Conference Paper

Characterization and Production of recombinant protein Ra92A from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus aiming tick vaccine antigen in Uganda,

April 2014

Conference: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento cientifico e tecnologico

Authors:

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Rennie Bere

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The evolution of the Uganda protectorate

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October 2013 · AIDS (London, England)

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Low topotype diversity of recent foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from districts locat...

March 2019 · Journal of veterinary science (Suwŏn-si, Korea)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases in East Africa with outbreaks reported annually that cause severe economic losses. It is possible to control disease using vaccination, but antigenic matching of the vaccine to circulating strains is critical. To determine the relationship between foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in districts along the Uganda ... [Show full abstract] and Tanzanian border between 2016 and 2017 and currently used vaccines, phylogenetic analysis of the full VP1 virus sequences was carried out on samples collected from both sides of the border. A total of 43 clinical samples were collected from animals exhibiting signs of FMD and VP1 sequences generated from 11 of them. Eight out of the 11 sequences obtained belonged to serotype O and three belonged to serotype A. The serotype O sequences obtained showed limited nucleotide divergence (average of 4.9%) and belonged to topotype East Africa-2, whereas the most common O-type vaccine strain used in the region (O/KEN/77/78) belonged to East Africa-1. The serotype A viruses belonged to topotype Africa-G1 (average nucleotide divergence 7.4%), as did vaccine strain K5/1980. However, vaccine strain K35/1980 belonged to Africa G VII with an average sequence divergence of 20.5% from the study sequences. The genetic distances between current vaccine strains and circulating field strains underscores the crucial need for regular vaccine matching and the importance of collaborative efforts for better control of FMD along this border area.

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Rhipicephalus aquatilis sp. nov. (Acari: Ixodidae), a new tick species parasitic mainly on the sitat...

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This tick, originally referred to as Rhipicephalus species III by Yeoman & Walker (1967), was first collected from a sitatunga, Tragelaphus spekei, and then occasionally from cattle, in Tanzania. Further collections, mostly from sitatunga, have since been seen from Uganda and Zambia. Descriptions of the adults of this species are given, together with information on their hosts and their ... [Show full abstract] distribution.

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To assess the feasibility of establishing a pneumococcal vaccine trial among HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda and to characterize their responses to 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. An open-label pilot trial to assess recruitment and compliance of HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda to vaccination and to determine the immunogenicity of the vaccine. A community clinic for HIV-1-infected ... [Show full abstract] adults in Entebbe, Uganda. Levels of capsule-specific IgG to four common vaccine capsular serotypes were measured before vaccination and 1 month after vaccination. Subsequent rates of disease episodes and deaths, and immunologic responses in two vaccine failures, were followed. One month after-vaccination, both HIV-1-infected (n = 77) and seronegative control subjects (n = 10) demonstrated a significant rise in capsule-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) for three of four serotypes tested, but levels were significantly lower among HIV-1-infected patients. In 149 patient-years of follow-up, two (2.6%) developed pneumococcal pneumonia, one bacteremic with serotype 1 and one non-bacteremic with serotype 13, a non-vaccine serotype; both patients showed inadequate killing of the organism in vitro. In this same follow-up period, 29 (38%) patients died. HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda are at high risk of pneumococcal disease and show a significant but suboptimal response to pneumococcal vaccine. Although reliable recruitment and follow-up of vaccinees is feasible, evaluation of vaccine efficacy may be compromised by limited responses to common vaccine serotypes, an unknown incidence of disease with non-vaccine serotypes, and a high rate of mortality unrelated to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.

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The parasite Theileria parva is carried by hard body ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R.zambeziensis) and causes East Coast Fever in cattle and Corridor Disease in Buffalo throughout much of East and Southern Africa. If cattle come into contact with Buffalo derived strains of the parasite, they can also catch Corridor disease. Existing Infection and Treatment Methods using the Muguga cocktail ... [Show full abstract] may not prevent cattle infection where the two hosts coexist. Available distribution data for cattle, buffalo, the two vectors and the disease were collated and augmented with either spatial modelling using Boosted Regression Trees and Random Forest or habitat suitability masking, or both, to provide kilometre resolution maps of each target species. The spatial overlaps between wildlife hosts, vectors and the disease were identified, and the number of cattle in these overlap zones calculated. Approximately 60 million cattle are estimated to be within the areas where both vectors and disease are potentially present. Of these, depending on the assumptions used to define the contact areas, 3 - 5 million cattle could come into contact with Buffalo. Most of these are in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, which are each estimated to have between 0.5 and 1.5 million cattle in potential contact with infected Buffalo. The implications of these figures in the context identifying the next steps for treatment implementation are discussed.

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October 2014 · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

Background: Biological or behavioral factors may impact vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy. We investigated the relationship between trial volunteer baseline demographic and behavioral factors and vaccine-specific immune responses in 3 phase I HIV vaccine clinical trials. Methods: Volunteers at low-risk for HIV infection received 2-4 injections of candidate HIV vaccines over 3 to 6 months in 3 ... [Show full abstract] phase I HIV vaccine clinical trials in Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Zambia, South Africa and the US from 2010–2013. Vaccine recipients in trial arms with robust IFN-g ELISPOT responses at 4 weeks after the last vaccination were included in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression model with backward selection was used to assess the relationship between parameters at baseline (gender, age, body mass index (BMI), alcohol use, drug use) and the odds of a positive IFN-g ELISPOT, defined as>38 spot forming cells/ml and>4 fold mean background. Results: 284 volunteers receiving at least one vaccine dose were included in the analysis. Of these, 44% were female, 54%≤age 26, mean BMI 23.1 (range 14–48). 13% reported weekly or daily alcohol use. Self-reported drug use was rare. Overweight BMI (≥30) correlated with 78% decreased odds of a positive ELISPOT response, p<0.005 When analyzed as a continuous variable, one unit increase in BMI correlated to a 8% decrease in the odds of a positive ELISPOT response, p<0.001. Daily or weekly alcohol use, compared to no alcohol use correlated with 3-fold increase in the odds of positive ELISPOT responses (p<0.05). Age, gender, and any drug use were not associated with ELISPOT responses. Conclusions: Overweight BMI appears to be associated with decreased immune response to certain HIV vaccine candidates when measured by IFN-g ELISPOT in healthy, HIV low-risk populations. This effect may impact interpretation of phase I trials which typically have small group sizes. The positive association with alcohol use deserves further analysis.

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Oreohomorus apio n. sp. from the Matiri forest in western Uganda is characterized by its small size and the rapidly increasing first whorls resulting in a broad top.

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Population dynamics and density-dependent seasonal mortality indices of the tick

November 1994 · Medical and Veterinary Entomology

Sarah Randolph

Eight sets of previously published data on the seasonal abundance of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania and Zimbabwe are analysed to yield seasonal mortality indices. Correlations between these indices and abiotic (climatic) and biotic (tick density) variables suggest that it is the stage from females to larvae that is most sensitive to adverse abiotic conditions, ... [Show full abstract] specifically low moisture availability. Mortality at the other stages of the tick's life cycle is strongly density-dependent. The precise nature of this density-dependence suggests that it may be caused by acquired resistance to ticks by cattle. Robust correlations between satellite-derived vegetation indices, climatic factors and mortality indices suggest that detailed climatic data, often unavailable, may be replaced by satellite data, now widely available, for use in modelling tick populations.

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Characterization and Production of recombinant protein Ra92A from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus aiming tick vaccine antigen in Uganda,

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