Building Integrated Photovoltaics: A Handbook
Abstract
Due to the growing demand for clean sources of energy, the manufacture
of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has expanded dramatically in recent
years. Photovoltaics has high appeal, generating electricity from sunlight,
silently, with no maintenance, no pollution and no depletion of materials.
In building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems, photovoltaic modules
become an integral part of the building envelope, such as the roof, a skylight
or the façade. BIPV represents the combination of proven renewable
power technology and the building exterior using traditional building
practices.
This handbook is aimed at architects and designers. It addresses PV-technology
as one more building cladding option from an architect’s point of
view. Most examples here are of new buildings, but the guidance is equally
relevant for renovation of existing buildings.
... The integration of PV technology can extend to different building elements, such as shading systems, rainscreen systems, curtain walls, double-skin facades, atria, and canopies [47]. PV systems in buildings can be designed as either grid-connected or standalone systems. ...
... Grid-connected systems can incorporate storage or operate without it, while stand-alone systems heavily rely on battery storage. Currently, batteries are the most common and commercially available technology for PV with electricity-storage systems in buildings, but future electrochemical technologies may also be employed [47]. ...
... The main challenges associated with sunshades are their susceptibility to wind load, their durability, and the need for regular maintenance. Building designs are continuously addressing these issues [47]. ...
The integration of distributed renewable energy technologies (such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)) into buildings, especially in space-constrained urban areas, offers sustainable energy and helps offset fossil-fuel-related carbon emissions. However, the intermittent nature of these distributed renewable energy sources can negatively impact the larger power grids. Efficient onsite energy storage solutions capable of providing energy continuously can address this challenge. Traditional large-scale energy storage methods like pumped hydro and compressed air energy have limitations due to geography and the need for significant space to be economically viable. In contrast, electrochemical storage methods like batteries offer more space-efficient options, making them well suited for urban contexts. This literature review aims to explore potential substitutes for batteries in the context of solar energy. This review article presents insights and case studies on the integration of electrochemical energy harvesting and storage into buildings. The seamless integration can provide a space-efficient source of renewable energy for new buildings or existing structures that often have limited physical space for retrofitting. This work offers a comprehensive examination of existing research by reviewing the strengths and drawbacks of various technologies for electrochemical energy harvesting and storage, identifying those with the potential to integrate into building skins, and highlighting areas for future research and development.
... Using a PV system as an intrinsic part of a building, a BIPV system takes part in the building structure while generating power [10,11]. In BIPVs, PV systems mainly serve as façades and/or roofing systems for buildings [10][11][12]. In a façade system, PV modules can serve as curtains, glazing, or spandrel panels; in a BIPV roofing system, PV modules can serve as roofing tiles, shingles, standing seams, or skylights [11]. ...
... The absorption of solar energy in the form of light and its conversion to electricity was conducted at the PV modules' capacity, with the other form of solar energy, i.e., heat energy, being absorbed. Heat absorption was subsequently aggravated by the dark color of the PV modules, thereby increasing the heat absorption capacity of the PV modules [11,12]. A high MI value is characteristic of most BIPV systems, as roofing systems encapsulate them without enough air ventilation compared to the cases of conventionally installed PV modules and more traditional BAPV systems [11,12]. ...
... Heat absorption was subsequently aggravated by the dark color of the PV modules, thereby increasing the heat absorption capacity of the PV modules [11,12]. A high MI value is characteristic of most BIPV systems, as roofing systems encapsulate them without enough air ventilation compared to the cases of conventionally installed PV modules and more traditional BAPV systems [11,12]. ...
A miniature house roof-integrated photovoltaic (PV) system in South Korea was monitored for 2.5 years. System performance was evaluated through power generation, solar irradiance, and system temperature. The comparison of each month’s power generation and solar irradiance revealed a parallel correlation over the entire observation period. The internal module temperature was almost always higher than the roof rear and module rear temperatures by 1–2 and 1–5 °C, respectively, while the temperature behind the PV modules was the lowest among the three temperatures, showing that the installation of PV modules as a roofing system does not affect the temperature of the roofing system. The system temperatures affected the power conversion efficiency; a maximum of 11.42% was achieved when the system temperatures were the lowest, and a minimum of 5.24% was achieved when the system temperatures were the highest. Hence, half of the anticipated generated power was lost due to the temperature fluctuation. Overall, installing PV modules as an entire roofing system is possible with this configuration due to the minimum effect on the roof temperature. However, PV system temperature control is essential for maintaining the power generation performance of the PV modules.
... Considering these, after approximately seven decades after the solar cell presentation in 1954, there are studies for the implementation of total renewable sources (highly dominated by photovoltaic technology). As examples there are studies about the implementation not only in important buildings (such as educational, governmental buildings or company) [19,24,92,115,116], but also with the intention of reducing fossil energy in insular areas/regions [18,113], such as islands or specific communities. In these kind of studies, different technologies must be used in order to have redundancy and obtain the best performance possible in different situations. ...
... When it comes to the method of installation, photovoltaic systems can be divided in three categories: Ground Mounted systems, Building Applied and Building Integrated systems; each one having some advantages and disadvantages, as enumerated on Table 2 [114][115][116][117][118][119]. ...
... Building Applied Photovoltaic (BAPV) systems consist of securing photovoltaic modules onto the roof or facade of a building using a metal structure. They are a lay-on, addictive system that is ideal to improve the electrical performance of finished constructions [115][116][117]119,120]. ...
Photovoltaic technology has become a huge industry, based on the enormous applications for solar cells. In the 19th century, when photoelectric experiences started to be conducted, it would be unexpected that these optoelectronic devices would act as an essential energy source, fighting the ecological footprint brought by non-renewable sources, since the industrial revolution. Renewable energy, where photovoltaic technology has an important role, is present in 3 out of 17 United Nations 2030 goals. However, this path cannot be taken without industry and research innovation. This article aims to review and summarise all the meaningful milestones from photovoltaics history. Additionally, an extended review of the advantages and disadvantages among different technologies is done. Photovoltaics fundamentals are also presented from the photoelectric effect on a p-n junction to the electrical performance characterisation and modelling. Cells’ performance under unusual conditions are summarised, such as due to temperature variation or shading. Finally, some applications are presented and some project feasibility indicators are analysed. Thus, the review presented in this article aims to clarify to readers noteworthy milestones in photovoltaics history, summarise its fundamentals and remarkable applications to catch the attention of new researchers for this interesting field.
... Različiti stepeni prenosa svetlosti i zanimljivi svetlosni efekti mogu biti proizvedeni unutar zgrade. Na primer, varijacije profila, delimično korišćenje apsorbera i prozirnih površina u otvoru, preusmeravanje svetlosti lamelama, različiti rasporedi i udaljenosti između vakuumskih cevi mogu rezultirati različitim efektima koji se postižu senkama i svetlom (slika 3) [10,11]. ...
... Uopšteno, neprovidni solarni kolektori su obično integrisani u neprovidne elemente fasade ili krova. STS sistemi koji su arhitektonski prijatni, imaju dobar materijal i kompoziciju boja, koji se dobro prilagođavaju ukupnoj modularnosti, stvaraju zadovoljavajuću kompoziciju koja će rezultovati dobrom integracijom i visokim arhitektonskim kvalitetom [10,15]. ...
Buildings were recognized as large energy consumers, and they represent great potential for energy savings through the implementation of a wide range of measures for improving of energy efficiency. Through numerous directives and procedures that have been adopted over the past 30 years, the building sector is committed to the use of renewable energy sources. Among the solutions to the global energy problem, as well as the problem of excessive emissions of greenhouse gases, primarily CO2, which directly affect global warming, the use of solar energy is one of the most acceptable environmental solutions. In the recent years, a new aspect of the application of solar systems in the construction sector has been developed - their integration into the building envelope. This paper presents an overview of the latest research related to solar thermal systems integrated into the building envelope. The current status in the field of technology of solar thermal systems integrated into the building envelope is presented in paper. Different types of these systems that can be integrated into the building envelope are described, and their basic performance is presented. Possible applications of solar thermal collectors in different parts of the building envelope (facade, roof, overhangs, balcony) are also described and presented. By applying these systems, it is possible to significantly influence to the reduction of energy consumption in the building sector, as well as environmental pollution by reducing CO2 emissions.
... 28% więcej energii w porównaniu z płaszczyzną pionową. W przypadku orientacji wschodniej i zachodniej różnica wynosi odpowiednio 44% oraz 43% [2]. Inną przesłanką, która często decyduje o lokalizacji elementów PV na dachach, jest na ogół większa dostępność wolnej powierzchni pod montaż tych elementów. ...
... Przeszklenia są na ogół realizowane jako zestawy szybowe, z których szyba zewnętrzna stanowi laminat wyposażony w warstwę fotowoltaiczną. Rozwiązania te są stosowane zarówno na dachach, jak i elewacjach jako alternatywa dla szklenia przeciwsłonecznego [2]. ...
W artykule zanalizowano sposoby zastosowania technologii fotowoltaicznej (PV) na dachach płaskich budynków. Celem pracy jest ukazanie architektonicznych możliwości i ograniczeń aplikacji dachowych w postaci: wolnostojących modułów PV, modułów PV na niezależnej podkonstrukcji, modułów PV jako shadowvoltaic system oraz ogniw PV zintegrowanych ze szklanym dachem. Analiz dokonano w oparciu o przykłady budynków, z wykorzystaniem autorskich projektów koncepcyjnych. Wykorzystano metodę konstrukcyjną, obserwacyjną i porównawczą. Badania ograniczono do szeroko rozumianych aspektów architektonicznych. Skupiono się na zagadnieniach estetycznych, użytkowych oraz budowlanych, nie tracąc z pola widzenia przesłanek energetycznych, które stanowią podstawę stosowania systemów PV. Wyniki badań prowadzą do ogólnego wniosku, iż zastosowanie technologii PV w obrębie dachów płaskich nie musi sprowadzać się do podstawowej roli jako generatora prądu elektrycznego. Znaczne możliwości leżą w zakresie rozwiązań estetycznych i użytkowych, choć na tym polu istnieją również ograniczenia.
... This is defined as the annual incident irradiation factor for an orientation α and tilt of generator β, with respect to that received for optimum tilt and orientation [29]. Several countries have also used this simple tool on BIPV, such as England [30]-7], Switzerland [32], Germany, Australia [33] and the United States [34]. FI depends on β, α, the latitude and diffuse radiation fraction of the place. ...
... Por lo tanto, si se conocen bien los parámetros Ga(β,α) y PR, se concluye que se puede predecir la cantidad de energía producida por un sistema fotovoltaico. Ga(β,α) se puede hallar mediante gráficos del denominado Factor de Irradiación (FI) [30], [32]. Sin embargo, para la obtención de estos diagramas se hace necesario el uso de complicados algoritmos que consisten en engorrosas ecuaciones. ...
Solar Photovoltaic Integration in Buildings, better known as Building Integrated
Photovoltaics (BIPV), consists of replacing construction elements such as roofs,
facades, windows, among others, with solar photovoltaic modules. Its medium-term
implementation is of vital importance to ensure that all new constructions are “Zero
Energy Buildings” (ZEB) [1]. Because of this, it is a growing reality worldwide, and its
development involves the implementation of techniques, models and estimation of the
available solar resource. On the other hand, few countries have technical regulations
that allow optimizing performance and energy efficiency in photovoltaic integration in
buildings. In this research work, new models, tools and proposals of technical
standards were created that can be used for the development of the BIPV in sustainable
cities.
The models developed in this thesis will serve as input to the design and sizing
photovoltaic systems integrated into buildings by architects and engineers in
sustainable cities.
The suggested procedure for using these tools in BIPV projects is listed below:
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PROJECT:
1. Characterize the place where the installation will be carried out, determining its
latitude, ambient temperature, diffuse fraction, and annual solar irradiation on
a horizontal plane.
2. Characterize the different surfaces of the building that are potential to use BIPV,
determining its orientation and tilt angles, and the values of potential useful
areas.
DISCARD OF SURFACES:
3. Use the irradiance factor graphs to calculate orientation and tilt losses, using
the procedure in section 3 of chapter 6.
4. Determine the maximum allowable shading and orientation losses at the site,
using figures 8 and 9.
5. Discard surfaces with higher losses than allowed.
CALCULATION OF THE PRODUCED ENERGY:
6. Calculate the Performance Ratio for each façade, with the model obtained in
section 3.1.5
7. Use expression (1) and the graphs of the irradiation factor to calculate the
annual electrical energy that each surface would produce.
PRE-CLASSIFICATION OF FACADES WITH ENERGY EFFICIENCY:
8. Calculate the irradiation factor of each facade with equation (52).
9. Pre-classify the facades using the procedure explained in section 3.3.5, and
order them according to energy efficiency.
10. Finally, the cost per kWp of each BIPV subsystem is evaluated, starting with
those facades that have the best classification.
... Hence, a façade PV is both an engineering and a design challenge. Fortunately, the aesthetics and optimized performance of such systems can be thoughtfully tested through state-of-the-art software, namely CAD/plugin-based tools that model and simulate building integrated energy systems as discussed in Chapter 2. Liveability, thermal and visual comfort to the spaces inside of buildings determine that façades cannot be fully vertical, opaque and flat: structures such as windows, louvers, sunshades and balconies are examples of elements that constitute a façade and contribute to the outdoors/indoors synergy (Roberts and Guariento, 2009). Contemporary construction also often features non-flat façades, sometimes with very complex shapes, and a vast range of materials and colours. ...
... 1 shows examples of façade features and how PV modules can be deployed. They may be integrated into unitised curtain wall systems, in the vision area or in the spandrel area of the façade, and single or double-glazed units can be replaced by clear or opaque, single-or double-glazed PV modules(Roberts and Guariento, 2009). ...
Consistent reductions in the costs of photovoltaic (PV) systems have prompted interest in applications with less-than-optimum inclinations and orientations. That is the case of building façades, with plenty of free area for the deployment of solar systems. Lower sun heights benefit vertical façades, whereas rooftops are favoured when the sun is near the zenith, therefore the PV potential in urban environments can increase twofold when the contribution from building façades is added to that of the rooftops. This complementarity between façades and rooftops is helpful for a better match between electricity demand and supply.
This thesis focuses on: i) the modelling of façade PV potential; ii) the optimization of façade PV yields; and iii) underlining the overall role that building façades will play in future solar cities.
... To determine a safe and reliable scheme, rational economic analysis should be carried out according to the comprehensive evaluation of project construction conditions, capacity scale, and power generation system cost. The BIPV photovoltaic power generation system uses self-generated surplus power to connect to the grid [139]. Combined with the project's status, a single centralized grid connection mode or a multi-point distributed grid connection mode is adopted, wherein multi-point distributed power loss is more advantageous [140]. ...
Global energy consumption has led to concerns about potential supply problems, energy consumption and growing environmental impacts. This paper comprehensively provides a detailed assessment of current studies on the subject of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology in net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs). The review is validated through various case studies, which highlight the significance of factors such as building surface area to volume ratio (A/V), window-wall ratio (WWR), glass solar heating gain coefficient (SHGC), and others in achieving the NZEBs standards. In addition, this review article draws the following conclusions: (1) NZEBs use renewable energy to achieve energy efficiency and carbon neutrality. (2) NZEBs implementation, however, has some limitations, including the negligence of indoor conditions in the analysis, household thermal comfort, and the absence of an energy supply and demand monitoring system. (3) Most researchers advise supplementing facade and window BIPV as solely roofing BIPV will not be able to meet the building’s electricity usage. (4) Combining BIPV with building integrated solar thermal (BIST), considering esthetics and geometry, enhances outcomes and helps meet NZEB criteria. (5) BIPV designs should follow standards and learn from successful cases. However, to ascertain the long-term reliability and structural integrity of BIPV systems, a comprehensive study of their potential degradation mechanisms over extended periods is imperative. The review paper aims to examine BIPV applications in-depth, underscoring its pivotal role in attaining a net-zero energy benchmark.
... The use of PV panels as building envelope will substitute the need of conventional building's material. BIPV refers to the application of PV in which the system, as well as having the function of producing electricity, also takes on the role of building form and elements [1]. ...
BIPV is an architectural concept that related to energy contribution. The system has functions of producing electricity as well as building form giver. The effectivity of BIPV depends on solar radiation received. Meanwhile, the solar radiation received depends on numbers of solar receiving area and environmental shading. Environmental shading will decrease the effectivity of BIPV. But, integrated configuration of folding-BIPV is expected to create more numbers of solar receiving area. The integrated configuration of folding-BIPV will create optimum BIPV, both in electrical generation and building form giver. Experiment to low rise office building in tropical climate is done by giving folding treatment. The experiment also considers about environmental shading. Evaluation is done by analyzing and optimizing the numbers and uniformity of solar radiation received. Simulation with ARCHIPAK 5.1 is used as experimental research tool. The simulation is used to calculate annual radiation received (kWh/m ² ) from folding-BIPV configuration. Manual calculation is used to calculate total annual radiation received (kWh) and uniformity percentage. Gradient diagram is used to do the optimation. Result of this research is an optimation of electrical energy generation in low rise office building which use folding-BIPV concept.
... 28% more energy per year than modules placed along the vertical plane. In the case of eastern and western orientation, the difference is 44% and 43%, respectively (Roberts & Guariento, 2009). ...
Due to the growing importance of renewable energy sources (RES) technology, a noticeable increase in interest in photovoltaics can be observed. Roofs most often provide the places where photovoltaic (PV) modules are installed. In many cases, ill-considered decisions concerning the selection of PV modules and their installation lead to unfavourable architectural effects. The article aims to examine the possibility of integrating PV modules installed on non-flat roofs with the broadly understood building architecture. An observational method based on case studies was applied to the study. Not only aesthetic aspects but also functional and technical aspects were considered while paying attention to energy issues. The conducted analysis indicates a good level of possibilities for integrating PV modules with architecture and these possibilities vary depending on the geometric features of the roof. Applications within full and glazed roofs are also rather distinctive.
... Farklı çalışmalarda enlemle ilişkilendirilen optimum açı sonuçları; Yaz dönemi yararlanmak için/ tüm yıl yararlanmak için [18] enlem-20° kadar eğim verilmelidir, Eğim açısı enlem açısı ile enlem-15° açı değeri aralığında olduğunda, iki sınır durum arasında enerji kazancında yaklaşık %5'den küçük fark olur [19], Sadece yayınık ışıktan faydalanılmak istenirse eğim açısı 0°, eğer doğrultulu ışınımlardan yararlanılmak isteniyorsa eğim enlem kadar olmalıdır. Bu sebeple bütün yıl yararlanılmak istenilen sistemlerde optimum eğim açısı 0° ile enlem değeri aralığında olmalıdır [20], Yıl boyunca yararlanmak için enlem-10° [15], yaz için enlem-10° [15], kış için enlem+10° olmalıdır, [21] Nominal eğim açısı 21 mart ve 23 eylül gün ortası saatlerinde güneş ışınımlarının PV modüle dik geldiği açıdır ve yıl boyunca yararlanmak için PV sistemin eğim açısı olarak kullanılabilir, Yıl boyunca yararlanmak için enlem-deklinasyon (δ) açısı değeri kadar eğim verilir [22], Enlem * 0,9 kadar eğim uygulanır [16], [23], Yaz ve kış dönemleri için enlem±8°, yaz ve kış dönemleri için enlem±15°, yazın enlem kadar kışın enlem+30° kadar olmalıdır, [24], [25], [16] Tüm yıl yararlanmak için enlem kadar olmalıdır [4], şeklinde yaklaşımlardır. ...
Although all the world's dependence on energy, fossil fuel reserves are approaching the exhaustion limits which we are using. When fossil fuels used for energy production stands out environmentally harmful by-products and this situation leads to environmental pollution. This situation has lead the world to the quest for new sources of energy. When buildings are designed according to the passive buildings criteria and equipped with active and renewable energy systems, building's energy demand will be reduced. In this way conventional energy-related energy consumption can be reduced. The purpose of this study, using the integrated PV systems with shading elements is to reduce the gridbased energy consumption of the building as by generating energy all year as well as by reducing internal gains protect from the sun transparent areas during the cooling. Fixed shading elements and office type buildings with a high energy consumption are selected to limit the work. One approach is formed to achieve the defined object. The thesis consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, studies conducted on the subject are evaluated, the aim of the thesis is described and the expected results of the study are explained. In the second chapter, the variables to be used in the thesis are examined. In the third chapter, an approach is described which can be used for assessing the impact on the office building energy performance as a shading element PV system. In the fourth chapter, application of established approach is made and the results of the application are evaluated. In the fifth chapter, within this thesis the results obtained and recommendations are presented.
Tüm dünyanın enerjiye olan bağımlılığına karşın kullanmakta olduğumuz fosil yakıt rezervleri tükenme sınırına yaklaşmaktadır. Fosil yakıtlar enerji üretimi için kullanıldığında çevreye zararlı yan ürünler çıkmaktadır ve bu durum çevre kirliliğine neden olmaktadır. Bu durum tüm dünyayı yeni enerji kaynakları arayışına yönlendirmiştir. Binalar pasif bina kriterlerine göre tasarlanıp aktif ve yenilenebilir enerji sistemleri ile donatıldığında binanın enerji talebi düşecektir. Bu sayede fosil yakıt kaynaklı enerji tüketimi düşürülebilecektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, PV sistem ile bütünleşik gölgeleme elemanı kullanarak hem tüm yıl enerji üreterek hem de soğutma döneminde saydam alanları gölgelendirip iç kazançları azaltarak binanın şebeke kaynaklı enerji tüketimini azaltmaktır. Çalışmanın sınırlandırılması açısından sabit gölgeleme elemanları ve enerji tüketiminin yüksek olduğu ofis tipi binalar seçilmiştir. Belirlenen amacı gerçekleştirmek için bir yaklaşım oluşturulmuştur. Tez çalışması beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde, konuyla ilgili yapılan çalışmalar değerlendirilmiş, tezin amacı anlatılmış ve çalışmanın sonucundan beklenenler açıklanmıştır. İkinci bölümde, tez çalışması kapsamında kullanılacak değişkenler incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, gölgeleme elemanı olarak PV sistemlerin ofis binalarının enerji performansına etkisinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılabilecek bir yaklaşım açıklanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, oluşturulan yaklaşımın uygulaması yapılmış ve yaklaşımın sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, tez çalışması kapsamında elde edilen sonuç ve öneriler sunulmuştur.
... Semi-transparent PV modules with distanced opaque PV cells have been selected for this research. Such modules commonly use PV elements within glazed façades and building covers in order to replace the traditional glazed panels [39,40]. However, it should be noted that in the present research, PV cover is treated as an alternative to traditional glass only in terms of its physical properties that potentially influence the energy performance of the building. ...
This article aims to investigate the impact exerted by different types of covering an atrium with glazing on the energy performance of a kindergarten building, provided by the authors as a conceptual design. The considered types of atria included an open atrium, a glazed atrium, and an atrium that operated as a hybrid system. Additionally, the following aspects were taken into consideration: the effect of a glazing-integrated PV system (BIPV); the variety of thermal features represented by the inner boundary between the conditioned and the unconditioned space (Uiu); and the atrium space air-exchange ratio (nue) on the energy balance of the building. Energy performance indicators, including energy demands for space heating and cooling (Eu), delivered energy (Ed), and primary energy (Ep) indicators for heating and cooling mode were estimated for the moderate climates and two locations of the building model, i.e., for Warsaw (Central Poland) and Ahlbeck (Northern Germany). The research results prove that the glazed atrium exerts the most beneficial impact on the energy performance of the building. Nevertheless, certain variables must be considered, especially the air-exchange ratio of the atrium space, as they significantly influence the total annual energy performance. The results obtained with regard to the effect exerted by the presence of BIPV systems differ from those usually expected. This is due to the effect of the total solar-energy-transmittance value (g) modulation caused by the system and, finally, by a significant reduction in passive solar-gain harvesting, which is important for heating-mode results in examined climate conditions. Taking the present analysis into account, it can be concluded that the energy and environmental effects of the glazed integrated PV systems in temperate climates are strongly influenced by the environmental conditions, and, in some cases, these solutions may prove to be not efficient enough in terms of the energy and costs.
... Their dimensions can vary according to the structural system and the material used. Various performances that provide energy conservation or efficiency can be realized in a prefabricated TPE that improves the living quality of the indoor environment by providing visual, thermal, and acoustic comfort [15] . The thermal and sound insulation performance are examined using Ecotect and INSUL after construction designs are implemented to integrate the TPE into the building envelope parts of the Chuandou house. ...
... • Installation of BIPV/T systems must be carried out by the qualified personnel. The maintenance of system components also requires special precautions, including close consideration of the weight of the system to be installed and careful determination of the load bearing components [225]. Often, roofs provide a better location and slope to achieve maximum solar panel efficiency, than envelope. ...
Space constraints in urban areas can make it difficult to utilise renewable energy resources, like solar energy systems. However, this limitation can be overcome by utilising building façades to produce energy. Up to 40% of the global energy demand is due to the energy consumed by buildings, which also account for 33% of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Buildings have both electrical and thermal energy demand for various processes such as lighting, space heating and hot water supply. The simultaneous production of electrical and thermal energies is possible with photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems. Electrical efficiency can be upgraded by decreasing the surface temperatures of the photovoltaic (PV) panels with the working fluid circulating in the system. Building-integrated PV/T (BIPV/T) systems within building façades can successfully produce both electrical and thermal energy and, thus, improve buildings’ energy performance. This review study explains the operation of BIPV/T systems, their classification and utilisation benefits, performance improvement techniques, and potential contributions to energy-efficient buildings. The major goal of this study is to present new users and researchers with access to up-to-date sources of information about BIPV/T systems in the literature. This study includes recent BIPV/T technological advancements published in literature, emphasises the primary goals of the cited works and their hotspots, and, thus, provides readers with an overview of the topic rather than a detailed analysis of BIPV/T systems.
... While BAPV systems are just components/ devices added to the building, BIPV systems are integral parts of both construction systems and architectural concept, and result in more innovative projects (Munari Probst, & Roecker, 2012). When the modules are used as a building element, they can contribute to both the energy needs of the building and its hi-tech image (Roberts, & Guariento, 2009). ...
The main theme is “materiality”, as an umbrella concept that
embraces all the fragments of the whole materialization
process starting from architectural imagination,
conceptualization, and design to the act of construction.
In this respect, discussing materiality under three
main themes as “architectural design”, “research” and
“technology” is aimed. Within this scope, the potential
discussions could be around but not limited to architectural
practice, architectural design education, heritage, and
conservation, vernacularity, urban context, theory, R&D in
architectural materiality, tectonics, computation, media and
immersive visualization, materiality as a process, methods
of computational design and materiality. The collected
papers addressed a wide range of disciplinary fields that are
somewhat related to architecture, from robotics to theory
and criticism, from professional practice to educational
practices, from urban scale to the product/material scale.
... The amount of energy obtained from PV panels varies according to the latitude and the tilt angle of the panel with the horizontal ground [18]. Also, the panels should be orientated to the southward, and the azimuth angle should be taken as 0° [19]. ...
In this study, the analysis of the usage efficiency and the time allocation to cover the initial investment cost of a PV power plant to be installed in an industrial facility having constant electricity consumption monthly and a yacht marina having fluctuating electricity consumption in a year (equal yearly electricity in each in total) within the installation assumption of same conditions of PV plant has been done. The PV power plant data with 680 kWp power and located at the same latitude as the yacht marina in the center of Mediterranean were used. For this purpose, it has been calculated that the PV power plant installed power required for the annual electricity need of the yacht marina will be 1357 kWp. With this power, 2,141,117 kWh of electricity has been produced annually and the yacht marina/industrial facility need has been supplied. In addition, the Net Present Value (NPV) was used to calculate the coverage period for the initial investment cost of the PV plant. In the calculations, it has been determined that the time to cover the initial investment cost is 4.31 years in the yacht marina and 4.37 years in the industrial facility. This result showed that installing PV power plants in marinas would be 1.5% more advantageous than other industrial facilities.
... These factors are mainly related to the building itself, PVs, and environment, such as tilt and orientation, PV technology materials, and building type/design. The tilt and orientation of the building surfaces, which include the PV panels, are a key factor because it generally affects almost all other factors, especially the external envelope shape and design [26]. Because rooftops often have the most substantial solar access as they are usually free from shadows [25], the present study focuses on the rooftop surfaces. ...
This study explores the potential of integrating PV technologies on pitched roofs in Port Fouad City, Egypt, that represent the dominant style of heritage buildings in coastal cities in the Mediterranean Sea zone, considering the challenges that affect the relevance of preserving the architectural identity. This research starts with the filtration step to shortlist the relevant PV technologies , followed by the simulation step using PVsol Premium for all roof surfaces. Finally, an optimization step is performed to achieve the optimum design. According to the simulation analysis , monocrystalline and thin-film technologies dominate the results. In contrast, installation of polycrystalline technology is inadequate in such type of villas under similar weather conditions in terms of their performance ratio (PR), PV generated energy, and annual yield. Moreover, despite the light weight of the thin-film tile, we observe that the monocrystalline array is more preferable than the thin film owing to its lightest overall weight and least covered area. The optimization results indicated that monocrystalline provides the highest PR (79.4%) and annual yield (1715.1 kW h/kWp) with the smallest covered roof area (7.2 m 2) and total weight (78.2 kg), whereas thin-films are more relevant in terms of color complement based on architectural theme. Ó 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
... The PV system efficiency for the electric energy conversion is influenced by many factors like availability of solar radiation in the climatic locality, topographical features, shading obstructions and neighbouring buildings, etc. [10][11][12]. The BIPS installation depends on the PV system type (materials, grid-tied system) dimensions and geometry, tilt and orientation to the cardinal points [13,14]. ...
A high-rise building façade with integrated photovoltaic panels, located in the Central European region with temperate climatic conditions was tested. The PV façade was monitored for three years. Results of the PV system monitoring show that the façade positively influence the energy efficiency and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from the building operation.
... Such a solution introduces the division into elements of "low", "medium" and "high" transparency among the PV modules. The greater the distance, the greater the transparency, although certainly it comes at the expense of the built-in power of the PV module, and thus the entire PV system [11]. ...
The article deals with the issue of solar facades as the main external walls of a building, adapted to make use of solar energy. The aim of the article is to define the role of the facades and the factors that influence shaping thereof. The goal is of cognitive nature, whereas its implementation may contribute to strengthening the relationship between presumptions related to energy and architecture in the design of buildings. The need for the article results from the necessity to search for a possible balance between technical and humanistic spheres while shaping contemporary pro-ecological architecture, especially one aimed at receiving solar energy as a renewable energy source.
In the article, both analytical and comparative methods are applied. The research was conducted on the example of four designs with solar facades of different characteristics, including two buildings planned by the author.
The research results are observations that define relationship between the energy-related role of solar facades and urban, functional and aesthetic issues. These observations lead to the conclusion that the energy aspect, is not the only one to be considered while shaping solar facades in contemporary architecture. The solar facade combines both functional and artistic features.
... Furthermore, BIPV systems as the skins of buildings need to be maintained regularly. System designers, therefore, should take the post-installation considerations (i.e., BIPV maintenance and replacement) of the systems into account, in addition to their design considerations [76,[87][88][89]. ...
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the contributions of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems to the notion of nearly zero-energy cities in the capitals of the European Union member states (EU), Norway, and Switzerland. Moreover, an in-depth investigation of the barriers and challenges ahead of the widespread rollout of BIPV technology is undertaken. This study investigates the scalability of the nearly zero-energy concept using BIPV technology in moving from individual buildings to entire cities. This study provide a metric for architects and urban planners that can be used to assess how much of the energy consumed by buildings in Europe could be supplied by BIPV systems when installed as building envelope materials on the outer skins of buildings. The results illustrate that by 2030, when buildings in the EU become more energy-efficient and the efficiency of BIPV systems will have improved considerably, BIPV envelope materials will be a reasonable option for building skins and will help in achieving nearly zero-energy cities. This study reveals that in the EU, taking a building skin to building net surface area ratio of 0.78 and a building skin glazing ratio of 30%, buildings could cover their electricity consumption using BIPV systems by 2030. Eighteen challenges and barriers to the extensive rollout of BIPV systems are recognised, classified, and discussed in this study in detail. The challenges are categorised into five stages, namely the decision, design, implementation, operation and maintenance, and end of life challenges. View Full-Text
... The non-ventilated or warm façade elements are elements of the BIPV systems constitutive of curtain walls in buildings. The rainscreen or cold façade are constitutive elements in the BIPV systems installed as a façade cladding [129]. Mostly, these types are a ventilation space between the elements of the BIPV systems and the second layer of the building façade. ...
Advances in building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems for residential and commercial purposes are set to minimize overall energy requirements and associated greenhouse gas emissions. The BIPV design considerations entail energy infrastructure, pertinent renewable energy sources, and energy efficiency provisions. In this work, the performance of roof/façade-based BIPV systems and the affecting parameters on cooling/heating loads of buildings are reviewed. Moreover, this work provides an overview of different categories of BIPV, presenting the recent developments and sufficient references, and supporting more successful implementations of BIPV for various globe zones. A number of available technologies decide the best selections, and make easy configuration of the BIPV, avoiding any difficulties, and allowing flexibility of design in order to adapt to local environmental conditions, and are adequate to important considerations, such as building codes, building structures and loads, architectural components, replacement and maintenance, energy resources, and all associated expenditure. The passive and active effects of both air-based and water-based BIPV systems have great effects on the cooling and heating loads and thermal comfort and, hence, on the electricity consumption.
... Based on Roberts & Guariento in the book Building Integrated Photovoltaics: A handbook (2009) [7], the slope of the photovoltaic panels that will be integrated into the facades and roofs of buildings needs to be considered because based on the geographical location of the sun's falling point in each location is different. Table 3 shows the simulation results of the slope of the photovoltaic panels which will be integrated into the building facades, namely the west and east sides of the building mass. ...
For a comply the needs of electrical energy in office buildings, there needs to reduce from fossil energy to renewable energy. Photovoltaic panels are devices that convert sunlight and solar radiation into electricity. For the application, this device it is necessary to study so that the panel can work effectively. The aspects that influence the use, there are the geographical location, the slope of the panel, the orientation of the building, and the shading of surrounding objects. This study examines these aspects to get a mass configuration that can adapt from the application of photovoltaic panels. By using Simulation from the Formit application, this study obtained a mass configuration that can reduce 18% of the electrical energy for office building approach in South Jakarta
... Çalışmalarda, güneş panellerinden elde edilen enerji miktarı; enleme ve panelin yüzey ile yaptığı eğim açısına göre değişmektedir [1]. Literatürde eğim açısı ile ilgili bölgesel olarak birçok metodoloji geliştirilmiştir. ...
Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de gelişen sanayi enerji tüketim talebini artırmaktadır. Enerji tüketimindeki artış iklim değişikliğine sebep olmaktadır. Güneş Enerjisi Santralleri (GES) hem iklim değişikliği hem de ülkemizin enerjide dışa bağımlılığını azaltıcı etkiye sahiptir. GES’nde güneşten en üst seviyede yararlanmak amaçlanmaktadır. Literatürde; yıllık ve mevsimsel olarak eğim açılarının değişim ile ilgili çalışmalarda mevcuttur. GES’nden konut ve endüstrinin birçok alanında faydalanılmasına karşın yat limanlarında kullanılmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bir yat limanı elektrik ihtiyacının GES ile karşılanması için amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç için GES’nde, güneş panelinin aylık optimum eğim açısının değiştirilmesi ile elektrik üretim veriminin artırılması analiz edilmiştir.
Çalışma kapsamında Fethiye İlçesindeki bir yat limanı elektrik ihtiyacının kurulu gücü 1500 kW olan GES ile tedarik edilmektedir. Hesaplamalarda Fotovoltaik Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (PVGIS) simülasyon programı kullanılmıştır. GES güneş panelinin yıllık optimum eğim açısı (0° ve 3,17°) ile aylık optimum eğim açısı (8°, 13°, 19°, 24°, 31,7°, 35°, 40°, 49°, 50°, 59°) elektrik üretimi aylık bazda ayrı ayrı bulunmuştur. Akabinde GES’nde kullanılan güneş enerji panelleri aylık optimum eğim açıları yılda 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ve 8 defa değiştirilecek şekilde farklı aylarda birden fazla kombinasyon oluşturularak gruplandırma yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, yat limanına kurulacak 1500 kW kurulu güce sahip GES’nde sadece aylık panel eğim açısının değiştirilmesi karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırma sonucunda; 3,17°’lik eğim açısına göre 8’li gruplandırmada 129 MWh ve %5,24 oran ile verimde en yüksek, 2’li gruplandırmada ise 95 MWh ve %3,86 oran ile verimde en düşük artışın olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
... In another study, Peng et al. (2019) found that compared to vertical shading, horizontal shading pattern effects more on the vertical configuration of laminated PV-IGU unit as given in Fig. 30, the PV string configurations. It was suggested to avoid such shadings to reduce power output by 50% compared to nonshaded one, because the horizontal shade device cast shadow, which diminished the current flow through all the parallel strings Prasad & Snow, 2005, Roberts & Guariento, 2009 Effect of opaque PV as a building material Aaditya et al. (2013) and Aaditya and Mani (2018) observed that replacing conventional building material stabilized mud block (SMB) with PV technologies (see Fig. 31) increases degree discomfort hours (DDH) of the building approximately by 2-3 times. Also, a significant variation of up to 50% in individual panel efficiency and year-round array system efficiency was observed. ...
Integration of Photovoltaic (PV) technologies with building envelopes started in the early 90 to meet the building energy demand and shave the peak electrical load. The PV technologies can be either attached or integrated with the envelopes termed as Building Attached (BA)/Building Integrated (BI) PV system. The BAPV/BIPV system applications are categorized under the building envelope roof and facades as PV-roof, PV-Skin Facade, PV- Trombe Wall, PV claddings, and louvers. This review covers various factors that affect the design and performance of the BAPV/BIPV system applications. The factors identified are air gap, ventilation rate, a tilt angle of PV shading devices, adjacent shading, Semitransparent PV(STPV) glazings design, Cell Coverage Ratio (CCR), transmittance,
Window to wall ratio (WWR), and glazing orientation. Furthermore, the results of the possible factors are compared to building locations. This
review article will be beneficial for researchers in designing the BAPV/BIPV system and provides future research possibilities.Keywords: Photovoltaic,Double skin Facades,Trombe wall,Glazings
... Bu modeller kullanılarak güneş panellerin eğim açılarındaki güneş ışınımından faydalanma verimleri incelenmiştir. Güneş panellerinden elde edilen enerji miktarı; enlem ve panelin yüzey ile yaptığı eğim açısına göre değişmektedir [1]. Kaldellis ve Zafirakis yaptıkları deneysel bir çalışmada tüm yaz dönemi için Atina'da güneş panel optimum eğim açısını 15° (± 2,5°) olarak belirlemişlerdir [2]. ...
Fosil yakıtlardan elde edilen enerji çevre ve insan sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Dünyada enerji tüketimine bağlı olarak gelişen olumsuz etkiyi azaltmak için Uluslararası Yenilenebilir Enerji Ajansı tarafından yeni tedbirler uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu tedbirlerin başında güneş enerjisine dayalı elektrik üretimi gelmektedir. Bu çalışma, Kayseri’de yapılacak olan güneş enerjisi yatırımlarında kullanılan güneş panellerinin güneş ışınımından daha iyi faydalanmalarını sağlamak için yapılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada, panellerin aylık, mevsimlik ve altı aylık performansları ile optimum eğim açısının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, güneş ışınımı tespitinde Fotovoltaik Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (PVGIS), eğim açılarının tespitinde ise PVGIS ve Hottel & Woertz (HW) metotları kullanılmıştır. Hesaplamalar sonucunda; PVGIS ve HW metotları arasındaki açı farkının yaz aylarında 10,6°’ye kadar çıktığı, yılın son dört ayında ise birbirleriyle aynı değerleri aldığı görülmüştür. Kayseri’de güneş panellerinin her ay farklı sabit bir optimum eğim açısı ile konumlandırılması durumunda 1852,3 kWh/m2 maksimum güneş ışınımı elde edilmiştir. Yıllık 29,5°’lik eğim açısıyla konumlandırılan güneş paneline göre; aylık, mevsimsel ve altı aylık olarak değiştirilen panel eğim açılarındaki verimin sırasıyla yılda %4,11, %3,25 ve %2,99 arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Aylık optimum eğim açısı ile konumlandırmanın büyük avantaj sağladığı anlaşılmıştır. Mevsimsel ve altı aylık optimum eğim açıları karşılaştırıldığında ise verim farkı yüzde 0,26 olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu farkın az olması, güneş panellerinin yılda iki kez (altı aylık) eğim açısını değiştirerek konumlandırmasının uygun olacağını göstermiştir.
... A widespread solution to improve conversion efficiency consists in integration of photovoltaic (PV) panels in building facades, a technology known as integrated photovoltaic building (BIPV). Photovoltaic panels replace areas of exterior or interior windows, creating active walls and active cold or warm facades [11]. ...
The research is focused on realizing a comparative analysis regarding the parameters of an active water-cooling solution for improving the efficiency of monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) panels. The efficiency of the photovoltaic panels is dependent on the climatic conditions, varying especially with the change of the intensity of the solar radiation and of the operating temperature. The cooling of the photovoltaic panels is a viable solution for both fixed and variable positions of the system. Numerical modelling was carried out on a photovoltaic panel integrated into the façade of a buildings. The water-cooling solution consist in using a water film heat exchanger attached on the backside of the PV panel. The parameters of the heat agent analysed were the temperature, velocity and width of the water film. The optimal water film heat exchanger solution was obtained for a thickness of 3 mm of water film, a velocity of 0.01 m/s and an operating temperature of 20 °C. In this case, the thermal power extracted by the film exchanger reaches values of 140.8 W, with an overall heat exchange coefficient of 48.6 W/m 2. K. During the study, the global heat transfer coefficient and the raise off efficiency is determined for each case.
... As the Nottingham University Jubilee Campus, the German Reichstag and other PV buildings of the '90s, the project was subsidized by public programs, often promoted by the European Commission or governments' budgets. For instance, the Pompeu Fabra library was part of the Joule II program [14]. ...
The built environment remains a strategic research and innovation domain in view of a full decarbonization of our economy. As set in the European Green Deal, one of the two pillars of this transition towards decarbon-ization is the on-site production of electricity via sustainable , renewable energy technologies, covering buildings' energy needs but also providing services to the grid. The exploitation of building skin surfaces represents a huge potential in turning the built environment into a decentralized renewable energy producer, by saving lands and landscape areas, as well as advancing towards a refurbished and improved building stock in the EU. Today, BIPV has achieved a high level of technical maturity and the market perspective looks promising. Supported by increasing technological developments, by digitization and process innovations, such systems are ready to explore the next frontier: to be fully integrated in the construction market and to help make cities healthier and powered by on-site solar renewables. Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) also offers a key opportunity for PV market development and the establishment of a competitive value chain in Europe[1]. Existing BIPV products offer to architects, building owners, façade makers and real estate developers a diversified range of products which can be manufactured and customized like any conventional building envelope solution. However, the BIPV market has not reached relevant development and continues to occupy a niche of both PV and building markets. In addition, the combination of building and solar industry processes requires the involvement of several stakeholders that have to be carefully coordinated, which remains challenging in such a multidisciplinary field. Its hybrid nature, methods and logics, if not streamlined and optimized within a virtuous cycle in the supply chain, could lead to a fragmentation of the sector. This could discourage many building investors, planners or industries from investing in solar buildings or, in any case, generate a "fear of surcharge", which would eventually compromise decision making. Even though the most evident BIPV barriers are clear and many issues have been solved during the last years, one of the main challenge today is to widely demonstrate BIPV in real buildings with a turnkey solution and an efficient process able to ensure performance, reliability, durability and replica-bility in a cost competitive way. The BIPV Status Report 2020 aims to provide a practical handbook to all stakeholders of the BIPV development process, providing insights to each of these actors, although they approach the topic of BIPV from different perspectives. This handbook highlights the main steps of BIPV's evolution, the key challenges of the sector, as well as the necessary interdisciplinary of the activities across the whole BIPV project development process. The status of BIPV in Europe, relying on an extensive database of BIPV case studies and on an analysis of past and future market trends, is presented over the critical reflection on the main traits of its evolution along last decades. The case studies analysed, the database of products and the results from our applied research fully oriented to practice and to the real market, offer to architects inputs for new projects and references to quantify BIPV costs and advantages. This can eventually help them to reach new customers. Moreover, the practicality of this booklet and its info-graphics make it a potential tool for public authorities and educational istitutions to promote BIPV and, in general, the sustainability of buildings. The economic calculation and the cost competitiveness analysis can support investors, building managers and real estate developers in taking the most economically convenient decisions. The crucial question of cost competitiveness is illustrated with data coming from the real market and built examples and is representative of the common EU building typologies and building envelope solutions.
... [375] In the most common encapsulation method, large area devices are laminated between films of cross-linkable ethylene vinyl acetate in vacuum, under compression and up to 150 °C, which requires the PAL to be stable for ≈2 h at 150 °C to ensure glass sealing. [103,376] However, recent progress in laser assisted glass sealing will likely soon make this compression method obsolete, as it can guarantee the hermetic glass sealing at a process temperature <80 °C. Although glass encapsulation using laser-assisted glass-frit sealing has been much studied to seal other related photovoltaic technologies, such as large area dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) [377] and perovskite [378] solar cells, no studies are currently known in literature on the use of this technology to glass seal large area OPVs. ...
Organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells have recently undergone a rapid increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) under AM1.5G conditions, as certified by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), which have jumped from 11.5% in October 2017 to 18.2% in December 2020. However, the NREL certified PCE of large area OPV modules is still lagging far behind (11.7% in July 2020). Additionally, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the use of OPVs for dim light indoor applications, with reported PCE of some large area (≥1 cm2) devices, under 1000 lux, well above 20%. The transition of OPV from the lab to the market requires the development of effective manufacturing processes that can scale‐up laboratory‐scale devices into large area devices, without sacrificing performance and simultaneously minimizing associated manufacturing costs. This review article focuses on four important challenges that OPV technology has to face to achieve a reliable lab‐to‐fab transfer, namely: i) The upscaling of indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO)‐based single cells and the interconnection of single cells into large area modules; ii) the development of alternatives to vacuum processing; iii) the development of alternatives to ITO‐based substrates; and iv) strategies for improving the lifetime of large area OPV devices.
... However, the efficiency of thin-film technology is lower than crystalline silicon technology since a larger area is required to produce the expected power. Thus, crystalline materials have extensive market share in the solar industry, with thin-film modules estimating for 5% of solar installations across the globe [12]. ...
Since the harmful effects of climate warming on our planet were first observed, the use of renewable energy
resources has been significantly increasing. Among the potential renewable energy sources, photovoltaic (PV) system
installations keep continuously increasing world-wide due to its economic and environmental contributions. Despite its
significant benefits, the inherent variability of PV power generation due to meteorological parameters can cause power
management/planning problems. Thus, forecasting of PV output data (directly or indirectly) in an accurate manner is a critical
task to provide stability, reliability, and optimisation of the grid systems. In considering the literature reviewed, there are various
research items utilizing PV output power forecasting. In this study, a systematic literature review based on the search of primary
studies (published between 2010 and 2020), which forecast PV power generation using machine learning and deep learning
methods, is reported. The studies are evaluated based on the PV material used, their approaches, generated outputs, data set
used, and the performance evaluation methods. As a result, gaps and improvable points in the existing literature are revealed,
and suggestions which include novelties are offered for future works.
... Figure 5.4 shows a very early example: the CIS tower in Manchester, UK, which is the first European large-scale example of BIPV. In 2006, this building was retrofitted with over 7,000 crystalline silicon solar panels, generating 180 MWh/year (Roberts and Guariento 2009). Figure 5.5 shows a sketch of a "rainscreen overcladding" system. ...
... [2][3][4] Crystalline solar cells with particular shapes 5 improving the aesthetics or even dummies are typical approaches used in building integration. 6 Such approaches, however are always limited by processing constraints and full freedom of design can only be reached if photovoltaic cells can be fabricated by printing techniques. 2 Digital stencil-less techniques such as drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing are particularly compelling for this purpose. In addition, they offer straightforward industrialization capability. ...
Customizable solar cells are required for aesthetic indoor and outdoor photovoltaic de-ployment as well as for the freedom of design of small and portable power supplies. We demonstrate that drop on demand inkjet printing can be used for the fabrication of monolithic mesoscopic carbon-based perovskite solar cells by printing all of the oxide layers in the stack as well as the organo-metal halide absorber. Printable inks using environmentally friendly solvents and jetting parameters were developed in order to achieve homogenous and continuous functional layers of the photovoltaic stack. Inkjet printed cells are compared to those obtained from the standard screen-printing route. As a proof of princi-ple, photovoltaic cells with an area of 1.5 cm2 and a performance of 9.1 % were realized by inkjet printing, which opens up intriguing application possibilities.
... [2][3][4] Crystalline solar cells with particular shapes 5 improving the aesthetics or even dummies are typical approaches used in building integration. 6 Such approaches, however are always limited by processing constraints and full freedom of design can only be reached if photovoltaic cells can be fabricated by printing techniques. 2 Digital stencil-less techniques such as drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing are particularly compelling for this purpose. In addition, they offer straightforward industrialization capability. ...
Customizable solar cells are required for aesthetic indoor and outdoor photovoltaic de-ployment as well as for the freedom of design of small and portable power supplies. We demonstrate that drop on demand inkjet printing can be used for the fabrication of monolithic mesoscopic carbon-based perovskite solar cells by printing all of the oxide layers in the stack as well as the organo-metal halide absorber. Printable inks using environmentally friendly solvents and jetting parameters were developed in order to achieve homogenous and continuous functional layers of the photovoltaic stack. Inkjet printed cells are compared to those obtained from the standard screen-printing route. As a proof of princi-ple, photovoltaic cells with an area of 1.5 cm² and a performance of 9.1 % were realized by inkjet printing, which opens up intriguing application possibilities.
... In a warm façade, also referred to as 'Curtain wall', the outer structure of the building envelope is directly connected with the interior of the building. In this case, the BIPV unit is actively responsible for insulation and protection against weather conditions [78]. Solar glazing is a kind of BIPV system where (semi-)transparent thin film solar cells or opaque solar cells are installed as glass units, either in façades or roofs, and can generate electricity while maintaining a certain degree of transparency and an unobstructed view of the outside. ...
Urban environments can be key to sustainable energy in terms of driving innovation and action. Urban areas are responsible for a significant part of energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions. The share of greenhouse gas emissions is likely to increase as global urban populations increase. As over half of the human population will live in cities in the near future, the management of energy supply and demand in urban environments will become essential. Developments such as the transformation of the electricity grid from a centralised to a decentralised system as well as the electrification of the transportation and heating systems in buildings will transform the urban energy landscape. Efficient heating systems, sustainable energy technologies, and electric vehicles will be critical to decarbonise cities. An overview of emerging technologies and concepts in the built environment is provided in this literature review on the basis of four main areas, namely, energy demand, supply, storage, and integration aspects. The Netherlands is used as a case study for demonstrating evidence-based results and feasibility of innovative urban energy solutions, as well as supportive policies.
... IV-1 panneau semi-transparent à cellules monocristallines[72] Chapitre IV : Application aux photopiles solaires ferroélectriques BaTiO3/ZnO intégrées avec un système LSCThèse de doctorat de 3 ème cycle de M. LATRECHE Slimane sous la direction du Prof. KADRI Abderrahmane et de DRH FATHI Mohammed Physique, Option : Nanophysique des Lasers et Optoélectronique. Laboratoire d'étude des Matériaux Optoélectronique &Polymères Principe de fonctionnement d'un concentrateur solaire luminescent2. ...
... Senila su karakteristična vrsta takvih struktura i komponenti omotača kojima se jasno pokazuje aktivan odnos zgrade prema okruženju. Senilima se postiže pasivan način smanjenja prekomernih toplotnih dobitaka od Sunčevog zračenja, a dobre mogućnosti kombinovanja sistemskih modula u strukture senila na omotaču zgrade omogućavaju kako smanjenje potrošnje energije za hlađenje tako i korišćenje solarne energije, što je osetan doprinos uštedi energije (Roberts and Guariento, 2009). ...
... The attachment method can significantly affect the loads that are being applied to the structure and how it is being handled. In most cases, building façade integrated PV is designed to withstand wind loads, snow loads, and impose loads: barrier loading, impact loading due to cleaning and maintenance, bomb blast effect and seismic effects [192]. Therefore, the entire PV array mounting system and all components must be designed to support the maximum expected load combinations. ...
The given state-of-the-art review of BIPV design and management tools presents recent developments in BIPV modelling concerning design and management processes with different levels of detail, targeting various stakeholders and their requirements in the BIPV value chain in relation to geophysical, technical, economic and environmental aspects. It goes beyond focusing only on PV modelling and gives an overview of the BIPV tools from the perspective of BIPV integration in design and multi-performance modelling and planning. The report examines features and functions, as well as potential development
and limitations of currently available tools used in BIPV planning process, including tools specifically designed for BIPV and PV tools with capacity to simulate certain BIPV cases. Moreover, report provides information on limitation and reliability of these tools in different settings and for different BIPV categories, indicating pathways and tools’ selection that would provide the highest confidence and fidelity of results as well as positive user experience throughout the process. The report streamlines workflows according to the type and complexity of BIPV integration and offers pathways and tools suitable for required case. The report included 15 domains of BIPV planning such as
geophysical, technical, economic and environment which affect successful BIPV integration. 27 software, 9 online tools and 4 apps were compared against the aforementioned domains.
The findings of this review showed none of the examined software and apps can cater to all the factors pertaining to PV project design and management. Results have shown that majority of tools used in BIPV modelling come from PV domain and consequently still lack important features regarding BIPV integration, especially for vertical or externally mounted BIPV. Therefore, this study propose a decision support system which will address stakeholders’ practical difficulties by providing the main features: (1) a localized data repository which will include weather information, building regulations, energy consumptions in different building sectors, utility prices,
construction and maintenance costs, contract types, financial modes, carbon prices and government incentive schemes; (2) efficient 3D model creation of the physical environment; (3) Hourly comparison of energy input and output; (4) PV layout design optimization; (5) Simulated installation process and
impact analysis; (6) Monitoring and inspection modules with auto diagnosing function; (7) PV system performance recording; and (8) sensitivity analysis and scenario-based decision making support.
The growing interest in the application of photovoltaics in construction results in solutions based on the concept of integration with the architecture of the building. This means that the challenge lies not only in the technical integration itself but in accordance with the concept of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), integration results in closer ties with architecture. The following article aims to determine the current possibilities with regard to the integration of PV technology with the building (narrowed down to the use of PV cells and PV modules) and, consequently, the role of BIPV in modern architecture in terms of aesthetics and functionality, including the relationship of the building with the environment. The paper offers an architectural perspective on the problem while omitting detailed technological issues. To illustrate the considerations, carefully selected design examples (including those developed by the author) are used, which enable these possibilities to be defined across a broad spectrum. Research prompts the conclusion that the development of biPv strengthens the relationship between Pv technology and architecture, both in terms of aesthetics and utility. This relationship is synergistic and stimulates the parallel development of Pv technology as architectural solutions.
To reduce the pollution to a large extent in the transportation sector, it is important to charge the Electrical Vehicles (EV) from sustainable sources of electricity, such as solar or wind energy. Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems have gained popularity over the past 10 years and have been demonstrated to be a practical method of generating renewable energy that can be used to partially power buildings. One of the emerging technologies in EV charging systems is wireless charging technology; we realize that using this technology, fully automatic charging is simple. Compared to a plug-in charging system, wireless charging is free from rust, rain, and other environmental impacts like vandalization and visual pollution. By integrating wireless EV charging with BIPV shading systems, it offers a green and cutting-edge charging option. Building integrated solar panels are affected by different scenarios and causes due to their positioning. The direction of the solar panel, tilted position, and reflected irradiation, these all factors are to be considered in design of BIPV system. In this article, a system designed in way to analyze the effect of white and black color reflectors effect on solar panels (shading system) in different directions. In this work, a 256-W wireless charging system developed for E-bikes utilizing BIPV system. The proposed BIPV-fed resonant inductive charging system achieved efficiency of 95% for simulation and 91.6 for experimental analysis. The experimental analysis is verified by simulation and experimental results.
Perempuan dapat menjadi pendidik lingkungan. Perempuan atau ibu merupakan media edukasi pertama bagi anak-anak. Melalui ibu, pendidikan dan penyadaran mengenai kepedulian terhadap lingkungan dapat ditanamkan pada anak-anak sejak dini. Dari penerapan pola pengelolaan sampah dan pemilihan produk yang ramah lingkungan yang dilakukan dalam sebuah keluarga, anak akan ikut terbiasa dalam menjaga lingkungan. Jika nan nya kebiasaan dan kesadaran lingkungan mengakar dalam diri anak-anak, maka pada masa depan akan tercipta generasi yang peduli lingkungan. Bentuk interaksi dan peran perempuan di sekitar hutan mampu berdampak pada pengembangan dan pemeliharaan hutan mangrove serta peningkatan ekonomi dan kesejahteraan keluarga tersebut melalui pemanfaatan hasil hutan mangrove. Oleh karena itu perlu dikaji mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perempuan dalam melakukan peran dan interaksi terhadap hutan mangrove, bentuk dan ngkat interaksi perempuan terhadap hutan mangrove dalam kegiatan pemanfaatan dan pelestariannya, serta peran serta perempuan pada peningkatan ekonomi rumah tangga melalui pemanfaatan hutan mangrove.
Buildings, especially mid- and high-rise ones, offer the opportunity to incorporate Photovoltaics (PV) on their vertical surfaces in addition to their roofs. This is achieved through Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) solutions. Ventilated facades in buildings can facilitate PV integration and improve the envelope's thermal performance. However, research on BIPV ventilated façades is lacking in the Gulf and MENA regions. Considering the area's harsh climate, investigating these facades is critical. Therefore, the authors of this paper conducted comparative experimental research on the energy performance of BIPV ventilated facades in the hot climate of Dubai. For a year, they monitored the energy yield and temperatures of Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) and monocrystalline silicon (c-Si) modules on the south, east, and west facades. In addition, the study analyzed the effect of the modules' characteristics, orientation, temperature, and solar angle on the energy yield. Despite the hot temperatures, the monthly area-normalized energy yields of the c-Si modules were consistently higher than the CIGS modules across all orientations, with an average difference of 13.6%. The modules in the south facade produced the highest annual yield. Also, from October to February (the coolest period), the energy yield of the south modules surpassed the east and west modules by 41.6% and 48.5%, respectively. However, from April to August (the highest energy demand period), the east and west energy yield exceeded the south by 40.9% and 32.5%, respectively. In addition, the west-facing modules experienced higher temperatures than those in the east, resulting in an average of 12% lower energy yields. Hence, the east façade has performed the second best. The west façade production, nevertheless, closely coincides with Dubai's peak periods curve. Thus, the combination of modules on the west and south facades achieved the strongest generation-consumption correlation.
Electric vehicles (EVs) of the modern era are almost on the verge of tipping scale against internal combustion engines (ICE). ICE vehicles are favorable since petrol has a much higher energy density and requires less space for storage. However, the ICE emits carbon dioxide which pollutes the environment and causes global warming. Hence, alternate engine technology is the need of the current era to mitigate the existing problems and keep the environment clean. With the advancements of batteries and supercapacitors have seen some production of EVs having same or even higher total mileage per full tank, some even reach 580 km per charge. The energy generated from solar cell is one of the best sources of energy to integrate with the batteries and supercapacitors for electric vehicles. In this review, different types of solar cells and their integration with supercapacitors and batteries have been discussed for electric vehicles.
In this chapter, the developed guide is applied to two strategically selected case studies of multi-storey garages located in Portsmouth and Bristol. The planning, architectural and environmental adaptive reuse potential of these urban structures for food production is analysed. The planning phase defines the key drivers and motivations for the proposed up-cycling that are in line with the urban development objectives. The architectural analysis investigates selected car parking structures as three-dimensional volumes and identifies unique opportunities and limitations for repurposing them for alternative use. The potential to implement resource-efficient installations, alternative energy technologies, and environmental synergies with other uses is analysed in the environmental phase. Applying the guide results in the development of adaptive reuse scenarios for the two analysed multi-storey garages, which present these inner-city structures as mixed-use, resource-efficient, productive architecture.
Solar technology candidates for building‐integrated photovoltaics and mobile power applications suffer from difficulty in fabricating large‐area defect‐free solar cells, high materials costs, and small angular acceptance for incoming radiation. Solar concentrators that collect non‐normal‐incidence radiation and diffuse light while retaining high concentration ratios are therefore an enticing technology for high‐efficiency, low‐cost photovoltaic systems. In this work, a novel implementation of dielectric total internal reflection concentrators (DTIRCs) that utilizes a piecewise smooth sidewall profile with an intermediate segment is developed. Coupled with a central turning point in the entrance surface, this design allows for a tunable phase shift between the two sidewall segments, thereby allowing both the concentration ratio at normal incidence and the maximum acceptance angle to be increased, and the limit imposed by etendue conservation to be potentially exceeded under specific conditions. Scalable fabrication techniques are used to produce flexible DTIRCs, and their performance is verified with high‐efficiency commercial solar cells. Moreover, the practical collectible sun power over the course of a year is calculated, demonstrating that the new design demonstrated here receives more total power compared to traditional direct solar concentrators and standard DTIRC designs in realistic conditions, making it a good candidate for scalable micro‐concentrator systems that can be integrated directly into a solar cell package. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Stabilization of copper solar cell contacts against oxidation and delamination has been investigated through surface coating with spin coated titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films. TiO2 coating allowed the passivation of electroless deposited copper against oxidation and delamination and formed a double layer antireflection coating (DLARC) with silicon nitride (SiNx). Simulation using OPAL.2 software showed that as thinner than 2 nm of TiO2 coating is enough to be deposited on typical 78nm SiNx to get around 10.86% weighted reflectance (Rw). TiO2 coatings deposited on the front surface of solar cell enhanced mechanical adherence and chemical stability of copper contacts. The obtained Rw for the DLARC (TiO2/SiNx) was 10.38%. TiO2 coatings stopped copper brownish and delamination in comparison with bare copper. The peeling test carried out on solar cells metallized with Ni/Cu contacts then coated with TiO2 showed good mechanical adherence to n+/mc-Si wafer. The contact resistance (ρc) obtained from TLM measurements was the same for both non-coated and TiO2 coated Cu/Ni/Si structures. Although high ρc value was obtained, the present study enabled us to conclude that copper contacts stabilization with TiO2 is really an original and promising approach for future solar cell metallization applications.
This chapter presents a summary of active solar technologies employed to convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy, to be utilized in various building applications including space heating, domestic hot water, and to meet various electrical requirements. Active solar technologies include various types of photovoltaic (PV) technologies (such as different PV cells, semi-transparent PV, transparent PV, and others), hybrid PV/thermal collectors, and solar thermal collectors. Current advancements in these technologies are summarized. In addition, the methods of integration of these technologies into buildings and especially the building envelope are discussed. The main criteria for successful integration and performance of these technologies are highlighted.
Glass is considered to be one of the main elements in buildings. It creates the relationship between the environment inside the building and the external environment of the surrounding area; this is due to the inherent nature of its different degrees of transparency. The significance of glass in buildings is related to its aesthetic which can totally enrich buildings facades, together with the functional and technological value. By applying amazing technological advances of the twenty first century and the use of nanotechnology as an effective tool to solve many problems in different fields; effect of direct employment of nanotechnology in glass architecture appears to be of great significance. This was not only made due to the creation of a new way of dealing with glass with unlimited understanding of it as a material that expresses the presence of openings and orifices, but also as a part of the building components that has a wider and more comprehensive scope to represent different parts of the building and to fulfill lots of demands and requirements in the field of architecture. This paper aims at revealing the role of glass using nanotechnology in solving different building problems in construction and forms of aesthetic design together and to provide environmental solutions through presenting different applications expressing the three previous elements discussed through the case study and its analysis with the aim of reaching the possibility of its application and utilization in the field of architecture to meet the needs and functional requirements either they are materialistic or non-materialistic. The role of this technology will create new and innovative terminology in glass architecture. Introduction: Most recently, the shape of future human life has witnessed great emphasis and interest about knowing how to face future problems. To do so, some attempts were made to overcome the problems of the future as well as present time. Through inventing new products, new technologies and others, architects are now able to face the global challenges represented in energy preservation, ecological protection and seeking to have a good nature that is free of carbon outcomes and autarky. Glass industry is on an on going development as some types with special features and qualities through adding some different types of paint to glass that have changed its characteristics have merged. instead, glass has turned from just a construction element into an aesthetic factor in design and proved to be energy economy in addition to reinforcing the functions of preserving it. This could be achieved through concentration that was made in nanotechnology fields to have high quality products. In this respect, the search approach of the study was connected to development made in the glass industry as it expresses new whole buildings that represent innovative glass architecture. Therefore, I have made my study based on the main basic elements of architecture; utilization, durability and aesthetics and started to study advanced glass using nanotechnology to achieve the basic three elements of architecture in the building and have studied new developing methods of construction and its relation to the durability of glass, as well as new patterns and forms of glass industry development over the aesthetics of interior and exteriors facades of the building. Moreover, the new upgraded functions of glass have also been applied due to the application of nanotechnology to meet ecological requirements and sustainability in a way that made it contributes primarily in solving energy problems, environmental pollution and lowering economical costs after commissioning the building for such long periods of time.
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