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Plant Life of South West Asia
... Son bulguların ışığı altında Artvin'de 198'i endemik tür olmak üzere toplam endemik ve nadir bitki sayısı 500 olarak tespit edilmiştir (Eminağaoğlu, Akyıldırım Beğen vd., 2015). İlimizde özellikle, Anadolu Diyagonali (Davis, 1971) olarak bahsedilen ve güneydeki bazı bitki türlerinin kuzeye, aynı şekilde kuzeydeki türlerin güneye taşınmış olması sonucu Akdeniz elemanlarının görülmesi, bitki tür çeşitliliğine önemli katkı yapmıştır. Bu türlerden bir kısmı tıbbi-aromatik amaçlı yaygın oranda kullanılmaktadır. ...
Her türlü bilimin doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak bağlantılı olduğu matematik gün geçtikçe insanlığın ilerlemesi ve teknolojik kazanımların elde edilmesinde ar-tan bir öneme sahip olmaktadır. Matematik alanında yapılan çalışmalar günden güne artmakta ve matematiğin alt anabilim dallarında yapılan çalışmalar dikkate alındığında matematik bilimi adeta kendi içerisinde de multidisipliner bir hale gel-miş durumdadır. Her türlü ilerlemenin temel aldığı ve dayanak olarak kullandığı bazı temel doğ-rular vardır. Fibonacci ve Lucas sayıları ise bu temel doğrulardan biridir. Fibonacci ve Lucas sayıları geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde de matematikçiler ve alana ilgi duyanlar tarafından yoğun bir şekilde çalışılmakta ve matematiğin diğer alanları ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Leonarda Fibonacci, babası vesilesi ile gittiği Kuzey Afrika'da öğrenmiş oldu-ğu sayı dizisi ve gizemini 1202 yılında "Liber Abaci" adlı çalışmasın-da yayınlayarak bu gizemin Avrupa'ya ve dünyaya yayılmasına katkı sağlamıştır. Sonraları ise sayı dizisi Fibonacci sayı dizisi olarak anıla gelmiştir. Bu dizide ardışık iki terimin toplamı sonraki terimi verir ve özdeşliği ile bilinir. "Benzer şekilde Lucas 1, 3, 4, 7, 11,... sayı dizisini tanımlamıştır. Fibonacci sayısı dizisi, ardışık iki Fibonacci sayısının büyüğünün küçüğüne oranının sonsuzda aldığı değer (altın oran), ardışık iki Fibonacci sayısının çarpımı vb. hesaplamalar günlük hayatta karşılaştığımız birçok olayda, bilimsel gerçekler-de karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Dünyanın ekvator çevresinin çapının hesaplanması, çi-çekler, yaprakların büyümesi ve yapıları, ağaçlar, arıların üremesi, ayçiçeği, müzik, örümcek ağı ve ideal insan vücudu gibi birçok olayın meydana gelmesinde bu özel sayı dizisinden bahsedilmektedir. Örnek olarak Zerger, ekvator üzerinde alınan iki nokta arasındaki en uzun mesafenin 12.816 km olduğunu ve bunun da iki Fibonac-ci sayısının çarpımı (89.144=12.816 km) olduğunu gösterdi (Koshy, 2001).
Fibonacci ve Lucas sayılarıyla belirlenen bir nesnenin özellikleri tüm evrende
ortaktır. Diğer bir deyişle olguların sınıflarındırılmasında kullanılan Fibonacci ve
Lucas sayı karşılıkları aynı türlerde dünyanın her yerinde benzerdir. Fibonacci ve
Lucas sayı dizileri Bicknell M., Hoggatt V.E., A Primer for the Fibonacci Numbers,
(1974); Alfred B.U., An Introduction to Fibonacci Discovery, (1965); Koshy T.,
Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications, (2001) çalışmalarında ayrıntılı
olarak ele alınmıştır.
Bu çalışmada ise yukarıda adı geçen eserlerde yer alan Fibonacci ve Lucas sayı
dizileri ile ilgili çalışmaları Artvin’de yer alan bazı bitki ve ağaç türlerinde incelemek
istedik.
Artvin ili, fitocoğrafik bölge açısından, Holarktik bölgenin, Avrupa-Sibirya flora
alanının Kolşik alt kesiminde yer almaktadır. İlin yüz ölçümünün %54’ü ormanlık
alanlarla kaplıdır. Artvin ili, sahip olduğu farklı vejetasyon alanları, 100 ile 3925 m
arasında değişen yükselti farkı, 3 farklı iklimin (Akdeniz, Karasal ve Osiyenik) etkisi
altında olması zengin su kaynakları, jeolojik ve jeomorfolojik farklılıklar nedeniyle
çok sayıda farklı bitkinin yetişebilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Son bulguların ışığı altında
Artvin’de 198’i endemik tür olmak üzere toplam endemik ve nadir bitki sayısı
500 olarak tespit edilmiştir (Eminağaoğlu, Akyıldırım Beğen vd., 2015). İlimizde
özellikle, Anadolu Diyagonali (Davis, 1971) olarak bahsedilen ve güneydeki bazı
bitki türlerinin kuzeye, aynı şekilde kuzeydeki türlerin güneye taşınmış olması sonucu
Akdeniz elemanlarının görülmesi, bitki tür çeşitliliğine önemli katkı yapmıştır. Bu
türlerden bir kısmı tıbbi-aromatik amaçlı yaygın oranda kullanılmaktadır.
... It is also surrounded by sea on three sides, forming a peninsula. Moreover, Davis et al. (1971) reported that three phytogeographical regions, the Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean, and Irano-Turanian, meet in Anatolia as a consequence of this unique geographical structure, called the Anatolian Diagonal. This geographical structure encourages plant and animal biodiversity. ...
The Tricholoma biodiversity of the Aegean region of Turkey has been determined and reported in this study. As a consequence
of field and laboratory studies, 31 Tricholoma species have been identified, and five of them (T. filamentosum, T. frondosae, T. quercetorum,
T. rufenum, and T. sudum) have been reported for the first time from Turkey. The identification key of the determined taxa is given with
this study.
... The collected samples were deposited and saved in Herbarium of Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Ankara University (ANK). Identifications of the specimens were done according to flora studies [27][28][29][30][31][32]. ...
This study aims to determine the threat categories of endemic plants in the vegetation of Sakarat Mountain (Amasya) on the basis of the vegetation field survey in 2004 and 2005 years. Plant samples were collected in their vegetation seasons. According to results, 78 families, 283 genera and 494 taxa are identified. As a result of field surveys, six different vegetation types forest (decidious, mixed coniferous and deciduous), subalpine, steppe, rocky, wet grassland and segetal were determined. 40 plant taxa (8.09% of all taxa) were confirmed as endemic. The families with the highest rate of endemic taxa are Fabaceae (15%) and Lamiaceae (15%). Phytogeographic regions (Chorotypes) among endemic taxa were listed as Irano-Turanian 13 (32.5%), Euro-Siberian 9 (22.5%), Mediterranean 1 (2.5%), while phytogeographic origin of (17 taxa) 42.5% of endemic taxa were Unknown. The threat categories regarding the endemic species were determined and analysed according to "Red Data Book of Turkish Plants" adopted 2001 IUCN criteria. In the evaluation phase of the endemic taxa and their threat categories, it was found that 1 species (2.5%) is in Endangered, 3 species (7.5%) in Near Threatened and 36 species (90%) in Least Concern according to the criteria of 2001 IUCN. When the life forms of plant taxa were analysed, it was determined that Hemicryptophytes have the most number of plant taxa with 82.5%, Therophytes and Geophytes have the less than others 2.5%.
Keywords: Sakarat mountain, A6, Amasya, Turkey, endemic plants, threat categories, IUCN
... Collected samples to endemic plants were transferred to herbarium according to standard methods. Identifications were made according to flora studies [2,[24][25][26][27][28] and plant samples in Herbarium of Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Ankara University (ANK) in which the collected plant samples also was deposited and saved. ...
This study based on the vegetation field survey between April 1993 and October 1997 is done for the purpose of determining the vegetation of Deveci Mountains (Yozgat-Tokat). During the plant vegetation seasons, 1400 plant samples were collected from the research area. 456 taxa and 262 genera to be belonging to 63 families were determined. In the survey area, five different vegetation types coniferous and deciduous forest, scrub, steppe, rocky and wet grassland were present. The threat categories of the endemic species of Deveci Mountains were determined and evaluated according to 'Red Data Book of Turkish Plants', which was prepared by using IUCN criteria. A total of 65 plant taxa were determined as endemic (14.25% of all taxa). Highest ratios of endemic taxa were from families Fabaceae (16.92%) and Lamiaceae (16.92%). Phytogeographic regions (Chorotypes) among endemic taxa were listed as Irano-Turanian 35 (53.85%), Eastern Mediterranean 3 (4.62%), Euxine 2 (3.08%), Euro-Siberian 1 (1.54%), while phytogeographic origin of (24 taxa) 36.92% of endemic taxa were Unknown. As endemic taxa and their threat categories are evaluated, 1 (1.54%) species was found to in Endangered, 4 (6.15%) in Vulnerable, 7 (10.77%) in Near Threatened and 53 (81.54%) in Least Concern according to IUCN criteria. When the plant taxa were classified and analysed according to Raunkiaer's life forms, Hemicryptophytes were determined to be the most common plant taxa (76.92%), Chamaephytes come next (9.23%), is followed by the Therophytes (7.69%), and then come Phanerophytes (4.62%). While Geophytes have the least number of plant taxa with 1 species (1.54%).
Keywords: Deveci Mountains, A5, A6, B5, Yozgat, Tokat, Turkey, endemic plants, threat categories, IUCN
... Recently, many new species and new records to the flora of Turkey from Artvin have been described (Eminağaoğlu et al. 2012a, b;Eminağaoğlu & Özcan, 2013;Yüzbaşıoğlu & Keskin, 2013;Demirci et al., 2014;Yıldırım & Aslan, 2015;Gültepe et al., 2016;Knoche & Marcussen, 2016;Yıldız et al., 2016). The study area is in the A9 square according to Davis et al. (1971)'s grid system and within the Colchic province of the Euro-Siberian floristic area in the Holarctic region (Zohary, 1973). The altitude of the area is between 400 and 2830 m. ...
This study was aimed to determine floristic content of Yukarımaden and Aşağımaden villages and their surroundings in Artvin between June and September 2015. It is located in the north-east of the Eastern Black Sea Region and is taken place in Colchic province of Euro-Siberian floristic area of Holarctic Region and lies between 400 and 2830 m. As a result of this study, total 566 plant taxa belong to 85 families and 358 genera were determined.7 of them belong to Pteridophyta, the remaining 559 taxa were Magnoliophyta which included 7 taxa from Pinidae, 1 taxa from Gnetidae and 551 taxa from Magnoliidae. The largest families recorded were as follows: Poaceae 38 taxa, Lamiaceae 38 taxa, Rosaceae 38 taxa, Asteraceae 36 taxa, Fabaceae 32 taxa, Brassicaceae 26 taxa, Caryophyllaceae 22 taxa, Boraginaceae 22 taxa, Ranunculaceae 20 taxa and Apiaceae 16 taxa. The percentage of phytogeographical origins of 227 taxa (40.1%) was determined. The distribution of the taxa according to the phytogeographical regions was as follows: 130 taxa (22.9%) Euro-Siberian, 83 taxa (14%). Irano-Turanian, 14 taxa (2.4%) Mediterranean, 339 taxa (59.9%) cosmopolit. In the study area, 57 rare plant taxa were identified, 18 of which were endemic. Endemism is 3.2% and included 18 endemic taxa. The endemic and rare non-endemic plants in the study area have been indicated to IUCN threat catagories. Also, one species has been identified under the BERN and CITES contracts in the field.
... The Euro-Siberian flora area encompasses the Black Sea region and is represented by the Euxine (Black Sea) province. Eastern Black Sea region which is also covering the study area is in the Colchic sector which is separated from the west Black Sea region in terms of precipitation from Euxine province [17]. The Colchic sector is characterized by sub-tropical humid forests which are comprise mixed or pure stands of broadleaved deciduous forest, coniferous forest communities. ...
Turkey
is an extraordinary country in terms of plant species diversity. Besides this
diversity, Anatolian lands were hosted by many civilizations. The combination
of these two factors has also contributed to a wealth of human-plant use. The
plants have been used for different purposes in different civilizations such as
food, medical, instrument construction, fuel, paint, feed, incense. The use of
plants today, especially medical and aromatic plants, continues to increase.
According to the Flora of Turkey, which plant is known to grow in which region.
However, there is insufficient information on the status of plant populations.
Plant sociology studies can give us satisfactory information about plant
populations. In this study, Medicinal and aromatic plants of Esenli (Giresun)
Forest Planning Unit, located between Alucra and Yağlıdere districts, were
investigated based on plant sociology. During this study; 20 sample plots were
taken. The vegetation study was carried out according to Braun-Blanquet's
method. Totally, 226 naturally growing plant taxa were identified. Of these
plants, 10 taxa (%4,4) belong to Pteridophyta division and 216 taxa belong to
Spermatophyta division. 3 taxa (%1,3) belong to Gymnospermae subdivision, while
the others 213 (%94,3) are Angiospermae subdivision. As a result of this study,
110 plant taxa which have medicinal and aromatic traits were determined in the
area. These plants are 3 taxa Pteridophyta, 3 taxa from Gymnospermae and the
rest from Angiospermae (104 taxa). Families, scientific names, Turkish names, usable
parts and traditional uses were given in the presentation.
... Full-range broadcast seeding of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani), which was initiated in karstic areas of Mersin-Anamur-Armutkırı in the Taurus Mountains, resulted in the re-establishment of 206,000 ha of these forests from 1984 to 2015. These relatively localized efforts were important because they extended forests in the subhumid, partially arid, and semiarid climate regimes that were Davis et al., 1971 andÇolak andRotherham, 2006) and Erinç's Drought Indices Annual Average Area Map of Turkey (Türkeş 1990). Below: Productive and degraded forests together with other land use types (courtesy of General Directorate of Turkish Forestry). ...
Sustainable management of arid and semiarid forests requires careful planning and implementation. Afforestation by planting and seeding is a fundamental tool for the establishment of new forests on barren landscapes and restoration of degraded forests in arid and semiarid ecosystems. In afforestation efforts, the consideration of site preparation, selection of species, seed source, and planting methods pose a number of ecological and economic challenges. Possessing one of the world’s richest floras, Turkey suffered from heavy degradation during the last millennia. Some studies suggested that forests and steppes once covered 60%-70% and 10%-15% of the Anatolian landscape, respectively. Growing population, overgrazing, clearance for agriculture, fires, excessive timber harvesting, and misuse of lands led to a 26% reduction in the forest area. The Turkish Forest Service completed 2.3 million ha of afforestation and 1.2 ha of erosion control works, mostly in semiarid landscapes. This article presents an assessment of afforestation activities in the semiarid and arid regions of Turkey and is a review of the efforts exerted during the period 1945 to 2014.
... In nearby areas, some floristic and vegetation studies were carried out by Anşin (1979Anşin ( , 1983Anşin ( , 1984, Güner (1983), Güner at al. (1987), Düzenli (1988), Vural (1996), Küçük (1998), Eminağaoğlu & Anşin (2002 and Eminağaoğlu (2009Eminağaoğlu ( , 2015. The study area is in the A8 square according to Davis (1971)'s grid system and within the Colchic province of the Euro-Siberian floristic area in the Holarctic region (Zohary, 1973). The altitude of the area is between 300 and 3264 m. ...
This study has been carried out for determination and contribution to the flora of Kamilet Valley where has quite rich floristic composition during 2011-2016. The research area under review is taken place in Colchic province of Euro-Siberian floristic area of Holarctic and is found in the A8 square according to grid system of Davis. On the other hand, the study area lies between 300 and 3264 m. elevation above the sea level. In this study, total 651 plant taxa belong to 107 families and 361 genera were determined. 41 of them belong to Pteridophyta, the remaining 610 taxa were Spermatophyta which included 5 taxa from Gymnospermae and 605 taxa from Angiospermae. Angiospermae also included 504 taxa from Dicotylodonae and 101 taxa from Monocotyledonae. The largest families recorded were as follows: Asteraceae 79 taxa, Poaceae 44 taxa, Rosaceae 38 taxa, Fabaceae 30 taxa, Brassicaceae 28 taxa, Lamiaceae 28 taxa, Caryophyllaceae 21 taxa, Ranunculaceae 20 taxa, Boraginaceae 18 taxa and Apiaceae 17 taxa. The percentage of phytogeographical origins of 378 taxa (%58.07) was determined. The distribution of the taxa according to the phytogeographical regions was as follows: 326 taxa (86.24%) Euro-Siberian, 19 taxa (5.03%) Irano-Turanian, 5 taxa (1.32%) Mediterranean, 28 taxa (7.41%) cosmopolit. The life form spectrum of the taxon was as follows: Hemicryptophytes 253 taxa, Cryptophytes 196 taxa, Phanerophytes 46 taxa, Chamaephytes 68 taxa, Therophytes 86 taxa and Vascular Parasites 2 taxa. Endemism is 2.92% and included 19 endemic taxa. The endemic and rare non-endemic plants in the study area have been indicated to IUCN threat catagories.
... The study area is in the Colchis province of the Euro- Siberian phytogeographical region (Davis et al., 1971). Moreover, the study area is located between lat 40º47'00''-40º37'30''N and long 39º36'00''-39º43'30'' E, and covers ca. ...
The vascular flora of forest vegetation in Alt›ndere Valley (Maçka-Trabzon) was investigated. The study was conducted
between 2001 and 2002, during which time 1200 plant samples were collected. In all, 383 vascular taxa belonging to 246 genera
and 84 families were identified. The richest family was Asteraceae (35, 9.1%), followed by Lamiaceae (27, 7.0%) and Fabaceae
(23, 6.0%). Additionally, the richest genus was Campanula L. (7, 1.82%), followed by Trifolium L. (6, 1.56%) and Acer L. (6,
1.56%). The phytogeographical regions of 209 (54.56%) taxa were determined. The distribution of taxa within the
phytogeographical regions was as follows: Euro-Siberian elements (184, 48.04%), Irano-Turanian elements (14, 3.66%), and
Mediterranean elements (11, 2.87%). The number of endemic plants found was 16 (4.2%), while 7 (1.8%) rare plants, whose
threat categories according to IUCN were added to floristic list, were found.
Key Words: Alt›ndere Valley, Flora, National Park, Trabzon, Turkey
... The main mountains in the area are Zigana, Kulin, and Kuştul (Anonymous 2009). The study area was in the Colchis province of the Euro-Siberian phytogeographical region (Davis et al. 1971). The region is very rich in plant species. ...
High mountain forests (HMFs) have an important significance in forest ecosystems, but the benefits from such ecosystems have been compromised in recent years. In Turkey, HMFs constitute significant portions of Turkish forests because they cover 4 % of Turkey; 15 % of all Turkish forest areas are HMFs. The Eastern Black Sea region has a particular importance for HMFs due to its biological diversity and the rich presence of endemic species. This study analyzes the changes in spatial and temporal patterns of forest cover in HMF from 1973 to 2008 in the town of Maçka, which is located at the center of the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. The spatial and temporal change patterns of land use are quantified by interpreting spatial data. Remote sensing (RS), geographical information system (GIS), and a spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps (FRAGSTATS) have been used for data collection, analysis, and presentation. The results showed that the HMF areas had biphasic growth from 1973 to 2008. Despite a net increase of 200.6 ha in forested areas between 1984 and 2008, there was an overall decrease from 1973 to 2008. The annual percentage of forestation for the forest areas within the study period was 0.04 % in Maçka. The amount of aggregated forest area fragments rose from 388 in 1973 to 711 in 2008. The increase in the HMF of Maçka can be explained to some extent by the change in the demographic structure of Maçka and its plateaus, which contributed to changes in the daily life of the population of Maçka and its villages, such as changes in annual incomes, their lifestyles, decrease in transhumance and stockbreeding, decrease in the time of dwelling on the plateaus, and changes in the traditional architectural style.
... This region is essentially a belt of broadleaf deciduous forests, penetrated by conifers at higher altitudes . It is most closely related (especially in the east) to the Hyrcanian province of Northern Iran and the adjacent Talysch region, but it also has similarities to the Balkans, central Europe, and even Atlantic Europe (Davis et al. 1971). The Irano-Turanian region is by far the largest of the three regions in Turkey, and apart from a few enclaves, is confined to Central and East Anatolia. ...
Abstract The main aim of this study was to understand the faunistic composition, ecological properties, and zoogeographical composition of the family Elateridae (Coleoptera) of the Western Black Sea region of Turkey. As a result, 44 species belonging to 5 subfamilies and 19 genera were identified. After adding species reported in the literature to the analysis, the fauna in the research area consists of 6 subfamilies, 23 genera and 72 species. Most of the Elateridae fauna of the Western Black Sea region were classified in the subfamilies Elaterinae and Dendrometrinae. The genus Athous was the most species-rich genus. The species composition of the Elateridae fauna of the Western Black Sea region partially overlaps with the known Elateridae fauna of Turkey. The Western Black Sea region shares the most species with the European part of the Western Palaearctic region, including many of those in the Elateridae family, compared to other regions. Comparisons of the three geographical regions of Turkey show that fauna composition, ecological properties, and zoogeographical compositions of the Middle and Western Black Sea regions are more similar to each other than to those of the Central Anatolian region.
... In order of possible disappearance, with the earliest to the left (sp: species not precised; *: morphology unknown to the palynologist; always maximum amounts noted). the Caucasus up to 1500 m altitude, where this deciduous tree lives in a mild and humid climate all the year (Davis et al., 1972). During the Early Pleistocene, the pollen grain of Ulmus should be considered under the taxon Ulmus–Zelkova as the two genera were present as demonstrated in the leaf flora of the site of Incarcal at Crespià (Roiron, 1983) where Zelkova crenata was identified. ...
A detailed analysis of the location and composition of Iberian vegetation types during the whole Pleistocene and Holocene periods shows a complex patched landscape with persistence of different types of ecosystems, even during glacial times. In addition, recent, high-resolution palaeoecological records are changing the traditional picture of post-glacial vegetation succession in the Iberian Peninsula. The main available charcoal and pollen sequences include, coniferous and deciduous forest, steppes, shrublands, savannahs and glacial refugia during the Pleistocene for Meso-thermophytes (phytodiversity reservoirs), in different proportions. This panorama suggests an environmental complexity that relates biotic responses to climate changes forced by Milankovitch cycles, suborbital forcings and by the latitudinal and physiographic particularities of the Iberian Peninsula. Thus, many factors are critical in the course of vegetational developments and strong regional differences are observed since the Early Pleistocene. Currently, the flora of Iberia is located in two biogeographical/climatic regions: the Eurosiberian and the Mediterranean. The first one includes northern and northwestern areas of the peninsula, where post-glacial responses of vegetation are very similar to Central Europe, although with some particularities due to its proximity to both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean region. The second one comprises the main territory of Iberia and shows more complex patterns and singularities, now and in the past. Steppe landscapes dominated extensive areas over all the territory during the cold spells of the Quaternary, especially during the Late Pleistocene up to the Last Glacial Maximum, but differences in composition of the dominant taxa (Compositae versus Artemisia) are observed since the Early Pleistocene, probably related to moisture regional gradients. Coastal shelves and intramountainous valleys, even in continental areas, are spots of floristic diversity and nuclei of population expansion during climatic ameliorations of the Pleistocene. The floristic composition, location and structure of glacial tree populations and communities may have been a primary control on these developments and on the origin and composition of Holocene scenarios. Refugial populations would have been a source, but not the only one, for the early Lateglacial oak expansions for example. From Middle to Late Holocene, inertial, resilient, and rapid responses of vegetation to climatic change are described, any time with regional and local differences. The role of fire, pastoralism, agriculture and other anthropogenic disturbances such as mining during the Copper, Bronze, Iberic, and Roman times must be also considered as an important factor of the current vegetation distribution. In fact, the Iberian Peninsula constitutes a territory where climatic, geological, biogeographical and historical conditions have converged to produce environmental heterogeneity, large biological diversity and ecosystem richness. A note of singularity: in comparison with other Mediterranean peninsulas, Iberia was, doubtless, particularly suitable for the survival and permanence of sclerophyllous elements of any kind (including Ibero-Maghrebian scrubs such as Maytenus, Periploca, Ziziphus,Withania, Lycium, and Calicotome), currently, during the Holocene, and even during glacial stages of the Pleistocene. However, no macro-remains of these taxa have been documented until Late Holocene chronologies, but the survival of other thermophilous species, such as Olea, reveals the existence of glacial refugia in the southernmost areas of Iberia. Over all, and dealing with plant species, the Iberian Peninsula is a land of survival.
... always maximum amounts noted). Site name floral remain (Davis et al., 1972). ...
Cultures in Mediterranean climate zones (MCZs) around the world have long been reliant on groundwater and springs as freshwater sources. While their ecology and cultural sustainability are recognized as critically important, inter-relationships between springs and culture in MCZs have received less attention. Here we augmented a global literature review with case studies in MCZ cultural landscapes to examine the diversity and intensity of cultural and socio-economic relationships on spring ecohydrogeology. MCZs are often oriented on western and southern coasts in tectonically active landscapes which control aquifer structure, the prevalence of westerly winds, and aridity, and generally expose associated habitats and cultures to harsh afternoon sunlight. Cultural appreciation and appropriation of springs ranges widely, from their use as subsistence water supplies to their roles in profound traditions such as Greco-Roman nymphalea as well as Asian and Abrahamic spiritual cleansing and baptism. The abandonment of traditional ways of life, such as rural livestock production, for urban ones has shifted impacts on aquifers from local to regional groundwater exploitation. The commoditization of water resources for regional agricultural, industrial (e.g., mining, water bottling, geothermal resorts), and urban uses is placing ever-increasing unsustainable demands on aquifers and spring ecosystems. When the regional economic value of springs approaches or exceeds local cultural values, these irreplaceable aquatic ecosystems are often degraded, over-looked, and lost. Sustainable stewardship of springs and the aquifers that support them is a poorly recognized but central conservation challenge for modern Mediterranean societies as they face impending impacts of global climate change. Solutions to this crisis require education, societal dialogue, and improved policy and implementation.
Molecular data for 19 specimens of Elmis syriaca syriaca and E. s. zoufali from eight countries have been analysed in order to investigate the taxonomic status and the geographical distribution of these two subspecies. The nominative subspecies was previously thought to be endemic to the Levant (Israel, Lebanon, Syria), while E. s. zoufali was regarded as being widespread from the Balkans to eastern Anatolia and Afghanistan. The results of our molecular studies using DNA barcoding and nuclear DNA data reveal that the two taxa are in fact distinct species, which separated around 2 Mya. A distinction based on the external morphological characters of 354 specimens was found to be impossible due to the pronounced variability, especially of the pronotal microsculpture, which had hitherto been used as the main distinguishing feature. The two species can only be distinguished by the aedeagal parameres and by the geographical distribution, which deviates considerably from the concept of previous authors. Elmis zoufali is distributed in Romania, the Balkan Peninsula, some Aegean Islands and in western Anatolia, while E. syriaca occurs from the Caucasus region southwards to eastern Turkey, Iran (probably also Afghanistan) and the Levant. Geographically, both species are widely separated by the so-called Anatolian Diagonal. Elmis zoufali resp. E. syriaca are recorded for the first time from Croatia, Romania, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran and Turkey. In addition, we examined 13 specimens tentatively identified as Elmis quadricollis (Reitter, 1887), a closely related species from Central Asia; we sequenced one specimen from China, which was revealed to be a sister to E. zoufali and E. syriaca.
Simple Summary
The chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) is an important bird species with significant economic and ecological value. Every year, thousands of partridges raised in Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry breeding farms are released into nature for hunting purposes. Our investigation of the gene pools of different A. chukar populations using mitochondrial and microsatellite markers from across Türkiye revealed that the Eastern, Western, and Thracian genetic structures have been shaped by Türkiye’s geography and topography, past climatic fluctuations, and human-mediated artificial hybridizations. There were no signs of congeneric genetic contamination in native chukar populations, but there were contaminations with the China clade-B, which were detected as reported in the previous studies.
Abstract
Türkiye is considered an important evolutionary area for Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), since it is both a potential ancestral area and a diversification center for the species. Using 2 mitochondrial (Cty-b and D-loop) and 13 polymorphic microsatellite markers, we investigated the geographic genetic structure of A. chukar populations to determine how past climatic fluctuations and human activities have shaped the gene pool of this species in Türkiye. Our results indicate, firstly, that only A. chukar of the genus Alectoris is present in Türkiye (Anatolia and Thrace), with no natural or artificial gene flow from congenerics. Secondly, the geographic genetic structure of the species in Türkiye has been shaped by topographic heterogeneity, Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, and artificial transport by humans. Third, there appears to be three genetic clusters: Thracian, Eastern, and Western. Fourth, the post-LGM demographic expansion of the Eastern and Western populations has formed a hybrid zone in Central Anatolia (~8 kyBP). Fifth, the rate of China clade-B contamination in Türkiye is about 8% in mtDNA and about 12% in nuDNA, with the Southeastern Anatolian population having the highest contamination. Sixth, the Thracian population was the most genetically distinct, with the lowest genetic diversity and highest level of inbreeding and no China clad-B contamination. These results can contribute to the conservation regarding A. chukar populations, especially the Thracian population.
Centaurea subsection Phalolepis has been thoroughly analyzed in previous studies using microsatellites in four centers of speciation: Anatolia, Greece, the Italian Peninsula and the Iberian Peninsula. Evidence suggests a correlation between taxon diversity and mountains. This group constituted a good case study for examining the mountain–geobiodiversity hypothesis (MGH), which explains the possible reasons for the many radiations occurring in mountains across the world. We combined all the datasets and carried out analyses of their genetic structure to confirm the species of subsect. Phalolepis are grouped according to a geographic pattern. We then checked whether climatic fluctuations favored the “species pump” hypothesis in the mountains by using the Climatic Stability Index (CSI). Finally, the relief of the terrain was tested against the rate of allopatric speciation by region by means of Terrain Ruggedness Index and environmental gradients through our new Climate Niche Breadth Index. Our results supported the MGH hypothesis and confirmed that the main triggers, namely altitudinal zonation, climatic oscillations and rugged terrain, must be present for the development of a radiation.
Bu çalışma, 2017-2020 yılları arasında, Artvin ili merkez ilçesine bağlı Beşpare Köyleri olarak bilinen Seyitler, Vezirköy, Ahlat, Varlık ve Salkımlı köylerinde, halk tarafından tıbbi ve aromatik amaçla kullanılan bitki türlerinin yöresel isimleri ve kullanımlarının belirlenmesi, ayrıca bahçelerde yetiştirilen meyve potansiyellerinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma alanı, 190-3000 m yükseltiler arasında, 7.000 hektar yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Fitocoğrafik açıdan Holarktik bölgenin, Avrupa-Sibirya flora alanının, Öksin kesiminin, Kolşik altkesiminde yer almaktadır. Araştırma alanında, 120 kişiye uygulanan anket sonucunda; 39 familyaya ait 75 bitki türünün yöre halkı tarafından tıbbi ve aromatik amaçlarla kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Anket sonuçları kullanılarak, bilgilendirici konsensüs (FIC-Factor informant consensus), geçerlilik düzeyi (FL-fidelity level) ve kullanım değeri (UV-use value) faktörü analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma alanında tıbbi ve aromatik amaçlarla kullanılan en fazla takson içeren familyalar sırasıyla; Rosaceae (8 takson), Asterecaeae (5 takson), Lamiaceae (4 takson), Apiaceae (4 takson)’dir.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the local names and uses of plant species used for medicinal and aromatic purposes by the public in the villages of Seyitler, Vezirköy, Ahlat, Varlık and Salkımlı, known as Beşpare Villages of the central district of Artvin, between 2017 and 2020, as well as to determine the potential of fruit grown in the gardens. was made for the purpose. The study area has an area of 7,000 hectares between 190-3000 m altitudes. Phytogeographically, it is located in the Colchic sub-section of the Holarctic region, the Euro-Siberian flora area, the Euxine section. As a result of the questionnaire applied to 120 people in the research area; It has been determined that 75 plant species belonging to 39 families are used by the local people for medicinal and aromatic purposes. Using the survey results, informative consensus (FIC-Factor informant consensus), validity level (FL-fidelity level) and UV-use value factor were analyzed. The families containing the most taxa used for medicinal and aromatic purposes in the research area are respectively; Rosaceae (8 taxa), Asterecaeae (5 taxa), Lamiaceae (4 taxa), Apiaceae (4 taxa).
The cedar of Lebanon, Cedrus libani A. Rich, is distributed around the shores of the eastern Mediterranean in Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. The most anamolous aspect of its distribution is its presence in two patches in the Black Sea Region, approximately 500 km to the north of its main distribution in Turkey. Cuneiform tablets speak of an area which was turned into a “land of cedar” during the Hittite era, suggesting that the two patches might have been planted at that time. Genetic studies agree that these two patches originated at a later date than the cedars further south. Here, we make use of another means to test the hypothesis that the northernmost distribution of the cedar of Lebanon was due to reforestation during the mid-Holocene period. We determine distributional patterns for the species using a maximum-entropy algorithm and identify the most important environmental factors in shaping its distribution. We project the distribution of the species under the climatic conditions of the present, the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum. We find the distribution range of the cedar of Lebanon to have shifted over time, encompassing western and southern Anatolia in the Last Glacial Maximum, then shrinking and retracting to the western Anatolia range in the mid-Holocene. The current range of the species was arrived at after the Holocene period. The projections support the possibility that the remnant forests in northern Turkey could have been created through reforestation, and that the Hittite myth may be substantiated.
Bu çalışma, 2017-2020 yılları arasında, Artvin ili merkez ilçesine bağlı Beşpare Köyleri olarak bilinen Seyitler, Vezirköy, Ahlat, Varlık ve Salkımlı köylerinde, halk tarafından tıbbi ve aromatik amaçla kullanılan bitki türlerinin yöresel isimleri ve kullanımlarının belirlenmesi, ayrıca bahçelerde yetiştirilen meyve potansiyellerinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma alanı, 190-3000 m yükseltiler arasında, 7.000 hektar yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Fitocoğrafik açıdan Holarktik bölgenin, Avrupa-Sibirya flora alanının, Öksin kesiminin, Kolşik altkesiminde yer almaktadır. Araştırma alanında, 120 kişiye uygulanan anket sonucunda; 39 familyaya ait 75 bitki türünün yöre halkı tarafından tıbbi ve aromatik amaçlarla kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Anket sonuçları kullanılarak, bilgilendirici konsensüs (FIC-Factor informant consensus), geçerlilik düzeyi (FL-fidelity level) ve kullanım değeri (UV-use value) faktörü analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma alanında tıbbi ve aromatik amaçlarla kullanılan en fazla takson içeren familyalar sırasıyla; Rosaceae (8 takson), Asterecaeae (5 takson), Lamiaceae (4 takson), Apiaceae (4 takson)’dir.
Bu çalışmada, hem resmi bir korunan alan olması, hem de ekolojik özellikleri itibariyle bulunduğu coğrafik konumun ilginç bir örnek sergilemesi açısından Göknarlık Tabiatı Koruma Alanı (Beykoz-İstanbul) bünyesinde yer alan floristik özellikler ve bitki komünitesine ait çeşitli parametrelerin araştırılması hedeflenmiştir. 2020-2021 yılları arasında 4 farklı mevsimi kapsayacak şekilde yürütülen çalışmaların sonucunda; 72 familya, 175 cins ve bu cinslere ait 197 damarlı bitki taksonu tespit edilmiş olup, bu taksonlardan yalnızca 2’si endemik olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öte yandan, elde edilen bulguların mevcutta birçok antropojenik baskı koşulu ile karşı karşıya olan çalışma alanına yönelik uzun vadeli koruma eylem planlarının geliştirilmesinde yol gösterici bir rehber şeklinde değerlendirilmesi de yapılmıştır.
Ülkemizdeki ormancılık ve orman ürünleri sektörünün 180
yılı aşkın köklü yapısı ve engin tecrübesinin finansal kapasitelerle ve
yeni teknolojilerle desteklenerek özellikle Orta Asya, Afrika ve Avrupa
ölçeğinde ortak projelerle ve işbirlikleri ile paylaşılmasının önemi
büyüktür. Özellikle bu bölgelerde ormanlar ve ormancılıkla ilişkili
birçok dış kaynaklı projenin yürütülmüş ve yürütülmekte olduğu göz
önünde bulundurularak, bu projelerden elde edilen bilgi ve deneyimlerin
yeni uygulamalara dönüştürülmesi ülkemizin uluslararası proje
liderliği noktasındaki başarısını geliştirerek güçlendirecektir.
Aim of study: We aimed to investigate leaf micromorphology including venation types, and petiole and leaf blade anatomical characteristics of five woody/scrubs Mediterranean enclaves (Cotinus coggygria Scop., Rhus coriaria L., Arbutus andrachne L., Punica granatum L. and Jasminum fruticans L.) in this study. Area of study: Artvin Province has three distinct climate types. The species studied were collected from natural habitats in Artvin, where Mediterranean climate type occurs. Material and methods: Leaves of five species were evaluated micromorphologically and anatomically by using stereomicroscopy, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Main results: Two species have imparipinnately compound leaves, while three have simple ones. Four venation types were determined in the species. C. coggygria has channeled anticlinal walls of adaxial epidermal cells and A. andrachne has striate cuticular ornamentation in the abaxial surfaces. Differently from others, R. coriaria and J. fruticans have glandular trichomes, and P. granatum has bicollateral vascular bundle. Secretory canals and druses crystals were detected in some investigated species. Most of the species have hypostomatic leaf type, but J. fruticans has amphistomatic one. The highest stomata number and indices per mm2 were observed in P. granatum, while the lowest values were found in J. fruticans. Research highlights: Among the species examined, Punica granatum with the highest stomatal number and indices per mm2, narrowed and deciduous leaf with epicuticular wax composition has probably distinctive adaptive strategies to water deficiency and xerophytic habitats
Bu çalışmada, Kırıkkale ili damarlı bitki çeşitliliği açısından korumada öncelikli taksonları, hedef türlerce zengin habitatları, ekosistem ve habitat çeşitliliği, özellikli bitki toplulukları ve gösterge taksonları, tür, habitat, ekosistem ve bölgesel düzeyde izleme planları ile biyolojik çeşitliliğe ilişkin tehditler ve önerilere yer verilmiştir. Literatür taramalarından ve arazi çalışmalarından elde edilen verilere göre Kırıkkale il sınırları içerisinde yetişen bitki takson sayısı 1.326’dır. IUCN kriterlerine göre Kırıkkale florasını oluşturan taksonlardan 4’ü "EN" ve 10’u "VU" tehdit kategorisindedir. Ayrıca bu taksonlardan biri Bern Sözleşmesi Ek-I listesinde ve 30’u CITES sözleşmesi Ek-II listelerinde yer almaktadır. Kırıkkale florasını oluşturan taksonlardan 156’sı endemiktir. İlin endemizm oranı %11.7’dir. 5 tür ise nadir statüdedir. Bu çalışmayla, Kırıkkale ili biyolojik çeşitliliğinin etkin korunmasına ve sürdürülebilir kullanımının sağlanmasına önemli ölçüde katkı sağlanmıştır.
Aim of Study: In this study, it was aimed to identify the flora of Yaralıgöz Education and Observation Forest and revealing its potential in terms of botanic tourism. Area of study: The study area is the Yaralıgöz Education and Observation Forest, which is within the boundaries of four forest planning units (Devrekani, Tezcan, Şeyhşaban and Karacakaya) belonging to the Kastamonu Regional Directorate. Yaralıgöz Education and Observation Forest is located in the transitional zone between the Euxine province of Euro-Siberian and Irano-Turanian floristic areas in terms of plant geography. Material and Methods: This research is a flora study and the materials of this stııdy included plant specimens collected from Yaralıgöz Mountainbetween 2011 and 2012. Main Results: With this study, 374 vascular plant taxa were identified. Pteridophyta section were represented by 6 taxa, Pinidae sub-class by 7 taxa, and Magnoliidae subclass by 361 taxa. The largest family was Asteraceae (45; 12.1%), followed by Lamiaceae (35; 9.3%), Rosaceae and Fabaceae (27; 7.2%). The phytogeographic regions of 190 taxa represented in the study area are as follows: Euro-Siberian 144 (38.7%), Irano-Turanian 24 (6.4%) and Mediterranean 22 (5.9%). Raunkiaer's life forms showed that Hemicryptophytes with 50.7% Phanerophytes with 15.7% and Cryptophytes with 14.9% were the most frequent life forms. Highlights: Twenty-three endemic and one rare plant taxa were identified. In addition, new distribution areas were determined for the endemic taxon Acer hyrcanum subsp. keckianum and European spruce. Because of the presence of many characteristic plant species, Yaralıgöz Education and Observation Forest has been identified to have an important botanic tourism potential.
The vascular flora of the Dereiçi Village and its environs (Yusufeli, Artvin, Turkey) was assessed between March and September 2017. It is located in the north-east of the Eastern Black Sea Region and is taken place in Colchic province of Euro-Siberian floristic area of Holarctic Region and lies between 650 and 2900 m. In this study, 312 genera and 552 plant taxa were found in 87 families. Of these, 11 taxa belong to Pteridophyta, the remaining 541 taxa belong to Magnoliophyta. Magnoliophyta includes Pinidae with 6 taxa and Magnoliidae with 535 taxa. The biggest families identified were as follows: Asteraceae 58 taxa, Poaceae 49 taxa, Rosaceae 37 taxa, Lamiaceae 30 taxa, Fabaceae 25 taxa, Brassicaceae 24 taxa, Apiaceae 18 taxa, Boraginaceae 16 taxa, Caryophyllaceae 15 taxa and Ranunculaceae 14 taxa. The ratio of the phytogeographical regions of 266 taxa was determined as follows: Euro-Siberian with 216 taxa (%39.1), Irano-Turanian with 42 taxa (%7.6), Mediterranean with 8 taxa (%1.5) and unidentified phytogeographic region with 286 taxa (%51.8). The ratio of endemism is % 5.4 with endemic taxa. Threat categories were proposed for 83 taxa (endemic and non-endemic rare plants) according to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List Categories.
Turkey is an important country in terms of plant species diversity due to its geographical location, geomorphological structure, micro-climate diversity, plant geography and its combination with three different flora regions. Habitat fragmentation and loss of habitat are the leading factors that threaten biological diversity. Habitat fragmentation may occur naturally or anthropogenic origin (wrong land use, road construction, forestry activities, etc.). This factor, which threatens biodiversity, causes alien species to settle in natural habitats. With 11,707 taxa in Turkey, there are also alien plant species that enter Turkey's flora in different ways such as introducing or naturalizing. It has been determined that there are 340 of alien plant species which are not included in the natural flora of our country. The Eastern Black Sea Region is a place where alien plant species can easily settle because of reasons such as climate characteristics and misuse of lands. In this study, field observations were made between 2015-2016 years in Espiye Forest Planning Unit. 19 invasive alien plant species were identified in the Espiye Forest Planning Unit. In addition to these invasive plants species, we have determined new spreading areas for the species; Tradescantia fluminensis and Oenothera glazioviana. Of the 19 invasive alien species identified, 6 are woody, 13 are herbaceous species. One of the invasive alien plants belongs to Pinidae sub-class and the other 18 belongs to the Magnoliidae sub-class. 12 of the plant species identified were recorded for the first time in Giresun province.
In order to evaluate the effect of irrigation intervals and cattle manure levels on morphological traits, essential oil content and yield of oregano, an experiment was conducted at the experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Iran. The experimental design was split-plots, arranged in randomized complete blocks with three replications. Main plots including irrigation intervals (1, 2 and 3 weeks) and four levels of cattle manure at 0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha-1 were allocated to sub plots. Our results showed that increasing irrigation intervals reduced values of all morphological traits except for proportion of stems. Also, values for stems number, plant spread, stem diameter, leaf area, fresh and dry herb yield increased by increasing cattle manure levels. On the other hand, morphological traits not influenced by interaction of treatments except for plant spread and leaf area. The highest essential oil content (2.07%) and yield (66.62 kg ha-1) obtained in highest irrigation intervals and cattle manure levels. Whereas, 1 week irrigation interval without use of cattle manure produce lowest essential oil content (1.55%). For essential oil yield, the lowest value (46.37 kg ha-1) was found in 2 weeks irrigation interval with application of 20 t ha-1 cattle manure.
The diploid cytotypes of the species of Sedum series Involucrata and S. series Propontica of S. subsect. Spathulata differ more than five‐fold in nuclear DNA amount, even though some occur in similar habitats and sometimes in mixed populations. Morphologically the two series are quite similar, but the basic chromosome numbers and karyotypes differ considerably, and they are probably only distantly related. The dysploid series in S. series Propontica, ranging from x=7 to x=5, is not a result of a simple series of successive Robertsonian translocations, but involves different kinds of chromosomal rearrangements as well. The 2C value of S. obtusifolium (x=6) with the chromosome number 2n‐30 would indicate an octoploid (8x) level of ploidy, but the karyotype structure offers no explanation for the implicit loss of 18 chromosomes. 1993 Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands
Ever since the 19th century, the immense arid lands of the Orient, now called the Irano-Turanian (IT) floristic region, attracted the interest of European naturalists with their tremendous plant biodiversity. Covering approximately 30% of the surface of Eurasia (16000000 km2), the IT region is one of the largest floristic regions of the world. The IT region represents one of the hotspots of evolutionary and biological diversity in the Old World, and serves as a source of xerophytic taxa for neighbouring regions. Moreover, it is the cradle of the numerous species domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. Over the last 200 years, naturalists outlined different borders for the IT region. Yet, the delimitation and evolutionary history of this area remain one of the least well-understood fields of global biogeography, even though it is crucial to explaining the distribution of life in Eurasia. No comprehensive review of the biogeographical delimitations nor of the role of geological and climatic changes in the evolution of the IT region is currently available. After considering the key role of floristic regions in biogeography, we review the history of evolving concepts about the borders and composition of the IT region over the past 200 years and outline a tentative circumscription for it. We also summarise current knowledge on the geological and climatic history of the IT region. We then use this knowledge to generate specific evolutionary hypotheses to explain how different geological, palaeoclimatic, and ecological factors contributed to range expansion and contraction, thus shaping patterns of speciation in the IT region over time and space. Both historical and ecological biogeography should be applied to understand better the floristic diversification of the region. This will ultimately require evolutionary comparative analyses based on integrative phylogenetic, geological, climatic, ecological, and species distribution studies on the region. Furthermore, an understanding of evolutionary and ecological processes will play a major role in regional planning for protecting biodiversity of the IT region in facing climatic change. With this review, we aim to introduce the IT floristic region to a broader audience of evolutionary, ecological and systematic biologists, thus promoting cutting-edge research on this area and raising awareness of this vast and diverse, yet understudied, part of the world.
Von den 10 Millionen Arten von Organismen, die auf der Erde existieren, sind bis jetzt ungefähr 15 % von Biologen beschrieben worden, doch für 99 % von diesen sind kaum mehr als einige morphologische Tatsachen und ein Fundort bekannt (RAVEN et al.,1). Infolge des Wachstums der menschlichen Bevölkerung wird der größte Teil hiervon ausgerottet sein, bevor er der Wissenschaft bekanntgeworden ist (GÓMEZ-POMPA et al., 1). RAVEN et al. (1) folgern hieraus, daß die Systematik ihre Aufgabe nicht in erster Linie in der Verwandtschaftsforschung, sondern in der Sammlung biologischer Informationen sehen sollte, deren Speicherung in Datenbanken zu erfolgen habe. Nach Ansicht von FOSBERG ist die Krise der Umweltbeziehungen des Menschen durch die Systematiker mit zu verantworten, soweit sie ihre Tätigkeit mit vordergründigen Hinweisen auf ihre Nützlichkeit (Eröffnung neuer Rohstoffquellen, Verbesserung der Nutzpflanzen, oder sogar Suche nach neuen „Wunderpflanzen“) zu rechtfertigen suchen, ohne zu erkennen, daß die systematische Biologie den grundlegenden Rahmen für die Ordnung aller biologischen Informationen auf der Ebene der Organismen, Populationen und schließlich Ökosysteme liefert; denn die genaue Kenntnis des Funktionierens der Ökosysteme wird die Bedingung unseres Überlebens sein.
Th is checklist contains 252 species of myxomycetes recognized as occurring in Turkey. Th e names are arranged alphabetically. For each species, references are cited. An index of synonyms, based on literature records from Turkey, is appended.
This paper provides a compilation of available data on the myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes reported from or known to occur in Turkey. Three main lists of correct names of myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes, recognized as occurring in Turkey, are given, in which the taxa are alphabetically arranged. For each taxon, references are cited. An index of synonyms based on literature records from Turkey is appended. A list of excluded records, providing reasons for their exclusion, is also given. The complete checklists are available on: http://www.mycotaxon.com/.
This investigation was carried out between 1996 and 2001 in order to research the vegetation of Nemrut Mountain, one of the most important national historical park of Anatolia, on the south-east Taurus (Adiyaman-Turkey). Vegetation studies have been carried out according to the Braun-Blanquet's method. In this study we determined 7 plant associations, 3 sub associations, and 1 plant community, all of which are syntaxa new to science, in 4 different vegetation types.
The genus Rhanteriopsis Rauschert, belonging to the f/iula–group of the Asteraceae–Inuleae, is monographed in a study based on herbarium material. Rhanteriopsis has a disjunct distribution with a westerly occurrence in Lebanon and Syria and an easterly distribution in Iran and Iraq along the Iranian border. Eour species are recognized: R. hombvcina (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Rauschert, R. lanuginosa (DC.) Rauschert, R. microcephala (Boiss.) Rauschert and R. puberula (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Rauschert. The morphology and phytogeography of the genus are discussed, a cladogram is proposed and a taxonomic treatment is provided.
The Red Sea Basin occupies an area of ca. 810,000 km2, including essentially the Red Sea coastal plains (210,000 km2) and the highlands bordering them on both sides (600,000 km2). The bioclimate of the lowlands is of the Mediterranean desert type to the north and equatorial desert to the south. These lowlands are among and perhaps the hottest large area of the planet, with a mean annual temperature approximating 30°C and extremes above 55°C, perhaps reaching 60°C in the Dallol and Assale´ depressions. In the highlands the bioclimate is arid Mediterranean to the north, and semiarid to humid equatorial with a bimodal rainfall pattern to the south. The lowlands vegetation is characterized by desert contracted vegetation with many halophyte communities to the north and tropical Acacia-Commiphora savanna in addition to halophytic communities to the south. The highlands vegetation results from vestigial Podocarpus gracilior and Juniperus procera (J. excelsa subsp.polycarpos) forests. Podocarpus, however, is restricted to the moistest places in Ethiopian highlands. These forests are degraded into various stages of evergreen sclerophyll woodland, bushland, and shrubland, physiognomically reminiscent of, and botanically akin to Mediterranean shrublands (garrigue, maquis, etc.). These in turn may evolve towards montane acacia-grassland (Acacia abyssinica,A. negrii, A. origena, A. pachyceras, A. xiphocarpa, Faidherbia albida, Andropogon spp., Eleusine jaegeri, Hyparrhenia spp., Pennisetum schimperi, P. villosum), succession patterns. These patterns are almost similar in botanical composition and structure on both sides of the Red Sea as mentioned by many authors over a couple of centuries. This leads to the definition of a phytogeographic entity labeled either as the Eritreo-Arabian Domain or Somalo-Arabian Domain, which is a part of the Somalia-Masaï Province and center of endemism, and thus of the Sudano-Deccanian Kingdom. The transition between the Sudano-Zambesian region of Intertropical Africa and the Deccanian Regions of South Asia, albeit fairly discreet, is quite clear on several accounts. On the other hand, Mediterranean and related taxa are over 500 species in SW Arabia highlands. The Somalo-Arabian phytogeographic entity thus appears as resulting from the confluence of five floristic regions: Sudano-Zambesian, Deccanian, Saharo-Arabian, Mediterranean, and Irano-Turanian. The total flora is ca. 5,000 species; nearly 1,500 of which are endemic, one endemic family and a dozen endemic genera. Particular reference is made to the evergreen sclerophyll flora and vegetation characteristic of the highlands and to the halophytic communities characterizing the lowlands, including mangroves.
Various hypotheses have been put forward to explain the presence of sclerophyllous plant disjuncts between western North America and the Mediterranean region. The Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis postulates that the two regions were floristically connected in the Early to Middle Tertiary by way of a low-latitude migration route. Others deny the possibility of such a route, and instead postulate convergence to xerophytic conditions from more widespread mesophytic ancestors, or suggest long-distance dispersal scenarios. One example of a ''Madrean-Tethyan link'' between the two regions is composed of four species within the genus Styrax: S. officinalis subsp. officinalis from the Mediterranean region, S. officinalis subsp. redivivus and subsp. fulvescens from California, and three closely related species in Texas and northeastern Mexico (S. texanus, S. platanifolius, and S. youngiae). This group was examined with isozymes to assess whether patterns of genetic variation are consistent with those predicted by the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis. Ten populations from California, six from the Mediterranean region, and three from Texas were sampled. Pairwise comparisons revealed mean genetic identity (I) estimates of 0.581 between Mediterranean and California populations, 0.470 between Mediterranean and Texas populations, and 0.640 between California and Texas populations. Two populations of a species thought by many to be the closest relative of S. officinalis on morphological grounds (S. jaliscanus) exhibited low I (0.299-0.321) relative to all other group comparisons. Intercontinentally disjunct populations of S. officinalis possessed an I value that warrants species status for the Californian and Mediterranean groups. Divergence time estimates between Madrean and Tethyan Styrax range from 5.0 to 13.8 Mya, too recent to be consistent with the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis. However, alternative explanations for this disjunction are suboptimal in that they require the invocation of either long-distance dispersal, which appears unlikely in this group, or extinction. Nonetheless, the evidence presented here and in other recent studies casts substantial doubt on the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis as a general explanation for the presence of Madrean and Tethyan taxa similar in overall appearance. More plants with Madrean-Tethyan distributions must be sampled before definitive conclusions regarding this aspect of Madrean and Tethyan vegetation can be reached.
Es wird eine umfangreiche systematische Bearbeitung der Gattung Coronilla vorgelegt. Als Ausgangspunkt dienten die Publikationen von Uhrova (1935) und Zoz (1970). Unter Einbeziehung dieser Untersuchungen und neu gewonnener Erkenntnisse werden die Differenzierungsmerkmale der Gattung auf morphologisch-anatomischem, zytologischem und geografischem Gebiet dargestellt. Darüberhinaus werden die Sameninhaltsstoffanalysen (Komissarenko & Zoz 1970) in die Bearbeitung einbezogen. Für alle Arten außer C. securidaca L. werden Arealkarten vorgelegt. Es wird eine neue Gliederung der Gattung vorgeschlagen; die vermutlichen phylogenetischen Beziehungen der Sippen sowie ihre Chorogenese werden interpretiert. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel wird gegeben.
In the present study is given a complete systematical revision of the genus Coronilla L. The base are the publications of Uhrova (1935) and Zoz (1970). In regard to these studies and to own observations the morphological-anatomical, cytological and geographical characters of differentiation are represented. Further on the analyses of seed compounds (Komissarenko, Zoz 1970) are considered in this revision. Maps of areas for all species without C. securidaca L. are represented. A new classification of the genus is proposed; the supposed phylogenetical relations of the taxa and their chorogenesis are interpreted. A key for determination is given.
By reviewing 25 cases of western Eurasian-western North American disjunct flowering plant taxa, we sought to improve understanding of the origin of this type of biogeographic pattern. In nine of the groups studied, phylogenetic and other evidence (often circumstantial) was found for parallel evolutionary shifts of widespread Northern Hemisphere lineages into dry environments in western Eurasia and western North America (Asteraceae-Cichorieae, Chenopodiaceae-Betoideae, Descurainia, Ericaceae-Arbutoideae, Papaver, Platanus, Antirrhineae-Maurandya group, Anemone, Styrax). Lotus s.l. also represents independent evolution of dryland taxa but is polyphyletic. Six taxa (Daucus, Erodium, Oligomeris, Plantago, Polycarpon, Senecio) and probably four others (Chenopodiaceae-Camphorosmeae, California, Antirrhineae-Gambelia group, Antirrhineae-Antirrhinum group) are likely examples of long-distance dispersal between western Eurasia and western North America. In Asteraceae-Gnaphalieae either parallel evolution or long-distance dispersal might explain the disjunction. Mi- gration across a Beringian or North Atlantic Land Bridge appears a possible explanation for only three of the 25 disjunctions (Datisca, Cicendia, Zeltnera/Exaculum/Schenkia) based on taxon ecology and divergence times. The disjunction in Cercis remains unexplained. In short, independent ecological shifts to dry environments and long-distance dispersal probably account for the majority of taxon-disjunctions studied; migration of lineages (pre)adapted to dry conditions across either the Beringian or the North Atlantic Land Bridges, much discussed in the literature, only rarely needs to be invoked. Based on the similar times of origin of disjunctions between western Eurasian and western North American taxa and those between East Asian and eastern North American plants, we conclude that these two patterns are best regarded as parts of an ecological, geographical, and temporal continuum.
A new species, Colchicum leptunthum K. Perss. (Colchicaceae), endemic to north-east Turkey, is described. The species is early spring-5owering (± winter-5owering), and has soboliferous corms, a feature it shares with only eight other species of the genus. The chromosome number is 2n= 18.
A morphological study, both in the field and from herbarium material, showed that there are no convincing characteristics separating the Turkish endemics Iris stenophylla ssp. stenophylla and ssp. allisonii. A cytological survey revealed chromosome numbers of 2n = 24, 26 and 26 + 1B. No variation in either chromosome number or karyotype was found in ssp. allisonii, which always had 2n = 26, although the chromosome number and karyotypes of ssp. stenophylla were variable. Since neither morphological nor cytological differences were sufficient to separate the two subspecies, I. stenophylla ssp. allisonii is therefore reduced to a synonym of I. stenophylla. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 140, 115−127.
An analysis is given of the growth form composition of the flora of the Canary Islands based on a checklist published by Hansen & Sunding (1985) and the authors' field studies. Results are compared with similar data available from Israel and California. Special attention is given to endemism, the Mediterranean-wides and introduced species, as well as to some special plant features such as succulence, spinescence and fleshy fruits. Long-distance dispersal is stressed as the mechanism by which the Canaries obtained their flora. The growth-form composition of the Canaries is discussed in the context of the prevailing present-day environmental conditions, not in the context of climatic conditions in geological time. Characteristic features are the low percentages of endemic and even of indigenous annuals, the high percentage of chamaephytes (many of whom are endemic), the strong development of arborescence, the richness in leaf succulents, and the paucity of spines.
The vegetation of the Mediterranean Basin was originally composed of evergreen forests; during the Pleistocene deciduous forests expanded, chiefly in the mountains. In historical time the forest belt was strongly reduced by human activity and substituted by anthropogenous vegetation types (macchia, garigue, weed-communities). The frequency of polyploids in the present vegetation types support this interpretation. Reciprocal relationships between the vegetational system and social system are discussed and a terminology is proposed. During ancient times and the middle ages a reciprocal control of vegetation and human activity was possible (cyclic system), stabilizing the vegetation in a steady state; the technological impact modified these conditions in a linear sense, and now the vegetation is menaced by irreversible changes.Die Vegetation der Mittelmeerlnder bestand ursprnglich aus immergrnen Hartlaubwldern; whrend des Pleistozns breiteten sich sommergrne Laubwlder aus, besonders in den gebirgigen Teilen. Die dichtere menschliche Besiedlung nach der Steinzeit bewirkte eine Einschrnkung des Waldgrtels der zum Grossteil durch anthropogene Vegetationstypen (Macchie, Garigue, Unkrautgemeinschaften) ersetzt wurde. Die Spuren dieses Prozesses spiegeln sich in den Polyploidieverhltnissen. Bis zu diesem Punkt entwickelte sich das vegetationelle System autonom. Mit dem Auftreten des Menschen beginnt eine rege Dialektik zwischen dem vegetationellen und dem sozialen System. Einige Gesetzmssigkeiten werden dargestellt und eine geeignete Terminologie wird vorgeschlagen. Whrend des Altertums und des Mittelalters war eine gegenscitige Kontrolle zwischen Vegetation und menschliche Einwirkung mglich (zyklisches System), und die Vegetation wurde dadurch in einem Zustand von Fliessgleichgewicht stabilisiert; durch die Technologie wurden diese Verhltnisse verndert und es entstand ein lineares System, sodass nun die Vegetation unter der Drohung einer irreversiblen Aenderung steht.
In this study the phytosociological structures of Pinuspinea L. forests occuring in K. Mara province in theeastern-mediterranean region have been investigated. The vegetation of theresearch area has been studied according to the Braun-Blanquet (1932) methodanda Gastridio ventricosi-Pinetum pineaeassociation has been recognised.
Currently, due to the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices and the decline of rye production in Portugal, there is a need to assess the genetic diversity of rye in order to preserve its biodiversity. Furthermore, a greater knowledge of rye secalins is important for rye bread-making quality and other crop breeding purposes.
The genetic variation and diversity of storage proteins were estimated for fourteen populations of rye (Secale cereale L.) sampled in northern Portugal. The work showed the high genetic diversity within the Portuguese rye gene-pool as an important source for plant breeding and emphasized the necessity of an integrated resources genetic program to allow a more efficient management and conservation of these resources. The rye populations were compared with ‘Picasso’ and ‘Marder’ varieties. Several alleles were identified by the single electrophoretic mobility patterns. We studied a set of 1600 rye seeds, including regional populations and varieties, having observed a total of 24, 5, 21 and 47 alleles for HMW, 75k γ-, 40k γ- and ω-secalins, respectively. The coefficient of similarity within populations is presented using cluster representation. The mean value of genetic variation indices (H) for rye storage proteins was very high in regional populations, ranging from 0.67 to 0.78, while in the varieties ranged from 0.57 to 0.58. Knowledge of the diversity of secalins will increase our understanding of the quality differences between rye varieties, especially considering the relative small number of rye cultivars grown around the world.
The effect of ice ages in speciation and diversification is well established in the literature. In Europe, the Iberian, the Italian and the Balkan peninsulas comprise the main glacial refugia, where the subsequent re-population of Europe started. Though not studied as extensively, Anatolia has also been hinted to be a potential glacial refugium for Europe, and with its proximity to the Caucasus and the Middle East at the same time, has potential to exhibit high levels of intraspecific diversity. The more ubiquitous use and cheaper availability of molecular methods globally now makes it possible to better understand molecular ecology and evolution of the fauna and flora in the genetically understudied regions of the world, such as Anatolia. In this review, the molecular genetic studies undertaken in Anatolia in the last decade, for 29 species of plants and animals, are examined to determine general phylogeographic patterns. In this regard, two major patterns are observed and defined, showing genetic breaks within Anatolia and between Anatolia and the Balkans. A third pattern is also outlined, which suggests Anatolia may be a center of diversity for the surrounding regions. The patterns observed are discussed in terms of their relevance to the location of suture zones, postglacial expansion scenarios, the effect of geographic barriers to gene flow and divergence time estimates, in order to better understand the effect of the geological history of Anatolia on the evolutionary history of the inhabitant species. In view of the current state of knowledge delineated in the review, future research directions are suggested.
This volume is the second in a series of syntheses of existing knowledge of the karoo biome. The first volume summarized what is currently known on the physical environment of the biome namely geology, soils, climate, hydrology, geohydrology and soil erosion. The focus of this volume is vegetation and its history. Included are chapters on vegetation physiognomy, plant growth, vegetation change, phytogeography, palaeo-ecology, palaeontology and archaeology
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