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The American Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening
Abstract
The most comprehensive, up-to-date, and lavish guide to garden plants available today, this extensive encyclopedia includes over 8,000 plants, 4,000 of which are featured in exquisite full-color photographs. Written by a team of plant experts, this superb book is designed to be the gardener's bible, a standard work of reference for every gardening bookshelf. It is oganized into the following sections:
... Both of these are normally eaten raw in salads. [5] A longer root form, including oriental radishes, daikon or mooli, and winter radishes, grows up to 60 cm (24 in) long with foliage about 60 cm (24 in) high with a spread of 45 cm (18 in). 5 The flesh of radishes harvested timely is crisp and sweet, but becomes bitter and tough if the vegetable is left in the ground too long. [6]. ...
... [5] A longer root form, including oriental radishes, daikon or mooli, and winter radishes, grows up to 60 cm (24 in) long with foliage about 60 cm (24 in) high with a spread of 45 cm (18 in). 5 The flesh of radishes harvested timely is crisp and sweet, but becomes bitter and tough if the vegetable is left in the ground too long. [6]. ...
This study investigates the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Raphanus sativus seed oil. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the oil was found to contain 15 major compounds, dominated by (Z)-13-docosenoic acid, methyl ester (35.48%), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (17.12%), and cis-11-eicosenoic acid, methyl ester (11.64%). Antimicrobial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method against several human pathogens. The oil showed partial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus, but was largely ineffective against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At higher concentrations (100 mg/mL), the oil demonstrated limited inhibition compared to standard antibiotics and antifungal agents. While the oil exhibited some antimicrobial properties, particularly against gram-positive bacteria and fungi, it was not as potent as conventional antibiotics. These findings suggest Raphanus sativus oil may have limited but potential use in antimicrobial applications.
... Mint has a world-wide spread and distributes all over the world in both moderate and tropical regions including Asia, Africa, Europe, America and Australia [3]. Mint is an aromatic perennial herb [4] grows well under wet conditions and moist soil near rivers and lakes [5,6]. It was used as fresh food, in cooking, for producing essential oils and as alternative therapy treatments to cure many cases (prevention from cancer development and antiobesity, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, cardio protective effects, etc.). ...
... Mint as well as any other plant, infected with many pests like aphids and whitefly and many diseases especially fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and anthracnose [5,6]. Powdery mildew disease is an important and serious fungal disease infected large numbers of plants including mint and causes large economic losses, it was caused by many different external obligate parasite genera and species belonging to the order Erysiphales, class Hymenoascomycetes and phylum Ascomycota such as Erysiphe [9]. ...
Mentha spp. (locally named mint or spearmint) is an important widespread vegetable crop in different countries around the world. It was infected by many fungal diseases including powdery mildew and anthracnose. Powdery mildew is an important and serious fungal disease on Mentha spp. caused by the fungus Golovinomyces biocellatus (Formerly Erysiphe cichoracearum) which overwinters on mint, stubble and many wild hosts. The disease symptoms represented by appearing white powdery spots on the leaves and stems of the plant. So, these spots become larger and denser when the disease progresses. This disease can be controlled by removing plant debris, removing infected plants from the former season and using many suitable fungicides. Anthracnose is another important fungal disease that infects Mentha spp. It caused by the fungus Sphaceloma menthae and Colletotrichum spp., which may be considered as seed-borne fungi. The disease symptoms include circular, oval or irregular spots which firstly appear yellow to brown, then they become black with the age progress. This disease can be controlled by using healthy plant materials, mechanical practices and applying some suitable fungicides. Both of these two diseases are very important and harmful to mint plants, significantly reduce the crop production and cause serious economic losses. So, powdery mildew is more harmful than anthracnose. In this technical document, we summarize the current knowledge of powdery mildew and anthracnose diseases epidemiology symptoms and signs, disease cycle, ecology and disease management.
... They learned medicinal and culture power of plant as well as their deadly poisons [18]. In fact agriculture is a prerequisite to civilization [19,20]. Wild beauty would exist with or without man power [17]. ...
... In fact man with his art, brain and labor composed those growing plants to what is known as gardens. The history of garden in our planet may go back to few thousand years B.C. that goes in parallel with different civilization all may be found in [17,19,20]. ...
Botanical Garden (B.G) is becoming a multi-purpose garden in con- trast to traditional gardens or parks. However, it’s almost absent in whole Middle East countries so far. The landscape study for this project is a necessary need at the moment to create, improve and recreate botanical gardens in Kurdistan. Hawler Botanical Garden (H.B.G), with various landscape designs involves samples of almost all known gardens of the world. However, Kurdish garden will be for- warded for the first time and scientifically will be studied. Kurdish gardens will be the guide line for any progress in this aspect. Any way throughout the present project natural Kurdistan gardens will be considered in contrast to other gardens of other parts of the world. One must refer to that, the goal of Hawler Botanical garden will be to establish a Kurdistan flora, Kurdish Garden, Kurdish national herbarium and seed bank all of which are not exist so far.
... They learned medicinal and culture power of plant as well as their deadly poisons [18]. In fact agriculture is a prerequisite to civilization [19,20]. Wild beauty would exist with or without man power [17]. ...
... In fact man with his art, brain and labor composed those growing plants to what is known as gardens. The history of garden in our planet may go back to few thousand years B.C. that goes in parallel with different civilization all may be found in [17,19,20]. ...
... Mint has a world-wide spread and distributes all over the world in both moderate and tropical regions including Asia, Africa, Europe, America and Australia [3]. Mint is an aromatic perennial herb [4] grows well under wet conditions and moist soil near rivers and lakes [5,6]. It was used as fresh food, in cooking, for producing essential oils and as alternative therapy treatments to cure many cases (prevention from cancer development and antiobesity, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, cardio protective effects, etc.). ...
... Mint as well as any other plant, infected with many pests like aphids and whitefly and many diseases especially fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and anthracnose [5,6]. Powdery mildew disease is an important and serious fungal disease infected large numbers of plants including mint and causes large economic losses, it was caused by many different external obligate parasite genera and species belonging to the order Erysiphales, class Hymenoascomycetes and phylum Ascomycota such as Erysiphe [9]. ...
Abdelhak Rhouma, Yehya A. Salih, Khaled Atallaoui and Mohammad Imad Khrieba 2021. Technical document on powdery mildew and anthracnose of Mentha spp. Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences, 6(1): 39-45 (Indexed in Publons, Google Scholar, etc.). https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOPSS/article/view/6967
Mentha spp. (locally named mint or spearmint) is an important widespread vegetable crop in different countries around the world. It was infected by many fungal diseases including powdery mildew and anthracnose. Powdery mildew is an important and serious fungal disease on Mentha spp. caused by the fungus Golovinomyces biocellatus (Formerly Erysiphe cichoracearum) which overwinters on mint, stubble and many wild hosts. The disease symptoms represented by appearing white powdery spots on the leaves and stems of the plant. So, these spots become larger and denser when the disease progresses. This disease can be controlled by removing plant debris, removing infected plants from the former season and using many suitable fungicides. Anthracnose is another important fungal disease that infects Mentha spp. It caused by the fungus Sphaceloma menthae and Colletotrichum spp., which may be considered as seed-borne fungi. The disease symptoms include circular, oval or irregular spots which firstly appear yellow to brown, then they become black with the age progress. This disease can be controlled by using healthy plant materials, mechanical practices and applying some suitable fungicides. Both of these two diseases are very important and harmful to mint plants, significantly reduce the crop production and cause serious economic losses. So, powdery mildew is more harmful than anthracnose. In this technical document, we summarize the current knowledge of powdery mildew and anthracnose diseases epidemiology symptoms and signs, disease cycle, ecology and disease management.
... Other studies done on increasing the vase life of carnation by silver nano-particles that acts as anti-ethylene agent (Kookhan et.al, 2014) [54] . Throughout the world, carnation is the most common cut flower crop (Brickell, 2003) [14] . Application of nano-silver particles is becoming popular in different industries including ornamental industry (Davies and Etris,1997, Klaus et.al, 1999 andJiang et.al, 2004) [21,53,46] and these nano-silver particles are used as an antibacterial agent in pulse or vase solutions for improving the vase life of cut flowers (Alt et.al, 2004 andMorones et.al, 2005) [4,65] . ...
... Other studies done on increasing the vase life of carnation by silver nano-particles that acts as anti-ethylene agent (Kookhan et.al, 2014) [54] . Throughout the world, carnation is the most common cut flower crop (Brickell, 2003) [14] . Application of nano-silver particles is becoming popular in different industries including ornamental industry (Davies and Etris,1997, Klaus et.al, 1999 andJiang et.al, 2004) [21,53,46] and these nano-silver particles are used as an antibacterial agent in pulse or vase solutions for improving the vase life of cut flowers (Alt et.al, 2004 andMorones et.al, 2005) [4,65] . ...
Post-harvest quality in cut flower crops decides their valuable cost in international and national market for trade and consumer acceptance. Produce grown cut flowers with intensive care and management but sometimes fail to perform better after harvest if not managed carefully after harvesting. Flower crop having very perishable nature, so after harvest flowers crops are very sensitive to oxidative damages. Ornamental plants industry is a larger chemical consuming sector, because to assure the quality of flowers and make maximum profitable ornamentals treated with lots of chemicals. So nanotechnology is one of the most important method to reduce the use of chemicals and increasing the inputs use efficiency. In this chapter we discus about the use of nanotechnology for post-harvest handling of cut flowers and present the work done in various cut flowers for standardization of nano materials in post-harvest quality improvement of cut flowers.
... Occasionally used medicinally in home remedies. Propagated by seed and also by soft-wood cuttings (Beckett, 1985;Brickell, 1997). ...
... They also have a higher density at reactive sites. Through preserving membrane integrity, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, SiNPs also extended the vase life of cut roses (21). 1-Methylcyclopropene enhanced antioxidant capacity, inhibited phenol oxidation, decreased ethylene production and preserved anthocyanins. ...
Cut flowers are traditionally used worldwide, regardless of caste, creed, and religion, especially in Asian countries. The global trade of cut flowers has shown a substantial increase in recent years and is expected to persist due to the promotion and application of horticulture plants for their various advantages . The quality of vase life is critical in ensuring customer satisfaction and encouraging repeat purchases. Effective postharvest management is essential for enhancing the quality and extending the shelf life of cut flowers. With proper handling, cut flowers can last several days in a vase. Nanotechnology presents innovative solutions for postharvest management, especially in the cut flower sector. Specifically, Nanoparticles have been utilized in packaging to act as ethylene inhibitors and antimicrobial agents, contributing to the extension of cut flower vase life. One of the strongest ethylene perceptions is 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), a gaseous and nontoxic that binds to ethylene receptors irreversibly, blocking the action of ethylene. Nano-Silver particles improve postharvest longevity by increasing water absorption rather than transpiration. Additionally, Nano-Selenium enhances the water balance in cut flowers. This review describes how nanoparticles suppress microbial growth and block ethylene action in cut flowers, extending their vase life.
... Zinnia plants are useful for cutting as well as in an annual or mixed border. Smaller cultivars work well in window boxes or pots, as well as for edging (Mills-Hicks, 2007;Brickell, 1997). ...
This investigation was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 in the Experimental farm of Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric. at Moshtohor, Benha Univ., Egypt. This study aimed to the effect of different cultivation methods (row and alternating planting) and planting distances (30 and 50 cm) with some herbaceous plants and their interactions on growth, chemical compositions and landscape use of Alternanthera dentata for using to landscaping the public gardens. The obtained results referred to that alternating Centaurea cineraria replaced with Lettuce sativa then replaced with Zinnia elegans under 30 cm spacing gave the highest values in plant height, herb fresh weight and branches number per Alternanthera dentata plant.Also, the highest N, P, K and carbohydrates percentages produced when Alternanthera plant alternated by Polyanthus rosa under 50 cm spacing. Planting Alternanthera as rooted cuttings as row planting at 50 cm spacing significantly increased leaves number per plant, herb fresh weight and branches number per plant compared to the other combinations under study. Alternating Brassica oleracea var. capitata then Zinnia elegans at 30 cm spacing recorded the highest values in N, P, K and carbohydrates percentages of Alternanthera dentata plant. It is clear that the overall trend of the questionnaire towards the general form when Alternanthera dentata plants cultured with different herbaceous plants was 26.7 % preferred, 56.7 % to most extent and 16.7 % not preferred.
... Zinnia plants are useful for cutting as well as in an annual or mixed border. Smaller cultivars work well in window boxes or pots, as well as for edging (Mills-Hicks, 2007;Brickell, 1997). ...
... The castor bean plant (Ricinus communis) also known as Palma Christi or wonder tree reflects the inherent healing power of oil extracted from the beans of the plant. The plant can vary greatly in its growth habit, morphology and uses [1,2]. Many studies revealed that there are varieties of castor plant seeds with different colors. ...
Castor seed oil is well known for its diverse medicinal and industrial uses. It is widely utilized as an additive in foods, medicine, personal care goods, lubricant and biodiesel. Nonetheless, the oil content and physicochemical properties of castor seeds depend on their genotypic varieties and geographical location. Fortunately, Ethiopia is endowed with varieties of castor seeds. However, there is a limited research on the total oil content and quality of castor seeds oil. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the total oil content, the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of castor seeds oil grown in Jabi Tehinan Woreda, Ethiopia. The three most populous genotype castor beans were collected and subjected to soxhlet extraction using hexane solvent. The outcome showed that their genotypes determine both the amount and quality of the oil extracted. Genotype 01 (GT-01) has exceptionally the highest oil content (69.8%) while the Genotype 02 (GT-02) (47.305) and Genotype 03 (GT-03) (43.21%) have high oil contents. GT-01 has the highest (87.49%), GT-02 the second (85.17) and GT-01 (84.01) the third ricinoleic acid component. This high ricinoleic acid composition is reflected on their chemical and physical properties which are in the range of ASTM standards, making them valuable for various industrial applications.
... It prefers to be moist but not wet to avoid root rot. When the conditions are proper, aerial roots are formed giving the plant an interesting and unusual appearance (Huxley et al., 1992;Brickell, 1997). ...
... It could be grown as houseplants or outdoors in a border or containers. H. vittatutm is a robust bulbous perennial producing thick stems with umbels of 3-6 funnel-shaped, red-striped white flowers, 13 cm across in spring (Brickell, 1997 andDatta, 2022). ...
... The guiding principles for using plant materials in landscape design are based on features such as texture, color and decorativeness as established by Tanrıverdi (1987), Gültekin (1988) and Brickell (1996). Therefore, 7 features (life form, structure, flowering period, flower color, landscape value, color effect, and scent effect) that have an impact on choice of plant taxa by the landscape designer, which will be statistically correlated, were evaluated. ...
The aim of this study is to determine the landscape use opportunities of natural plants of wetland habitats (river, stream, rill, moist meadows, etc.) within Şanlıurfa province. In this study, 58 plants were determined from wetland habitats that can be evaluated in terms of landscape use. The characteristics of these plants for their landscape use (life form, structure, flowering period, flower color, landscape value, color, and scent effect) were determined. The obtained data were evaluated using PAST 4.03 data analysis software and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In addition, cluster analysis was performed to examine the distribution of these plants according to the determined landscape use parameters. With the classification practices, plants were defined in 4 different groups, and it was observed that the parameters were effective in the classification of the species. It was concluded that PC1 and PC2 heavily determined the grouping with parameters such as life form, flowering period, color effect and flower color.
... Hydrogen cyanide is produced even if not all genera, and a small amount of this compound is found in the leaves and seeds of some medicinal plants. Consumption of the seeds in Pyracantha may lead to enteric disease (Brickell, 2003). ...
Pyracantha is a plant with edible and medicinal value and widely distributed from eastern Asia to southern Europe but is underutilized and has great potential. As scientists gradually study its properties, it was found that Pyracantha contains various phytochemical components such as pigments and phospholipids. Meanwhile, Pyracantha is also rich in phenolic substances, such as flavonoids. The extract of Pyracantha shows strong biological properties, such as inhibition of tyrosinase activity, anti‐oxidative, and tumor‐preventive effects. Pyracantha bioavailability releases quantities of compounds in the food matrix from the digestive process that are important for its health‐promoting properties. The extraction of biologically active substances in Pyracantha would be applied in various aspects. Their extracts can also be used as health food, food additives, and cosmetics. As the interaction of phytochemicals, proteins, and phenolic compounds can affect the pharmacological activity and bioavailability of Pyracantha , it is important to understand the mechanism of effect, which can further allow consumers to choose a healthier Pyracantha dietary culture. This review aims to prove the nutritional components and pharmacological activities of Pyracantha and to make consumers better aware of the benefits of Pyracantha in connection with their bioavailability and application, in order to provide a reference for further research and development of Pyracantha resources.
... such as powdery mildew and mosaic virus (Brickell, 1992). ...
Herbal products are having very importance globally because of their low side effects, accessibility and affordability when compared with conventional medicine. Citrullus lanatus a well known fruit as Watermelon of family Curcubitacea. It is known to contain bioactive compounds such as cucurbitacin, triterpenes, sterols and alkaloids, vitamins, minerals. Its seeds contain fatty acids and have phenolic and triterpinoids. This review informs the current experimental research on its biological activities which substantiate its ethno medicinal claims which include; antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anti-diabetic, laxative, anti-hyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective activities.
... From the underside of the disc, a bundle of fibrous roots extends for a short way into the soil. As the onion matures, food reserves begin to accumulate in the leaf bases and the bulb of the onion swells (Brickell, 1992) ...
Utilization of AM fungi for upliftment of productivity of agronomically important crops like Turmeric and Onion
... Hence, it was called Australian umbrella. It can be used outdoors as an evergreen decorative tree up to about 10-12 m height, but it is widely used indoors as decorative foliage pot-plants (Brickell, 1997). ...
Two separate factorial experiments arranged in a completely randomized design replicated thrice were conducted in a plastic house at the Tropical Farm of Kom Ombo district, Aswan Governorate, during 2021 and 2022 seasons to study the effect of growing mixture included sand (S) alone as a control, S + loam, S + farmyard manure (FYM) compost and S + River Nile weed (RNW) compost (each mixture was tested either at 1:1 or 2:1 volumetric ratio), water amounts of 200, 300 and 400 ml/plant (pot) and their interactions on vegetative and root growth, chemical composition, dry matter production and water use efficiency of two foliage pot-plants, common handling in Egypt, named Dracaena marginata Lam. ‘Bicolor’ and Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms. The results showed that mean values of various vegetative and root growth characters of both plant species were significantly improved due to planting in the different growing mixtures used in the study with the dominance of planting in S + FYM compost (1:1, v/v) medium which gave the highest means of all investigated parameters in the two seasons. Planting in S + loam (1:1, v/v) and in S + RNW compost (1:1, v/v) mixture occupied the 2nd and 3rd rank, respectively, whereas planting in the sand amended with either loam or RNW compost at a ratio of (2:1, v/v) attained the least improvement. Increasing the amount of irrigation water from 200 ml to either 300 or 400 ml/plant significantly raised values of different growth traits to maximum, with non-significant differences between these two levels in most cases during both seasons. So, increasing water volume from 300 ml to 400 ml did not cause any extra improvement in growth parameters. Hence, combining between planting in S + FYM compost (1:1, v/v) growing medium and irrigation with either 300 or 400 ml water/plant recorded the maximum means of growth parameters over all the other combinations in the two seasons. A similar trend was also obtained concerning concentrations of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, N, P and K in the leaves of the two studied plants. Likewise, production of dry matter was maximized by planting in S + FYM compost (1:1, v/v) mixture, elevating irrigation water quantity to either 300 or 400 ml/plant and their interactions. Thus, the best water use efficiency (WUE) was achieved also by the interactions previously stated. From these findings, it can be advised to plant both Dracaena marginata ‘Bicolor’ and Schefflera actinophylla plant species in the sand fortified with FYM compost at equal volumetric ratio and irrigated them with only 300 ml of water/plant, once every other day during the active growing season to get the best growth performance and picturesque foliage pot-plants.
... The species of the family are closely related to the Verbenaceae family (Kubitzki 2004). The well-established Thymus vulgaris belongs to Lamiaceae (Brickell 2003). Ocimum basilicum L. is another important pharmacological plant belonging to Lamiaceae (Stojanovi c-Radi c et al., 2016). ...
Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench, commonly known as musk basil and is a perennial herbaceous plant in the Lamiaceae family. This plant is used in Asia and Africa as an ethnomedicinal herb to treat various diseases and health ailments. The plant has been known due to its pharmacological properties and contains a wide variety of secondary metabolites and essential oils, which play a significant role in different biological activities. Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and rosmarinic acid are the main biochemical components of the plant. These phenolic acids are considered to be an important human dietary component. The high demand for phenolic acids is mainly acquired using chemically synthesized compounds. The variation in the accumulation of plant secondary metabolites depends on a variety of geographical challenges. In vitro propagation is an alternative technique for producing and improving valuable secondary metabolites beyond relying on wild plants. The present review elucidated the strategies for in vitro propagation, optimization of production of phenolic acids and therapeutic application of Lamiaceae species. This short review summarizes critical information about the different strategies of in vitro propagation and their effect on the production of phenolic acids, which would help in further studying endangered medicinal plants of pharmacological applications.
... It is very delicate, with a distinct leaf shape, widely marketed and studied by horticulture, with described cultivation and propagation techniques (Amaki & Higuchi 1990, Fujino & Reid 1983. It has several varieties selected for cultivation (Brickell 2003). Rumohra adiantiformis (popularly known in Brazil as samambaia-preta -black fern) follows, with seven ornamental use citations. ...
Background: Ferns and lycophytes comprise all vascular plants with no flowers, fruits, or seeds, grouped under the artificial name Pteridophytes. This group presents a broad range of ethnobotanical uses, being those medicinal, ornamental, ritual, edible, or others, but there are few studies that register the uses of this specific group and no comprehensive gathering of this data under one study in Brazil. This review aimed to gather, analyze, and organize existing data on the historical and present ethnobotany of Pteridophytes in Brazil. Methods: This study was conducted through a literature review, regarding historical and current data in order to understand how the human populations in Brazil utilize these plants. Species were also updated when necessary to generate a taxonomic correct listing. Results: We gathered data regarding 367 species, within 702 valid citations in 124 different sources, dating from the 16th century until today. Another 118 imprecise citations were registered, making up to a total of 820 species’ citations. The most reported uses were medicinal and ornamental, followed by those of ritual and food uses. Almost all Pteridophyte families have recorded uses, and the species are used in all regions of the country, by diverse human groups. Conclusion: This survey brings to surface the broad use of Pteridophyte species in the country, compiling this information in an unprecedented way for Brazil, and highlighting their importance for human groups. Keywords: brazilian flora; brazilian biodiversity; useful plants; traditional knowledge.
... Yıldız çiçeği, çoğunlukla yaz ve sonbahar aylarında çiçeklenen yumru köklü tali bitkiler sınıfında yer alan bir bitkidir. 27 farklı türü bulunan bu bitkinin 9 m'ye kadar boylanabilmesine karşın, nadiren bodur türlerine de rastlanmaktadır (Brickell, 1992;Hessayon, 1993). Ilıman iklimlerde erken çiçek tomurcuğu oluşturan bitki tohumdan ekildiğinde ilk yıl çiçeklenebilmesi nedeniyle mevsimlik çiçek olarak değerlendirilebilmektedir (Mc Claren, 2004;Alp, 2008). ...
... Yıldız çiçeği, çoğunlukla yaz ve sonbahar aylarında çiçeklenen yumru köklü tali bitkiler sınıfında yer alan bir bitkidir. 27 farklı türü bulunan bu bitkinin 9 m'ye kadar boylanabilmesine karşın, nadiren bodur türlerine de rastlanmaktadır (Brickell, 1992;Hessayon, 1993). Ilıman iklimlerde erken çiçek tomurcuğu oluşturan bitki tohumdan ekildiğinde ilk yıl çiçeklenebilmesi nedeniyle mevsimlik çiçek olarak değerlendirilebilmektedir (Mc Claren, 2004;Alp, 2008). ...
... In this study, where the use of plants in coastal dunes in sustainable landscape architecture practices was determined, it was found that dune plants can be used in landscape planning, landscape design and landscape management in coastal areas, disturbed places, and arid places and for landscape restoration activities. Similarly, as a result of the studies carried out by Walker [66], Brickell [67], Bozkurt et al. [68] and Yılmaz and Yılmaz [69], native plant species that are likely to be used in landscape restoration and the areas where they can be uses have been identified. Dunn [70], on the other hand, stated that plants growing in areas with high water levels are likely to be usable in rocky places and for protecting the coastline. ...
Although native plants in coastal dunes are very important in terms of their ecological, aesthetic and functional properties, they are not used in landscape architecture practices. The purpose of this research was to provide guidance by determining the usage potential of dune plants in sustainable landscape architecture practices and to contribute to the protection and development of various landscapes. In this research, the content analysis method was used. According to this method all research materials that are scientifically accessible and available were examined systematically, and detailed inferences were made that aligned with the research purpose, and tables were created. After this stage, the relationship of the plants with their usage areas was established , and the usage possibilities in landscape architecture practices were determined by species. According to some results obtained from the research, dune plants have the opportunity to be used in natural and cultural landscapes for ecological, aesthetic, functional, and economic reasons, especially in landscapes with extreme conditions. These defined areas were the coastal areas (creek/seashores, dunes, beaches), landscape restoration work areas (nature repair, quarries, highways/railways, dune stabilization , erosion control), problem areas (cliffs, steep slopes, soil deficient areas, floodplains), and arid landscapes (arid areas, rock/stone gardens, flower beds).
... Herbal merupakan salah satu komponen dari tumbuhan terna, yaitu "tumbuhan berbatang lunak, batang ini tidak berkayu atau hanya mengandung sedikit jaringan berkayu, sehingga akan mati sampai pangkal pada akhir masa pertumbuhan, dan tidak ada bagian batang yang akan tertinggal di tanah" (Rahman, 2014). Dalam botani, istilah "herbal" mengacu pada tanaman terna (Brickell, 2004). Namun dalam berbagai kebutuhan seperti terapi dan spiritual, setiap bagian tumbuhan dapat disebut sebagai herbal, sehingga pengertian herbal bisa sangat luas. ...
This study aims to discuss the hadiths regarding herbal medicine with a health review. This study applies a qualitative type through literature study using the takhrij and syarah hadith methods. The results and discussion of this study include an overview of herbal medicine, editorials of hadith on herbal medicine, understanding of hadith regarding herbal medicine, and the content and benefits of herbal medicine for health. This study concludes that the herbal treatment recommended by Rasulullah SAW. proven in modern medicine has many health benefits. This can strengthen the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad. where the hadith appeared long before the advancement of medical science and technology.
... Flower colors range from crimson to orange, yellow, or white. Cooperi cultivar of H. rosa-sinensis is a compact (1-2 m), with lance-shaped leaves marbled olive green and white, sometimes tinted pink and bearing red flowers (Brickell, 1997). ...
In a trial to get an ideal growth of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cv. Cooperi, a factorial pot experiment was carried out at the Botanical Garden of the National Gene Bank, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt during 2020 and 2021 seasons. Foliar spraying with both paclobutrazol (PBZ) at different levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) and two sources of potassium (K-sulfate at 1.5 and 3.0 g/l and K-humate at 2.0 and 4.0 g/l) and their interactions were applied. Vegetative growth, flowering parameters and some chemical constituents were evaluated. The results indicated that increasing PBZ level resulted in the lowest values for most studied parameters except PBZ at 100 ppm as recorded the highest values of number of leaves, branches and flowers/plant, vegetative growth fresh and dry weights, chlorophylls (a and b), carotenoids and indoles. Foliar spraying with two potassium sources was superior to control (without potassium foliar spraying) as recorded higher values. Integration of potassium foliar spraying reversed the undesirable effects of spraying with PBZ alone in particular at the high levels. The mastery was to PBZ at 100 ppm + K-humate at 2.0 g/l as recorded the highest values in most cases i.e. number of leaves, branches and flowers/plant, vegetative growth fresh and dry weights, chlorophylls (a and b), carotenoids and indoles. To produce high-quality Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cv. Cooperi pots, it is advised to treat the plants with PBZ at 100 ppm + K-humate at 2.0 g/l for 6 times at 2-week intervals
... Mint plants (Mentha spp.) is an important genus in the family Lamiaceae which named mint family [1]. It's a sub cosmopolitan perennial crop which widely distributes in many different environments especially wet environment and moist soils across Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia and America [2,3]. All mints can well grow near rivers, lakes, pools and shade areas [4]. ...
Mint plants (Mentha spp.) which belong to the family: Lamiaceae is one of the common vegetable crops which planted in different countries around the world. It's an important food source in addition to its medicinal and industrial uses. It was infected by many fungal diseases including rust disease which caused by the obligate parasite fungus Puccinia menthae which belongs to the class Pucciniomycetes and the phylum Basidiomycota. Mint rust disease symptoms were easily observed on the mint leaves represented by appearing small dusty bright orange, yellow or brown pustules and the leaves may die and drop from the infected plant. This disease is often a serious yield-reducing problem. Mint rust disease can be controlled by applying many agricultural methods and breaking the life cycle of the pathogen and by using different fungicides and resistant varieties. All methods achieved a significant controlling of the disease and reduced the disease severity with different degrees. In this technical document, we summarize the current knowledge of mint rust disease epidemiology symptoms and signs, disease cycle, ecology and disease management.
... The male plants produce more flowers per branch than the female plants and the mean life of male flowers is shorter than that of female (Pacini et al. 2014). The pollination is entomophilous, with honeybees as main pollinators (Brickell 2008). ...
Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae), commonly known as laurel, is an evergreen and edible tree that possess biological properties positively correlated with human health. It is a very popular plant known since ancient times in traditional medicine and considered a symbol of peace and sign of victory in military and sport competitions. Laurel is used as flavoring agent in kitchen for meat, fish, broths, and vegetables. The plant shows a rich content of metabolites including proteins, free sugars, organic acids, PUFA and tocopherols and exhibit a biological potential with a wide range of bioactivity including antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This review is aimed to contribute to the knowledge of the plant by providing a critical overview of the botanic characteristics, the traditional uses, the plant chemistry and the biological activities.
... Bears catkin-like racemes (10-20 cm long), usually green-or copper-tinted, and often hidden among the leaves, periodically during the year. They are used in borders, for hedging and as specimen plants in the gardens (Brickell, 1997). ...
This study was carried out in the nursery of the Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Inst., A.R.C., Giza, Egypt during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons to find out the response of Acalypha wilkesiana grown in different potting mixtures to different irrigation regimes. Five types of equal proportions potting mixtures (v:v) i.e. sand + peat moss (Mix. 1), sand + perlite (Mix. 2), sand + vermiculite (Mix. 3), sand + peat moss + perlite (Mix. 4) and sand + peat moss + vermiculite (Mix. 5), and 4 levels of irrigation water at 25, 50, 75 and 100% of pot water capacity, and their interaction, were applied in this study. Vegetative and root parameters as well as the leaves content of total chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin and the percentages of total carbohydrate, N, P and K were recorded. The obtained results showed that there was a great influence of the different potting mixtures particularly those containing peat moss on A. wilkesiana growth e.g. Mix. 5 resulted in the highest records of plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, stem fresh weight, root dry weight and N% in the leaves. On the other hand, irrigation at 25% pot water capacity resulted in the lowest values of almost all studied characters, while, watering at 75% pot water capacity gave rise to the highest plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, root length, stem fresh weight, dry weight of leaves, stem and root dry weights, total carbohydrate %, anthocyanin content and percentages of N, P and K. Regarding the interaction treatments, all potting mixtures recorded the highest values in most cases when combined with irrigation regime at 100 or 75% pot water capacity. From the above results and to obtain high quality Acalypha wilkesiana shrubs with reducing the amount of irrigation water by 25%, it is recommended to use the Mix. 5 (sand + peat moss + vermiculite) + irrigation at 75% pot water capacity.
... We used this general definition of vulnerability to develop a framework for assessing vulnerability of urban tree species (Figure 1). Exposure, the degree which a species or system is exposed to a climate hazard, was defined as the projected shift in USDA Hardiness Zones (USDA, 2012) and American Horticultural Society (AHS) Heat Zones (Brickell, 2011). The sensitivity of that species to the hazard was defined as the zones in which that species is suitable for planting. ...
Urban trees play an important role in helping cities adapt to climate change, but also are vulnerable to changes in climate themselves. We developed an approach for assessing vulnerability of urban tree species and cultivars commonly planted in cities in the United States Upper Midwest to current and projected climate change through the end of the 21st century. One hundred seventy-eight tree species were evaluated for their adaptive capacity to a suite of current and future-projected climate and urban stressors using a weighted scoring system based on an extensive literature review. These scores were then evaluated and adjusted by leading experts in arboriculture in the region. Each species or cultivar’s USDA Hardiness Zone and American Horticultural Society Heat Zone tolerance was compared to current and future heat and hardiness zones for 14 municipalities across Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota using statistically downscaled climate data. Species adaptive capacity and zone tolerance was combined to assign each species one of five vulnerability categories for each location. We determined the number of species and trees in each category based on the most recent municipal street tree data for each location. Under a scenario of less climate change (RCP 4.5), fewer than 2% of trees in each municipality were considered highly vulnerable across all 14 municipalities. Under a scenario of greater change (RCP 8.5), upward of 25% of trees were considered highly vulnerable in some locations. However, the number of vulnerable trees varied greatly by location, primarily because of differences in projected summer high temperatures rather than differences in species composition. Urban foresters can use this information as a complement to other more traditional considerations used when selecting trees for planting.
... Lustrous, dark green leaves, some in whorls of 3, others opposite, are reduced to one broadly ovate leaflet, to 8 cm long. Bears small cymes of 3-12 salver form, strongly scented white flowers, 2.5 cm across, fading to pink, mainly in summer, but often irregularly throughout the year (Brickell, 1997). It is cultivated for commercial as a source of perfumes, and ornamentals, nice smell in the garden. ...
A pot experimental study was carried out at the Floriculture Nursery of the Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha University, Egypt during 2017 and 2018 seasons to study the effect of 16 treatments represented the combination between foliar spraying with four benzyladenine (BA) concentrations (0.0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm) and four chemical fertilization rates (0.0, 2, 4 and 6 g NPK/pot) on the growth, flowering and chemical composition of Arabian jasmine plant (Jasminum sambac Ait). The obtained results cleared that the tallest plants, the highest number of branches and leaves, the heaviest leaves fresh weight/plant, the highest number of flowers/plant, the heaviest flowers fresh weight/plant, the highest number and length of roots/plant, the heaviest fresh weight of roots/plant as well as the richest leaf total carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium percentages were obtained by those treated with BA at 60 ppm + chemical fertilization at 6 g/pot in the two seasons. Conclusively, spraying jasmine plants with BA at 60 ppm and supplying the plants with NPK mineral fertilizer at 6 g/pot, induced prospective effects on vegetative growth and flowering parameters with higher quality of this plant.
... Other studies done on increasing the vase life of carnation by silver nano-particles that acts as anti-ethylene agent (Kookhan et.al, 2014). Throughout the world, carnation is the most common cut flower crop (Brickell, 2003). Application of nano-silver particles is becoming popular in different industries including ornamental industry (Davies and Etris,1997;Klaus et.al,1999;Jiang et.al,2004) and these nano-silver particles are used as an antibacterial agent in pulse or vase solutions for improving the vase life of cut flowers (Alt et.al,2004;Morones et.al,2005). ...
... Other studies done on increasing the vase life of carnation by silver nano-particles that acts as anti-ethylene agent (Kookhan et.al, 2014). Throughout the world, carnation is the most common cut flower crop (Brickell, 2003). Application of nano-silver particles is becoming popular in different industries including ornamental industry (Davies and Etris,1997;Klaus et.al,1999;Jiang et.al,2004) and these nano-silver particles are used as an antibacterial agent in pulse or vase solutions for improving the vase life of cut flowers (Alt et.al,2004;Morones et.al,2005). ...
Post harvest quality in ornamental crops decides their fate in international market for trade and consumer acceptance. Produce grown with intensive care and management sometimes fail to perform better after harvest if not handled carefully after harvesting. Flower crop are very sensitive to oxidative damages after harvest due to their perishable nature. Many post harvest handling procedures are adopted in order to assure quality and maximum profitability which makes the ornamental plant industry a larger sector consuming chemical inputs. So to combat the excessive use of chemicals, field of nanotechnology has much to offer by reducing the amount used and increasing the input use efficiency. In this review attempt has been made to present the work done in various cut flowers for standardization of anno materials in post harvest quality improvement.
... Bulbous plants are valuable plants in many ways. Also Dahlia is one of the most prominent plants among tuberous plants for outdoor use (Brickell, 1992). ...
Limited open areas for urban agriculture and greenery have led to the search for innovative, sustainable growing media to strengthen the food supply and improve atmospheric quality for a resilient city. Rampant land developments have caused soil to become increasingly scarce. Sewage sludge incineration ash (SSIA), the by-product of waste-to-energy (WtE) incineration of sewage sludge, is a major municipal waste containing phosphorus-fertilizing nutrients. For the first time, we investigated the novel application of SSIA as a soilless plant-growing medium with built-in fertilizer. SSIA outperformed topsoil in bulk density, water-holding capacity, porosity, and nutrient content. However, it was found that SSIA has a high salinity and should be treated first. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.), a fast-growing glycophyte, thrived in the desalinated SSIA, showing growth and nutrient content comparable to the topsoil case. Simultaneously, it demonstrated phytoremediation. The SSIA residue was then recycled into cementitious materials, using desalinating water for mixing. SSIA upcycle into a growing medium facilitates urban resource management by utilizing nutrients in sewage waste for eco-friendly plant cultivation, benefiting urban agriculture and greenery. It is also a prudent valorization step before further recycling SSIA to reduce landfill requirements.
Hibiscus hirtus, also called Lesser Mallow or Hairy Rose Mallow, is a species of Hibiscus native to India and Africa. In Hinduism, it is used as a sacrifice to Kali and the god Ganesha. It is well known for its decorative appeal, but it also has some medicinal properties. Anti-microbial activity, anti-helminthic activity, wound healing property, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-bacterial activity, anti-diabetic property, and anti-solar property are some of the therapeutic qualities claimed byHibiscus hirtus. Many studies are being conducted on these plants, and some of the findings have indicated that they include phytochemicals such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, proteins, steroids, amino acids, carbohydrates, tannins, and phenolic compounds. As a result, an attempt has been made in this article to review phytochemicals and their pharmacological effects.
Herbal medicines as the major remedy in traditional system of medicine have been used in medical practices since antiquity. Medicinal plants have been used from the rural dwellers throughout the world. A medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for chemo-pharmaceutical synthesis. Such a plant will have its parts including leaves, roots, rhizomes, stems, barks, flowers, fruits, grains or seeds, employed in the control or treatment of a disease condition and therefore contains chemical components that are medically active.The study of natural products on the other hand is called phytochemistry. Phytochemicals are complex group of primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are essential for plant's growth and reproduction while secondary metabolites if present may have significant effects. Now-a-days it is clearly known that they play roles in the protection of human health, when their dietary intake is significant. Allium species are believed to possess medicinal properties including antioxidants. The bulb of onion is used medicinally and onion has been consumed as food for many centuries. The generated data from the three 114 Vidya (2020) Vol : 15(1) different extracts of Allium cepa varietiesprovided the basis for its wide uses in the traditional and folk medicines.
This research concentrated on the isolation and identification of stigmasterol from cultivated Iraqi Hyacinthus orientalis flowers part, as there are few studies that deal with these plant-specific flowers as e-research shows. Extraction were done for the flowers part of plant, by the soxhlet apparatus using 85% ethanol, followed by fractionation with petroleum ether to obtain the target of this study. Phytochemical screening was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for petroleum ether fraction qualitative and quantitative estimation and isolation of stigmasterol by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), identification of isolated stigmasterol by Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Announcing that the study considered the first to isolate stigmasterol from flowers part of Iraqi H. orientalis.
This datasheet on Ligustrum vulgare covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Petunia is a very popular and high-value ornamental plant in the world. There is a high demand for petunia and hence plant nurseries are a great source of these plants. Owing to the fact that many high-value petunias are hybrids, production of plants through micro propagation is of great importance. As per the literature available, obtaining direct shoot proliferation from leaf explants has not been observed. In our study, direct regeneration was maximum in MS media supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L NAA and enhanced shoot number and length was observed in MS media supplemented with 2 mg/L Kn with 0.1 mg/L NAA. Micro shoots cultured on media with BAP alone produced the maximum number of shoots. Roots induced on half-strength MS medium with IBA at 1 mg/L, along with activated charcoal 2 g/L were long and of good quality with light green color. Plantlets were hardened with a success rate of 100% on agro peat substrate. The growth of these plants during hardening was extraordinary with hard stem and bunchy spread. Plants which were raised in the field showed extraordinary branching and gave a greater number of flowers than the seedling plants.
Klasea cerinthifolia (Sm.) Greuter & Wagenitz (Compositae: Cardueae: Centaureinae) is described and illustrated, a full synonymy provided, and its taxonomic position discussed. Cultivation requirements are also outlined and, although apparently unavailable commercially, it may be found in a few botanical gardens. The species exhibits an interesting trimorphic leaf morphology, with the upper cauline leaves or bracts resembling the appearance of Cerinthe in the Boraginaceae. The genus Klasea is discussed, from its inauspicious beginnings to a genus of about 50 species in ten sections; K. cerinthifolia is placed in sect. Schumeria (Iljin) L. Martins, of which it is type. The species' long history in the literature is discussed, and the clear historical confusion with Centaurea behen L. is covered in detail. Literature research, and specimen examination, has shown that the two taxa are sympatric across a large part of their range, but are fairly straightforward to tell apart generically, although looking somewhat similar. The name Centaurea behen has previously been ineffectively neotypified, even though original material was cited in Linnaeus's protologue. It was later lectotypified, based on an ambiguous woodcut illustration but the lectotype illustration does not allow for critical identification. An epitype is designated here so as to avoid this continuing nomenclatural saga.
Divided into three parts, this book examines the relationship between law and culture from various perspectives, both theoretical and empirical. Part I outlines the framework for further considerations and includes new, innovative conceptualizations of two ideas that are essential to the topic of law and culture: legal culture and customary law. Both of these reappear later in the more empirically oriented chapters of Parts II and III. Part II includes chapters on the relationships between law, customs, and culture, drawing heavily on the tradition and achievements of the anthropology of law and touching on important problems of multiculturalism, legal pluralism, and cultural defense. It focuses on the more intangible meaning of culture, while Part III addresses its more material, tangible aspects and the issue of cultural production, as well as its intersection with law.
In this chapter a new, original conceptualization of customary law is presented, suitable and adequate for the role it may play in the contemporary world. The concept that is proposed is a multi-layered approach applied by distinguishing several dimensions within the phenomenon of customary law that vary in terms of their normative character. Through his chapter Klakla compares customary law to an onion and unwraps it layer by layer, identifying four main components of customary law. Firstly, he refers to the behavioral aspect of this system containing patterns of the expected behavior. The second layer, still closely connected with actual human behavior, is constituted of predispositions and guidelines for social action. Then, Klakla moves toward layers that have more symbolic meaning, are connected with human behavior in more indirect ways and constitute a cognitive-cultural component of customary law: the layer of social values and the layer of social identity. That approach aims for greater depth and complexity of possible analysis and reflects a progressive change that happens in the social order among many communities.
The chapter begins from the observation of the resurrection of the concept of culture both in biological sciences and social sciences. It argues that legal academia should not ignore these processes that calls for rethinking the idea of legal culture. In this vein, the present chapter aims at identifying the conditions in which the concept of legal culture could be reconceptualized and expanded in a way that extends our understanding of law as a dynamic, embedded, ontologically complex phenomenon. For this purpose, the previous dominant discourse on and main definitions of legal culture are reconstructed and critically examined. The lack of solid theoretical grounds for most of the popular conceptualizations of legal culture constitutes the most striking features of the current discourse on this subject. As a response to this problem, Homi Bhabha’s insights on “culture” will be employed in reworking the concept of legal culture. This aim is directed by the need for grounding the use of legal culture in the approach of capturing “culture”, which has vast theoretical potential. The chapter intends to stretch the theoretical possibilities of Bhabha’s insights, as applied to thinking about legal culture.
Mentha longifolia L. is well‐known to be one of the most pervasive wild‐growing species of the Lamiaceae family, which has extensive beneficial properties in the fields of pharmacology and biological products. In the present study, the correlation between Inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and morpho‐chemical parameters of twenty different M. longifolia accessions (MLACs) were assessed. The geographic information system (GIS) has been employed to interpret the original habitat of the accessions in Iran. ISSR analysis indicated a remarkable difference in the studied accessions, segregated them into three main groups, constructed by an unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic (UPGMA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). A total of 89 bands were generated by 12 ISSR primers, among which 82 (91.97 %) of them were polymorphic. The cluster analysis based on agro‐morphological data scattered MLACs into two main groups. The essential oils (EOs) were analyzed through GC/FID/MS, and four chemotypes were characterized according to the major constituents. Pulegone ranged from 0.17 to 69.50 % was the main oil constituent with the highest content. Also, HPLC‐PDA was employed to identify and to quantify the phenolic compounds in the MeOH extracts of MLACs. Heatmap cluster based on phenolic compounds produced three main categories of accessions. The components identified in the extracts were rosmarinic acid, rutin, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, and p‐coumaric acid, which among them rosmarinic acid (RA) varied from 39.16 to 261.55 mg/100 g (DW) as a predominant constituent. Subsequently, multiple regression analyses between ISSR fragments and morpho‐chemical data illustrated considerable relationships in the plant materials. The high variation and correlation observed in metabolic and phenotypic traits of MLACs establish an adequate source to conduct reserves conservation programs.
: Hyacinthus orientalis L. (family Hyacinthaceae) is traditionally used to treat different
diseases including cancer. In this study, the anticancer and immunomodulatory effects of this plant were evaluated. Hydroalcoholic extract was prepared, and different solvent fractions were obtained using solvent–solvent extraction. In the anticancer part, MTT assay and caspase-3 ELISA kits were used to measure the antiproliferative and apoptosis induction ability for each extract, respectively. In the immunomodulatory part, lymphocyte proliferation assay and cytokines detection kit were used to measure the effect of extracts of acquired immunity. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis induction were used to evaluate the effect of extracts on the innate immunity. GC–MS, LC–MS,
and Foline–Ciocalteu assays were used to identify the chemical composition of the plant. Balb/C mice were inoculated with breast cancer and treated with hydroalcoholic extract of H. orientalis L. Results showed that hydroalcoholic extract and n-hexane fraction were highly effective in apoptosis induction. Both extract and fraction were also effective in stimulating lymphocytes proliferation and phagocytosis. Significant reduction in tumor size was achieved after treating tumor-bearing mice with hydroalcoholic extract. Additionally, high cure percentages (50%) were obtained in treated mice.
Results of this study showed that H. orientalis L. has promising anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. However, further studies are needed to explore more details of apoptosis induction ability and other mechanisms of action and to measure different signaling pathways responsible for the anticancer and immunomodulatory response
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