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Review on Chaga Medicinal Mushroom, Inonotus obliquus (Higher Basidiomycetes): Realm of Medicinal Applications and Approaches on Estimating its Resource Potential
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This paper presents a review of the realm of medicinal applications of Inonotus obliquus raw materials, sterile conks I. obliquus, based on the bibliographies of chemical studies of the fungus. The experimental part of the paper is devoted to the presentation of methods of estimating the resource potential of this fungus based on data obtained in the comfort zone of ththis species. A new form, I. obliquus f. sterilis, is formally described.
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... Polysaccharides attract a lot of attention in medicine and the food industry due to their numerous biological activities. Previously published data indicate that polysaccharides obtained from I. obliquus have a wide range of properties such as anti-microbial (18), antioxidant (19), antitumor (20), etc. IM SWE 200 °C showed the best quality for TPS and TG which can be attributed to the fact that the optimum temperature for the extraction of watersoluble polysaccharides is around 200 °C (21). In a study conducted by Xi et al. (22), it was shown that increasing the temperature from 160 to 190 °C resulted in an increase in the content of polysaccharides from 85 mg/g to 132 mg/g. ...
... The Mushrooms are rich nutritional and medicinal resources with various pharmacological functions and are attractive for study as a highly valuable functional food ingredient (24). Chaga known for its strong antioxidant effect, is primarily associated with phenolic compounds, which are key molecules capable of scavenging free radicals (20). Antioxidant activity was tested using various methods. ...
This study aimed to develop a single quality index of Serbian (IS) and Mongolian (IM) Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) extracts obtained by different types of extraction. Microwave-assisted extraction (MW), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (VAE), and supercritical water extraction (SWE) were used to prepare the extracts. Seven quality parameters of a mushroom extract were considered, including the free radical scavenging capability determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH?) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS?+) assays, the ability to chelate ferrous ions (Fe2+), as well as the total amount of phenolic compounds, proteins, polysaccharides, and glucans. The mentioned parameters were used to define the total quality index (TQI). Based on TQI scores SWE can be recommended as the most effective type of extraction (favors the yield) of total phenolic compounds (TPC), total extracted proteins (TEP), total polysaccharides (TPS), total glucans (TG), and antioxidant assays. Finally, TQI results for seven quality parameters, derived from six Chaga samples using SWE at 200?C, showed the best overall quality for both the IS and IM extracts.
... Chaga mushrooms have been used in folk medicine for treating cancer in Russia, Western Siberia, Asia, and North America. Chaga mushroom has been used as a folk medicine since the 16th century for the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments (Balandaykin and Zmitrovich, 2015). Chaga mushroom has shown promising therapeutic and preventive properties yet the intracellular target modulation needed characterization and elucidation. ...
... It causes white heart-rot in living trees, and also produces sterile, black conks on trunks, known for their medicinal uses (Peng and Shahidi, 2020). Conks generally appear on trees over 30 years old, with a rapid increase in prevalence within stands aged between 50-80 years (Balandaykin and Zmitrovich, 2015). The development of the conks takes time; for example, an inoculation study observed conks on only 6 % of treated trees after 4-5 years (Miina et al., 2021). ...
... Following the collapse of the tree, fruiting bodies grow beneath the bark. However, the precise function of the sterile conk [24,25] which isa conk-like growth or structure on the tree's exterior is still unknown. Basidiospores produced by the fruiting bodies mediate the infection process [26], even though the infection may occur through chlamydospores as well [5,27]. ...
This literature review offers an extensive exploration of Chaga mushrooms (Inonotus obliquus), focusing on their phytochemical composition, health-promoting attributes, and mechanisms of action. The aim was to provide an up-to-date overview of Chaga's significance in the medicinal sector, emphasizing its potential role in diverse health benefits. The review highlights Chaga's remarkable anticancer, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulating properties. By synthesizing recent findings, this work underscores Chaga's importance in the medicinal industries and provides valuable insights into its pharmacological potential.
Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilát, the so-called chaga mushroom with its unique ulcer-like appearance is used primarily in Nordic folk medicine as a remedy for liver, stomach and lung diseases. The mushroom is known for a wide variety of compound classes ranging from polar polysaccharides to non-polar terpenoids. In Europe, sales of Chaga food supplements with potential health benefits have been booming for some time. The objective of this work is to provide an overview of the current evidence, including an assessment whether traditional use can be proven by scientifically based studies.
Hymenochaetaceae is a large and noteworthy family of macrobasidiomycetes predominantly growing on woody plants. Several Hymenochaetaceae members have a long history of recognition in traditional medicine and modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated their therapeutic properties. This review comprehensively surveys the studies on biological activities and mycochemical compounds reported from the Hymenochaetaceae species so far. There are 124 potential species from 27 genera in Hymenochaetaceae with at least one bioactive metabolite and/or biological property. A diverse range of metabolites were found (ca. 500 compounds) classified mainly into terpenoids, styrylpyrones, steroids, phenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds. Numerous novel sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and styrylpyrones have been isolated from the family. Medicinal properties cover a range of about 100 types of bioactivities, more predominantly antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. The role of Hymenochaetaceae members in aesthetic medicine is also discussed. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions reveal that the medicinal species are distributed in 27 monophyletic clades, and 20 medicinal species are types of their respective genera (generic types). So far most of medicinal Hymenochaetaceae species are shown to be distributed in Asia, particularly in China. Considering the drawbacks imposed by improper characterization of MYCOSPHERE 15(1): 6347-6438 (2024) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/27 ARTICLE 6348 Hymenochaetaceae isolates in biomedical studies, general recommendations are given with the aim of encouraging greater focus on accurately identifying the medicinal fungal species.
Hymenochaetaceae is a large and noteworthy family of macrobasidiomycetes predominantly growing on woody plants. Several Hymenochaetaceae members have a long history of recognition in traditional medicine and modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated their therapeutic properties. This review comprehensively surveys the studies on biological activities and mycochemical compounds reported from the Hymenochaetaceae species so far. There are 124 potential species from 27 genera in Hymenochaetaceae with at least one bioactive metabolite and/or biological property. A diverse range of metabolites were found (ca. 500 compounds) classified mainly into terpenoids, styrylpyrones, steroids, phenolics, polysaccharides, and other compounds. Numerous novel sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and styrylpyrones have been isolated from the family. Medicinal properties cover a range of about 100 types of bioactivities, more predominantly antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. The role of Hymenochaetaceae members in aesthetic medicine is also discussed. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions reveal that the medicinal species are distributed in 27 monophyletic clades, and 20 medicinal species are types of their respective genera (generic types). So far most of medicinal Hymenochaetaceae species are shown to be distributed in Asia, particularly in China. Considering the drawbacks imposed by improper characterization of MYCOSPHERE 15(1): 6347-6438 (2024) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/27 ARTICLE 6348 Hymenochaetaceae isolates in biomedical studies, general recommendations are given with the aim of encouraging greater focus on accurately identifying the medicinal fungal species.
The immunomodulatory effect of aqueous extract of Inonotus obliquus, called as Chaga, was tested on bone marrow cells from chemically immunosuppressed mice. The Chaga water extract was daily administered for 24 days to mice that had been treated with cyclophosphamide (400 mg/kg body weight), immunosuppressive alkylating agent. The number of colony-forming unit (CFU)-granulocytes/macrophages (GM) and erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E), increased almost to the levels seen in non-treated control as early as 8 days after treatment. Oral administration of the extract highly increased serum levels of IL-6. Also, the level of TNF-α was elevated by the chemical treatment in control mice, whereas was maintained at the background level in the extract-treated mice, indicating that the extract might effectively suppress TNF-α related pathologic conditions. These results strongly suggest the great potential of the aqueous extract from Inonotus obliquus as immune enhancer during chemotherapy.
The phylogenetic status of several taxonomically important wood-decaying species belonging to Phellinus s. l. and Inonotus s. l. was investigated by analyzing sequence data from ribosomal DNA ITS regions of 26 species. As expected, an evaluation of the results confirmed Phellinus s. l. and Inonotus s. l. as being polyphyletic. The generic concept of Inonotus s. str. was revised from a molecular and morphological point of view. Further analyses are still needed for a more comprehensive delimitation between Phellinus s. l. and Inonotus s. l. A comparison of results found in several publications might elucidate the phylogenetic identity of taxonomically problematic taxa belonging to these groups. Two new combinations in the genus Xanthoporia Murrill were made.
The present communication emphasizes a necessity of study of pseudosclerotium formation by Inonotus obliquus, known as chaga, due to its high pharmacological activity.
The optimum conditions for the extraction of crude polysaccharides from dry matter of culture broth (DMCB) of Inonotus obliquus were determined by using response surface methodology (RSM). In alloxan-induced diabetic mice, treatment with polysaccharide extract from DMCB of I. obliquus (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight for 21 days) showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level, with percentage reductions of 16.64% and 20.09% at the 7th day, and 29.71% and 36.36% at the 21st day, respectively. Furthermore, polysaccharide treatment significantly decreased serum contents of free fatty acid, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas it effectively increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin levels, and hepatic glycogen contents in the liver of diabetic mice. In addition, the polysaccharides significantly increased catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, whereas they decreased the maleic dialdehyde level in diabetic mice. A histological morphology examination showed that the polysaccharides restored the damage of pancreatic tissues in mice with diabetes mellitus. The results revealed that the I. obliquus polysaccharides possessed antihyperglycemic, antilipidperoxidative, and antioxidant effects in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.
An account of the Chinese species of Hymenochaetaceae based on most recent phylogenetic analysis is presented. One hundred
and seventy species from 23 genera are recognized; descriptions are provided based on the Chinese collections. Keys to genera
and species are given. Phellinopsis gen. nov. is introduced. Coltricia abieticola sp. nov., Coltricia crassa sp. nov., Coltricia macropora sp. nov., Coltricia spina sp. nov., Coltriciella subglobosa sp. nov., Fuscoporia yunnanensis sp. nov. and Inonotus magnisetus sp. nov. are described here as new. Eighteen new combinations, Fulvifomes cesatii, F. chinensis, F. collinus, F. glaucescens, F. inermis, F. johnsonianus, F. kanehirae, F. macgregorii, F. minisporus, F. pullus, F. umbrinellus, Fuscoporia setifera, Inonotus lonicericola, I. tricolor, Phellinopsis conchata, P. occidentalis, Porodaedalea himalayensis and P. yamanoi are proposed. The taxonomy of all species is discussed. Spore dimensions given in this study derive from at least 30 spores
of each species, and 10 386 spores were measured from 347 specimens. Two thousand specimens were examined, and they are listed
after each species. Colour photos for 140 species are supplied.This report provides a modern treatment of the Hymenochaetaceae
of China. To further support the results of morphology, nuclear large subunit (nuc-LSU) sequences from some typical species
were selected to reconstruct their phylogeny.