Content uploaded by Mark McMenamin
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Mark McMenamin on Mar 06, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
A Concise Field Guide to Miniature Models of
Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Monsters
Mark A. S. McMenamin and Mathieu M. Lafreniere
2015
Meanma Press
2
Meanma Press
South Hadley, Massachusetts, USA
©2015 by Mark A. S. McMenamin
All rights reserved.
McMenamin, Mark A. S.
A Concise Guide to Miniature Models of Dinosaurs and Other
Extinct Monsters/Mark A. S. McMenamin and Mathieu M.
Lafreniere
ISBN 1-893882-21-7
ISBN13 978-1-893882-21-8
Printed in the United States of America
c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
3
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 3
Introduction 5
References 10
Acrocanthosaurus 11
Allosaurus 12
Amargasaurus 15
Ankylosaurus 16
Apatosaurus 19
Archaeopteryx 21
Baryonyx 22
Beipiaosaurus 23
Brachiosaurus 24
Camarasaurus 25
Caudipteryx 26
Compsognathus 28
Corythosaurus 29
Deinonychus 30
Deinosuchus 31
Dilong 33
Dilophosaurus 35
Dimetrodon 38
Diplodocus 40
Edmontosaurus 42
Elasmosaurus 44
Euoplocephalus 45
Giganotosaurus 47
Glyptodon 49
Guanglong 50
Hydrotherosaurus 51
Iguanodon 52
Inostrancevia 53
Kaprosuchus 54
Kentrosaurus 56
Kronosaurus 57
Mammuthus 58
Megatherium 62
Microraptor 63
Miragaia 65
Moschops 66
Nigersaurus 67
Oviraptor 69
Pachycephalosaurus 70
Pachyrhinosaurus 71
Parasaurolophus 73
Placodus 74
Podokesaurus 75
Polacanthus 77
Pteranodon 78
Saltasaurus 80
4
Spinosaurus 81
Stegosaurus 84
Styracosaurus 91
Therizinosaurus 94
Triceratops 95
Tylosaurus 101
Tyrannosaurus 102
Uintatherium 109
Utahraptor 110
Velociraptor 111
5
Introduction
This book represents Matt Lafreniere's student internship project for Holyoke Catholic
High School, undertaken with Professor Mark McMenamin at Mount Holyoke College in
summer 2012. The subject matter lends itself to both K-12 education and to scientifically
fruitful consideration of a wide variety of ancient organisms. It may truly be said that a
good dinosaur model represents a summary of what we think we know about any
particular ancient creature at the time the model was made. Each realistically sculpted
and painted model furthermore provides an artist's interpretation of the contours and
coloration of the animal, and as such the model represents a potentially important
hypothesis concerning what the animal actually looked like. And as we will see in the
case of Ludodactylus, such models can on occasion anticipate future results of ongoing
field research, excavation and fossil discovery.
Before the days of the children’s television show Dinosaur Train, children were
introduced to paleontology by means of the ubiquitous plastic dinosaur. In the 1960s,
these were mass produced typically in monochrome colors, providing millions of children
with a very enjoyable and tangible introduction to natural history. Mark McMenamin’s
parents describe how, as a very young boy, he would line up the family set of plastic
dinosaurs in a row from shortest to tallest. The plastic models, along with other sets that
portrayed members of the modern biota such as the great white shark and the oarfish,
provided hours of inexpensive entertainment.
Early dinosaur figurine sets were made in brass, as for example those made in 1947 by
the SRG Company (Glut, 1980, p. 307). The set included Stegosaurus, the mammoth, a
plesiosaur, Pteranodon, Trachodon, Tylosaurus, Triceratops and Dimetrodon. SRG also
manufactured a smaller set in plastic in the 1960s. Plastic dinosaur models continue to be
manufactured today by many companies, from the Miller waxy dinosaurs of the 1950s to
the long-running series from Marx, giving way to companies of today such as Schleich,
Carnegie Museum (Safari LTD), Bullyland, CollectA, and Papo of France.
Miniature dinosaurs continue to fascinate young people, and a Brachiosaurus model and
other miniature dinosaur models feature prominently in early scenes in Jurassic Park III
(2001). Dinosaur figurines were crucial for the success of The Valley of Gwangi (Warner
Brothers—Seven Arts, 1969). The Videohound’s Golden Movie Retriever (Craddock,
2002) rated this film as one “of the best prehistoric-monster westerns out there. Cowboys
discover a lost valley of dinosaurs and try to capture a vicious, carnivorous Allosaurus.”
The movie features models of Ornithomimus, Styracosaurus and Allosaurus sculpted by
Arthur Hayward, the exhibits preparator for the British Museum of Natural History (Glut,
1984, p. 14).
But aside from their value as toys, their cinematographic utility, and their educational
utility, plastic dinosaurs are not taken very seriously by professional paleontologists and
other scientists. Until, that is, an odd thing happened in 2003. A popular toy pterosaur
model, initially considered by paleontologists to be very inaccurate because it combined
features of rhamphorhynchoid and pterodactyloid flying reptiles, turned out to be a rather
accurate prediction of the combination of characters in a new fossil that received the
genus name Ludodactylus in honor of the toy. The combination of sharp teeth,
pterodactyloid head crest, and long tail with a vane at the tip was thus seen in a plastic
model before it was actually observed in the fossil record. The resemblance to the actual
6
fossil was so close that Frey and others (2003) included a picture of the head of the toy
reptile in the scientific paper that described Ludodactylus. Others might have passed this
off as mere coincidence, as many extinct animal miniatures have been manufactured that
take excessive liberties with the paleontological evidence. As Dave Martill (2010)
recounts:
Toy manufacturers are in the business of making money by entertaining.
Somewhere way down the list comes education—and a bit further down might
come scientific accuracy. Pteranodon, the stereotypical giant, crested Late
Cretaceous pterosaur of the Kansas chalk formations and star of numerous grade
B movies . . . has always been a popular subject for model producers. But its lack
of teeth has posed a bit of a problem; most manufacturers seem to think teeth are .
. . essential selling points. For this reason it is not uncommon to find a
‘Pteranodon’ model bearing a full set of dentures.
However, our Ludodactylus not only had a Pteranodon-like headcrest, it
also possessed a gnashing mouthful of the finest curved fangs anyone could ever
wish for. We had, we realised, discovered the animal behind toymakers’ models,
and had instantly vindicated their perceptive powers in one short paper . . . What
we hadn’t realised was just how perceptive the toymakers were . . . I take this
opportunity of again publishing a picture of the toy that was the harbinger of
fossils to come (and now arrived). Notice, if you will, that the toothy [toy]
Pteranodon sports a splendid ‘rhamphorhynchoid’ tail, complete with terminal
vane.
Martill is right about the tendency to add teeth to Pteranodon, as for example, in Jurassic
Park III where teeth are seen in the animatronics/CGI Pteranodon that opens its mouth in
the pterosaur aviary scene. Executive producer Steven Spielberg evidently agreed that the
teeth were indeed essential selling points. The genus name of the new species
Ludodactylus sibbicki Frey et al., 2003 is a combination of the Greek ludo (game,
plaything) and Latin dactyl (finger), to honor the fact that this creature was reconstructed
by plastic model artists long before paleontologists ever discovered its fossils.
Professional paleontologists used to complain about the hybrid models as “highly
inaccurate,” but have been forced to swallow their criticisms in the face of Ludodactylus.
Miniature models in fact have an honored position in the history of paleontological
reconstruction. The first commercially available miniature models of dinosaurs and other
extinct vertebrates appeared in 1898 in the published catalogue of the American Museum
of Natural History (Glut, 1980). These first miniature models were sculpted by the great
paleoartist Charles R. Knight (Milner, 2012). Knight made original wax models that were
subsequently reproduced in plaster for sale to the public. These models are historically
important because they were cast from the very models that Knight used for artists’
perspective in creating his now famous paintings of ancient animals (Glut, 1980).
After Knight’s first figurine models, there were a series of other attempts to model
dinosaurs in miniature. R. S. Lull in 1912 created a plaster model of Podokesaurus
holyokensis Talbot 1911, the “Mount Holyoke College dinosaur” that was discovered
within a half mile of campus in a block of glacial drift (Talbot, 1911). This was one of the
first dinosaur models to show a dinosaur carrying its tail significantly elevated above the
ground (McMenamin, 2007), although A. S. Romer, Heilmann and Charles R. Knight had
also reconstructed the small dinosaur Compsognathus carrying its tail off the ground
(Glut, 1984, p. 53).
The paleontologist Charles Whitney Gilmore created plaster models of Triceratops elatus
(dated 1915; Glut, 1984, p. 212), Brachyceratops (Glut, 1984, p. 37), Camarasaurus
7
(Glut, 1984, p. 41), Ceratosaurus nasicornis feeding on Camptosaurus nanus (Glut,
1984, p. 45), Thescelosaurus (dated 1915; Glut, 1984, p. 13) and Stegosaurus stenops
(dated 1915; Glut, 1984, p. 13), all for the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian also hosted an
early model of the armored dinosaur Edmontonia (Glut, 1984, p. 66). Plastic dinosaur
figurines, modeled after Gilmore’s creations, were manufactured by Marx Toys in the
1960s as part of a Flintstones Hunting Party set (Glut, 1980, p. 184).
The plan to mass produce reproductions of Charles R. Knight’s original model miniatures
was the brainchild of the great paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn. According to Glut
(1980), “Knight himself did all the finishing and retouching on each model before it was
sent out to its purchaser.” Ever since Knight’s early efforts, dinosaur miniature models of
variable accuracy and quality have become widespread. But a relationship between the
miniature models and serious paleontology artwork continues. For example, plastic
dinosaurs from the 1950s manufactured by Louis Marx and Co. were based on the
well-known mural at the Peabody Museum (Yale University), painted by Rudolf
Zallinger. Zallinger’s mural was popularized by Life magazine in 1953, and has been
influential and widely reproduced since then (Glut, 1980).
Porcelain figurines of prehistoric animals were made by the Sturgis Company in 1957.
The porcelain set included examples of Allosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Apatosaurus,
Corythosaurus, Dimetrodon, Protoceratops, Rhamphorhynchus, Styracosaurus, and
Triceratops. Sturgis Co. also began manufacturing plastic figurines in 1957. Some of
these mass-produced models were based upon the paintings of Zallinger and Charles R.
Knight (Glut, 1980). We see then a progression from fossil data, to miniature model, to
oil painting, then back to mass produced miniature models. The miniature models thus
rank as one of the most prolific and tangible contributions of the science of paleontology
to popular culture.
High quality plastic models began to be produced by the British Museum of Natural
History beginning in the late 1970s. These models included Diplodocus, Megalosaurus,
Scelidosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus. Completing the cycle back
to research paleontology, some of these British Museum plastic models, with holes
drilled through them to simulate lung air space, were used as scale models by R. McNeill
Alexander (1985, 1989, 2006; see also Colbert [1962]) to estimate the body mass of large
sauropods and other dinosaurs by multiplying the volume of the model times an estimate
of the body density. British researchers retain a particular fondness for high quality
plastic dinosaur models, for example the model of a running Allosaurus shown in Benton
and Weiss (1992).
Use of dinosaur models to estimate body mass now competes with digital modes of
analysis (Viegas, 2012). William Sellers of the University of Manchester has recently
used computer methods to show that a brachiosaur had a body mass that is less than a
third of earlier estimates (51,000 pounds versus 176,000 pounds). Regarding his new
digital “skin and bone wrap” method, Sellers says:
This is a huge help for any sort of reconstruction. We now have a number that
suggests how much flesh to add to the bones and that should help people produce
animals that are the right balance [between] too fat or too thin . . . [the new
estimate] reflects a better understanding of biology, and I think the early estimates
were set in that big, fat and slow lizard mindset before the dinosaur renaissance. I
think we will find that the lower estimates are much more appropriate for many
dinosaurs. One very common method is to take an artist’s reconstruction sculpture
of the animal and measure its volume by dipping it in water just like Archimedes.
That gives you the volumes, which you can multiply by the density to get its
8
weight. The problem with this is the artist’s reconstruction. These are very time
consuming to do and probably rather inaccurate, so we thought we’d try a new
method. This is reasonably accurate because the bones fit together like a jigsaw
puzzle.
Heinrich Mallison of the Museum für Naturkunde feels that Sellers’ study is a “brillant
approach: not trying to estimate soft tissues, but finding out how much a bone-only
model underestimates the entire animal’s mass . . . certainly a very good method for
mammals, but I’d like to see tests with more details to find out if archosaurs [birds, flying
reptiles, other dinosaurs, crocodilians] have the same regressions, or differ.” Therefore it
appears that we still have some work to do before we will be able to find an exact method
for reconstructing dinosaurs.
Ultimately, our stories about dinosaurs are stories about ourselves. The dragging tail of
early dinosaur reconstructions seems now an unwitting attempt to humanize the dinosaur
body plan, that is, make it more like that of a human. The Los Angeles County Museum
of Natural History image of a Late Cretaceous landscape shows dinosaurs in interpretive
transition, with tails both up and dragging (Glut, 1984, p. 33). The inaccurate
Hadrosaurus skeleton mount in the old Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, has a
decidedly human-like aspect with its upright posture and ribcage inflated like a man’s
(Glut, 1984, p. 77). Dale Russell’s hypothetical “Smartasaurus” dinosaur, a form that
Russell says might have evolved from Troodon had nonavian dinosaurs not gone extinct,
represents an imaginary evolutionary convergence on human body form (McMenamin,
2011). In the John Brosnan Carnosaur film series, genetic engineering fuses human and
dinosaur DNA. And finally, in the closing scenes of Jurassic Park III we see a case of
mind meld between a woman and a Velociraptor. But the real task at hand for the
paleontologist, of course, is to find out what dinosaurs were really like. The dinosaur
models described below help to document the changing views on dinosaur morphology,
with each generation of models bringing us closer and closer to what we believe is a more
accurate representation of these fantastic ancient animals.
Our goal in writing this book is not to provide a comprehensive list of all known dinosaur
models, laudable as that goal might be, but rather to provide a representative sampling of
over fifty main types (genera) of dinosaur and other ancient monster models and, where
known, their manufacturers. This book also is intended to assist in the making of research
advances in understanding the functional morphology of dinosaurs and other extinct
animals. Mark McMenamin intends to use this book as a supplementary textbook in his
new course at Mount Holyoke College entitled Art in Paleontology. We hope that you
enjoy this book and that it helps you to better appreciate the art and science of dinosaur
paleontology. Writing it has certainly helped us to think about and study prehistoric
animals. For example, we propose in this book the following new interpretations:
1. Therizinosaurs are evolutionarily convergent on Megatherium.
2. We predict that a long-necked Kronosaurus relative will one day be discovered.
3. We predict that a toothless Archaeopteryx close relative will be found one day.
4. The frill horns on Pachyrhinosaurus were used to snag and break the legs of
raptor predators.
5. The horns over the eyes of Triceratops served as defense against the large claw of
the hind leg of a raptor from going into the Triceratops eye socket.
6. The terminal tail feather spray in Dilong and Caudipteryx may indicate a
developmental predisposition to forming a vane at the end of the tail shared by
both dinosaurs and rhamphorynchoid flying reptiles.
7. The defensive spikes running up the back in Kentrosaurus appear to delineate a
distinct change in the dorsal morphogenetic field at the crest of the back, where
9
plates give way to spikes.
8. The extreme side to side flattening of the skull of Giganotosaurus, also seen in
some birds and pterosaurs, may represent morphogenetic field control of the gene
complex involved in determining cranial width, similar to the ANT
tgl
gene
complex in trilobites (McMenamin, 2009).
Study of these miniature models has a long tradition of generating fresh thought about
ancient animals, and we hope here to follow in the tradition of Charles R. Knight.
10
References
Alexander, R. McN. 1985. Mechanics of posture and gait of some large dinosaurs.
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 83, p. 1-25.
Alexander, R. McN. 1989. Dynamics of Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Giants. Columbia
University Press, New York.
Alexander, R. McN. 2006. Dinosaur biomechanics. Proceedings of the Royal Society B—
Biological Sciences, v. 273, n. 1596, p. 1849-1855.
Bakker, R. T. 1986. The Dinosaur Heresies. William Morrow and Co., New York, 482 p.
Benton, M. and E. Weiss. 1992. Dinosaurs. Facts America Series. Smithmark, New
York, 64 p.
Benton, M. J. 2002. Dinosaur Minipedia. Tangerine Press, New York, 144 p.
Brochu, C. A., J. Long, C. McHenry, J. D. Scanlon, and P. Willis. 2000. A Guide to
Dinosaurs. Fog City Press, San Francisco, 256 p.
Colbert, E. H. 1962. The weights of dinosaurs. American Museum Novitates v. 2076, p.
1-16.
Craddock, J., ed. 2002. Videohound’s Golden Movie Retriever: The Complete Guide to
Movies on Videocassette and DVD. Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan,
1447 p.
Frey, E., Martill, D., and Buchy, M. (2003). A new crested ornithocheirid from the Lower
Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil and the unusual death of an unusual pterosaur.
In: Buffetaut, E., and Mazin, J.-M. (eds.). Evolution and Palaeobiology of
Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publication 217:56-63.
Glut, D. F. 1984. The Dinosaur Dictionary. Bonanza Books, New York, 281 p.
Glut, D. F. 1980. The Dinosaur Scrapbook. Citadel Press, Secaucus, New Jersey, 320 p.
Jurassic Park III [Video] 2001. Collector’s Edition Widescreen, Universal DVD,
Universal Studios. 1.85:1 Anamorphic Widescreen, 1 hr. 33 mins.
Lockley, M. G. 2000. The Eternal Trail: A Tracker Looks at Evolution. Basic Books,
New York.
Martill, D. 2010. Blessed are the toymakers for they shall be palaeontologists too.
Geoscientist, v. 20, no. 6, p. 12-13.
McMenamin, M. A. S. 2011. Teilhard de Chardin’s Legacy in Science in J. Salmon, SJ
and J. Farina, eds., The Legacy of Teilhard de Chardin, Paulist Press, Mahwah,
New Jersey, pp. 33-45.
McMenamin, M. A. S. 2009. Paleotorus: The Laws of Morphogenetic Evolution. South
Hadley, Massachusetts. Meanma Press, South Hadley, Massachusetts. ISBN13
978-1-893882-18-8, ISBN10 1-893882-18-7.
McMenamin, M. A. S. 2007. Science 101: Geology. Smithsonian Science Series. Collins.
Milner, R. 2012. Charles R. Knight: The Artist Who Saw Through Time. Abrams, New
York, 180 p.
Talbot, M. 1911. Podokesaurus holyokensis, a new dinosaur from the Triassic of the
Connecticut Valley. American Journal of Science, Fourth Series, v. 31, no. 186,
p. 469-479.
Viegas, J. 2012. Dinosaurs skinnier than previosly thought. Discovery News
http://news.discovery.com/animals/dinosaurs-skinny-
120605.html#mkcpgn=emnws1
11
Acrocanthosaurus
Genus: Acrocanthosaurus
Species: Acrocanthosaurus atokensis
Family: Allosauridae
Geologic age: Early Cretaceous
Length of Animal: 13 meters
Weight of Animal:
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Paleontological Notes: The short snout of this theropod is clearly an adaptation to a top
carnivore predator role, and is convergent on the marine Mesozoic predator Dakosaurus.
Epigraphy : Acrocanthosaurus / c 2011 Carnegie / Safari ltd. Miami, Fl / 0610 Made in
China / 41693 / CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 19.5cm cm X 8.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $7.99
Date of Manufacture: 2011
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
12
Allosaurus
Genus: Allosaurus
Species: Allosaurus fragilis (Marsh, 1877)
Family: Allosauridae
Geologic age: 155-150 million years ago (Late Jurassic)
Length of Animal: 12 m
Weight of Animal: 700 - 1000 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America, Africa, Australia
Epigraphy : 051 / CE / c Papo 2008 / Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 24.5 cm X 10 cm
Manufacturer: Papo
Date of Manufacture: 2008
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: This model shows a close resemblance to Charles R. Knight’s
famous reconstruction of fighting Dryptosaurus. Dryptosaurus is a probable synonym of
Allosaurus. Knight’s painting was one of the first to portray dinosaurs as highly active,
athletic creatures (Glut, 1984, p. 60-63).
13
Genus: Allosaurus
Species: Allosaurus fragilis (Marsh 1877)
Family: Allosauridae
Geologic age: 155-150 million years ago (late Jurassic)
14
Length of Animal: 12 m
Weight of Animal: 700-1000 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: North america, Africa, Australia
Epigraphy : Allosaurus / Am Limes 69 / D-73527 Schw Gmund / Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 175 cm X 9 cm
Place of Manufacture: China
Genus: Allosaurus
Species: Allosaurus fragilis (Marsh, 1877)
Family: Allosauridae
Geologic age: 155-150 million years ago (Late Jurassic)
Length of Animal: 12 m
Weight of Animal: 700-1000 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America, Africa, Australia
Paleontological Notes:
Medium: Glazed clay
Dimensions: 16 cm X 10 cm
Manufacturer: Holyoke Catholic High School, MA
List Price:
Date of Manufacture: 2011
Place of Manufacture: HCHS, Chicopee Mass.
Artist: Mathieu Lafreniere
15
Amargasaurus
Genus: Amargasaurus
Family: Dicraeosauridae
Geologic age: 123-118 million years ago (Early Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 9-12 m
Weight of Animal: 5 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: Argentina
Epigraphy : 0809 / AMARGASAURUS / c 2006 Safari Ltd., Miami, Fl / Made in China
/ CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 21 cm X 7.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $9.49
Date of Manufacture: 2006
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
16
Ankylosaurus
Genus: Ankylosaurus
Species: Ankylosaurus magniventris (Brown, 1906)
Family: ankylosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal:7.5-10 m
Weight of Animal: 4 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Paleontological Notes:
Epigraphy : c / 1999/ Tm / ANKYLOSAURUS / MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 15 cm X 4 cm
Manufacturer: Tm
Date of Manufacture: 1999
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: Looks more like an Edmontonia than an Ankylosaurus. The model
lacks a significant tail club.
17
Genus: Ankylosaurus
Species: Ankylosaurus magniventris (Brown 1906)
Family: ankylosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 7.5-10 m
Weight of Animal: 4 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy : 0211 / Carnegie ankylosaurus / c 2004 safari Ltd., Miami, Fl / made in
China / CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 19 cm X 5 cm
Manufacturer: safari Ltd.
List Price: $10.49
Date of Manufacture: 2004
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
Genus: Ankylosaurus
Species: Ankylosaurus magniventris (Brown, 1906)
Family: ankylosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
18
Length of Animal: 7.5-10 m
Weight of Animal: 4 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Paleontological Notes: This reconstruction has a tail club consisting of two blunt spikes.
It is not known if such an animal ever existed.
Epigraphy : c 2001 CE / ANKYLOSAURUS / MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 11 cm X 3 cm
Date of Manufacture: 2001
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: This reconstruction shows implausible carnivore-like teeth.
19
Apatosaurus
Genus: Apatosaurus
Family: Diplodocidae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 21.3 m
Weight of Animal: 25 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy : c 1999 TM / APATOSAURUS / MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 16.5 cm X 9 cm
Manufacturer: Tm
Date of Manufacture: 1999
Place of Manufacture: China
Genus: Apatosaurus (juvenile)
Family: Diplocidae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 21.3 m
Weight of Animal: 25 tons
20
Paleobiogeographic Range: North america
Epigraphy : APATOSAURUS / c 1997 Safari, Ltd., Miami, Fl / Made in China / 281-29
CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 9 cm X 6 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
Date of Manufacture: 1997
Place of Manufacture: China
21
Archaeopteryx
Genus: Archaeopteryx
Family: Archaeopterygidae
Geologic age: 151-149 million years ago (Late Jurassic)
Length of Animal: 0.5 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: southern Germany
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 9 cm X 12.5 cm
Reconstruction notes: This model portrays the ancient bird with a red crest; teeth are not
visible in the mouth but a bony support (tail vertebrae) is visible in the tail. The lack of
teeth would seem to argue against Martill's (2010) comment that teeth are an essential
selling point in a plastic model. Claws on the wing are prominently visible and feathers
occur over the body and wings. Archaeopteryx is a very uncommon subject for plastic
model makers. As was the case for Ludodactylus, could this model portray a toothless,
crested, close relative of Archaeopteryx that awaits discovery in Mesozoic strata?
22
Baryonyx
Genus: Baryonyx
Family: Spinosauridae
Geologic age: 124-97 million years ago (Early Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 9-10.5 m
Weight of Animal: 2 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: England, Niger
Epigraphy : Carnegie Baryonyx / c 1997 Safari Ltd., Miami, Fl USA 0810 / Made in
China/ CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 20 cm X 11.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $8.99
Date of Manufacture: 1997
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
23
Beipiaosaurus
Genus: Beipiaosaurus
Species: B. inexpectus Xu, Tang & Wang, 1999
Family: Therizinosauridae
Geologic age: 124-97 million years ago (Early Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 2.2 meters (7.3 feet)
Paleobiogeographic Range: China
Paleontological Notes: A basal (primitive) therizinosaur.
Epigraphy : Carnegie Beipiaosaurus / c 2005 Safari Ltd., Miami, Fl / Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 21 cm X 11.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
Date of Manufacture: 2005
Place of Manufacture: China
24
Brachiosaurus
Genus: Brachiosaurus
Species:
Family: Brachiosauridae
Geologic age: Latte Jurassic
Length of Animal: 23-25 m
Weight of Animal: 88 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Paleontological Notes: This genus is notable for its enlarged forelimbs in comparison to
its hind limbs and relatively short tail, indicating a shift in resources from the rear toward
the front half of the animal (Schadian analysis; Lockley, 2000).
Epigraphy : c 1999 Tm / BRACHIOSAURUS / MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 19.5 cm X 10.5 cm
Manufacturer: Tm
Date of Manufacture: 1999
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: This particular model comes in two versions: blue and the other is
a grayish green with a black back
25
Camarasaurus
Genus: Camarasaurus
Family: Camarasauridae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 18 m
Weight of Animal: 22 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy : Camarasaurus / c 2001 Safari Ltd., Miami, Fl / Made in China, CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 40 cm X 16.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
Date of Manufacture: 2001
Place of Manufacture: China
26
Caudipteryx
27
Genus: Caudipteryx
Species: C. zoui Ji et al., 1998
Family: Caudipteridae
Geologic age: 123-118 million years ago (Early Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 1 m
Weight of Animal:20 lbs
Paleobiogeographic Range: China
Paleontological Note: The terminal tail feather spray may indicate a genetic
predisposition to forming a vane at the end of the tail shared by both dinosaurs and
rhamphorynchoid flying reptiles.
Epigraphy : 0411 / Carnegie Caudipteryx / c 2005 Safari Ltd., Miami, Fl / made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 18 cm X 13 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $ 10.99
Date of Manufacture: 2005
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
Reconstruction notes: Interesting fusion of typical avian (bright colors) and reptilian
(greens) coloration.
28
Compsognathus
Genus: Compsognathus
Family: Compsognathidae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 60 cm
Weight of Animal:
Paleobiogeographic Range: Europe; Germany, France
Epigraphy : JP
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 8 cm X 3.5 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro/Jurassic Park series
List Price:
Date of Manufacture:
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: It has a magnet in its mouth so that it can hang off of the guy it
comes with, also the some of the tail broke off.
29
Corythosaurus
Genus: Corythosaurus
Family: Hadrosauridae
Geologic age: Late Cretaceous
Length of Animal: 9-10 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy : c 2001 CE / CORYTHOSAURUS / MADE IN CHINA
Medium:painted plastic
Dimensions: 7.5 cm X 9 cm
Date of Manufacture: 2001
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: Looks more like an upright Cryolophasaurus or some other crested
carnivore. Note the obsolete tail drag. A more realistic reconstruction of Corythosaurus
was seen in a life-sized model at “Dinoland,” New York World’s Fair in 1964-1965
(Glut, 1984, p. 19). The inaccurate toothy mouth here continues a tradition begun with
inexpensive dinosaur toys from the 1970s (Glut, 1980, p. 309).
30
Deinonychus
Genus: Deinonychus
Family: Dromaeosauridae
Geologic age: Early Cretaceous
Length of Animal: 3-4 m
Weight of Animal:
Paleobiogeographic Range: North america
Paleontological Notes: This model is obviously making a statement in support of a
gregarious aspect to this species.
Epigraphy : DEINONYCHUS / 10-11 FEET (8 METERS) / C 1990 THE CARNEGIE
SAFARI LTD. / CE
Medium: painted rubber
Dimensions: 10 cm X 4 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
Date of Manufacture: 1990
Place of Manufacture: China
31
Deinosuchus
Genus: Deinosuchus
Family: Alligatoridae
Geologic age: 85-65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 12-15 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Paleontological Notes: This giant crocodillian fed on dinosaurs.
Epigraphy : 0910 / Carnegie Deinosuchus / c 1995 Safari Ltd., Miami, Fl USA / Made in
China CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 26 cm X 4 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
32
List Price: $ 12.99
Date of Manufacture: 1995
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: Small booklet in five languages
33
Dilong
Genus: Dilong
Species: Dilong paradoxus Xu et al, 2004
Family: Tyrannosauridae
Geologic age: 133-128 million years ago (Early Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 1.6 m
Weight of Animal: 20 lbs
Paleobiogeographic Range:Northeastern China
Paleontological Note: The terminal tail vane may indicate a genetic predisposition to
forming a vane at the end of the tail shared by both dinosaurs and rhamphorynchoid
flying reptiles.
Epigraphy : Carnegie Dilong / c 2005 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL / Made in China / CE
Medium: painted plastic
34
Dimensions: 13 cm X 6 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $6.99
Date of Manufacture: 2005
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
35
Dilophosaurus
Genus: Dilophosaurus
Species: Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Welles, 1970)
Family: Ceratosauridae
Geologic age: Early Jurassic
Length of Animal: 6 m
Weight of Animal: 0.5 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America, China
Epigraphy : c 1999 Tm / DILOPHOSAURUS / MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 17.5 cm X 11.5 cm
Date of Manufacture: 1999
Place of Manufacture: China
36
Genus: Dilophosaurus
Species: Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Welles, 1970)
Family: Ceratosauridae
Geologic age: 193 million years ago (Early Jurassic)
Length of Animal: 6 m
Weight of Animal: 0.5 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America, China
Epigraphy : JP III / TM & c UNIVERSAL / AND AMBLIN / c 2000 HASBRO / MADE
IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 20.5 cm X 11.5 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 2000
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: This dinosaur is modeled after the Dilophosaurus from Jurassic
Park that could spit poison and had a frill. However there is no evidence that it did this or
that the frill was ever present.
37
Genus: Dilophosaurus
Species: Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Welles, 1970)
Family: Ceratosauridae
Geologic age: 193 million years ago (Early Jurassic)
Length of Animal: 6 m
Weight of Animal: 0.5 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America, China
Medium: Glazed clay
Dimensions: 14.5 cm X 12 cm
Manufacturer: Mathieu Lafreniere
Date of Manufacture: 2011
Place of Manufacture: Holyoke Catholic High School in Chicopee Mass.
Artist: Mathieu Lafreniere
38
Dimetrodon
Genus: Dimetrodon
Geologic age: 290-260 million years ago (Early Permian)
Length of Animal: 3.4 m
Weight of Animal: 90-135 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America and Germany.
39
Epigraphy : Dimetrodon / c 2001 The Carnegie / safari Ltd., Miami, FL / Made in China
0311 / 4038-01 / CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions:18 cm X 10 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $6.99
Date of Manufacture: 2001
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag:small booklet in five languages
Genus: Dimetrodon
Geologic age: 290-260 million years ago (Early Permian)
Length of Animal: 3.4 m
Weight of Animal: 90-135 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: North america
Epigraphy : MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 9.5 cm X 4.5 cm
Place of Manufacture: China
40
Diplodocus
Genus: Diplodocus
Family: Diplodocidae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal:26-27 m
Weight of Animal: 11 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North america
Epigraphy : DIPLODOCUS / CE
Medium: somewhat painted, glow-in-the-dark plastic
Dimensions: 24 cm X 7.5 cm
Genus: Diplodocus?
Family: Diplodocidae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 26-27 m
Weight of Animal: 11 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Paleontological Notes: Yhis model may simply represent a generalized sauropod.
Epigraphy : Jannin R 1997 / c 049603158
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 17 cm x 7 cm
Manufacturer: Jannin
Date of Manufacture: 1997
41
42
Edmontosaurus
Genus: Edmontosaurus
Species: Edmontosaurus regalis
Family: Hadrosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 13 m
Weight of Animal: 5 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy : Edmontosaurus regalis / c 2010 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL USA / Made in
China / CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 15 cm x 8.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $8.99
Date of Manufacture: 2010
43
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
44
Elasmosaurus
Genus: Elasmosaurus
Family: Elasmosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 14 m
Weight of Animal: 2295 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America, Japan
Epigraphy : 1010 / Carnegie Elasmosaurus / c 1998 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL USA / Made
in China CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 28 cm X 9 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $14.99
Date of Manufacture: 1998
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small book in five languages
45
Euoplocephalus
Genus: Euoplocephalus
Species: Euoplocephalus tutus (Lambe, 1910)
Family: Ankylosauridae
Geologic age: Late Cretaceous
Length of Animal: 5.5-7 m
Weight of Animal: 2.2 short tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy : CE / 1131 / c Papo 2011 Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 13.5 cm X 7.5 cm
Manufacturer: Papo
List Price: $13.99
Date of Manufacture: 2011
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: safety booklet
46
Reconstruction notes: This model is listed as Ankylosaurus but it looks exactly like a
Euoplocephalus.
47
Giganotosaurus
Genus: Giganotosaurus
Species: Giganotosaurus carolinii Coria & Salgando, 1995
Family: Carcarodontosauridae
Geologic age: 98 million years ago (Middle Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 40-46 ft
Weight of Animal: 7 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: Patagonia, Argentina.
Paleontological Note: The extreme side to side flattening of the skull of this species, also
seen in some birds and pterosaurs, may represent morphogenetic field control of the gene
complex involved in determining cranial width, similar to the ANT
tgl
gene complex in
trilobites.
Epigraphy : Carnegie Giganotosaurus / c 2007 safari Ltd., Miami, FL / Made in China /
CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 28.5 cm X 13 cm
48
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $16.99
Date of Manufacture: 2007
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: Small booklet in five languages
49
Glyptodon
Genus: Glyptodon
Family: Glyptodontidae
Geologic age: Pleistocene epoch
Length of Animal: 3.4 m (11 feet)
Weight of Animal: 2 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: South America
Epigraphy : Scieich s r c 02 / Am Limes 69 CE / D-73527 Schw. Gmund / Made in
China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 12.5 cm X 6 cm
Manufacturer: Schleich
List Price: $7.49
Date of Manufacture:
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: Booklet in five languages
50
Guanglong
Genus: Guanlong
Species: Guanlong wucaii Xu et al., 2006
Family: Tyrannosauridae, Proceratosauridae (Note: no consensus exists on the family
assignment.)
Geologic age: 160 million years ago (Late Jurassic)
Length of Animal: 9.8 ft
Paleobiogeographic Range: China
Epigraphy : Guanlong / c 2010 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL USA / Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 13.5 cm X 5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $7.99
Date of Manufacture: 2010
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: Small booklet in five languages
51
Hydrotherosaurus
Genus: Hydrotherosaurus (Welles, 1943)
Species: Hydrotherosaurus alexandrae (Welles, 1943)
Family: Elasmosauridae
Geologic age: Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
Length of Animal: 13 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: Fresno Co., California
Epigraphy: CE / HYDROTHEROSAURUS / c 2007 Procon / Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 19 cm X 5.5 cm
Manufacturer: Procon
List Price: $9.74
Date of Manufacture: 2007
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: safety tags
52
Iguanodon
Genus: Iguanodon
Family: Iguanodontidae
Geologic age: Early Cretaceous
Length of Animal: 9-10 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: cosmopolitan
Paleontological Note: This model seems to be emphasizing a digitigrade, almost
unguliform stance in Iguanodon, one of the first dinosaurs to be described (by Gideon
Mantell in 1825).
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 18.5 cm X 7 cm
Reconstruction Notes: The Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins 1852 reconstructions of
Iguanodon are among the earliest dinosaur reconstructions. They are still visible at the
Crystal Palace in London. These protray a heavy bodied quadrapedal animal that does not
look very much like a modern dinosaur reconstruction. Ironically however, the modern
reconstructions of Iguanodon show an animal that spends much of its time as a
quadroped!
53
Inostrancevia
Genus: Inostrancevia
Family: Gorgonopsidae
Geologic age: 251 million years ago (Late Permian)
Length of Animal: 4.4 meters
Weight of Animal: 1000 lbs
Paleobiogeographic Range: Russia
Epigraphy : Inostrancevia / c 2010 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL USA 0910 / Made in China /
CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 15.5 cm X 5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $7.99
Date of Manufacture: 2010
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: Small booklet in five languages
54
Kaprosuchus
Genus: Kaprosuchus
Species: K. saharicus Sereno and Larsson, 2009
55
Family: Mahajangasuchidae
Geologic age: 99 million years ago
Length of Animal: 6 m
Weight of Animal:
Paleobiogeographic Range:
Paleontological Notes: This species is noted for its evenly spaced large caniniform teeth,
that seem suited for seizing dinosaurian prey.
Epigraphy : Kaprosuchus 1010 / c 2010 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL USA / Made in China CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 20.5 cm X 6.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 2010
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
56
Kentrosaurus
Genus: Kentrosaurus
Species: K. aethiopicus Hennig, 1915
Family: Stegosauridae
Geologic age: 150 million years ago (Late Jurassic)
Length of Animal: 5 m
Weight of Animal:
Paleobiogeographic Range: Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Paleontological Notes: The spiked tail is called a thagomizer.
Epigraphy : Kentrosaurus / c 2010 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL USA / Made in China / CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 12 cm X 5.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $5.99
Date of Manufacture: 2010
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
Reconstruction notes: The defensive spikes appear to delineate a distinct change in the
dorsal morphogenetic field at the crest of the back, where plates give way to spikes.
57
Kronosaurus
Genus: Kronosaurus
Species: K. queenslandicus Longman, 1924
Family: Plesiosauridae
Geologic age: Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)
Length of Animal: 9-10 meters (30-33 feet), or perhaps a bit longer
Paleobiogeographic Range: Australia
Paleontological Notes: This is a short-necked pliosaur. It is named after Kronos, the
leader of the Greek Titans. The neck on this model is apparently proportionally longer
than than of the actual animal. We propose here that a Kronosaurs relative did once exist
with a longer neck, but has not yet been found as a fossil.
Epigraphy: KRONOSAURUS
Medium: blue moulded plastic
Dimensions: 10 cm x 4.5 cm
Manufacturer: Sturgis.
Date of Manufacture:1960s
Reconstruction notes: The set that included this Kronosaurus also included a
Tyrannosaurus rex that was modeled after the T. rex in the famous Rudolph Zallinger
mural at the Yale Peabody Museum, and Trachodon, Dimetrodon and Iguanodon that
were modelled after Charles R. Knight paintings (Glut, 1980, p. 78-79).
58
Mammuthus
Genus: Mammuthus
Species: Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799)
Family: Elephantidae
Geologic age: Pleistocene
Length of Animal: 3 m (height at the shoulder)
Paleobiogeographic Range: Europe, Asia, North America
Epigraphy : Schleich s c 02 / Am Limes 69 / D-73527 Schw. Gmund / Made in China
CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 14.5 cm X 12 cm
Manufacturer: Schleich
List Price: $ 16.48
Date of Manufacture:
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: Booklet in five languages
59
Genus: Mammuthus
Species: Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799)
Family: Elephantidae
Geologic age: Pleistocene
Length of Animal: 3 m (height at the shoulder)
Weight of Animal:
Paleobiogeographic Range: Europe, Asia, North America
Epigraphy : WOOLY MAMMOTH / 26' Long
Medium: plastic
Dimensions: 10 cm X 6.5 cm
60
Genus: Mammuthus
Species: Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799)
Family: Elephantidae
Geologic age: Pleistocene
Length of Animal: 3 m (height at shoulder)
61
Weight of Animal:
Paleobiogeographic Range: Europe, Asia, North America
Epigraphy : MADE IN CHINA / c Wow Wee / International Ltd. / 1999
Medium: animatronic, painted rubber skin
Dimensions: 34 cm X 27 cm
Manufacturer: Wow Wee
Date of Manufacture: 1999
Place of Manufacture: China
Genus: Mammuthus
Species: Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799)
Family: Elephantidae
Geologic age: Pleistocene
Length of Animal: 3 m (height at the shoulder)
Paleobiogeographic Range: Europe, Asia, North America
Medium: red plastic
Dimensions: 4 cm X 6 cm
62
Megatherium
Genus: Megatherium
Species: Megatherium americanum Cuvier, G., 1796
Family: Megatheridae
Geologic age: Late Pliocene
Length of Animal: 6 meters
Weight of Animal: 6 tons (same as a large elephant)
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America, Central America, South America
Epigraphy : MEGATHERIUM / 24' Long
Medium: plastic
Dimensions: 11 cm X 7.5 cm
Reconstruction notes: This model shows some similarity to brass miniature figurines sold
at Rancho La Brea, southern California in a set that included Megatherium, Smilodon
californicus and the California Condor (Glut, 1984, p. 259).
63
Microraptor
Genus: Microraptor
Species:
Family:
Geologic age: 123-118 million years ago (Early Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 75 cm
Weight of Animal: 20 lbs
64
Paleobiogeographic Range: China
Epigraphy : Carnegie Microraptor / c 2006 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL / Made in China 0710
CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 15 cm X 7 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $6.99
Date of Manufacture: 2006
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
65
Miragaia
Genus: Miragaia
Species: M. longicollum Mateus et al., 2009
Family: Stegosauridae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 7 m
Weight of Animal: 2 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: Portugal
Epigraphy : 0311 / Carnegie Miragaia / c 2010 safari Ltd., Miami, Fl USA / Made in
China CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 24 cm X 9.5 cm
Manufacturer:Safari Ltd.
List Price: $15.99
Date of Manufacture: 2010
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
66
Moschops
Genus: Moschops
Species: M. capensis Broom, 1911
Family: Tapinocephalidae
Geologic age: Late Permian
Length of Animal: 5 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: Africa
Epigraphy : MOSCHOPS / 7' long
Medium: plastic
Dimensions: 8 cm X 3.5 cm
Date of Manufacture: 1970s
Place of Manufacture: USA
Reconstruction notes: This model was copied in a less anatomically accurate version by
an unknown company in the 1970s (Glut, 1980, p. 309).
67
Nigersaurus
Genus: Nigersaurus
Species: Nigersaurus taqueti Sereno et al., 1999
Geologic age: 110 million years ago (Early Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 9 meters (30 feet)
Paleobiogeographic Range: Niger Republic
Paleontological Notes: The animal had 50 columns of teeth, leading Paul Sereno to say
that Nigersaurus “sets the Guiness record for tooth replacement” among dinosaurs.
68
Epigraphy : 0910 / Nigersaurus / c 2008 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL / Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 21.5 cm X 8 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 2008
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
69
Oviraptor
Genus: Oviraptor
Species: O. philoceratops Osborn, 1924
Family: Oviraptoridae
Geologic age: Late Cretaceous
Length of Animal: 1.8 m-3 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: Mongolia
Paleontological Notes: This species was first discovered by Roy Chapman Andrews and
described by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1924.
Epigraphy : c 1995 D[illegible] / c 2005 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL / Made in China CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 14 cm X 7 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
Date of Manufacture: 1995, 2005
Place of Manufacture: China
70
Pachycephalosaurus
Genus: Pachycephalosaurus
Family: Pachycephalosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 4-8 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: western North America
Epigraphy : PACHYCEPHALOSAURUS / MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 10 cm X 10.5 cm
Place of Manufacture: China
71
Pachyrhinosaurus
Genus: Pachyrhinosaurus
Family: Ceratopsidae
Geologic age: Late Cretaceous
Length of Animal: 5.5 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Paleontological Notes: We feel that the horns on the frill may have been a defense against
raptors, and that these frill horns would have tangled the leg and claw of an attacking
raptor, thus causing its leg to twist and brake. The frill horn also provides additional
protection for the neck area. A similar function may be postulated for the marginal fold
and spines in the frill of the ceratopsian Kosmoceratops and perhaps also in
Styracosaurus. This, incidentally, suggests that the males of the species did not head-butt
one another in competition for mates, because of the danger of tangling frill horns in the
contest.
72
Epigraphy in circular symbol on rear right foot, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 / 1 [up arrow]
0 / c PAPO 2009 / MADE IN CHINA / CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 15 cm X 8.5 cm
Manufacturer: Papo
List Price: $13.99
Date of Manufacture: 2009
Place of Manufacture: China
73
Parasaurolophus
Genus: Parasaurolophus
Family: Hadrosauridae
Geologic age: Late Cretaceous
Length of Animal: 9 m-10.5 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy : Jannin r 1997 / c DJ9603168
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 12 cm X 9.5 cm
Manufacturer: Jannin
Date of Manufacture: 1997
Reconstruction notes: This reconstruction resembles a Kangaroo
74
Placodus
Genus: Placodus
Family: Placodontidae
Geologic age: Early to Middle Triassic
Length of Animal: 2 m
Weight of Animal:
Paleobiogeographic Range: Europe
Epigraphy : CHINA
Medium: plastic
Dimensions: 3.3 cm x 0.5 cm
Place of Manufacture:China
75
Podokesaurus
76
Genus: Podokesaurus
Species: Podokesaurus holyokensis Talbot, 1911
Family: Coelophysidae
Geologic age: Early Jurassic
Length of Animal: 90 cm long, 0.3 m tall
Paleobiogeographic Range: Easter United States
Paleontological Notes: An early reconstruction of a dinosaur with its tail off the ground
(McMenamin, 2007).
Epigraphy : R S Lull / ’12 [=1912]
Medium: painted plaster
Dimensions: 40 cm long X 21.5 cm high
Manufacturer: Mount Holyoke College
Date of Manufacture: 1912
Place of Manufacture: Western Massachusetts
Artist: R. S. Lull
Reconstruction notes: McMenamin (2007) considers Mignon Talbot’s (1911) accurate
reconstruction of Podokesaurus holyokensis to be a “Milestone in Geology.” A slightly
later model, C. W. Gilmore’s reconstruction of the herbivore Thescelosaurus, shows its
tail off the ground (Glut, 1984, p. 197) but not with the same elevation as in Lull’s
reconstruction of Podokesaurus.
77
Polacanthus
Genus: Polacanthus
Family: Nodosauridae
Geologic age: 130-125 million years ago (Early Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 4m-(16 ft)
Paleobiogeographic Range: Europe; England
Paleontological Notes: Note the large sacral shield over the pelvis.
Epigraphy : c 1987 PLAYSKOOL INC / ALL RIGHTS RESERVED / MADE IN
CHINA H-15
Reconstruction Notes: Leg joints are mobile.
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 22.5 cm X 7 cm
Manufacturer: Playskool
Date of Manufacture: 1987
Place of Manufacture: China
78
Pteranodon
Genus: Pteranodon
Species:
Family: Pteranodontidae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 7 m wingspan
Weight of Animal:
Paleobiogeographic Range: Europe, North America
Paleontological Notes: This model is evidently inspired by the movie Jurassic Park III.
Note the teeth in the jaw, as seen in the movie but not in the fossils.
Epigraphy : c 2006 PAPO / Made in China / CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 23.5 cm wingspan, 8.5 cm crest to talon
Manufacturer: Papo
Date of Manufacture: 2006
Place of Manufacture: China
79
Genus: Pteranodon
Family: Pteranodontidae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 7 m wingspan
Paleobiogeographic Range: Europe, North America
Epigraphy : JP / TM & c Universal and Amblin / c 2000 Hasbro / Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 60 cm wingspan, 27 cm beak to talon
Manufacturer: Hasbro
List Price: $19.99
Date of Manufacture: 2000
Place of Manufacture: China
80
Saltasaurus
Genus: Saltasaurus
Species: S. loricatus Bonaparte and Powell, 1980
Family: Titanosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 12 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: Argentina
Paleontological Notes: A titanosaurid sauropod with bony plates embedded in the skin
along its back.
Epigraphy : Carnegie Saltasaurus / c 1996 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL USA / Made in China
CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 28.5 cm X 8 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 1996
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
81
Spinosaurus
Genus: Spinosaurus
Species: Spinosaurus aegypticus Stromer, 1915
Family: Spinosauridae
Geologic age: 112-97 million years ago (Early to Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 14-17 m
Weight of Animal: 7 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North Africa
Paleontological Notes:
Epigraphy : Carnegie Spinosaurus / c 2008 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL / Made in China CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 39.5 cm X 14.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $21.99
Date of Manufacture: 2008
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
82
Genus: Spinosaurus
Species: Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
Family: Spinosauridae
Geologic age: 112-97 million years ago (Early-Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 14-17 m
Weight of Animal: 7 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North Africa
Paleontological Notes: This Papo model seems inspired by the Steven Spielberg
animatronics/CGI Spinosaurus aegyptiacus as seen in Jurassic Park III (2001). [french
model artist] in fact claimed that he was inspired to make the model by watching this
movie. In the film the Spinosaurus is victorious in a battle with a Tyrannosaurus rex.
Baryonyx and Suchomimus [sp.?] are also mentioned in the film. There is no direct
scientific evidence that such a battle actually ever took place. Recent evidence suggests
83
that Spinosaurus was aquatic or semiaquatic rather than fully terrestrial; clearly, an
updated model needs to be made to reflect the new interpretation.
Epigraphy : CE 132 / c Papo 2007 / Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 30.5 cm X 15.5 cm
Manufacturer: Papo
List Price: $28.99
Date of Manufacture: 2007
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: safety booklet
Genus: Spinosaurus
Species: Spinosarus aegyptiacus
Family: Spinosauridae
Geologic age: 112-97 million years ago (Early-Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 14-17 m
Weight of Animal: 7 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North Africa
Epigraphy : JP III / TM & c UNIVERSAL / AND AMBLIN / c 2000 / HASBRO /
MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 20 cm X 13 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 2000
Place of Manufacture: China
84
Stegosaurus
Genus: Stegosaurus
Family: Stegosauridae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 2 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy : MADE IN / USA
Medium: painted plastic modeling kit
Dimensions: 20 cm X 10.5 cm
Manufacturer: Pyro Plastics Corporation, Pyro Park Union, New Jersey.
Date of Manufacture: 1970s
Place of Manufacture: New Jersey, USA
Reconstruction notes: This model owes much to Charles R. Knight’s depictions of
Stegosaurus, particularly his depiction of the genus in colored concrete for the entrance to
the National Zoo’s Reptile House in Washington, D. C. (Milner, 2012, p. 110-111).
This dinosaur plastic model was part of a series of boxed for assembly polystyrene
models manufactured by the Pyro Plastics Corporation (Glut, 1980, p. 311). The series
included Stegosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Brontosaurus, Triceratops, Dimetrondon, and
Ankylosaurus. One advertisement for this series portrated a cave man hurling a rock at
this Stegosaurus! This model was built by Mark McMenamin with airbrush paint scheme
by Matt McMenamin.
85
Genus: Stegosaurus
Family: Stegosauridae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 2 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Paleontological Notes:
Epigraphy : c 1999 Tm / STEGOSAURUS / MADE IN / CHINA A
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 17 cm X 7.5 cm
Manufacturer: Tm
Date of Manufacture: 1999
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: This model has eight spikes arranged vertically, probably to
facilitate molding the model. This thagomizer arrangment is not known from the fossil
record.
86
Genus: Stegosaurus
Family: Stegosauridae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 2 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy : Stegosaurus / MADE IN CHINA / CE
Medium: slightly painted glow in the dark plastic
Dimensions: 19.5 cm X 7 cm
Place of Manufacture: China
Genus: Stegosaurus
Family: Stegosauridae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 2 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Paleontological Notes:
Epigraphy: MADE IN CHINA / c 1985 CE / STEGODSAURUS
87
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 12 cm X 4.5 cm
Date of Manufacture: 1985
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: An inaccurate reconstruction with teeth showing.
Genus: Stegosaurus (juvenile)
Family: Stegosauridae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy : JP (for Jurassic Park)
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 7 cm X 4 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro
Place of Manufacture: China
88
Genus: Stegosaurus (juvenile)
Family: Stegosauridae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 2 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy : STEGOSAURUS / c 1997 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL / Made in China CE /
2987-29
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 7.5 cm X 4 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
Date of Manufacture: 1997
Place of Manufacture: China
Genus: Stegosaurus
Family: Stegosauridae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 2 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: MADE IN HONG KONG
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 8 cm X 3.5 cm
Manufacturer: Unknown, but inspired by a similar Marx model.
Place of Manufacture: Hong Kong
89
Genus: Stegosaurus
Species: S. stenops March, 1887
Family: Stegosauridae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 2 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: INVICTA PLASTICS LTD. LEICESTER ENGLAND / STEGOSAURS /
Length 5 m / c BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 197
Medium: plastic
Dimensions: 13 cm X 6 cm
Manufacturer: Invicta plastics
Place of Manufacture: Britain
Reconstruction notes: This reconstruction is very similar to the 1915 Stegosaurus stenops
model reconstruction by C. W. Gilmore at the Smithsonian (Glut, 1984, p. 13). A line
drawing of this exact model appears on p. 14 of Alexander (1989).
90
Genus: Stegosaurus
Family: Stegosauridae
Geologic age: Late Jurassic
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 2 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: Carnegie Stegosaurus / c 1988 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL USA / Made in China /
0410
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 14.5 cm X 8 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 1988
Place of Manufacture: China
91
Styracosaurus
Genus: Styracosaurus
Species: Styracosaurus albertensis Lambe, 1913
Family: Ceratopsidae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 5.2-5.5 m
Weight of Animal:
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: c PAPO 2010 / MADE IN CHINA / CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 14.5 cm X 9.5 cm
Manufacturer: Papo
92
List Price: $13.99
Date of Manufacture: 2010
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: Safety booklet
Reconstruction notes: Reconstruction appears inspired by the cover illustration for The
Dinosaur Heresies by Robert T. Bakker (1986).
Genus: Styracosaurus
Species: Styracosaurus albertensis
Family: Ceratopsidae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
93
Length of Animal: 5.2-5.5 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: c 1999 Tm / STYRACOSAU/RUS / MADE IN CHINA / D
Medium: Painted plastic
Dimensions: 13 cm X 8.5 cm
Manufacturer: Tm
Date of Manufacture: 1999
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: The head on this model bears a strong resemblance to the model of
a Styracosaurus head by C. W. Gilmore for the Smithsonian (Glut, 1984, p. 188).
Genus: Styracosaurus
Species: Styracosaurus albertensis
Family: ceratopsidae
Geologic age: Late Cretaceous
Length of Animal: 5.2-5.5 m
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy:
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 15.5 cm X 8 cm
Reconstruction notes: Comes from the movie Dinosaur it looks like a dinosaur in old age.
94
Therizinosaurus
Genus: Therizinosaurus
Family: Therizinosauridae
Geologic age: Late Cretaceous
Length of Animal: 4-6.5 m
Weight of Animal: 3 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: Mongolia, China
Paleontological Notes: We feel that Therizinosaurus provides an excellent case of
convergent evolution with the giant ground sloth Megatherium. The long claws on the
forelimbs would compare to the front claws of the giant ground sloth, and that these
claws would have been excellent for defense against raptors and saber tooth cats,
respectively.
Epigraphy: 0910 / Therizinosaurus / Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 30 cm X 15.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $9.49
Date of Manufacture: 2003
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
95
Triceratops
Genus: Triceratops
Species: Triceratops horridus (Marsh, 1889)
Family: Ceratopsidae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 10 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Paleontological Notes: In The Truth about Killer Dinosaurs (BBC Films) evidence is
presented that T. rex did attack Triceratops (bite marks all over the frill from a
tyrannosaurid but the injuries healed). However, they conclude Triceratops did not
charge like a rhinoceros because its head would have shattered.
We feel that the horn above the eye in Triceratops would have been a great
protection against an eye stab by the killing claw of a raptor, and that this may have been
main defensive function of the horns. Our hypothesis would be in accord with the
inferences of Alexander (1989, p. 75-76): “If two Triceratops ran at each other with their
heads down, their horns would interlock . . . but it seems jus a little doubtful whether
their horns were strong enough [for this kind of fighting].” Raptor defense seems a much
more reasonable interpretation of the function of the horns,
Epigraphy: CE / c 2006 FAME MASTER MADE IN CHINA / ENTERPRISE Ltd.
Medium: chrome plastic mechanical wind-up toy
Dimensions: 10.5 cm X 5.5 cm
Manufacturer: Enterprise Ltd.
Date of Manufacture: 2006
Place of Manufacture: China
96
Genus: Triceratops
Species: Triceratops horridus Marsh, 1889
Family: Certatopsidae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 10 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: 0810 / TRICERATOPS / Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 25 cm X 10 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $9.49
Date of Manufacture: 2003
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
97
Genus: Triceratops
Species: Triceratops horridus (Marsh, 1889)
Family: Ceratopsidae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 10 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: TRICERATOPS / 9 METERS / c 1988 THE CARNEGIE / SAFARI LTD.
CE / MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 16 cm X 8 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 1988
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
Genus: Triceratops
Species: Triceratops horridus (Marsh, 1889)
Family: Ceratopsidae
98
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 10 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: JP / TM & c UNIVERSAL / AND AMBLIN / c 2000 HASBRO / MADE IN
CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 20.5 cm X 9.5 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 2000
Place of Manufacture: China
Genus: Triceratops
Species: Triceratops horridus
Family: Ceratopsidae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 10 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: c 1999 Tm / TRICERATOPS / MADE IN CHINA / E
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 16 cm X 6.5 cm
Manufacturer: Tm
Date of Manufacture: 1999
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: The horns and frill more resemble a Torosaurus than a Triceratops.
99
Genus: Triceratops
Species: Triceratops horridus
Family: Ceratopsidae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 10 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: TRICERATOPS / MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 13.5 cm X 5 cm
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: Note exaggerated beak in this model.
Genus: Triceratops
Species: Triceratops horridus
Family: Ceratopsidae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 10 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: JP
100
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 10 cm X 4.5 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 2000
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: This model is inspired by the sick Triceratops in the movie
Jurassic Park.
Genus: Triceratops
Species: Triceratops horridus (Marsh, 1889)
Family: Ceratopsidae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 9 m
Weight of Animal: 10 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Paleontological Notes: Note the foreshortened snout in this juvenile model.
Epigraphy: TRICERATOPS / c 1997 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL / Made in China / 2990-29
CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 7.5 cm X 3.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
Date of Manufacture: 1997
Place of Manufacture: China
101
Tylosaurus
Genus: Tylosaurus
Family:Mosasauridae
Geologic age: 85 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 10-12.3 m
Weight of Animal: 2-3 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: Carnegie Tylosaurus / c 2008 Safari Ltd., Miami, FL / Made in China, CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 29 cm X 3.5 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
List Price: $15.99
Date of Manufacture: 2008
Place of Manufacture: China
Hangtag: small booklet in five languages
102
Tyrannosaurus
Genus: Tyrannosaurus
Species: Tyrannosaurus rex
Family: Tyrannosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 12 m
Weight of Animal: 5-7 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: TYRANNOSAURUS REX
Medium: plastic
103
Dimensions: 9 cm X 6.5 cm
Manufacturer: Marx
Place of Manufacture: USA
Reconstruction notes: This model essentially copies the Tyrannosaurus rex from a very
early Charles R. Knight painting of T. rex done in the early 1900s (Milner, 2012, p. 112-
113, 117). Paleontologist Barnum Brown discovered Tyrannosaurus circa 1900, and
directed Knights early reconstruction efforts (Milner, 2012). Note in both the painting
and the model, the lizard-like head and the lizard-like limbs that seem barely up to the
task of bipedality.
104
Genus: Tyrannosaurus
Species: Tyrannosaurus rex
Family: Tyrannosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago
Length of Animal: 12 m
Weight of Animal: 5-7 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: c PAPO 2005 / MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 21 cm X 16 cm
Manufacturer: Papo
Date of Manufacture: 2005
Place of Manufacture: China
Artist:
Hangtag: safety booklet
Reconstruction notes: Moveable jaw. This reconstruction seems to draw some inspiration
from the Sylvia Massey sculpture of T. rex (Glut, 1980).
105
Genus: Tyrannosaurus
Species: Tyrannosaurus rex
Family: Tyrannosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago
Length of Animal: 12 m
Weight of Animal: 5-7 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: Tyrannosaurus / Schleich s R c 04 / Am Limes 60 / D-73527 / Schw. Gmund /
Made in China / CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 30 cm X 15.5 cm
Manufacturer: Schleich
Place of Manufacture:China
Reconstruction notes: Note the short tail in this model.
106
Genus: Tyrannosaurus
Species: Tyrannosaurus rex
Family: Tyrannosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 12 m
Weight of Animal: 5-7 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: (JP III, or JP) / TM & c UNIVERSAL / AND AMBLIN / c 2000 HASBRO /
MADE IN CHINA
107
Medium: Painted plastic
Dimensions: 20.5 cm X 12.5 cm
Manufacturer: HASBRO
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 2000
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: The Jurassic Park series of Hasbro is known for its various painting
schemes on the same models. The first one or the original of this version has yellow eyes
and is mainly green with brown and black strips, the second is tan with black spots and
has red eyes.
Genus: Tyrannosaurus (juvenile)
Species: Tyrannosaurus rex
Family: Tyrannosauridae
Geologic age: 65 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 12 m
Weight of Animal: 5-7 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
108
Epigraphy: (Site B JP, or JP) / TM & c 1997 / UCS & AMBLIN / HASBRO / CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 22 cm X 10.5 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro
List Price: $4.99
Date of Manufacture: 1997
Place of Manufacture: China
Reconstruction notes: The Jurassic Park series of Hasbro is known for its repaints. The
first one or the original has yellow eyes and is tan with purple splotches on it, the repaint
has red eyes and is light blue with gray strips
109
Uintatherium
Genus: Uintatherium
Species: Uintaterium anceps
Family: Uintatheriidae
Geologic age: Eocene
Length of Animal: 4 meters
Weight of Animal: 2.25 tons
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America. Uintatherium insperatus has been reported
from China.
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 5 cm X 8 cm
Reconstruction notes: The prominent tusks are well displayed in this model.
110
Utahraptor
Genus: Utahraptor
Species: Utahraptor ostrommaysorum Kirkland, Geaston, & Burge, 1993)
Family: Dromaeosauridae
Geologic age: 125 million years ago (Early Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 5-7 m
Weight of Animal: 1 ton
Paleobiogeographic Range: North America
Epigraphy: UTAHRAPTOR / c 1997 Safari Ltd. / CE Miami, FL / Made in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 8 cm X 4 cm
Manufacturer: Safari Ltd.
Date of Manufacture: 1997
Place of Manufacture: China
111
Velociraptor
Genus: Velociraptor
Species: Velociraptor mongoliensis (Osborn, 1924)
Family: Dromaeosauridae
Geologic age: 75-71 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 1.8 m
Weight of Animal: 15 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: Mongolia, China
Epigraphy: c Papo 2005 / MADE IN CHINA / CE
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 15.5 cm X 9 cm
Manufacturer: Papo
Date of Manufacture: 2005
Place of Manufacture: China
112
Genus: Velociraptor
Species: Velociraptor mongoliensis (Osborn, 1924)
Family: Dromaeosauridae
Geologic age: 75-71 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 1.8 m
Weight of Animal: 15 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: Mongolia, China
Epigraphy: 1999 / VELOCIRAPTOR / MADE IN CHINA / B
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 5 cm X 13.5 cm
Date of Manufacture: 1999
Place of Manufacture: China
113
Genus: Velociraptor
Species: Velociraptor mongliensis (Osborn, 1924)
Family: Dromaeosauridae
Geologic age: 75-71 million years ago
Length of Animal: 1.8 m
Weight of Animal: 15 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: Mongolia, China
Epigraphy: Velociraptor / Schleien s R / Am Limes 69 / D-73527 Schw. Gmund / Made
in China
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 13.5 cm X 6.5 cm
Genus: Velociraptor
Species: Velociraptor mongoliensis (Osborn, 1924)
Family: Dromaeosauridae
Geologic age: 75-71 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 1.8 m
114
Weight of Animal: 15 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: Mongolia, China
Epigraphy: JP / TM c 1997 UCS & AMBLIN / HASBRO MADE IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 23 cm X 9 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro
List Price: $7.99
Date of Manufacture: 1997
Place of Manufacture: China
Genus: Velociraptor
Species: Velociraptor mongoliensis (Osborn, 1924)
Family: Dromaeosauridae
Geologic age: 75-71 million years ago
Length of Animal: 1.8 m
Weight of Animal: 15 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: Mongolia, China
Epigraphy: JP III / TM c UNIVERSAL / AND AMBLIN / c 2000 / HASBRO / MADE
IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 15 cm X 13.5 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 2000
Place of Manufacture: China
115
Genus: Velociraptor
Species: Velociraptor mongoliensis (Osborn, 1924)
Family: Dromaeosauridae
Geologic age: 75-71 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 1.8 m
Weight of Animal: 15 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: Mongolia, China
Epigraphy: JP III / TM & c UNIVERSAL / AND AMBLIN / c 2000 HASBRO / MADE
116
IN CHINA
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 15 cm X 17.5 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 2000
Place of Manufacture: China
Genus: Velociraptor
Species: Velociraptor mongoliensis (Osborn, 1924)
Family: Dromaeosauridae
Geologic age: 75-71 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 1.8 m
Weight of Animal: 15 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: Mongolia, China
Epigraphy: JP / JP
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 9 cm x 6 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro
List Price: $9.99
Date of Manufacture: 2000
Place of Manufacture: China
117
Genus: Velociraptor (juvenile)
Species: Velociraptor mongoliensis (Osborn, 1924)
Family: Dromaeosauridae
Geologic age: 75-71 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Length of Animal: 1.8 m
Weight of Animal: 15 kg
Paleobiogeographic Range: Mongolia, China
Epigraphy: JP
Medium: painted plastic
Dimensions: 7.5 cm X 4 cm
Manufacturer: Hasbro
List Price: $4.99
Date of Manufacture: 1993
Place of Manufacture: China
