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Hydrolates from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) - Their chemical composition as well as aromatic, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties
Natural Product Research
Abstract
It was shown that the method for obtaining hydrolates from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) influences the content of active compounds and the aromatic, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the hydrolates. The content of volatile organic compounds ranged from 9.12 to 97.23 mg/100 mL of hydrolate. Lavender hydrolate variants showed low antimicrobial activity (from 0% to 0.05%). The radical scavenging activity of DPPH was from 3.6 ± 0.5% to 3.8 ± 0.6% and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACFL) results were from 0 to 266 μM Trolox equivalent, depending on the hydrolate variant.
... The plant material obtained as a coproduct of the extraction of ethereal oils could serve as a source of polysaccharides for use in skin-care preparations [54]. The steam extraction process produces hydrolats as a coproduct in mL amounts that exhibit low antimicrobial activity [55]. It contains other constituents such as linalool, α-terpineol, lavandulol, lavandulyl acetate and caryophyllene, and camphor, and presents a floral-herbal scent [56,57]. ...
... Robin) Berkhout, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schröter) Migula, Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn, Listeria monocytogenes [18], Pirie, Salmonella sp., and Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. The findings suggest that lavender oil has potential as a preventive agent or local treatment for superficial infections but not for deep infections [55]. However, despite the promising biological activities of lavender, there are several obstacles hindering the development of effective therapies. ...
... Robin) Berkhout, Pseudomonas aerugin (Schröter) Migula, Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn, Listeria monocytogenes [18], Pi Salmonella sp., and Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. The findings suggest that lavender oil potential as a preventive agent or local treatment for superficial infections but not for d infections [55]. However, despite the promising biological activities of lavender, there several obstacles hindering the development of effective therapies. ...
Lavandula species are one of the most useful aromatic and medicinal plants and have great economic potential. The phytopharmaceutical contribution of the secondary metabolites of the species is unquestionable. Most recent studies have been focusing on the elucidation of the genetic background of secondary metabolite production in lavender species. Therefore, knowledge of not only genetic but especially epigenetic mechanisms for the regulation of secondary metabolites is necessary for the modification of those biosynthesis processes and the understanding of genotypic differences in the content and compositional variability of these products. The review discusses the genetic diversity of Lavandula species in relation to the geographic area, occurrence, and morphogenetic factors. The role of microRNAs in secondary-metabolites biosynthesis is described.
... Additionally, this study indicates that volatile compounds, if they are present in a lower concentration, can act as a stimulant on the germination and development of seedlings. There are findings that highlight Fig. 4 Results of the sensory analysis for flavour of the alfalfa microgreens using investigated hydrolates Fig. 3 Results of the sensory analysis for odour of the alfalfa microgreens using investigated hydrolates linalyl acetate as dominant compounds in hydrolate of lavender species [90][91][92][93][94], but with weak antimicrobial activity [91]. Even though linalool and linalyl acetate possesses good antimicrobial potential [76,77,95], probably low concentration is limited antimicrobial activity [89]. ...
... Additionally, this study indicates that volatile compounds, if they are present in a lower concentration, can act as a stimulant on the germination and development of seedlings. There are findings that highlight Fig. 4 Results of the sensory analysis for flavour of the alfalfa microgreens using investigated hydrolates Fig. 3 Results of the sensory analysis for odour of the alfalfa microgreens using investigated hydrolates linalyl acetate as dominant compounds in hydrolate of lavender species [90][91][92][93][94], but with weak antimicrobial activity [91]. Even though linalool and linalyl acetate possesses good antimicrobial potential [76,77,95], probably low concentration is limited antimicrobial activity [89]. ...
Sprouted seeds and microgreens are emerging as innovative specialty raw salad crops, valued for their health-promoting properties. However, the risk of foodborne illnesses associated with microbial contamination in microgreens underscores the need for effective sanitization in their production. This study explores using hydrolates, by-products of essential oil distillation from six plants, as natural sanitizers in alfalfa microgreen production. The research investigates their impact on seed germination, antimicrobial activity, and sensory attributes. Results revealed that oregano, fennel, lavender, and lemon catmint hydrolates decrease alfalfa seed germination, while peppermint and hop hydrolates have no significant impact. Peppermint and fennel hydrolates demonstrate notable efficacy in antimicrobial testing. Sensory analysis indicates differences in odour and flavour, with peppermint, oregano, and lavender receiving high scores. According to the results, peppermint hydrolate can be considered a favourable option for alfalfa micro sprout production, contributing to sustainable and organic approaches in urban agriculture and underlining the importance of natural sanitizers for food safety.
Graphical Abstract
... Several studies have shown that hydrosols were used in products for aromatherapy, cosmetics, cakes, and drinks. [3,4] Moreover, hydrosols extracted from aromatic plant species, such as Mexican oregano (Poliomintha longiflora), [5] Polish lavender (Lavandula augustifolia), [6] Morrocan and Colombian thyme (Thymus vulgaris), [4,7] belonging to Lamiaceae family, Algerian marigold (Calendula arvensis) from Asteraceae family [8] and bitter orange flowers (Citrus aurantium) from Rutaceae family [9] have demonstrated antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity, indicating their potential for biomedical formulations. ...
... Polyphenolic compounds, in particular, phenolic acids and flavonoids presenting aromatic rings substituted in ortho-and para-position, demonstrated antioxidant activity and plant protection against aggression by environmental factors, [44] but no studies correlated their presence in hydrosols obtained as by-products to the consistent ROS scavenging capacity. The latter was mostly linked to the presence of water-soluble compounds of essential oils, such as 1,8-cineole and linalool, with established antioxidant activity [4,6] and also found in rosemary and lavender hydrosols from this study. In turn, the oxygenated monoterpenes camphor and thujone were previously granted as least active compounds in TEAC and DPPH assays. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the main volatiles and polyphenolic compounds in hydrosols extracted from three Romanian Lamiaceae plants, sage (Salvia officinalis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) by steam distillation. The antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition capacity of hydrosols were assessed for their further use as biopesticides. The results have shown that sage and rosemary hydrosols presented better antioxidant activity than lavender hydrosol in all free radical scavenging and metal chelating assays. A strong relationship between the antioxidant activity of hydrosols’ and their total phenolic and flavonoid content was found based on Pearson correlation coefficients. Sage and rosemary hydrosols exerted higher acetylcholinesterase inhibition than lavender hydrosol, but this activity was moderate correlated to phenolic content and low correlated to flavonoid content. These results suggested that volatiles and other compounds present in hydrosols were also involved in this process. In conclusion, Lamiaceae plant hydrosols could be further tested, as such or mixed, as natural products for the control of pests in eco-agrosystems.
... (18)(19)(20) Because they have many advantages such as a simple production process, low product costs, and non-toxicity, they can be used as raw materials to meet the demands of the cosmetic industry. (19)(20)(21) Moreover, many studies reported that hydrosols possess various physiological activities such as antifungal, (18)(19)(20)(21)(22) antimicrobial, (21,23) antioxidant (23) and anti-inflammatory effects. (19) Hydrosols of Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) ...
... (18)(19)(20) Because they have many advantages such as a simple production process, low product costs, and non-toxicity, they can be used as raw materials to meet the demands of the cosmetic industry. (19)(20)(21) Moreover, many studies reported that hydrosols possess various physiological activities such as antifungal, (18)(19)(20)(21)(22) antimicrobial, (21,23) antioxidant (23) and anti-inflammatory effects. (19) Hydrosols of Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) ...
Objective
To demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of Brassica napus L. hydrosols (BNH) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.Methods
Composition analysis of BNH was conducted via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after BNH were extracted. The nitric oxide (NO) production was measured using the Griess assay. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of BNH on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory enzymes including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were evaluated using Western blot analysis. Furthermore, phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 were evaluated with Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining, respectively.ResultsCompared with LPS-stimulated cells, BNH markedly decreased the generation of NO and PGE2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Moreover, BNH inhibited protein levels of iNOS and COX-2 (P<0.01). Phosphorylation of NF-κB and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 was significantly inhibited by BNH (P<0.01 or P<0.05).Conclusion
The anti-inflammatory activities of BNH were mediated via blockage of the NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.
... Hydrosols, which are complex mixtures with traces of essential oils, are inexpensive, easy to make, and less toxic than essential oils [1,2]. The part that contains a small hydrophilic fraction and known as a by-product during the distillation method of obtaining essential oils from plants, is known as hydrosol [3]. ...
In this study, the changes in the bioactive components, antioxidant properties and phenolic compositions of the hydrosols of the aerial parts of Satureja hortensis, Petroselinum crispum, Thymus siypleus, Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis plants obtained at different distillation times were investigated by spectrophotometric and HPLC. Total phenolic amounts of the summer savory and thyme hydrosols were assigned to be between 362.30 (60 min) and 442.46 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/L (120 min) to 363.10 (1.min (initial stage)) and 625.79 mg GAE/L (120 min), respectively. In addition, total phenolic amounts of the parsley hydrosols changed between 1.98 (120 min) and 14.84 mgGAE/L (1.min). Total flavonoid values of the summer savory and thyme hydrosols were specified to be between 21.43 (60 min) and 35.71 mg/L (120 min) to 50.00 (1.min) and 92.86 mg/L (120 min), respectively. In general, the highest total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity values were determined in hydrosols of summer savory and thyme plants. Although there were partial differences between the values of bioactive properties of parsley, rosemary and sage hydrosols, they were found to be close to each other. The catechin amounts of the summer savory and thyme hydrosols obtained in different distillation times were identified between 12.86 (1.min) and 216.47 mg/L (120 min) to 17.12 (1.min) and 126.25 mg/L (120 min), respectively. The catechin contents of the parsley and rosemary hydrosols changed between 23.44 (1.min) and 215.83 mg/L (120 min) to 24.35 (1.min) and 123.20 mg/L(120 min), respectively. The majority of the phenolic compounds of the hydrosols showed an increase at 60 and 90 min of distillation.
Graphical Abstract
In this study, the changes in the bioactive components, antioxidant properties and phenolic compositions of the hydrosols of the aerial parts of Satureja hortensis, Petroselinum crispum, Thymus siypleus, Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis plants obtained at different distillation times were investigated.
... Nowadays, water extracts can also be obtained as an independent product, valuable for their cosmetic and medicinal properties. Unlike essential oils, they contain lower, but no less effective, concentrations of functionally active components, which allow them to be used in the treatment of wounds and burns in undiluted form [15,16]. If necessary, they can be easily diluted due to their water base, and, therefore, used as part of various dosage forms (irrigation solutions, gel dressings, ointments, etc.). ...
Burn injuries represent a significant problem in clinical practice due to the high risk of infection and the prolonged healing process. Recently, more attention has been given to natural remedies such as water extracts of various medicinal plants, which possess anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Satureja montana L. and other water extracts in a burn wound model. The study involved male Californian rabbits (n = 52) divided into eight groups. Burn wounds were modeled on the animals and subsequently treated with gels based on Satureja montana L. and other water extracts. The reparative potential of the epidermis (assessed by Ki-67 expression), the state of local immunity (measured by the number of CD-45 cells), and the anti-inflammatory role of mast cells (measured by tryptase levels) were evaluated. Bacteriological and morphological studies were conducted. The most pronounced bactericidal, reparative, and immunostimulatory effects were observed after the treatment using a gel mixture of water extracts from Satureja montana L., Salvia sclarea, Coriandrum sativum L., and Lavandula angustifolia in equal proportions (1:1:1:1). The other gels also demonstrated high efficacy in treating burn wounds, especially when using a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to several antibiotics. Immunohistochemical studies showed a significant increase in the number of Ki-67-positive cells in the basal layer of the epidermis and a decrease in the number of CD-45-positive cells, indicating improved proliferative activity and reduced inflammation. This study confirms the hypothesis that the use of water extract mixtures significantly enhances the reparative potential, improves the immune response in the treatment of burns, and promotes wound healing. These findings pave the way for further research and the application of complex phytotherapeutic agents, specifically water extracts of medicinal plants containing phenols and antioxidants in burn wound therapy.
... Linalool, a main component of lavender oil, acts as a repellent against mosquitoes and has been found to be comparable to DEET (Jaenson et al. 2006;Tabari et al. 2017). The literature also reports the aromatic, antimicrobial, antioxidant (Gallego et al. 2013;Prusinowska et al. 2016;Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska and Szczerbińska 2018), and antifungal (D'Auria et al. 2005) activities associated with lavender oil. Thermal characteristics of lavender oil were also studied in the literature (Dębczak et al. 2022). ...
In this study, the objective was to develop a long-lasting mosquito repellent textile by synthesizing silk-based lavender oil microcapsules and applying them to cotton fabric. Lavender oil, derived from Lavandula angustifolia, was chosen as the plant-based material. The microcapsules’ morphology and the fabric’s surface were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopes. Dynamic light scattering was utilized to measure the capsule size and zeta potential. The mosquito repellent efficacy was evaluated through cage tests before and after multiple wash cycles and after exposure to different environments. A cytotoxicity assay was conducted on functionalized fabrics in order to assess their biocompatibility. Additionally, comfort properties such as breathability and water absorbency were assessed and compared to a control fabric. The results indicated that a higher concentration of lavender oil microcapsules (15 wt%) on the fabric exhibited excellent mosquito repellent efficacy (95.7%) prior to washing, which remained effective as 84.5% even after 40 washes. Furthermore, the functionalized fabric maintained its repellent properties following exposure to temperatures of 25 °C and 37 °C for 4 weeks. The cytotoxicity results indicated that the functionalized fabric exhibited non-toxic properties toward L929 cells, thereby confirming its favorable biocompatibility. This study successfully demonstrated the synthesis and application of silk-based lavender oil microcapsules on textiles, resulting in highly durable mosquito repellent fabrics effective against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. These findings highlight the potential of this eco-friendly approach for developing effective and long-lasting mosquito repellent textiles.
... most common monoterpenes are linalool and linalyl acetate [48,49,50]. Volatile oils like linalool, limonene, perillyl alcohol [51,52], linalyl acetate [53,54], cis-smine [55,56], terpene [57], coumarin, tannin [58], caffeic acid [59,60], and camphor [61]. The main constituents that give antifungal activities are linalyl acetate and linalool. ...
Aim: Calendula officinalis and Lavendula angustifolia are traditional medicinal plants that have antifungal activity. A combination of these two plants has not been known for its activity against fungus. The present study deals with the formulation and evaluation of herbal topical Antifungal gel containing essential oils of both plants. Study Design: Proto type research design. Place and Duration of Study: Smt. R. D. Gardi Pharmacy College, Nyara- Rajkot. January 2024 to April 2024. Methodology: As 90% of skin infections are caused by Candida albicans, the antifungal activity of topical gel against this species was assessed. In this investigation, we created an antifungal herbal gel by combining carbopol 940 and other excipients with the essential oils of Calendula officinalis and Lavendula angustifolia in varying concentrations. For compatibility study, FTIR study would be done. Evaluation of Antifungal gel performed by using different tests likes, pH, Stability, Extrudability, Spreadability, Viscosity, Antifungal activity against Candida albicance, and in-vitro drug diffusion study. Results: As a result, the formulation's physiochemical characteristics, in vitro antifungal efficacy, and stability analysis (stable even after 30 days) were assessed. Every herbal gel formulation with a pH of 5–7 had favorable outcomes for physiochemical measures. Out of all the formulations, batch no 4 exhibited superior release characteristics (98 %) and zone of inhibition in comparison to the other formulated batches. The drug release profile of batch 4 showed great results. Conclusion: This is the first study on the scientific evaluation of Calendula officinalis and Lavendula angustifolia essential oil as a gel for antifungal activity. Thus this study reveals both good antifungals and in-vitro drug release; their essential oil may be formulated as Topical Gel Antifungal with satisfactory physicochemical parameters.
... The composition and proportions of bioactive ingredients in extracts obtained from lavender raw materials determine its biological functions and potential applications. Due to its proven antibacterial [19], antifungal [20], antioxidant [21], and anti-inflammatory [22] properties, this plant is very popular among both breeders and potential recipients of the raw material. Numerous scientific publications devoted to the chemical analysis of the raw material also demonstrate great interest [23,24]. ...
The purpose of this study was to characterize ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers of two ecotypes (PL—intended for industrial plantations and KC—intended for cut flowers) of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. The plant was cultivated in 2019 in southern Poland as part of a long-term research plan to develop new varieties resistant to difficult environmental conditions. The collected leaves and flowers were used to prepare ethanol extracts, which were then analyzed in terms of phytochemical composition and antioxidant, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties. Using UPLC techniques, 22 compounds belonging to phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified. UPLC test results indicated that ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers differ in phytochemical composition. Lower amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified in leaf extracts than in flower extracts. The predominant substances in the flower extracts were rosmarinic acid (829.68–1229.33 µg/g), ferulic acid glucoside III (810.97–980.55 µg/g), and ferulic acid glucoside II (789.30–885.06 µg/g). Ferulic acid glucoside II (3981.95–6561.19 µg/g), ferulic acid glucoside I (2349.46–5503.81 µg/g), and ferulic acid glucoside III (1303.84–2774.17 µg/g) contained the highest amounts in the ethanol extracts of the leaves. The following substances were present in the extracts in trace amounts or at low levels: apigenin, kaempferol, and caftaric acid. Leaf extracts of the PL ecotype quantitatively (µg/g) contained more phytochemicals than leaf extracts of the KC ecotype. The results obtained in this study indicate that antioxidant activity depends on the ecotype. Extracts from the PL ecotype have a better ability to eliminate free radicals than extracts from the KC ecotype. At the same time, it was found that the antioxidant activity (total phenolic content, ABTS•+, DPPH•, and FRAP) of PL ecotype leaf extracts was higher (24.49, 177.75, 164.88, and 89.10 μmol (TE)/g) than that determined in flower extracts (15.84, 125.05, 82.35, and 54.64 μmol (TE)/g). The test results confirmed that leaf and flower extracts, even at low concentrations (0.313–0.63%), significantly inhibit the growth of selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and Candida yeasts. Inhibition of mold growth was observed at a dose extract of at least 1 mL/100 mL.
... Hop possesses very strong cheesy odour which originated from isovaleric acid, main compound from hydrolate, what is previously reported by Lazarević et al. [41]. Lavender hydrolate is the most studied hydrolate, and all authors referred linalool and linalyl acetate as dominant compounds in hydrolate of lavender species [48,49,50,51]. There is no available data about chemical composition of lemon catmint hydrosol of this species. ...
Sprouted seeds and microgreens are emerging as innovative specialty raw salad crops, valued for their health-promoting properties. However, the risk of foodborne illnesses associated with microbial contamination in microgreens underscores the need for effective sanitization in their production. This study explores using hydrolates, by-products of essential oil distillation from six plants, as natural sanitizers in alfalfa microgreen production. The research investigates their impact on seed germination, antimicrobial activity, and sensory attributes. Results revealed that oregano, fennel, lavender, and lemon catmint hydrolates decrease alfalfa seed germination, while peppermint and hop hydrolates have no significant impact. Peppermint and fennel hydrolates demonstrate notable efficacy in antimicrobial testing. Sensory analysis indicates differences in odour and flavour, with peppermint, oregano, and lavender receiving high scores. According to the results, peppermint hydrolate can be considered a favourable option for alfalfa micro sprout production, contributing to sustainable and organic approaches in urban agriculture and underlining the importance of natural sanitizers for food safety.
... cis-linalool oxide (18.2-25.0%) [15], whilst thyme hydrosol has carvacrol (48.30%) and thymol (17.55%) [16]. Additionally, our previous study [17] showed that some hydrosols have significant antimicrobial effects on foodborne spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. ...
In this study, a storage box including an ultrasonic atomizer was obtained with a 3D printer, and atomized hydrosols of thyme and lavender were applied to the fish meat at regular intervals under refrigeration conditions (3±1℃) for 6 days. The effects of application with atomized hydrosols on lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde levels), peroxide value (PV), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) level, microbiologic level, color changes, and texture parameters were investigated. The results of the study showed that aerosolizing hydrosol droplets on the meat protected the quality significantly as the storage period increased and that the ultrasonic atomizer could be used effectively in the preservation of food quality.
... As regards lavender essential oil, it has been used for many decades in the field of aromatherapy due to its positive effect on increasing the duration of sleep, its muscle relaxant properties as well as its anxiolytic and sedative effects [28,29]. In addition, recent studies have shown lavender essential oil's positive effects on wound healing [30]. ...
Essential oils (EOs) are well-known for their anti-fungal, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and relaxing activities. Steroid hormones, especially glucocorticoids, are also well-known for their anti-inflammatory activities and control of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and glucose homeostasis. The biological activities of glucocorticoids render them the most widely prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs, despite their adverse side effects. In this study, comparative studies of the anti-inflammatory activities and interference with glucocorticoids receptor (GR) and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling of EOs from Greek Oregano, Melissa officinalis, Lavender and from the Chios Mastic, produced from the Greek endemic mastic tree, were performed in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells. Chios Mastic (Mastiha) and oregano EOs exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activities. The former showed a reduction in both NF-κB activity and protein levels. Mastic essential oil also caused a reduction in GR protein levels that may compensate for its boosting effect on dexamethasone (DEX)-induced GR transcriptional activation, ending up in no induction of the gluconeogenic phoshoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) protein levels that constitute the GR target. Oregano, Melissa officinalis and lavender EOs caused the suppression of the transcriptional activation of GR. Furthermore, the most active EO, that taken from Melissa officinalis, showed a reduction in both GR and PEPCK protein levels. Thus, the anti-inflammatory and anti-gluconeogenic activities of the EOs were uncovered, possibly via the regulation of GR signaling. Moreover, cytotoxic actions of Melissa officinalis and lavender EOs via the induction of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis were revealed. Our results highlight these essentials oils’ anti-inflammatory and apoptotic actions in relation to their implication on the regulation of steroid hormones’ actions, uncovering their potential use in steroid therapy, with many applications in pharmaceutical and health industries as anti-cancer, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory supplements.
... Cosmetic hydrolates can be used directly on the skin without diluting, they are used in lotions, creams, soaps, as deodorants or tonics. Lavender floral water has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties [109]. ...
Lavender is among the medicinal and aromatic plants with high economic value in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and aromatherapeutic industries, and in its composition has numerous compounds, such as tannins, anthocyanins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, essential oil and others. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lavender are best highlighted by extraction techniques such as hydrodistillation, steam distillation and supercritical CO2 extraction. In the water distillation extraction method, the plants are soaked in water until boiling and steam is released, carrying the essential oils with it, which are then separated via cooling. Steam distillation is one of the most common methods used to extract essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants. Unlike hydrodistillation, where the water is stored directly in a tank, in this method, the steam is transported into the tank from the outside and the oils are released from the plant components when the steam penetrates the structures that contain it. Essential oils contain essential compounds that have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-fungal, etc., properties. All the component parts of lavender contain essential oils, which are distributed as follows: in leaves at about 0.4%, in stems at about 0.2%, and in inflorescences at about 2–4.5%.
... Hydrolates also referred to as herbal or hydrosols water, are made up of plant-derived water and processing water. Hydrolates have a powerful herbal fragrance, a pleasant floral-herbal lavender smell, or a scarcely noticeable lavender aroma, depending on their final volume (variety) [39,59]. Volatile organic compound concentration in hydrolates varies from 24.80 to 97.33 mg/100 ml hydrolate. ...
Natural remedies from a range of sources, including plants, animals, microorganisms, and marine life, have made a significant contribution to the treatment of many ailments. Lavender is a Mediterranean shrub from the Lamiaceae family. Lavender flowers (Lavandula flores) include active ingredients (3%), anthocyanins, sugars, phytosterols, minerals, and tannins and are majorly used for herbal applications. Lavender essential oil's descriptive and analytical composition varies depending on genotype, growing region, climatic circumstances, propagation, and morphological characteristics. There are around 300 chemical components in essential oil. Linalool, terpinen-4-ol, linalyl acetate, ocimene, acetate lavandulol, and cineole are the most prominent constituents. Lavender oil has antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The lavender extract helps to prevent dementia and may slow cancer cell growth, while lavender oil is used to treat skin problems. This review will cover the recent medical, economic and regional advancements in levander propagation and how the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Indian Institute of Integrative (CSIR IIIM) aroma mission is actively acting as a bridge between farmers and their economic improvement by attracting them to the field of medicinal plant cultivation.
... All the aromatic waters kept the characteristic aroma of the species. For all aromatic waters, the acid pH values were confirmed to be in line with the literature data as the values fall within the typical range for hydrolates (between 5.36 and 6.74), making them compatible for common use as aromatic waters [40]. On the other hand, the EC values were between 30 (lavender) and 65 µS/cm (chamomile). ...
The aim of this study was to deepen our knowledge on the heritage and traditional uses of some medicinal plants of the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park (Salerno province) and to evaluate their productive potential, in order to increase possible uses to recover and enhance the territory. Biometric surveys and biomass evaluation were carried out. Two types of aqueous extract were prepared using air-dried samples of six harvested species and tested for anti-germination activity on Lepidium sativum L. Hydrolates were recovered via steam distillation from aromatic species and the chemical–physical characteristics were determined. Historical evidence of industrial activity was collected in the territory of Sanza on Monte Cervati, where lavender essential oil has been distilled in the past century, and characterization of the essential oil components was carried out. The ethnobotanical uses detected mainly concerned traditional medicine and nutritional, ritual, or religious uses. The experimental results highlight that spontaneous medicinal plants could become potential sources of local economic development, with uses not only in the phytotherapeutic sector, but also in others, such as food and agriculture for weed control. Moreover, the evidence derived from industrial archeology could represent a further driving force for the enhancement of the territory’s resources.
... A recent study shows that the biomass resulting as a by-product of essential oil extraction could be used as a source of polysaccharides and incorporated in cosmetic products [114]. Steam distillation produces hydrolats as a by-product, which have a volatile organic compound content between 9-97 mg/100 mL and shows low antimicrobial activity [115]. Although it lacks the linalyl acetate found in essential oil, it presents linalool, α-terpineol and coumarin, among other constituents [116]. ...
Lavender is in the research spotlight due to its increasing economic importance, while market demand is expected to continue to grow. Among the hundreds of essential-oil-bearing plants, Lavandula angustifolia Mill. remains one of the most valuable. This paper explores the lavender chain timeline from crop to products, examining the expanding knowledge on the characteristics, phytochemical profile and functional potential of lavender that could lead to new products and uses. Lavender crops can be expanded without competing for productive land, instead using marginal, contaminated or unproductive land. A novel cultivation trend proposes leveraging agri-background biodiversity, arbuscular mycorrhiza and the natural enemies of pests for healthy crops. Together with breeding efforts targeting highly performant genotypes with complex volatile profiles coupled with resistance to specific biotic (particularly Phytoplasma) and abiotic (salt, heavy metals) stressors, industry could have a steady supply of high-quality raw material. Besides the expansion of the uses of essential oil in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food and environmental and agri-applications, novel channels have appeared for the use of the solid by-product, which is rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides; these channels have the potential to create additional streams of value. The stabilization and optimization of techno-functional delivery systems through the encapsulation of essential oil can extend shelf-life and enhance biological activity efficiency.
... About 1 mL of hydrosol is used for the 1:1 extraction (a larger volume can be used to make the solvent separation easier), and 10 times more sample is used for the 10:1 extraction. In the published literature, adding sodium chloride is often reported [18][19][20]. In our experiment, sodium chloride did not prove to be of much benefit, as it did not affect the area % significantly, while it decreased the number of detected compounds in the 1:1 extraction. ...
Hydrosols have been increasingly used in the food industries as drinks and as ingredients for seasoning and flavoring. Research has shown they have antimicrobial, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and therefore have potential as food preservative agents and sanitizing agents for tools used in the food industry. The composition analysis of hydrosols is commonly conducted using extraction with organic solvents. However, some hydrophilic compounds are lost with this procedure, leading to issues in identifying native composition and potential adulteration. In this paper, different methods for hydrosol analysis are studied. The methods differ in sample preparation, number of detected compounds, repeatability and reliability. Direct hydrosol analysis and 1:1 extraction with organic solvent were determined to be the most appropriate in our experiments. However, the method implementation depends on the application. Direct hydrosol analysis is simple and does not change ratios among compounds; its drawback is poor repeatability. Using 1:1 extraction has good repeatability; however, some hydrophilic compounds are lost, and adulterations with cosolvents and the addition of solubilizers cannot be discovered.
... MBKK3 (Figure 1). Prusinowska et al. (2016) tested the L. angustifolia plant against two bacteria and reported low antimicrobial activity and low DPPH scavenging activity (3.6-3.8%). As a result of this study, L. angustifolia showed both high antibacterial activity and high antioxidant activity ( Figure 1, Table 2). ...
There is an expanding interest in medicinal and aromatic plants as a natural alternative to synthetic drugs, especially to antimicrobial agents due to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. In recent years, a lot of reports have been published on the antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts. This study was used Lavandula angustifolia L., Mentha piperita L., and Ribes nigrum L. as plant materials. This study aims to test the plant extracts against oral bacteria. Its purpose is to produce directly comparable, quantitative, antimicrobial data, and in addition to containing very little information of the different extracts against oral pathogens. Disc diffusion method was studied for antimicrobial activity tests. Also, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined in this study. Additionally, the extracts were tested against stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate• (DPPH•) free radicals for non-enzymatic antioxidant activity. This study was used Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetra-methyl chroman-2-carboxylic acid) as standard. The extracts showed different inhibition zones against bacteria. The methanol extract of Lavandula showed the highest inhibition zone against the oral pathogen MBKK5. The positive control was penicillin (10 μg). The lowest MIC value was taken at 6500 μg /ml concentration of the plant extracts. The highest DPPH• radical scavenging activity was found in Ribes nigrum extract as 36%. As a result, plant extracts have antibacterial and antioxidant potential.
... During essential oil preparation from aromatic plants, floral waters or hydrosols or hydrolates are obtained as by-products presenting inhibitory effects on phytopathogenic fungi growth, while avoiding the main problem of soil accumulation observed for currently used fungicides [1,2]. The Lamiaceae family is widely distributed around the world and large fields growing Lavandula sp. can be found in Romania. ...
During essential oil preparation from aromatic plants, floral waters or hydrosols or hydrolates are obtained as by-products presenting inhibitory effects on phytopathogenic fungi growth, while avoiding the main problem of soil accumulation observed for currently used fungicides [1,2]. The Lamiaceae family is widely distributed around the world and large fields growing Lavandula sp. can be found in Romania. The aim of this study was to obtain a hydrosol of lavender and to evaluate its composition in correlation with the antioxidant and antifungal properties, in order to develop an alternative natural product to commercial fungicides. Floral water was obtained from aerial parts of L. Angustifolia subjected to reflux for 2 h, as by-product of essential oil preparation, and stored in the dark, at 4 • C. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were performed to evaluate the composition in bioactive compounds. The antioxidant activity of lavender hydrosol was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) [3] and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) [4] assays, in comparison to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Different concentrations were added in the culture media of the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani and the fungal growth was monitored at a wavelength of 600 nm, at predetermined periods of time using a SpectroStar Nano microplate reader. The untreated culture served as the negative control, while bifonazole, a known antifungal agent was used as the positive control. The process of lavender hydrosol extraction had a yield of 18% (w/w). The obtained lavender hydrosol presented quantifiable volatile oils and polyphenolic compounds, as showed by GC-MS and HPLC analyses, respectively. GC-MS showed the prevalence of linalool and small amounts of lavandulol, β-caryophyllene, and trans-ocymene. HPLC showed the presence of caffeic and ferulic acids as the main phenolic acids and astragalin, luteolin, and isoquercetin as the main flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of lavender hydrosol was higher than that of BHT, a known synthetic antioxidant, as shown by DPPH and ABTS assays. In vitro cell culture results showed that the obtained lavender hydrosol had fungistatic effect in the range of tested concentrations. All of these results indicated that this natural by-product could be valorized to develop novel natural formulas with antioxidant and antifungal activity for preventing plant diseases, providing several advantages, such as fast decomposition in the enviroment and no toxicity, thus being optimal for applications in ecologically sustainable agriculture.
... Moroccan hydrolate of L. officinalis contained linalool as the dominant compound, followed by camphor, 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol, and borneol [57]. The main component of the volatile fraction of L. angustifolia from Poland was linalool, followed by α-terpineol, borneol, and geraniol [55], while in another study from Poland, it was linalool, followed by α-terpineol and terpinen-4-ol [28,58]. Hydrolate obtained from L. angustifolia buds from Croatia had the most significant proportion of 1,8-cineole, linalool oxide, and linalool [56]. ...
Lavandula sp. essential oil and hydrolate are commercially valuable in various industry branches with the potential for wide-ranging applications. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of these products obtained from L. x intermedia cv. ‘Budrovka’ for the first time cultivated on Fruška Gora Mt. (Serbia) during three successive seasons (2019, 2020, and 2021). Essential oil extraction was obtained by steam distillation, and the composition and influence of weather conditions were also assessed, using flowering tops. The obtained essential oils and hydrolates were analysed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A linear regression model was developed to predict L. x intermedia cv. ‘Budrovka’ essential oil volatile compound content and hydrolate composition during three years, according to temperature and precipitation data, and the appropriate regression coefficients were calculated, while the correlation analysis was employed to analyse the correlations in hydrolate and essential oil compounds. To completely describe the structure of the research data that would present a better insight into the similarities and differences among the diverse L. x intermedia cv. ‘Budrovka’ samples, the PCA was used. The most dominant in L. intermedia cv. ‘Budrovka’ essential oil and hydrolate were oxygenated monoterpenes: linalool, 1,8-cineole, borneol, linalyl acetate, and terpinene-4-ol. It is established that the temperature was positively correlated with all essential oil and hydrolate compounds. The precipitations were positively correlated with the main compounds (linalool, 1,8-cineole, and borneol), while the other compounds’ content negatively correlated to precipitation. The results indicated that Fruška Gora Mt. has suitable agro-ecological requirements for cultivating Lavandula sp. and providing satisfactory essential oil and hydrolate.
... Os óleos essenciais podem ter um papel importante como antimicrobianos, e embora a composição química e a atividade antioxidante do gênero Lavandula tenha sido investigada 26,27 , há menos dados disponíveis sobre sua atividade antimicrobiana, particularmente sobre aplicação sobre patógenos 16 . ...
Introdução: A utilização de produtos de origem vegetal na odontologia constitui uma alternativa na prevenção e combate de diversas patologias que acomentem os seres humanos. A Klebsiella pneumoniae é uma bactéria gram-negativa que está intimamente relacionada com a pneumonia nosocomial e que possui a capacidade de intaivar um grande numero de agentes antimicrobianos. A Lavandula Híbrida é uma espécie derivada da união da Lavandula angustifólia Miller com a Lavandula latifólia Linn. Essa espécie apresenta as variedades Abrialli, Grosso, Provence, Impress purple, e Super, sendo a variedade Grosso como a que mais demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana. Objetivo: Avaliar a atividade antibacteriana e antiaderente do óleo essencial de Lavandula Híbrida Grosso contra cepas de K. pneumoniae. Metodologia: Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando as técnicas de microdiluição em caldo em placas de 96 poços para determinação da CIM e CBM e técnica de tubos inclinados para determinação da CIMA ao vidro, na presença de 5% de sacarose. Resultados: obteve-se que o óleo essencial de Lavandula híbrida Grosso possui uma moderada atividade antibacteriana contra as cepas de K. pneumoniae visto pela CIM50 = 1.024 μg/ml, possuindo também um potencial bacteriostático. Quanto a sua atividade antiaderente, observou-se que a concentração do óleo capaz de inibir a adesão do microrganismo a parede do tudo foi de 1:32 enquanto que para o digluconato de clorexidina 0,12% foi de 1:8. Conclusão: a Lavandula Híbrida demonstra ser eficaz como agente antimicrobiano e antiaderente para o controle e prevenção da infecção por Klebseilla pneumonia.
... More recently, the demand for Lavandula essential oils has grown hugely, which has resulted in greater cultivation and production of these plants. Approximately 200 tons of lavender oil and 1,200 tons of lavandin oil are produced annually, and there has been a concomitant increase in the by-products that are accumulated as waste materials and hydrolates or aromatic waters after essential oil production (22)(23)(24). These by-products and especially waste from the agro-food industry also represent a potentially important source of effective phytochemicals (10). ...
New approaches for the control of Campylobacter jejuni biofilms in the food industry are being studied intensively. Natural products are promising alternative antimicrobial substances to control biofilm production, with particular emphasis on plant extracts. Dried flowers of Lavandula angustifolia were used to produce LEO, LEF, and LEW. The chemical compositions determined for these Lavandula preparations included seven major compounds that were selected for further testing. These were tested against C. jejuni , for biofilm degradation and removal. Next-generation sequencing was used to study the molecular mechanisms underlying LEO actions against C. jejuni adhesion and motility. Analysis of LEO revealed 1,8-cineol, linalool and linalyl acetate as the main components. For LEF and LEW, the main components were phenolic acid glycosides, with flavonoids rarely present. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the Lavandula preparations and pure compounds against C. jejuni ranged from 0.2 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL. LEO showed the strongest biofilm degradation. The reduction of C. jejuni adhesion was by ≥1 log 10 CFU/mL, which satisfies European Food Safety Authority recommendations. Lavandula preparations reduced C. jejuni motility by almost 50%, which consequently can impact upon biofilm formation. These data are in line with the transcriptome analysis of C. jejuni , where LEO down-regulated genes important for biofilm formation. LEW also showed good antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects, particularly against adhesion and motility mechanisms. This defines an innovative approach using alternative strategies and novel targets to combat bacterial biofilm formation, and hence the potential to develop new effective agents with biofilm-degrading activities.
Importance
The Lavandula preparations used in this study are found to be effective against C. jejuni , a common foodborne pathogen. They show anti-biofilm properties at sub-inhibitory concentrations in terms of promoting biofilm degradation and inhibiting cell adhesion and motility, which are involved in the initial steps of biofilm formation. These results are confirmed by transcriptome analysis, which highlights the effect of Lavandula essential oil on C. jejuni biofilm properties. We show that the waste material from the hydrodistillation of Lavandula has particular anti-biofilm effects, suggesting that it may find reuse for industrial purposes. This study highlights the need for efforts directed towards such innovative approaches and alternative strategies against biofilm formation and maintenance by developing new naturally derived agents with anti-biofilm activities.
... Reductions of around 32, 25 and 25% were measured for the growth of E. coli K12 at the 24 th hour for the concentrations of 0.37 mg (lavender oil aqueous solution)/ml(sample), 0.28 mg (lavender oil aqueous solution)/ml(sample) and 0.25 mg (lavender oil aqueous solution)/ml(sample), respectively. Since the lavender volatile organic compounds mainly contribute to its antimicrobial activity, the negligible antimicrobial activity of hydrosols seems reasonable due to their low content of volatile components (Prusinowska et al. 2016). This hypothesis has been also confirmed by the study of Moon et al. (2006) where no antibacterial activity was observed with either the hydrosols or the aqueous extract of L. angustifolia. ...
This study aimed to investigate the biological activity of aqueous mixtures of two essential oils. The mixtures were prepared by mixing certain amounts of lavender and clove oils with distilled water at room temperature. In the case of lavender oil, a relatively clear saturated aqueous phase was obtained after mixing with an excess of the essential oil. The clove oil formed stable oil-in-water emulsions. The antibacterial activity of the samples was tested against two model bacterial strains. The growth of the Gram-negative Escherichia coli K12 and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis 3562 was determined in 96-well microplates. A more prominent inhibition activity against E. coli K12 strain compared to B. subtilis 3562 for both oil-water mixtures was observed. A disk diffusion test indicated growth inhibition by the lavender oil during the tests against the Gram-positive strain (zones of around 11.7 mm) while clove oil inhibited both bacteria (12 mm - B. subtilis 3562 and 13.66 mm - E. coli K12). The DPPH free radical method showed no antioxidant activity for the aqueous solution of lavender oil. The pure lavender oil exhibited negligible activity compared to the gallic acid reference solution, the clove essential oil, and its emulsion. A quantitative relationship between the content of cloves essential oil in the emulsion and its radical scavenging capacity was demonstrated.
... Reports dealing with the chemical composition of true lavender (L. angustifolia) hydrolats also indicate a high content of linalool (26-52 %) (Kaloustian et al., 2008;Prusinowska et al., 2016;Śmigielski et al., 2013). However, none of the previously published reports list linalool oxides as the dominant compounds in the hydrolat, while pyranoid types of linalool oxides were not even mentioned. ...
Hydrolats are valuable co-products of the essential oil distillation process, whose volatile compounds can be quantified by various methods. In this paper, we have tried to estimate the liquid-liquid extraction cycle number threshold for volatile compounds quantification of lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia) hydrolat. For this purpose, ten consecutive hydrolat extractions with n-hexane were analyzed GC/MS with hexadecane (C16) as an internal standard and compared with the lavandin essential oil. The chemical composition of the lavandin hydrolat showed similarity with its essential oil to the great extent, while volatile compounds dissolved in hydrolat exclusively belonged to the class of oxygenated monoterpenes. The total amount of extracted compounds has been estimated to 2174.2 mg/L, where the most dominant compounds in lavandin hydrolat were cisand trans-furanoid linalool oxide (676.3 and 634.1 mg/L, respectively), followed by much smaller amounts of linalool, camphor, and 1,8-cineole (167.6, 157.0, and 148.2 mg/L, respectively). Cumulative recoveries of total compounds yield after the third, fifth, and eighth extractions were 88 %, 96 %, and 99 %, respectively. Combined fraction analysis confirmed that in the first 5 cycles more than 95 % of the total yield (from 10 cycles) of extracted volatile compounds can be collected. Based on the results of this study, for volatile compounds quantification in lavandin hydrolat, 5 cycles of n-hexane liquid-liquid extraction can be recommended.
... Hydrolates have a much softer scent and are less biologically active than corresponding essential oils. Blending the primary and the recovered oil from hydrolates gave more richness and fullness to the oil [5,25,34]. ...
Hydrolates, also referred to as hydrosols, floral or distillate waters, as well as aromatic waters, are produced in the same isolation process with essential oils by steam
distillation. A small amount of essential oil constituents is dissolved in hydrolates
providing specific organoleptic properties and flavor, as well as biological activity
which makes them useful as raw material in many industries. Their popularity is still
on the rise, especially in aromatherapy. The objective in this review is to analyze the
chemical compositions of hydrolates and their corresponding essential oils, as well
as biological activity of hydrolates (antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiinflamatory)
and potential uses, not only in food industry for flavoring, and preservation of freshcut fruits and vegetables, but also as functional (soft) drinks. However, hydrolates
can be used in aromatherapy and cosmetics, as well as in organic agriculture and
aquaculture.
... Hydrosols, also named hydrolates or aromatic waters, are considered distillation by-products obtained during essential oil extraction from herbs or spices, which are usually discarded. However, they contain certain amounts of bioactive molecules, such as water-soluble components of the essential oils and other polar plant components with valuable biological activities [1,2]. This study aimed to evaluate the polyphenolic content, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of three aromatic plant hydrosols obtained from Lavandula officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, in order to develop new products for pathogenic microorganism control management. ...
Hydrosols, also named hydrolates or aromatic waters, are considered distillation by-productsobtained during essential oil extraction from herbs or spices, which are usually discarded. [...]
... In the case of plants with a low content of essential oils, as in our case, it could be difficult to isolate the essential oil and hydrolates could be considered an interesting secondary product or by-products. Hydrolates have a much softer scent and lower biological activity than the corresponding essential oils but certain of them also show antimicrobial properties (19). Chemical composition of hydrolate obtained from Italian sample is dominated by oxygenated monoterpens. ...
Trachelospermum jasminoides
(Lindl.) is a woody evergreen plant of the Apocynaceae family mainly used as ornamental/hedge plant. Its stems and leaves are used in traditional Chinese medicine with the name of ‘Luoshiteng’. Although some studies have been devoted to the phytochemistry of luoshiteng, little is known about the chemical composition of its flowers. In this study, the volatile composition of the flowers of T. jasminoides has been studied. The Gas chromatographic – Mass spectrometry analysis (GC/FID-MS) of the essential oil and hydrolate allowed identifying 43 compounds with linalool as the main compound for both of them. Phytochemical investigation was completed by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD-ESI-MS) analysis of hydrodistillation wastes (liquid and solid) which revealed the presence of biologically active compounds such as chlorogenic acids and other polyphenols. This study contributes to the definition of the phytochemistry of T. jasminoides and provides the first data on the composition of the hydrodistillation wastes preparatory to their valorisation in the future.
The aim of our work was to estimate the composition of hydrosol produced as a byproduct of lavender steam distillation using UV–Vis spectrophotometry in the 200–600 nm wavelength range through a machine learning algorithm. The dissolved components of lavender essential oil (EO) from lavender hydrosol samples were extracted via liquid-liquid extraction, using three different solvents (pentane, heptane and diethyl ether). The UV–Vis absorbance spectra of the extracts were recorded and the composition analyzed using GC–MS. The composition data obtained allowed for the calculation of changes within the quantities of different EO components in the samples.
The partial least squares regression technique (PLS) was utilized to establish a connection between changes in the composition of the hydrosol and the changes in the UV–Vis spectra. After optimization the established PLS model showed an R2 score above 0.95 for the prediction of hydrosol composition changes during cross-validation. The model can thus be utilized as a soft sensor to infer extracted mass of EO components and characterize the composition of hydrosol during the process directly from UV–Vis spectra.•Investigation of lavender water and extract using UV–Vis spectrophotometry
•GC–MS analysis of extracts
•PLS model development for composition estimation based on spectra
The global demand for sustainable and non-toxic alternatives across various industries is driving the exploration of naturally derived solutions. Hydrosols, also known as hydrolates, represent a promising yet underutilised byproduct of the extraction process of essential oils (EOs). These aqueous solutions contain a complex mixture of EO traces and water-soluble compounds and exhibit significant biological activity. To fully use these new solutions, it is necessary to understand how factors, such as distillation time and plant-to-water ratio, affect their chemical composition and biological activity. Such insights are crucial for the standardisation and quality control of hydrosols. Hydrosols have demonstrated noteworthy properties as natural antimicrobials, capable of preventing biofilm formation, and as antioxidants, mitigating oxidative stress. These characteristics position hydrosols as versatile ingredients for various applications, including biopesticides, preservatives, food additives, anti-browning agents, pharmaceutical antibiotics, cosmetic bioactives, and even anti-tumour agents in medical treatments. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these activities is also essential for advancing their use. In this context, this review compiles and analyses the current literature on hydrosols’ chemical and biological properties, highlighting their potential applications and envisioning future research directions. These developments are consistent with a circular bio-based economy, where an industrial byproduct derived from biological sources is repurposed for new applications.
Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health concern, threatening the effective prevention and treatment of infections caused by microorganisms. These factors boosted the study of safe and green alternatives, with hydrosols, the by-products of essential oils extraction, emerging as promising natural antimicrobial agents. In this context, four hydrosols obtained from Cupressus leylandii A.B. Jacks & Dallim, Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Aloysia citrodora Paláu and Melissa officinalis L. were studied. Their chemical composition comprises neral, geranial, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, and oplopanonyl acetate, compounds with recognised antimicrobial activity. Concerning antimicrobial activity, significant differences were found using different hydrosol concentrations (10–20% v/v ) in comparison to a control (without hydrosol), showing the potential of the tested hydrosols to inhibit the microbial growth of Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Candida albicans . A. citrodora hydrosol was the most effective one, inhibiting 90% of E. coli growth and 80% of C. albicans growth, for both hydrosol concentrations (p < 0.0001). With hydrosol concentration increase, it was possible to observe an improved antimicrobial activity with significant reductions (p < 0.0001). The findings of this work indicate the viability of reusing and valuing the hydrosols, encouraging the development of green applications for different fields (e.g., food, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics).
Graphical Abstract
A fitocosmética é uma área que está em crescimento. Um dos produtos relacionados a ela é o hidrolato, um subproduto da extração dos óleos essenciais. O hidrolato tem uma ampla aplicação em várias indústrias, como cosmética, culinária e terapêutica. O objetivo dessa revisão bibliográfica é caracterizar esse composto e analisar seus benefícios e possíveis aplicações na área da estética. Nessa revisão bibliográfica trazemos os principais resultados encontrados em artigos científicos relacionados à temática. Plantas medicinais precisam passar por um longo período de teste para a comprovação de seus benefícios. Um dos fatores que interfere diretamente na composição dos hidrolatos é o tipo de extração realizada – por arraste a vapor d’água ou por hidrodestilação. Em conclusão, os hidrolatos apresentaram um bom potencial de uso na estética, podendo ser associado a tratamentos para infecções, pós-tratamentos que geram uma inflamação e/ou necessitem de cicatrização e também em procedimentos para prevenir ou tratar hipercromias.
As byproducts of essential oil distillation, hydrolates are used in natural cosmetics/biomedicine due to their beneficial skin effects. However, data on their safety with relevant biological targets, such as human skin cells, are scarce. Therefore, we have tested nine hydrolates from the Lamiaceae family with skin fibroblasts that are responsible for extracellular collagenous matrix builds. Thyme, oregano, and winter savoury hydrolates showed several times higher total phenolics, which correlated strongly with their radical scavenging and antioxidative capacity; there was no correlation between their viability profiles and the reducing sugar levels. No proteins/peptides were detected. All hydrolates appeared safe for prolonged skin exposure except for 10-fold diluted lavender, which showed cytotoxicity (~20%), as well as rosemary and lavandin (~10%) using viability, DNA synthesis, and cell count testing. Clary sage, oregano, lemon balm, and thyme hydrolates (10-fold diluted) increased fibroblast viability and/or proliferation by 10–30% compared with the control, while their viability remained unaffected by Mentha and winter savoury. In line with the STITCH database, increased viability could be attributed to thymol presence in oregano and thyme hydrolates in lemon balm, which is most likely attributable to neral and geranial. The proliferative effect of clary sage could be supported by alpha-terpineol, not linalool. The major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts were borneol, 1,8-cineole, and terpinene-4-ol. Further research with pure compounds is warranted to confirm the roles of VOCs in the observed effects that are relevant to cosmetic and wound healing aspects.
Lavender belongs to the genus Lavandula and the family Lamiaceae. Among the factor affecting the quality of lavender plant chemotype, are harvesting and storage conditions. No further study has been done on drying conditions and time in Ethiopia so far. The fresh leaf of the Lavender cultivar was subjected to sun and shade drying conditions and four drying days (0,5, 10, and 15). From each sample, the essential oil was extracted. The extracted essential oil was subjected to physical parameters analysis:-essential oil content (volume by weight and weight by weight), specific gravity, and refractive index. Local lavender shows a higher essential oil content and moisture content than the flowering lavender cultivar. All physical properties of essential oils except specific gravity, show significant differences in all cases between cultivar, drying conditions, drying days, and interaction effect of all cases. This shows drying conditions and drying days affect the quality of lavender essential oils. Therefore, this study provides evidence (information) that drying herbs on different drying days and drying conditions affect the essential oil content and physical properties of essential oil.
Lavender (Lavandula sp.), thyme (Thymus sp. and Thymbra sp.), oregano (Origanum sp.), savory (Satureja sp.), mints (Mentha sp.), sage (Salvia officinalis and S. sclarea), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), rose (Rosa sp.), citrus (Citrus sp.), and bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) are species widely used as medicinal and aromatic plants. Their essential oils are a well-known resource of biological activities, applicable in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in agriculture. Due to developments in ecology and sustainability during the past two decades, hydrolates, which were considered waste material for a long time, are viewed as by-products with promising activity and applications. This chapter provides a review of these ten hydrolates, their chemical composition, and potential use.
Agro‐industrial residues are materials derived from the processing of agroforestry industry products. This chapter focuses on the biopesticide potential of some selected processing‐based wastes such as olive mill waste, essential oil‐derived hydrolates and products from biomass pyrolysis against plant‐parasitic nematodes and insect pests. In recent years, thermochemical conversion technologies such as pyrolysis have gained increasing interest in converting various types of waste biomass. Essential oils are obtained from the distillation process of aromatic plants, while the plant material after the distillation, as well as the hydrolates or hydrosols, are by‐products of such process. The production of high‐quality olive oils implies the generation of vast quantities of solid residues and/or wastewater that may have a great impact on terrestrial and aquatic environments because of their high phytotoxicity. Agricultural residues rich in bioactive compounds can be used as an alternative source for the production of biopesticides.
The aim of this study was to analyse the microbicidal and microbiostatic activity of S. montana hydrolate L., the water-soluble fraction of the hydro-distillation process used to obtain the essential oil, on 14 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and a fungus of clinical interest. To consider whether this hydrolate is a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional antibiotics, its effect on non-target microorganisms in the aquatic and terrestrial environment was analysed using natural soil and river microorganism communities, characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that S. montana hydrolate was especially effective (25% v/v concentration) against Pasteurella aerogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Acinetobacter baumannii (priority 1, WHO). It was also a microbicide for a further 7 bacterial strains and the fungus Candida albicans (50% v/v concentration). The river and soil communities exposed to the hydrolate showed a decrease in their growth, as well as a decrease in their ability to metabolize polymers and carbohydrates (soil microorganisms) and polymers, carboxylic and ketone acids (river microorganisms). Hydrolates could be an alternative to conventional antibiotics, but their impact on the environment must be taken into account.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Thymus mastichina (L.) L. (TM) and Cistus ladanifer L. (CL) are two Portuguese autochthonous species with traditional skin application in folk medicine. TM is majorly known for its antiseptic and wound healing properties, as an external anti-inflammatory agent and for its application in folk cosmetics and hygiene products. Its use in acne vulgaris has also been reported. CL is traditionally used in remedies for wounds, ulcers and other skin ailments such as psoriasis and eczema. Its application has been found useful due to its anti-inflammatory, astringent, wound healing and antiseptic properties.
Aim of the study:
With this work, we aimed to investigate relevant bioactivities related with the traditional application of TM and CL essential oils (EOs) and hydrolates (by-products of EO production) in skin ailments. Specifically their in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, wound healing and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. The chemical composition of both EOs and respective hydrolates was also characterized.
Materials and methods:
Chemical characterization of EOs and hydrolates was performed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Cellular biocompatibility was evaluated using the MTT assay in macrophages (RAW 264.7) and fibroblasts (L929) cell lines. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by studying nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages with griess reagent. Wound healing potential was evaluated with the scratch-wound assay. The antioxidant potential was studied by the DPPH scavenging method. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by broth microdilution assay against relevant microbial strains and skin pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis.
Results:
The major compounds present in TM and CL EOs were 1,8-cineole and α-pinene, respectively. 1,8-cineole and E-pinocarveol were the major compounds in the correspondent hydrolates. CL EO presented the highest anti-inflammatory potential (EC50 = 0.002% v/v), still with significant cytotoxicity (IC50 = 0.012% v/v). TM preparations presented anti-inflammatory potential, also presenting higher biocompatibility. The same profile was present on fibroblasts regarding biocompatibility of the tested preparations. CL EO and hydrolate increased fibroblasts' migration by 155.7% and 148.4%, respectively. TM hydrolate presented a milder activity than CL hydrolate, but wound healing potential was still present, increasing cell migration by 125.1%. All preparations presented poor antioxidant capacity. CL EO presented higher antimicrobial activity, with MICs ranging from 0.06% v/v to 2% v/v, against different microorganisms.
Conclusions:
Anti-inflammatory and skin repairing potential were present for CL preparations. TM hydrolate presented an interesting biocompatible profile on both cell lines, also presenting anti-inflammatory potential. Furthermore, EOs from both species presented antimicrobial activity against a panel of different microorganisms. These in vitro bioactivities support some of their traditional skin applications, specifically regarding their antiseptic, wound healing and anti-inflammatory uses.
The food industry is constantly struggling with one of the most prevalent biofilm-forming and food-borne pathogenic bacteria, Campylobacter jejuni. Different approaches are used to control biofilms in the food production chain, but none is fully effective. In this study, we aim to produce and determine the chemical profile of essential oils (EOs), ethanolic extracts of flowers prior to distillation (EFs), and ethanolic extracts of post-distillation waste material (EWMs) from Lavandula × intermedia ‘Bila’, ‘Budrovka’ St Nicholas and ‘Budrovka’, which were further used to reduce C. jejuni intercellular signaling, adhesion, and biofilm formation, as well as to test their antioxidant activity. Glycosides of hydroxycinnamic acids were the major constituents of both types of lavandin ethanolic extract, while linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineol, and camphor were the major compounds found in lavandin EOs. Tested EOs showed the best antibacterial activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.25 mg/mL. Lavandin EFs proved more effective in reducing C. jejuni intercellular signaling and adhesion compared to lavandin EOs and EWMs, while lavandin EOs showed a slightly better effect against biofilm formation. Interestingly, the best antioxidant activity was determined for lavandin EWMs. A positive and moderate correlation was found between the reduction of C. jejuni intercellular signaling and adhesion, as well as between adhesion and biofilm formation. These findings mean novel bacterial targets are of interest for biofilm control with alternative natural agents throughout the whole food production chain.
This study aimed to investigate the free radicals scavenging, inhibition of acetylhydrolase and antimicrobial activity of five mixtures of hydrolates obtained by hydrodistillation of Lamiaceae plants, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia. Chemical composition of hydrolates was analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for volatiles and UV-VIS spectrophotometry for total phenolic and flavonoid content. The results of free radicals scavenging and acetylhydrolase inhibition activity have shown improved effect of selected hydrolates mixtures, compared to individual hydrolates. The effect was in accordance to their polyphenolic content, indicating synergistic action of the combined biologic active compounds from different extracts of rosemary, sage and lavender. In turn, the antimicrobial activity of hydrolates mixtures was similar to that of individual hydrolates in Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Rhizoctonia solani cultures, revealing no synergistic effect of volatiles, as mainly responsible compounds. In conclusion, selected mixtures of aromatic plant hydrolates can provide added value to these by-products through further development of natural pesticide and/or fungicide products useful for the ecological crop protection.
An hydrolate (also known as hydrosol, floral water, aromatic water, or herbal water) is a distillate which is a product of condensation obtained after an essential oil distillation isolation procedure. Hydrolates are colloidal suspensions composed of a continuous phase, the distilled water, and a dispersed phase, the emulsion of essential oil droplets and water-soluble components, namely oxygen-containing compounds. The movement towards a circular economy, has increased the interest in the essential oil industry co-products, such as hydrolates. Hydrolates composition were mostly studied based on their volatile constituents. Moreover, they showed a diverse range of biological properties, with potential application in food, beverages, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in the agroforest sector. Nevertheless, the information is fragmented and dispersed under the different hydrolates designations. In the present review, the main volatile components of 362 hydrolates obtained from 194 species from 50 families is described, and the information on the corresponding essential oil main components is detailed. Additionally, the methodologies of extraction and analysis are surveyed, as well as hydrolates characteristics and traditional uses. This review also describes the different biological properties attributed to hydrolates and, according with these properties, their potential uses.
Background
Hydrosols are aqueous solutions obtained as by-products after essential oil extraction from aromatic plants. However, they have been lately reconsidered for applications in ecological agriculture, cosmetic and food industry due to their valuable bioactive phytochemicals content. The aim of this study was to identify the main volatile and polyphenolic compounds in hydrosols extracted from three Romanian Lamiaceae plants, sage (Salvia officinalis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and to analyse the correlation of their total phenolics content to the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition capacity, in view of future development of novel biopesticides.
Results
Our results showed that sage and rosemary hydrosols presented better antioxidant activity than lavender hydrosol in all tested free radical scavenging and metal chelating assays. Good correlation of the antioxidant activity to hydrosols’ phenolics and flavonoids content was observed, except for DPPH assay. The same order was found for acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition, but this was partially related to phenolics content of hydrosols, suggesting that other components present in hydrosols were active compounds with synergistic role in this process.
Conclusion
These results indicated that Lamiaceae hydrosols could be recommended alone or as optimised mixtures to develop novel natural products for the control of pests in eco-agrosystems.
Despite the current popularity of herbal and flower hydrolates and the multiple applications found in the food, wood, pharmaceutical, pesticide, perfume, cosmetic, and aromatherapy industries, the effect of hydrolates in the environment is poorly known. This study evaluates the ecotoxicity of the Satureja montana L. hydrolate on water and soil bioindicators and also on the fluvial periphyton mesocosms for a more ecological point of view. The acute toxicity of the fresh water invertebrate Daphnia magna, the bacteria Vibrio fisheri, and the earthworm Eisenia fetida, was quantified as well as the phytotoxic effect on the plant Allium cepa L. Communities of river periphyton were used to study the impact of the hydrolate on the freshwater ecosystems. The taxonomic study of these communities revealed a rich diversity of diatoms. The hydrolate of S. montana showed a high ecotoxicity at very low percentages of hydrolate in all organisms tested and in the periphyton communities. The LC50 varies from 0.05% to 4.25%, with a clear dose-dependent relationship. The effect of the hydrolate in decreasing order was: A.cepa > D. magna > V. fisheri > periphyton > E. fetida. The strong phytotoxic effect on A. cepa allows exploring possible uses of the hydrolate as a bio-herbicide. The Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) characterisation of the hydrolate reveals 1 alcohol and 6 terpenes. Carvacrol (89.03%) and thymol (6.66%) are the volatile compounds found in the highest proportion, products that have multiple biological properties and known synergistic effects, which could explain the high bioactivity of the hydrolate. Our study suggests that S. montana hydrolate could impact different trophic levels of the river ecosystems and can affect the soil functions affecting earthworms due its powerful bioactivity on a wide range of non-target organisms even in complex communities such as the fluvial periphyton. Therefore, although hydrolates can become a good alternative to synthetic products, the use of these products is not free of environmental risks and their release to the environment should be evaluated.
Background: The essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (L. angustifolia), a species from the Lamiaceae family, possesses several biological activities; therefore it is used in some herbal medicines. The lack of studies into identifying the essential oil of L. angustifolia and its similar appearance to Nepeta menthoides Boiss. & Buhse (N. menthoides) as “Ustukhuddoos” in Iranian traditional medicine, have caused misuse and adulteration in the products. Objective: In this study, the chemical compositions of L. angustifolia and N. menthoides essential oils, and three commercial herbal medicines of L. angustifolia essential oil in Iranian markets were evaluated and investigated as adulteration with the help of GC/MS analysis and chemometric methods. Methods: The essential oils of L. angustifolia and N. menthoides, and commercial samples were extracted by different extraction methods. Furthermore, their chemical compositions were evaluated by GC/MS analysis. After identification of components by GC/MS, the obtained results were assessed by principal component analysis (PCA, Unscrambler X version 10.4) for clustering. Results: Results showed that all three commercial herbal preparations matched with the manufacturer's claim about using L. angustifolia essential oil in the products. PCA distinguished two groups which were characterized based on different types and amounts of the components. Conclusion: GC/MS analysis with the help of chemometric methods is a powerful method to evaluate and discriminate between the essential oils and their products. In general, the combination of instrumental analysis and clustering chemometric analysis can provide an accurate tool for identifying misuse between plant species.
This review compiles the available information on potential sources and methodologies for the recovery of phenolic compounds from the residues (solid residue, wastewater or hydrolate) of the essential oil distillation of a total of 47 cultivated (native and exotic) or wild-collected aromatic plants of the Mediterranean region. Special attention has been paid to the new and promising techniques of distillation and processing of residues in the sense of a more efficient recovery of phenolic compounds with a reduced use of solvents and a time and energy saving. However, it has been observed that technique used for the distillation of the essential oil as well as the subsequent processing of the residue clearly affect the composition, and hence the biological properties, of the phenolic fraction. The most abundant compounds (42) were phenolic monoterpenes (thymol and carvacrol) and diterpenes (carnosic acid, carnosol and methyl carnosate), hydroxybenzoic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, vanillic, gallic, ellagic and catechol), phenylpropanoic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, rosmarinic chlorogenic, cryptochlorogenic and neochlorogenic), phenylpropenes (eugenol), coumarins (coumarin and herniarine), flavanones (naringenin, naringin, eriocitrin and hesperidin), flavones (apigenin, genkwanin, apigetrin, luteolin, cynaroside, luteolin 7-glucuronide, scolymoside, cirsimaritin and salvigenin) and flavanols (catechin, kaempferol methylethers, astragalin, quercetin, isoquercetin, hyperoside, miquelianin and rutin). The feasibility of recovering some of these phenolic fractions/compounds is discussed on the basis of the availability of the residue, the potential cost of the implementation by the industry, and in terms of sustainability like the use of less pollutant solvents as water or ethanol.
In the last few years, the aromatic plant market for fresh consumption has been growing, especially packaged herbs for Mass Market Retailers. Pruning and selection of aromatic plants during packaging leads to the accumulation of a large amounts of plant residues with consequent disposal costs. In a circular economy perspective, the aim of this study was to recover residues of three aromatic plants (Ocimum basilicum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L.) by extracting essential oil and aromatic water and, subsequently, reusing oil-free biomasses for composting. In fact, these by-products are currently considered very interesting and sustainable. The essential oils are natural products that have a wide range of biological activities useful for pharmaceutical, medical, veterinary and agriculture innovative purposes. Hydrolates have a much softer scent than the corresponding essential oils. The compost can be successfully applied for the restoration and maintenance of soil fertility. Results of this study showed that yields of essential oils obtained from plant residues, were sufficiently higher, especially for sage and rosemary, also if they were collected well far from plant balsamic period. Analysis of composition of essential oils confirmed the presence of characteristic compounds for each species. The aromatic waters were found to be an easily usable product due to the favourable physicochemical characteristics and, in particular, the aromatic waters of basil showed high antioxidant activity. About compost, the main physicochemical (humidity, pH, electrical conductivity) and biological (basal respiration and hydrolase activity) properties, were considered. Phytotoxicity tests indicated that composts derived from the three species can be used in agriculture. This research demonstrates that it is possible to eliminate completely plant residues and recover new products from aromatic species, supporting the effectiveness of an eco-friendly model to recover and reuse all fresh aromatic plant residues.
Exorista larvarum (L.) (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval parasitoid of Lepidoptera, can be reared from egg to fecund adult on artificial media composed of crude components. The standard in vitro culture is performed in 24‐well plastic rearing plates. Exorista larvarum eggs, removed from superparasitized larvae of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), are individually placed in the wells, each containing a cotton swab soaked in liquid medium. The plates are then sealed until parasitoid puparium formation. To avoid contamination by microorganisms, the artificial medium is routinely supplemented with 0.01% solution of gentamicin. Experiments were carried out to assess whether this broad‐spectrum antibiotic may be replaced with hydrolate of Monarda fistulosa L. (Lamiaceae), which was selected due to its high in vitro activity against pathogenic microorganisms for humans and plants. The hydrolate was either supplemented to the artificial medium (0.5% wt/wt) (first experiment) or placed in an empty well (200 μl) of the rearing plate, to be supplied as saturated air due to evaporation (second experiment). In both experiments, a standard medium with gentamicin and an antimicrobial‐free medium were maintained as positive and negative controls, respectively. In the first experiment, in the hydrolate‐supplemented medium fewer E. larvarum completed egg‐to‐adult development than in the standard medium, but significantly more parasitoid developed from egg to adult compared to the antimicrobial‐free medium. No significant difference was found between the numbers of eggs laid by the females obtained from the standard medium vs. those from the hydrolate‐supplemented medium. In the second experiment, the hydrolate‐saturated air significantly decreased E. larvarum egg hatching, puparium formation, and female fecundity compared to the standard medium. In perspective, M. fistulosa hydrolate supplemented to the artificial media for E. larvarum may be considered as a promising candidate to replace the gentamicin solution, as suggested also by the microbiological analyses of the media, performed at various growth stages of the parasitoid in a separate trial. Conversely, the hydrolate‐saturated air treatment was deemed unsuitable.
The chemical composition of essential oils and hydrolate from dried lavender flowers (Lavandula angustifolia) was determined. Organic compounds were isolated from the hydrolate by the liquid–liquid (LLE) method. Optimal conditions for LLE (pentane, five extraction cycles, 40 mL, salting out [5% NaCl]) were determined by the Taguchi method. As many as forty-seven compounds were identified both in the essential oil (Oe) and in the essential oil isolated during the preparation of hydrolate (OeH), representing 94.9% of the content of Oe and 95.7% of OeH. The main compounds in OeH and Oe are: linalool (24.6% and 24.9%, respectively), linalyl acetate (14.4% and 18.0%, respectively) and borneol (6.2% and 6.3%, respectively). The most abundant compounds are oxygenated derivatives of monoterpenes (74.3% Oe, 73.4% OeH), including monoterpene alcohols (40.5% Oe, 38.0% OeH). In the hydrolate (H), twenty-four compounds, representing 83.8% of its composition, were identified. The main ingredients are: linalool (26.5%) and borneol (9.0%). Also here, oxygenated derivatives of monoterpenes predominate (78.1%), consisting mainly of alcohol monoterpenes (50.7%). In the hydrolate, the presence of acetate linalyl, monoterpenes, or sesquiterpenes was not found. Quantitative analysis of Oe, OeH and H was conducted for selected chemical compounds.
The essential oil of the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia grown in Morocco was determined by hydrodistillation method and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activities were tested in vitro by in a bioassay on nine bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus mutans, Micrococcus luteus, and Proteus mirabilis and were evaluated using two different methods; agar disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results of the study revealed that essential oil yields and the total oil of Mentha rotundifolia were 1.54% and 90.40%. The major component was menthol (40.50%), other predominant constituents were: menthone (5.0%), menthyl acetate (4.50%), menthofuran (4.20%), oxyde de piperitone (3.80%), linalyl acetate (3.50%), neomenthol (3.20%), piperitone (3.10%), isomenthone (2.50%), 1,8-cineole (2.40%), linalool (2.0%), limonene (1.80%), geraniol (1.70%), myrcene (1.60%), geranyl acetate (1.50%) and trans-Sabinene hydrate (1.40%). Essential oil extracted from Mentha rotundifolia showed the highest activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, with the strongest inhibition zone 45, 34 and 31mm respectively.
Unlabelled:
The study was undertaken to verify the antimicrobial activity of Lavandula angustifolia hydrosols in moisturizing body gels. The inhibition efficacy of four lavender hydrosols (obtained from fresh or dry herbs or flowers) was tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 1627, Candida sp. ŁOCK 0008 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 in compliance with the standards of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission. Although the tested hydrosols did not express any remarkable antimicrobial action when tested via the macrodilution method, they show preservative activity in cosmetic preparations. Criterion A for fungi was fulfilled for the cosmetic formulation containing dried flower hydrosol (reduction of the inoculum by two logarithmic units within 14 days with no increase up to the 28th day) and Criterion B for bacteria E. coli and Staph. aureus (reduction of the inoculum by three logarithmic units within 14 days with no increase up to the 28th day). The fresh herb lavender hydrosol in the cosmetic formulation was regarded as the second one effectively satisfying Criterion B for bacteria, but its activity against fungi was below the acceptance value set out in the official regulations. Lavender hydrosols used as a replacement for water phase in cosmetics may contribute to maintaining microbiological stability of cosmetic formulations.
Significance and impact of the study:
The presented research proved antimicrobial activity of hydrosols obtained from fresh or dried Lavandula angustifolia herbs or flowers in moisturizing body gel. The study shows the usefulness of lavender hydrosols as a natural, ecologically friendly component of cosmetics with potential preservative activity in formulations. Hydrosols are commonly regarded as waste in the production of essential oils. The use of lavender hydrosols in the cosmetic industry as a replacement for water phase in cosmetics may not only result in expenses reduction for chemical stabilizers and preservatives but also in substantial decrease in sewage disposal.
Although there is considerable anecdotal information about the antibacterial activity of lavender oils, much of this has not been substantiated by scientific or clinical evidence. In this study we assessed the activity of lavender essential oils, hydrosols and aqueous and ethanolic foliage extracts from a range of Australian grown Lavandula species. The results support the anecdotal use of lavender oils as antibacterial agents and demonstrated that some oils which had previously not been investigated (e.g., Lavandula heterophylla) display good antibacterial activity against a range of bacteria including Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, VRE and Propionibacterium acnes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the only bacterium not susceptible to any essential oil. There was considerable variability in the activity of the essential oils however; no one oil produced the highest level of antibacterial activity against all bacteria. No correlation was observed between the percentage of major chemical components and antibacterial activity. The lavender hydrosols and aqueous foliage extracts did not have any antibacterial activity. Six of the ethanolic extracts displayed activity against Pr. vulgaris but no activity against any other organism. Further work is required to determine whether these in vitro results will be realised in a clinical environment but it is clear that not all lavenders are equal in terms of their antibacterial properties.
This study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil compared to three of its main components (1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene). GC-MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 19 compounds, representing 97.97% of the oil, the major constituents of the oil were described as 1,8-cineole (27.23%), α-pinene (19.43%), camphor (14.26%), camphene (11.52%) and β-pinene (6.71%). The oil and the components were subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by means of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and β-carotene bleaching test. In the DPPH test system, free radical-scavenging activity of R. officinalis L. essential oil, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene and β-pinene were determined to be 62.45%±3.42%, 42.7%±2.5%, 45.61%±4.23% and 46.21%±2.24% (v/v), respectively. In the β-carotene bleaching test system, we tested series concentration of samples to show the antioxidant activities of the oil and its main components, whereas the concentrations providing 50% inhibition (IC50) values of R. officinalis L. essential oil, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene and β-pinene were 2.04%±0.42%, 4.05%±0.65%, 2.28%±0.23% and 2.56%±0.16% (v/v), respectively. In general, R. officinalis L. essential oil showed greater activity than its components in both systems, and the antioxidant activities of all the tested samples were mostly related to their concentrations. Antioxidant activities of the synthetic antioxidant, ascorbic acid and BHT, were also determined in parallel experiments as positive control.
Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The essential oil obtained from the fresh leaves of Curcuma haritha by hydrodistillation was analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forty one constituents, representing 97.0 % of the analysed oil constituted mainly by oxygenated mono and sesqui terpenes. Curdione (18.3 %), 1,8-cineole (11.8 %), camphor (11.8 %), furanogermenone (8.6 %) and furanodiene (8.9 %) were identified as the major constituents in C. haritha leaf oil. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the leaf oil was studied by agar disc diffusion technique. The leaf essential oil was tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and pathogenic fungal species of Candida. The leaf oil at 1:1 dilution with DMSO was found to be more active against fungal strains than bacterial strains. Antibacterial activity was significant only against Gram positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus.
In this study the antifungal activity of eight essential oils and three hydrosols (aqueous distillates) from Australian grown lavenders was determined. The oils and hydrosols were assayed against four fungi, Aspergillus nidulans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, using a disc diffusion method. No evidence of antifungal activity was observed with any of the hydrosols. In contrast, all oils displayed some antifungal activity. Lavandula angustifolia and the three examples of Lavandula x intermedia oil demonstrated the greatest effect against A. nidulans and T. mentagrophytes while L. stoechas was particularly effective against the two agricultural fungi, L. maculans and S. sclerotiorum. No significant difference was observed between the antifungal activity of L. angustifolia oils derived from European and Australian grown plants. These results suggest that the oils from various Lavandula species may be useful in the treatment of fungal infections.
The composition of the essential oil obtained from the dried flowering aerial parts of Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty-five components have been identified in the essential oil of M. pulegium. The major constituents of the essential oil were pulegone (54.6 %) and menthone (15.1 %). The antimicrobial activity of M. pulegium oil was studied using the disk diffusion method and determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. The antimicrobial activity of M. pulegium oil was concentration-dependent on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Aspergilus niger and Candida albicans.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effects of the hydrosols of basil (O. basilicum), thyme (T. schimperi), cardamon (E. cardamom), cinnamon (C. Zeylanicum), mustard (B. nigra) and clove (S. aromaticum) against S. aureus, E. coli, S. typhi, P. aerugenosa and Candida albicans. Hydrosols were obtained from the selected plant species after hydro distillation using Clevenger type apparatus. The antimicrobial effects of the hydrosols were determined by measuring the zone of microbial growth on agar plates treated with hydrosol and control agar (hydrosol untreated agar) plates and then the percentage of growth inhibition was determined. Accordingly, the percent inhibition of the hydrosols were found to range from 20 to 100% (against S. aureus, p = 0.005), 10 to 100% (against E. coli, p = 0.005), 0 to 35% (against P. aerugenosa, p = 0.069) and 15 to 100% S. typhi, p = 0.00). Complete (100%) growth inhibition was demonstrated at 15% hydrosol concentration of cardamom and thyme (against E. coli), cardamon and cinnamon (against S. aureus) and cardamom, thyme and cinnamon (against S. typhi). Candida albicans were inactive to the test hydrosols. From this study, it can be concluded that the hydrosols of basil, cardamom, clove, cinnamon and thyme were effective to elicit inhibitory effect against S. typhi, S. aureus and E. coli. Further study is recommended to verify the activity of the plant hydrosols against wide range of microbial strains, characterize the chemical constituents of the hydrosols and see if the biological property can be correlated to the constituents.
The two thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus serpyllum L.) and three oregano (Origanum vulgare L., Origanum onites L. and Origanum majorana L.) hydrosols, widely used in food products and as drinks, were tested for their inhibitory effects against four pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 33150, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2392 and Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC 1501). Two principles were used in determining the antibacterial effects of spice hydrosols: inhibition zones were determined by paper disc diffusion method, and the bacteriostatic effects, bactericidal effects and the growth inhibition levels were studied as colony forming units (cfu) in broth cultures. All tested bacteria were inhibited by all of the spice hydrosols using paper disc diffusion method. According to serial dilution method, while all spice hydrosols at 10 and 25 mL/100 mL concentrations had generally bacteriostatic activities, the same hydrosols appeared to have bactericidal effects at concentrations above 50 mL/100 mL. The most sensitive of the bacteria against the spice hydrosols was S. aureus. In addition, the most inhibitive of the spice hydrosols on the four pathogenic bacteria were O. onites L. and O. majorana L.
In the present study, inhibitory effects of the hydrosols of thyme, black cumin, sage, rosemary and bay leaf were investigated against Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated to apple and carrots (at the ratio of 5.81 and 5.81 log cfu/g for S. Typhimurium, and 5.90 and 5.70 log cfu/g for E. coli O157:H7 on to apple and carrot, respectively). After the inoculation of S. Typhimurium or E. coli O157:H7, shredded apple and carrot samples were washed with the hydrosols and sterile tap water (as control) for 0, 20, 40 and 60 min. While the sterile tap water was ineffective in reducing (P>0.05) S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7, 20 min hydrosol treatment caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction compared to the control group. On the other hand, thyme and rosemary hydrosol treatments for 20 min produced a reduction of 1.42 and 1.33 log cfu/g respectively in the E. coli O157:H7 population on apples. Additional reductions were not always observed with increasing treatment time. Moreover, thyme hydrosol showed the highest antibacterial effect on both S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 counts. Inhibitory effect of thyme hydrosol on S. Typhimurium was higher than that for E. coli O157:H7. Bay leaf hydrosol treatments for 60 min reduced significantly (P<0.05) E. coli O157:H7 population on apple and carrot samples. In conclusion, it was shown that plant hydrosols, especially thyme hydrosol, could be used as a convenient sanitizing agent during the washing of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables.
The antifungal activity of 43 hydrosols, 7 herbal teas and 12 essential oils was determined using Candida albicans as a test organism. All of the hydrosols examined showed more potent inhibition against the filamentous form than the yeast form of C. albicans. In particular, the filamentous form was markedly inhibited by seven hydrosols, of which monarda, santolina and clove water also inhibited the growth of the yeast form. Most of the inhibitory activity of the hydrosols was correlated with that of their respective major components. Poor correlation was observed between the inhibition of filament formation and the growth inhibition of the yeast form among the hydrosols examined, among essential oils and among the major components of hydrosols and essential oils. Seven herbal teas showed moderate or weak activity against the filament formation of C. albicans, but no inhibition against the yeast form.
An improved method of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay has been developed and validated using fluorescein (3',6'-dihydroxyspiro[isobenzofuran-1[3H],9'[9H]-xanthen]-3-one) as the fluorescent probe. Our results demonstrate that fluorescein (FL) is superior to B-phycoerythrin. The oxidized FL products induced by peroxyl radical were identified by LC/MS, and the reaction mechanism was determined to follow a classic hydrogen atom transfer mechanism. In addition, methodological and mechanistic comparison of ORAC(FL) with other widely used methods was discussed. It is concluded that, unlike other popular methods, the improved ORAC(FL) assay provides a direct measure of hydrophilic chain-breaking antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radical.
The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay has been widely accepted as a standard tool to measure the antioxidant activity in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. However, the ORAC assay has been criticized for a lack of accessibility due to the unavailability of the COBAS FARA II analyzer, an instrument discontinued by the manufacturer. In addition, the manual sample preparation is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The objective of this study was to develop a high-throughput instrument platform that can fully automate the ORAC assay procedure. The new instrument platform consists of a robotic eight-channel liquid handling system and a microplate fluorescence reader. By using the high-throughput platform, the efficiency of the assay is improved with at least a 10-fold increase in sample throughput over the current procedure. The mean of intra- and interday CVs was <or=15%, and the limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 5 and 6.25 microM, respectively.
The antifungal effects of rosemary, cumin, sater (savory), basil and pickling herb hydrosols were investigated against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp tulipae, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria citri. Hydrosols of sater and pickling herb showed the most relevant fungicidal activity.
Extraction technologies for medical and aromatic plants. Trieste: International Centre for Science and High Technology
- S S Handa
- Sps Khanuja
- G Longo
- D D Rakesh
Understanding hydrolats: the specific hydrosols for aromatherapy: a guide for health professionals
- L Price
- S Price
Application of essential oils to natural and organic cosmetics
- K Śmigielski
- M Sikora
- M Majewska