reducing oxalate-induced renal lipid peroxidation damage. HCA, a drug with the ability to modulate lipid metabolism and inhibit CaOx formation, may be a therapeutic option for the treatment of oxalate nephropathies.
In China, the endemic species Garcinia yunnanensis and native Garcinia xanthochymus are known as edible and medicinal plants. However, a systematic metabolomic and bioactivity evaluation of different plant parts from both species is lacking. In this study, comprehensive investigations of 11 plant parts of G. yunnanensis and 10 of G. xanthochymus employing UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MSE-based metabolomic analysis in conjunction with three bioactivity assays were undertaken. A customized chemotaxonomic-based in-house library containing 6456 compounds was constructed and coupled to the Progenesis QI informatic platform for metabolite annotations. From these two species, a total of 235 constituents were characterized using multiple criteria. Differences in metabolite profiles between the plant parts within each species were uncovered using multivariate analysis. Based on orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), 23 markers were identified as highly differential metabolites from G. xanthochymus and 20 from G. yunnanensis. Comparative assessment of the biological assays revealed the activity variations among different plant parts. The seeds of both species and G. yunnanensis latex exhibited excellent cytotoxic and antibacterial activities, while G. xanthochymus roots and G. yunnanensis arils showed strong anti-inflammatory effects. S-plot analysis identified 26 potential biomarkers for the observed activities, including the known cytotoxic agent cycloxanthochymol and the anti-inflammatory compound garcimultiflorone B, which likely explains some of the potent observed bioactivity.
A new species of entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium indicum, which derives its species epithet after its Indian origin is reported here. The fungus was found to cause natural epizootics in leafhopper (Busoniomimus manjunathi) infesting Garcinia gummi-gutta (Malabar tamarind), an evergreen spice tree native to South and Southeast Asia, known for its use as a culinary flavourant, dietary supplement and traditional remedy for various human ailments. The fungus was found to cause more than 60% mortality in field collected insects. The identity of the new species was established based on its distinct morphological characteristics and multi-gene sequence data analyses. Phylogenetic analyses using internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), DNA lyase (APN2) and a concatenated set of four marker genes [translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF), β-tubulin (BTUB), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2)] along with marked differences in nucleotide composition and genetic distance unambiguously support our claim that the present fungus infecting leafhoppers is a new addition to the genus Metarhizium.
Background:
Garcinia cambogia is widely used as a weight-loss supplement, and it is reported to be negatively associated with metabolic diseases including insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and dyslipidemia.
Objective:
This study aimed to investigate the effect of G. cambogia water extract (GE) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, IR, and hepatic lipid accumulation.
Design:
C57BL/6 male mice were fed HFD with or without GE, GED and GEP for 16 weeks, and the mice were subjected to insulin tolerance tests and liver histological analysis. The hydroxycitric acid (HCA) levels of GE, GED, and GEP were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results:
The results showed that GE significantly reduced HFD-induced body weight gain (P < 0.001), alleviated IR (P < 0.01), reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) (P < 0.001), and attenuated HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. To investigate the constituent that was responsible for these effects, we separated GE into the component that dissolved in ethanol (GED) and the component that was precipitated by ethanol (GEP). Further mouse experiments showed that both GED and GEP were effective, but GED (which was used at a dose of 4 g/L) was more effective than GEP (which was used at a lower dose of 1 g/L). The HCA levels in GED and GEP were similar, although less than in GE. HCA may be the effective component in GE.
Conclusion:
This study provides evidence that G. cambogia can be used as a natural supplement to alleviate IR and hepatic lipid accumulation.
The demand of herbal products has seen an increase in their consumption in nutraceuticals and cosmetics world due to globalization. In association with this, Garcinia cambogia (syn.) (Guttiferae), the evergreen tree has gained much attention because of its active ingredient, hydroxycitric acid that is well documented for treating obesity. The fruit rind of Garcinia, is treasured among South Asia as a food preservative and flavoring agent from time immemorial. This culinary agent has other medicinal value to treat various diseases including constipation, rheumatism, irregular menstruation, piles, sores, dermatitis, hemorrhoids, dysentery, and edema. Besides, the adulterants that can be plausibly used should be identified and strict regulatory norms should enforce basic legislation for these ingredients to be used as supplements. Hence, the fruit of Garcinia holds a paramount value as nutraceutical and dietary supplements and should be considered for large-scale evidence-based studies.
Fenugreek also called as Trigonella foenum graecum, belong to Fabaceae family. It is one of the most common Indian spices that are particularly recognized for its culinary, medicinal, and aromatic properties. Fenugreek is more pronounced for its health-promising properties such as antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Fenugreek is enriched with various chemical constituents that aids in enriching its nutraceutical properties. Its chemical constituents majorly composed of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, fibers, vitamin, and fatty acids. Fenugreek is enhancing human health by providing different bioactive compounds, antioxidant compounds, and hepatoprotective capacity. Fenugreek gel formation property aids in preventing antiulcer as studied with respect to some antiulcer drugs available like omeprazole. Fenugreek is one major kitchen ingredient that controls various metabolic diseases by its different nutraceutical properties. Based on the past evidences, the present review chapter aims to elaborate the nutraceutical properties of fenugreek.
Herbs, Spices and Their Roles in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods gives an overview of the many pharmacological activities associated with herbs and spices, including detailed coverage on their mechanisms and formulations for the food industry. Chapters focus on key ingredients such as Curcuma longa, Piper Nigrum and Trigonella foenum-graecum, with contributors across the globe providing the latest research and advances for each. This is an essential read for scientists who want to understand the fundamental mechanisms behind the bioactive compounds within herbs and spices. The numerous phytochemicals present in plant extracts have multiple pharmacological activities so there is extensive research into new bioactive compounds. The pharmacological activities of herbs and spices have been thoroughly investigated, and it is crucial that the latest research is organized into a comprehensive resource.
Lipid metabolic reprogramming is involved in mediating tamoxifen (TAM) response in breast cancer cells. Published microarray data indicated that ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is overexpressed in TAM-resistant BC cells. Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a powerful competitive inhibitor of the enzyme ACLY, which links carbohydrates and lipids metabolism. However, whether inhibition of ACLY could modulate TAM response in TAM-resistant BC cells remained unexplored. Thus the current study aimed to explore the effect of ACLY inhibition on TAM-resistant BC cells. The cytotoxicity of TAM and/or HCA on LCC2 and its TAM-sensitive counterpart MCF7 cells was evaluated. Also, the effect of TAM and/or HCA treatments on ACLY protein levels were investigated by western blotting. In addition, the effects of TAM and/or HCA on caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl2 levels were evaluated by ELISA.; besides, and flow cytometric analysis was performed for the detection of apoptosis. Moreover, cholesterol and triglyceride contents of LCC2 and MCF7 were quantified colorimetrically. Our results demonstrated that TAM/HCA co-treatment synergistically diminished LCC2 and MCF7 cell viability, with the effect being more significant on LCC2. Mechanistically, TAM/HCA co-treatment decreases the expression level of ACLY in LCC2 by 74%, while in MCF7 by only 59%. Moreover, apoptosis marker caspase-3 and Bax were increased, while the anti-apoptotic Bcl2 was decreased. Furthermore, the cholesterol and TG contents were increased in LCC2 than in MCF7. Our data revealed that ACLY plays a key role in TAM resistance and ACLY inhibition by HCA-mediated sensitization of BC-resistant cells to TAM.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main cause of chronic liver disease. At present, the main clinical treatment for NAFLD is diet adjustment, exercise, and weight loss, but the effect is poor, and there is still a lack of recognized drugs with significant efficacy in NAFLD. In recent years, with the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of NAFLD, it has been found that the core enzymes that inhibit intrahepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), including citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), can improve hepatic steatosis and provide a new method for the treatment of NAFLD. This article reviews the research progress of five different types of lipogenesis inhibitors for treatment of NAFLD. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Interleukin (IL)-1β is a culprit of adipose tissue inflammation, which in turn causes systematic inflammation and insulin resistance in obese individuals. IL-1β is mainly produced in monocytes and macrophages and marginally in adipocytes, through cleavage of the inactive pro-IL-1β precursor by caspase-1, which is activated via the NLRP3 inflammasome complex. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factor is the master regulator of inflammatory responses. Brindle berry (Garcinia cambogia) has been widely used as health products for treating obesity and related metabolic disorders, but its active principles remain unclear. We previously found a series of polyisoprenylated benzophenones from brindle berry with anti-inflammatory activities. In this study we investigated whether 14-deoxygarcinol (DOG), a major polyisoprenylated benzophenone from brindle berry, alleviated adipose tissue inflammation and insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet fed mice. The mice were administered DOG (2.5, 5 mg · kg−1 · d−1, i.p.) for 4 weeks. We showed that DOG injection dose-dependently improved insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, but not adiposity in high-fat diet-fed mice. We found that DOG injection significantly alleviated adipose tissue inflammation via preventing macrophage infiltration and pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages, and adipose tissue fibrosis via reducing the abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix. In LPS plus nigericin-stimulated THP-1 macrophages, DOG (1.25, 2.5, 5 μM) dose-dependently suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling pathway. We demonstrated that DOG bound to and activated the deacetylase Sirtuin 2, which in turn deacetylated and inactivated NLRP3 inflammasome to reduce IL-1β secretion. Moreover, DOG (1.25, 2.5, 5 μM) dose-dependently mitigated inflammatory responses in macrophage conditioned media-treated adipocytes and suppressed macrophage migration toward adipocytes. Taken together, DOG might be a drug candidate to treat metabolic disorders through modulation of adipose tissue remodeling.
El propósito fundamental de este libro es presentar información actual, a partir de datos experimentales de forma clara y minuciosa, destacando conceptos y características pertinentes del potencial agroindustrial del mangostino. Los temas abordados incluyen toda la teoría de los ingredientes naturales de dicho fruto, buscando ofrecer una mirada general y una explicación adecuada para agricultores y estudiantes enfocada en el análisis de Garcinia mangostana L.
The efficacy of silvre nanoparticles using Garcinia cambogia Gaertn. Desr. fruit extract and serve as an anti diabetic agent has been ascertained and thus these nanoparticles can be studied as an anti diabetic agents in vivo.
RESUMO: Este trabalho consistiu em investigar a ocorrência de espécies vegetais constituintes de fitoterápicos dispensados em uma rede de farmácias de manipulação, que possam comprometer a efetividade ou toxicidade dos medicamentos utilizados no tratamento do Diabetes mellitus tipo II, por meio de interações farmacocinéticas. Os dados sobre fitoterápicos prescritos e IFAV (insumo farmacêutico ativo vegetal) foram colhidos, com consentimento, nos registros de receituários aviados em nove unidades de uma rede de farmácias de manipulação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, sendo da cidade do Rio de Janeiro (8) e Petrópolis (1). Dos 20142 registros de saída, 5224 eram fitoterápicos solicitados por quatrocentos e trinta prescritores médicos, correspondentes a IFAV obtidos de noventa e três espécies vegetais. Foi determinada a frequência das espécies e suas indicações. Dentre as espécies de maior frequência, a maioria (84%) eram indicadas para perda de peso ou disfunções associadas à obesidade, como a ação hipolipêmica ou hipoglicemiante, e algumas para o aumento da massa muscular e ansiedade. As espécies de maior frequência de indicação foram: e Passiflora incarnata. Nas bases de dados PUBMED e SCIENCE DIRECT, foram realizadas as buscas sobre interações farmacocinéticas envolvendo as espécies mais indicadas e os sistemas de biotransformação CYP (2C8, 2C9, 3A4, 2C19) e de biotransporte P-gp, BCRP e OCT, porém só foram recuperados trabalhos a respeito de 53% das espécies prescritas, sendo sua maioria ensaios in vitro. Em conclusão, a revisão da literatura sugere cautela na utilização de Camellia sinensis, Centella asiatica, Gymnema sylvestre e Panax ginseng associadas a sulfonilureias e glinidas e Equisetum arvense concomitantemente à pioglitazona devido à possibilidade de potencialização dos efeitos adversos causados pela diminuição da metabolização desses antidiabéticos. Pouco ainda é estudado a respeito dos riscos no uso dessas espécies em concomitância aos antidiabéticos orais e, sendo a Fitoterapia uma Prática Integrativa, os prescritores devem estar cientes dos riscos envolvidos na utilização concomitante de antidiabéticos com fitoterápicos relacionados às espécies acima citadas e, na ocasião de sua utilização, tomar medidas preventivas no sentido de detectar eventuais falhas terapêuticas ou eventos adversos. Caso esses ocorram, devem ser notificados à Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Palavras-chave: Diabetes, Interações planta-medicamento ABSTRACT: Phytotherapy as an integrative and complementary practice: investigation of the risk of herb-drug interactions with Diabetes mellitus type II treatment. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of plants, used in herbal medicines dispensed in a manipulation pharmacie´s network, that could compromise the effectiveness or toxicity of antidiabetics through
Rising rates of obesity has increased the global use of herbal supplements intended to control weight. However, taking these preparations without appropriate medical supervision could increase the risk of manifestation of side effects, especially at the hepatic level. In literature, different cases of acute liver injury consequent to the use of food supplements containing Garcinia cambogia and hydroxycitric acid are reported. This letter aims to review the most recent literature that analysed the herb-induced liver disease due to the use of hydroxycitric acid, from the first alert coming from the Food and Drug Administration in 2009, to the last recent European food alerts from 2020 to 2021. It is noteworthy that in some cases it demonstrated the relationship between hydroxycitric acid and hepatotoxicity. Therefore, there is a need to draw more attention to the relationship between a safe use and a more awareness in the intake of these supplements, to preserve the safety of the consumers who increasingly purchase food supplements, products that have only nutritive properties and are never curative.
In the present study Antichol, a polyherbal formulation was evaluated for its antihypercholesterolemic activity against cholesterol cocktail induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Antichol, at an oral dose of 0.25 and 1.25 mg/kg, significantly prevented the cholesterol cocktail induced changes in the serum glucose, lipid profile (triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol) and ALP levels (p<;0.05). In addition, it also significantly prevented the cholesterol induced fatty degeneration of the liver and changes in the liver antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH and catalase). Based on the above results it may be concluded that, the polyherbal formulation, Antichol, shows a significant protection against cholesterol cocktail induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. The above activity of Antichol may be attributed to its beneficial effects on the in vivo antioxidant system.
Many plants had been used as raw materials in drug development. One of them is a tropical plant native to Southeast Asia, named Garcinia cambogia. The extract obtained from Garcinia cambogia fruits presents hypolipidemic properties, which arise from its high flavonoid content. The aim of the study was to validate the ability of HCA-containing Garcinia cambogia extract and flavonoids on cardiac lipid and protein metabolism in old and obese rats fed high lipid diet. Thirty female, one-year-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used and separated into three equal groups. Group 1 (control group) was fed basal diet, while the diets of both group 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil and cholesterol (3%). 4.5% Garcinia cambogia extract was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. At the end of 75 days trial period, heart samples of all animals were promptly excised and homogenized. Cardiac total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were determined in post-mitochondrial fractions of the samples. The administration of diets containing vegetable oil (10%) and cholesterol (1.5%) in high levels in group 2 caused an insignificant increase in triglyceride and cholesterol levels of heart compared with control group. Also feeding with 4.5% Garcinia cambogia extract added to the diet and starting on day 45 caused an insignificant decrease in triglyceride and cholesterol levels in group 3 compared with group 2. Levels of cardiac total protein showed no significances between groups. All these findings suggest that there is a suppressive effect of HCA-containing Garcinia cambogia extract on cardiac lipid and protein metabolism in rats fed high lipid diet. According to these results, Garcinia cambogia can be recommended as a therapeutic agent against coronary heart disease by reducing cardiac triglyceride and cholesterol levels.
Despite many herbs having both antidiabetic as well as antiobesity activity; there is no marketed polyherbal formulation for obesity associated diabetes. In light of this, polyherbal preparation for obesity associated diabetes containing Gymnema sylvestre R., Garcinia Cambogia, Lagerstromia speciosa L., was investigated in normal and obese streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Effect of oral administration of polyherbal formulation (412, 825 and 1625 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days on the level of serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, serum LDL, serum HDL, serum VLDL levels and body weight in obese diabetic rats were evaluated. Administration of the formulation for 21 days significantly decreased serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL levels and body weight and increased the HDL level. A comparison was made between the action of polyherbal formulation and glibenclamide (4 mg/kg), the standard antidiabetic drug, sibutramine (5mg/kg), the standard antiobesity drug. The antidiabetic and antiobesity effect of the formulation was found to be nearly similar to that observed for glibenclamide and sibutramine respectively. It ican be concluded that, the formulation should be considered as an excellent candidate for future studies of obesity associated diabetes.
The aim of the study was to investigate the preventive effects of dietary Garcinia cambogia extract on lipid metabolism and serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyle transferase (GGT) in rats fed high-lipid diet. Thirty female, one-year-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used and separated into three equal groups. Group 1 (control group) was fed basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol), while the diets of both group 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid and 5% hydrogenated vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3%). 4.5% (w/w) Garcinia cambogia extract was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. Blood samples were withdrawn from all rats on days 0, 45 and 75. Serum levels of total protein, LDL-cholesterol and phospholipid were lower in the control group than in the other two groups, and there were no significant differences between these two experimental groups at the end of the study (P<0.05). Serum triglyceride concentrations rose significantly in the Garcinia cambogia- supplemented group (group 3). HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly different between the three groups (P<0.05). The highest levels were in the control group. Serum ALT activities were not significantly different between the groups at the end of the study. Serum AST and GGT activities were significantly lower in the groups 2 and 3 than those in the controls, respectively. Fat feeding caused rising lipid indices in serum, while Garcinia cambogia supplementation to the fatty diet failed to decrease the rise in serum lipid indices in the present dose. The higher doses of Garcinia cambogia extract should be investigated.
The aim of the study was to investigate the improving effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on performance metrics, and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in rats fed with atherogenic diet. Thirty, one-year-old, female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of ten animals each. Control group was fed with basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol), while the diets of groups 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid- and 5% hydrogenated-vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3%). 4.5% Garcinia cambogia was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. Performance metrics were significantly lower in group 3 than the other groups. Serum NEFA levels were significantly higher in group 3 than the control group on day 45, and in group 3 compared with the other groups on day 75. Serum CRP levels were not significantly different among all groups in all days. In conclusion, the reduced performance metrics indicate that supplementation with Garcinia cambogia extract is a novel therapeutic tool for weight management. Also, this study indicates that large doses of Garcinia cambogia can lead to a substantial increase in serum NEFA concentrations which may be due to the increased fat degradation.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the antiobesity agent Garcinia cambogia extract, on serum lipoprotein (a), apolipoproteins A1 (apo A1) and B (apo B), and total cholesterol levels in atherogenic diet fed rats. Thirty female, one year old Sprague-Dawley rats were separated to three equal groups. Group 1 (control group) was fed basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol). The diets of Groups 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid and 5% hydrogenated) and cholesterol (3%) in high levels. 4.5% (w/w) Garcinia cambogia extract was added to the diet of Group 3 after Day 45 up until the end of trial period. Blood samples were withdrawn on Days 0, 45 and 75. Serum lipoprotein (a), apo B, apo A1 and total cholesterol levels were determined by colorimetric methods. Serum lipoprotein (a) and apolipoprotein B levels were not significantly different between groups throughout the study. Serum apo A1 levels increased (P<0.05) towards the end of the study in Groups 2 and 3. Serum total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in Groups 2 and 3 than in the control group on Days 45 and 75. Garcinia cambogia extract did not ave any significant effect on the analysed indices. The rising in serum apo A1 levels in Groups 2 and 3 was surprising, ince apo A1 is a primary protein of high density lipoprotein and is protector from atherosclerosis. In conclusion, a %65 HCA containing diet was insufficient to lower atherosclerotic lipoprotein levels. Therefore, a higher dose of Garciniacambogia extract should be experienced in future studies.
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers (Menispermaceae) has long been used for the treatment of asthma, tuberculosis, dysentery, hyperglycaemia, cancer, fever, intestinal complaints, sleep disturbances and inflammation in many Asian countries. It mainly contains alkaloids and, until now, over 30 alkaloids such as bisbenzylisoquinolines, hasubanalactams, berberines and aporphines have been isolated from its tuber. Most of its traditional medicinal activities are scientifically approved by various in vitro and in vivo studies. It shows remarkable anti-psychotic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial and anti-hypertensive activities. This work includes comprehensive information on the ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of S. glabra. This review also focuses on the future perspectives with main emphasis on the establishment of therapeutic index and safety index of the plant. This review concludes that S. glabra has a great potential to treat various diseases, and could be used as a source for novel healthcare products in the near future, which needs further studies.
Obesity, the leading metabolic disease, is a prevalent health problem in industrialized countries and is closely associated with coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and even cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of dip-sauce for meat containing Garcinia cambogia extract (GC) on the lipid accumulation and body weight reduction in rats fed high-fat diet for three months. Eighteen Sprague Dawley male rats of five-week-old were randomly assigned to one of three groups; normal chew diet (NCD) group, high-fat diet plus GC-noncontaining dip-sauce (HFD) group, and HFD plus GC-containing dip-sauce (HFD+GC) group. Co-administration of GC-containing dip-sauce (5 g/kg body weight/day) with HFD significantly attenuated cumulative body weight gain, compared with NCD or HFD groups. Both epididymal and perirenal fat pad weights in the HFD plus GC group were significantly lower than those of HFD or NCD groups. Administration of GC-containing dip-sauce also resulted in significant reduction in the serum levels of total cholesterol, total lipid, and triglyceride, compared with NCD or HFD groups. Thus, GC-containing dip-sauce confers beneficial effects to pathological states associated with metabolic disorder via its anti-obesity and lipid lowering properties.
This article presents the evaluation of the notifications of adverse events related to medicinal plants and their derivatives (herbal medicines). Such evaluations were voluntarily run by the Brazilian Pharmacovigilance System, coordinated by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), from January 1999 to March 2009. Pharmacovigilance involves the detection of adverse reactions that occur during or after the use of drugs, drug interactions, problems of quality, improper use and inefficacy. There is scarce scientific confirmation about efficacy and safety of herbal medicines, so the notification of adverse events provides of information, and promotes rational use.
A nutraceutical product composed of a combination of Garcinia cambogia, l-carnitine and a seaweed extract of Ascophyllum nodosum has been recently developed. The aim of the present study was to characterize its effects on subjective satiety sensations and food preferences in healthy volunteers. In a crossover design, 28 subjects (21 females and 7 males, aged 31 ± 5, BMI 22.6 ± 1.7) were randomly assigned to receive the active treatment (LIS) or placebo (PL) over one week. At the end of each treatment period, subjects were instructed to consume ad libitum a test meal. Food preferences and appetite sensations were evaluated by means of the Leeds Food Preferences Questionnaire and visual analog scales, before and after meal, over three hours. There were no differences in energy intake between study groups. LIS was associated with a reduction in subjective hunger sensations (p = 0.018) and to an increase in satiety (p = 0.02) and fullness (p = 0.01) ratings. The preference for high fat foods was reduced after consuming the test meal in both study groups. There was a significant effect of LIS treatment on food explicit liking and implicit wanting, as evidenced by an increase in preference for sweet foods (relative to savory foods; p = 0.03 and p = 0.004, respectively), but no differences were observed regarding the preference for low or high fat foods (NS). These results provide proof of principle for the satiating properties of a nutraceutical containing Garcinia cambogia, Ascophyllum nodosum extract and l-carnitine and suggest that it might be useful as an appetite modulator.
Garcinia cambogia extract (GC) with its active component consisting of hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is widely utilized for weight loss. Various HCA salts are available, including calcium, magnesium, potassium and mixtures of these. Experimentally, these salts exhibit different properties with some, but not all, improving glucose tolerance and blood pressure. Recently, obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45 kcal% fat) with or without GC (1%, w/w) for 16 wk. The active arm reduced visceral fat, adipocyte size and serum glucose, yet purportedly also exhibited hepatic collagen accumulation, lipid peroxidation and increased mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative stress. The latter findings are at odds with a large body of animal and human studies that have been conducted on the safety and efficacy of HCA. This literature shows HCA to be protective against the liver toxicity associated with ethanol and dexamethasone administration, and to maintain serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase at near normal levels. In both animal and clinical literature, elevated intakes of HCA per se have not led to signs of inflammation or hepatotoxicity. The compound has been found to reduce markers of inflammation in brain, intestines, kidney and serum.
Comparison of morphogenetic potential of three important Indian species of Garcinia—G. indica, G. cambogia and G. xanthochymus has been reported. Apomictic seeds of G. indica were found to be morphogenetically most potential followed by G. cambogia. The explants of G. xanthochymus were highly recalcitrant towards in vitro conditions and failed to induce adventitious buds on any of the media tested. High frequency direct shoot bud differentiation was induced in aseptic seed cultures of G. indica and G. cambogia on MS medium supplemented with cytokinins (BAP, kinetin or TDZ). Amongst the three cytokinins tested, TDZ (0.1–0.5 μM) was most effective for adventitious bud differentiation in both G. indica and G. cambogia, however, the proliferating buds failed to elongate. Substantial number of buds induced on BAP supplemented media elongated into shoots after subculture on elongation medium. Addition of NAA along with cytokinins in the induction medium enhanced callusing without improvement in bud induction response. The induced adventitious buds were elongated on MS basal medium containing 0.2% activated charcoal. Direct rooting was achieved in both G. indica and G. cambogia on auxin supplemented media with best response at 10 μM IBA concentration in both the species. The in vitro raised plantlets showed 90% survival in the field when transferred after hardening and acclimatization.
Garcinia is a plant under the family of Clusiaceae that is commonly used as a flavouring agent. Various phytochemicals including flavonoids and organic acid have been identified in this plant. Among all types of organic acids, hydroxycitric acid or more specifically (-)-hydroxycitric acid has been identified as a potential supplement for weight management and as antiobesity agent. Various in vivo studies have contributed to the understanding of the anti-obesity effects of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid via regulation of serotonin level and glucose uptake. Besides, it also helps to enhance fat oxidation while reducing de novo lipogenesis. However, results from clinical studies showed both negative and positive antiobesity effects of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid. This review was prepared to summarise the update of chemical constituents, significance of in vivo/clinical anti-obesity effects, and the importance of the current market potential of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid.
To investigate long-term effects of Garcinia Cambogia (GC), weight-loss supplement, on adiposity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese mice.
Obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45 kcal% fat) with or without GC (1%, w/w) for 16 wk. The HFD contained 45 kcal% fat, 20 kcal% protein and 35 kcal% carbohydrate. They were given free access to food and distilled water, and food consumption and body weight were measured daily and weekly, respectively. Data were expressed as the mean ± SE. Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package for the social science software program. Student's t test was used to assess the differences between the groups. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05.
There were no significant changes in body weight and food intake between the groups. However, the supplementation of GC significantly lowered visceral fat accumulation and adipocyte size via inhibition of fatty acid synthase activity and its mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue, along with enhanced enzymatic activity and gene expression involved in adipose fatty acid β-oxidation. Moreover, GC supplementation resulted in significant reductions in glucose intolerance and the plasma resistin level in the HFD-fed mice. However, we first demonstrated that it increased hepatic collagen accumulation, lipid peroxidation and mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and inflammatory responses (tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) as well as plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels, although HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was not altered.
GC protects against HFD-induced obesity by modulating adipose fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation but induces hepatic fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.
Using oral potassium-magnesium hydroxycitrate (KMgHCA) doses comparable to suggested human intake, effects on systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose-insulin metabolism, inflammatory markers, blood chemistries and carageenan-induced paw edema were examined in rats. Initially, four groups of eight 8-week old male Sprague-Dawley Rats (SD) received diets supplying calories as 30% fats, 50% carbohydrates and 20% proteins. For 8 weeks, test arms received HCA (from KMgHCA) at 14 mg, 28 mg or 84 mg daily. In a second study, two groups of 6 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) consuming normal rat chow mixed with 20% w/w sucrose were examined (Control or 84 mg HCA daily) to expand findings on SBP and glucose-insulin metabolism. In the first study, there were no significant differences in food intake or weight gain. The 28 mg and 84 mg doses significantly lowered SBP. In all test groups, circulating insulin levels were lower, but without significance due to variances in Control. The highest test dose significantly reduced paw edema and all doses strongly trended towards reduced CRP and TNF-alpha. There was no evidence of toxicity. In the second study, the intake of KMgHCA (84 mg daily) in genetically hypertensive rats quickly caused a significant decrease in SBP. Losartan challenge suggested the renin-angiotensin system was involved. Glucose tolerance and insulin challenges indicated that KMgHCA enhanced insulin sensitivity.
Food is the major source for serving the nutritional needs, but with growing modernization some traditional ways are being given up. Affluence of working population with changing lifestyles and reducing affordability of sick care, in terms of time and money involved, are some of the forces that are presently driving people towards thinking about their wellness. There has been increased global interest in traditional medicine. Efforts to monitor and regulate traditional herbal medicine are underway. Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine, remains the most ancient yet living traditions. Although India has been successful in promoting its therapies with more research and science-based approach, it still needs more extensive research and evidence base. Increased side effects, lack of curative treatment for several chronic diseases, high cost of new drugs, microbial resistance and emerging, diseases are some reasons for renewed public interest in complementary and alternative medicines. Numerous nutraceutical combinations have entered the international market through exploration of ethnopharmacological claims made by different traditional practices. This review gives an overview of the Ayurvedic system of medicine and its role in translational medicine in order to overcome malnutrition and related disorders.
This book continues as volume 10 of a multi-compendium on Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. It covers such plants with edible modified storage subterranean stems (corms, rhizomes, stem tubers) and unmodified subterranean stem stolons, above ground swollen stems and hypocotyls, storage roots (tap root, lateral roots, root tubers), and bulbs, that are eaten as conventional or functional food as vegetables and spices, as herbal teas, and may provide a source of food additive or nutraceuticals. This volume covers 66 plant species with with edible modified stems, roots and bulbs in the families Amaranthaceae, Cannaceae, Cibotiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cyperaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Marantaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Orchidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Simaroubaceae, Solanaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Typhaceae and Zingiberaceae. The edible species dealt with in this work include wild and underutilized crops and also common and widely grown ornamentals. To help in identification of the plant and edible parts more than 200 colored illustrations are included.
As in the preceding nine volumes, topics covered include: taxonomy (botanical name and synonyms); common English and vernacular names; origin and distribution; agro-ecological requirements; edible plant parts and uses; plant botany; nutritive, medicinal and pharmacological properties with up-to-date research findings; traditional medicinal uses; other non-edible uses; and selected/cited references for further reading. This volume has separate indices for scientific and common names; and separate scientific and medical glossaries.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the weight loss and the decrease of cholesterolemia and triglyceridemia in overweight of subjects treated with lyophylized extract of Garcinia cambogia (GC). Two groups were randomly allocated. Each group had 20 adult, healthy (except for the overweight from I to III grade) subjects. Placebo was administered to the subjects in the first group, and GC to the subjects in the second group, both in similar capsules of 500 mg, before each meal and during eight weeks. Results showed that GC caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of the overweight, cholesterol and triglycerides in relation to the control group with placebo, without the side effects commonly caused by anorectic sympathomimetic amines. In conclusion, it can be assured that GC represents a new efficacious alternative in the control of obesity.
Garcinia extract was used as a potential anti-obesity agent. In this study, we found that Garcinia extract inhibits the cytoplasmic lipid accumulation as well as adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes. The mechanisms that regulate the inhibition of insulin-induced differentiation by Garcinia extracts include the inhibition of expression of the early adipogenic transcription factor, CCAAT element binding protein (C/EBP)α that regulate adipogenesis. These results suggest that the specific targets of Garcinia extract on differentiation process of 3T3-L1 cells could be, at least, early adipogenic differentiation factor.
Ethanolic and water extracts from six species of Indian medicinal plants mainly distributed in the region of Western Ghats, India such as Morinda citrifolia (leaf), Garcinia indica (leaf), Garcinia cambogia (leaf), Salacia oblonga (leaf), Coccinium fenestratum (stem bark) and Calophyllum inophyllum (bark) were tested for their inhibitory activities against two prime enzymes of HIV which are HIV-1 protease (HIV-PR) and HIV-1 integrase (HIV-IN). The results revealed that the ethanolic and water extract of the bark extract of Calophyllum inophyllum exhibited potent anti-HIV-IN activity with IC50 values of 9.8 and 5.6 μg/ml, respectively. Whereas those for anti-HIV-1 PR effect were found to be 63.8 and 16.3 μg/ml, respectively. This result strongly supports the basis for the use of C. inophyllum for AIDS treatment by local traditional practitioners of Ayurveda and Unani system of Indian medicine and it is the first report on HIV-1 Protease and HIV-1 Integrase enzyme inhibition by this plant extract.
The parts of the plant Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr. commonly known as Malabar tamarind, have been used by many Asian countries in traditional medicine for treating intestinal parasites, constipation, cancer, piles, bowels complaints, rheumatism, edema, delayed menstruation, demulcent, bilious affections and other diseases. The root contains the xanthone called garbogiol. The bark of the stem contains benzophenones such as garcinol and isogarcinol. Malabar tamarind is shown to possess antioxidant, antihelmintic, anticattarhal, anti-cancer and antimicrobial activities. The rind of the fruit is the most extensively studied part of the plant. Hydroxycitric acid, the most abundant constituent of the fruit rind apart from the other constituents, has reported to be the active principle for many of its useful properties. The ethanol extract of the leaves and the fruit have been shown to possess invitro antihelmintic activity. This review paper describes the chemical compounds present in Malabar tamarind, their therapeutic applications and their occurrence in different parts of the plant.
Garcinia cambogia is an exotic fruit grown in the southern parts and Western ghats of India. Hydroxy citric acid is the active component present in this fruit which imparts the characteristic sour taste. Hydroxy citric acid is found to be physiologically active. It is a significant factor in reducing obesity. Hydroxy citric acid is an alpha, beta dihydroxy tricarboxylic acid, which is less stable and easily converted into its lactone. Both hydroxy citric acid and its lactone are estimated using RP amide C16 HPLC column and is described in this paper. Ethylene diamine salt of hydroxy citric acid is used as the reference material. The percentage of hydroxy citric acid varies from 45-65% in different salts of hydroxy citric acid.
Garcinia cambogia extract, used in the treatment of obesity, is standardized by quantification of hydroxycitric acid (HCA) in its salt form (CaHCA). The aim of this study was to quantify HCA in two samples of marketed GC extracts (A and B) containing 50 % of HCA, as origins specifications. The maceration extraction yield was 23.83 % (A) and 22.37 % (B). The quantification, performed by HPLC-DAD using calibration with CaHCA standard, was 36.09 % (A) and 41.57 % (B) related to the water-soluble portion and 8.82 % (A) and 9.70 % (B), related to the initial extract. On the water-soluble portion quantification, results are similar to those specified by the distributors. However, considering the quantification over the initial extract, results are significantly below of the specified values. Observing that part of the extract is insoluble in water, to quantify the analyte considering only the water-soluble portion could lead to considerable error for the adequacy of dose of this phytotherapic.
Human beings are primary hosts for many helminthes. Most worms reproduce sexually in the human host, pro-ducing eggs or larvae that pass out of the body and infect the secondary host. Anthelmintic from natural sources may play an important role in the treatment of those parasite infections. In this view our attempt has been made to study the leaves of Garcinia cambogia by method described in details by Kuppast and Nayak. In this study pe-tether, choloroform,and ethanolic, extracts were used and studied for paralysis and death of earthworm. The ethanol extract was found to be more effective to execute the earthworm.
The lesion of peptic ulcer disease is a disruption in the mucosal layer of the stomach or duodenum. Recent researchers have discovered a number of newer risk factors regulating the development of disease which are not addressed properly by the current clinical therapies. In this study polyherbal formulation was prepared consisting of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Garcinia cambogia, deglycyrrhizinated licorice extract and Azadirachta indica. Suitable extracts depending on effective chemical composition was prepared and studied on four antiulcer models, namely Naproxen induced ulcers, Histamine induced ulcers, Cysteamine induced ulcers and Ethanol induced ulcer models. This polyherbal formulation significantly reduces ulcer index and ulcer area and shows protection index around 80%, the formulation also shows good antioxidant activity. All results show that polyherbal formulation show gastric healing property by multiple mechanisms. These entire drugs target specific etiological and pathological step which take part in development of ulcers.
Being overweight and obesity are serious public health problems in numerous countries. This study describes an 8-week clinical evaluation of the effects of Garcinia cambogia and Phaseolus vulgaris extracts on overweight adults in Taiwan. In this study, 114 overweight adults were recruited and randomly divided into three groups: a G. cambogia extract group (which was given Super CitriMax) , a P. vulgaris extract group (which was given Phase 2) , and a placebo group (which was given maltodextrin) . Each participant was administered 2800 mg/day of G. cambogia extract, P. vulgaris extract, or a placebo for 8 consecutive weeks; participants' diets were not restricted during the intervention. Participants received nutritional education and anthropometric measurements once every 2 weeks starting from week 0, and hemobiochemical tests of the blood were conducted at weeks 0 and 8. The statistics of anthropometric measurements indicated that compared to week 0, by week 8 the waist, hip, and thigh circumferences of participants in the placebo group had significantly increased; whereas participants in the G. cambogia extract group had maintained their waist and hip circumferences and waist-hip ratios, while participants in the P. vulgaris extract group had also maintained their hip circumferences and waist-hip ratios. Results of the hemobiochemical analysis after 8 weeks showed that aspartate aminotransferase had decreased and fasting blood-glucose had stabilized in participants of the G. cambogia extract group, whereas high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was elevated in participants in the P. vulgaris extract group.
Hydroxycitric acid is prepared by citric acid. Hydroxycitric acid is obtained by aconitic acid with oxidation, which is obtained by citric acid with dehydration. The optimum conditions of aconitic acid and hydroxycitric acid are studied separately. The optimum condition for aconitic acid is that 1 mol citric acid reacts with 56% sulfuric 270 ml to obtain aconitic acid after 7 - hour reflux in 140°C. Its' m. p. is 186°C. Because waste acid and unreacted citric acid are used cyclically, reclaimed citric acid is 28% and reclaimed sulfuric acid is 65%. The optimum condition for hydroxycitric acid is that 2 mol oxidant reacts with 1 mol aconitic acid in 50 for 7-hour, and obtains hydroxycitric acid, whose yield is about 80%.
The present study evaluated the free radical scavenging and anticholinesterase activity of the water extracts of Garcinia combogia (WEGC) fruit rinds in vitro. The antioxidant activity of WEGC was evaluated by using the free radical scavenging activity assay (DPPH method), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential, total peroxy radical trapping potential and lipid peroxidation activity. In addition, total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid was determined by using pyrocatechol and quercetin as a standard. The anticholinesterase activity of WEGC was significantly lower than neostigmine, a standard drug. Furthermore, a significant correlation between the total phenolic content, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of both the extracts indicating that total phenolics might be responsible for the observed antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities.This is the first report in this direction.