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Re-evaluation of the Panicum capillare complex (Poaceae) in Croatia
Abstract
The Panicum capillare complex includes several taxa, among them P. capillare L., which is usually considered to be an established alien throughout Europe, whereas other species are recorded only as casuals. A new representative of the complex, P. riparium H. Scholz was described from Germany in 2002, and shortly after its description was recorded in several countries on the continent. In the course of herbarium revisions and recent fi eld studies the authors documented several localities of the species in Croatia as well. The paper presents a new key for the determination of Croatian species of the complex and anticipates the invasion of P. riparium in the sub-Mediterranean regions of the Balkan Peninsula.
... Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash, which is a new, alien taxon for Poland. Pannicum barbipulvinatum is a species native to North America, but it has been found in many European countries (as Panicum riparium H.Scholz as well): Germany (Scholz 2002), Austria (Hohla 2006), Hungary (Király et al. 2009), Switzerland (Ciardo et al. 2011;Amarell, Hoffer-Massard, and Röthlisberger 2014), Italy (Wilhalm 2011;Verloove and Ardenghi 2015), France and Great Britain (Amarell 2013), Belgium (Verloove 2014), Croatia (Király and Alegro 2015), the Netherlands (Dirkse and Holverda 2016), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania and Sweden (Kiraly in . It grows in ruderal habitats (roadsides and railway areas) and on exposed sandy and gravelly banks of rivers (Verloove and Ardenghi 2015). ...
... It grows in ruderal habitats (roadsides and railway areas) and on exposed sandy and gravelly banks of rivers (Verloove and Ardenghi 2015). In Europe, its occurrences in agricultural habitats are much less frequent (Király and Alegro 2015). Although, our record of P. barbipulvinatum comes from herbarium material, other stands in Poland are possible, especially as it was frequently noted on the western bank of the Oder river, which is the border between Poland and Germany (http://www. ...
... Panicum barvipulvinatum is most similar to P. capillare, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter in having shorter pedicels and longer spikelets with acuminate apex (for more details see Amarell 2013; Király and Alegro 2015;or Dirkse and Holverda 2016). ...
The paper presents new records for 28 vascular plant species from 14 Eurasian countries. Five taxa (Catabrosa capusii, Poa albertii, Poa intricata, Poa pseudoaltaica, Poa sergievskajae) are reported from Kazakhstan, three (Ranunculus pseudomonophyllus, Ranunculus smirnovii, Ranunculus turczaninovii) from Mongolia, three (Panicum barbipulvinatum, Stipa eriocaulis, Tragopogon pratensis subsp. minor) from Poland, three (Euphorbia subtilis, Corydalis grubovii, Thymus callieri) from Russia, two (Atriplex ornata, Corispermum dutreuilii) from Afghanistan, two (Orobanche grenieri, Ranunculus mongolicus) from Kyrgyzstan, two (Erigeron annuus, Sternbergia lutea) from Tajikistan, two (Orobanche baumanniorum, Orobanche kotschyi) from Turkey, one (Polygonum subaphyllum) from China, one (Orobanche bartlingii) from Georgia, one (Rubus slavonicus) from Germany, one (Cenchrus spinifex) from Montenegro, one (Rubus canadensis) from Slovenia and one (Bolboschoenus yagara) from Switzerland. For each species, synonyms, general distribution, habitat preferences, taxonomy with remarks on recognition and differentiation of the species from the most similar taxa occurring in a given country as well as a list of recorded localities (often far from the previously known areas) are presented.
... Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew. may be only a geographic (Király et al. 2009), Switzerland (Ciardo et al. 2011), Italy (Wilhalm 2011), France and Great Britain (Amarell 2013), Belgium (Verloove 2014), Croatia (Király and Alegro 2015). However, herbarium revisions showed that this taxon was formerly overlooked, because it has been present -accompanied by Panicum capillare -in Europe since the eighteenth century (Amarell 2013;Király and Alegro 2015). ...
... may be only a geographic (Király et al. 2009), Switzerland (Ciardo et al. 2011), Italy (Wilhalm 2011), France and Great Britain (Amarell 2013), Belgium (Verloove 2014), Croatia (Király and Alegro 2015). However, herbarium revisions showed that this taxon was formerly overlooked, because it has been present -accompanied by Panicum capillare -in Europe since the eighteenth century (Amarell 2013;Király and Alegro 2015). Panicum riparium grows both in ruderal habitats and (often as a noxious weed) in corn and winter wheat cultures (Clements et al. 2004;Nagy et al. 2012). ...
The paper presents new records for 19 vascular plant species from 14 Eurasian countries. Two taxa (Siphonostegia chinensis and Utricularia macrorhiza) are reported from Russia, two (Achnatherum botschantzevii and Stipa zalesskii) from Kyrgyzstan, one (Allium petraeum) from Uzbekistan, three (Crambe orientalis, Eleocharis mamillata and Geranium pratense L. fater pratense. sergievskajae) from Kazakhstan, two (Atriplex crassifolia and Petrosimonia brachyphylla) from China, one (Crambe orientalis) from Tajikistan, one (Stipa krylovii) from India, one (Agrostis lazica) from Iraq, two (Orobanche coerulescens and Orobanche zajaciorum) from Armenia, one (Phelipanche lavandulacea) from Montenegro, one (Panicum riparium) from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania and Sweden, one (Sporobolus vaginiflorus) from Bosnia and Herzegovina and two (Ranunculus penicillatus subsp. pseudofluitans and Scutellaria minor) from Poland. Three of the taxa presented (Crambe orientalis, Panicum riparium and Sporobolus vaginiflorus) are regarded as alien to the studied areas, whereas the remaining 16 are native elements to the flora of the countries. For each species, synonyms, general distribution, habitat preferences, taxonomy with remarks on recognition and differentiation of the species from the most similar taxa occurring in a given country, as well as a list of recorded localities (often far from the previously known areas) are presented.
... Le tableau 2 résume les caractères permettant de distinguer P. hillmanii des deux autres taxons du groupe P. capillare présents en France (Verloove, 2001 ;Amarell et al., 2014 ;Kiraly & Alegro, 2015 ;Dirkse & Holverda, 2016). Les principaux éléments à retenir pour identifier P. hillmanii sont les suivants : -la forme de l'épillet : comme P. capillare, l'épillet présente un aspect ventru (figure 2a) avec ses enveloppes (glume supérieure et lemme de la fleur stérile) terminées en pointe courte inférieure à 0,5 mm (chez P. barbipulvinatum, épillet à aspect plus effilé et plus mince, se terminant en pointe de 0,5 à 1,2 mm de long ; figure 2c) ; -le pédoncule de l'épillet subapical (figure 2b) : comme P. capillare, il est aussi long ou plus long que l'épillet qu'il porte et est plus ou moins écarté du pédoncule de l'épillet apical, formant généralement un angle de 20 à 60° (chez P. barbipulvinatum, pédoncule plus court ou égal à l'épillet et pour ainsi dire appliqué au pédoncule de l'épillet apical) ; -les nervures de la glume supérieure : comme P. capillare, la glume supérieure possède six à neuf nervures (chez P. barbipulvinatum, quatre à six nervures) ; -la cicatrice d'attache du fleuron fertile à maturité (figure 3) : cette « cicatrice » correspond au renflement souvent plus sombre situé des deux côtés de la couche d'abscission qui embrasse latéralement la base de la lemme. ...
La graminée Panicum hillmanii Chase originaire du nord de l'Amérique et naturalisée en France a été observée pour la première fois dans le Sud-Est, en Provence, en 1992, puis dans l'ouest du pays plus récemment, au cours des années 2000 et 2010. Elle vient d'être découverte en Languedoc, plus précisément dans le Gard et l'Hérault, dans quatre localités occupées par de la vigne. Ces observations complètent la distribution de l'espèce dans le sud de la France et confirment son écologie liée à des milieux agricoles. Les critères permettant de la discriminer des deux autres taxons du groupe P. capillare dont elle est proche sont par ailleurs rappelés. Abstract The grass Panicum hillmanii Chase native to North America and naturalized in France was first observed in the SouthEast , in Provence, in 1992, then more recently in the west of the country during the years 2000 and 2010. It has just been discovered in Languedoc, more precisely in Gard and Hérault, in four localities occupied by vineyards. These observations update the distribution of the species in the south of France and confirm its ecology linked to agricultural environments. The criteria that discriminate it from the two other taxa of the P. capillare group to which it is close are also recalled.
... In many cases it was difficult to clearly distinguish between the spontaneous and cultivated specimens of a certain taxa, considering the parsimony of the information on the herbarium labels, but we did not exclude cultivated ones, unlike Crawford & Hoagland (2009). For the following IAS species which are commonly cultivated, besi-des the already mentioned B. papyrifera, here are the earliest known literary accounts for specimens in culture and presumably outside of it, respectively: Acer negundo L. There is also an interesting case of the invasive Panicum capillare L.; it was determined that some specimens so identified are actually of Panicum riparium H. Scholz (Király & Alegro, 2015). This species was previously reported as a new invader, but it is an overlooked, long-established taxon in central Europe. ...
Herbarium collections are the most reliable source of historical data available with respect to alien plants. A review of the ZA and ZAHO herbarium collections revealed the presence of as many as 1,152 specimens of invasive alien plant species (IAS), belonging to 70 plant taxa. The extent of sampling in-vasive taxa was not constant over time; a high 67% of the collection has been collected since the Second World War, with the collection peaking between 1900 and 1920, between 1960 and 1970 and in the years after 2010. Herbarium records of 17 taxa revealed that they first appeared in Croatia much earlier than was known from the literature so far. In order to enhance its public availability, the collection of IAS studied has been digitised and published in the virtual herbarium.
... This is the next record suggesting that P. capillare is an established alien plant in the Polish flora. The species was identified using morphological features provided by Clements et al. (2004) and Király & Alegro (2015). 242 m, 50°06.376'N ...
The presented sixth part of the series includes 18 new chorological records of vascular plants, five from Poland and thirteen from Slovakia. In Poland, the first spontaneous occurrence of Clinopodium nepeta subsp. nepeta outside cultivation is reported from Kraków. Also new localities of Euphorbia maculata, Panicum capillare, Plantago coronopus and Symphyotrichum ciliatum from southern Poland were found. In Slovakia, new records of alien Cardamine occulta, Lindernia dubia, Nigella damascena, Pistia stratiotes (with map of known records), Sagittaria latifolia, Senecio inaequidens, Silybum marianum and Vinca major were done as well as autochthonous Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Herniaria hirsuta, Verbascum speciosum and Xeranthemum annuum.
... According to Valdés et al. (2009) P. barbipulvinatum is widespread naturalized alien in C and E Europe. For the Balkan countries and neighboring Hungary species is reported for Hungary (Király et al. 2009), Slovenia (Jogan & Martinčić 2015), Croatia (Király & Alegro 2015), Romania and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Nobis et al. 2016), under the name P. riparium respectively. ...
The paper presents three new nomenclature combinations related to representatives
of the orchid family. In addition, 14 taxa (species, subspecies and hybrids) of
vascular flora which are newly registered for Serbia (of which 8 are autochthonous
and 6 allochtonous plants) are presented. A confirmation of old or unreliable literature records for four autochthonous and one allochthonous plant in the flora of
Serbia has been done. Four plant taxa are a novelty for proper Serbia, Vojvodina,
or Kosovo and Metohija, and for 7 plants, presence in certain administrative units
in Serbia has been confirmed. In the last part of the paper, there is a review of 9
disputed taxa for our country.
Key words: vascular flora, checklist, nomenclature, taxonomy, Serbia
... Its taxonomic status is debated, and according to Amarell (2013) P. riparium is the same taxon as P. barbipulvinatum. It was reported recently as alien in several European countries: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy and Switzerland (Kiraly and Alegro, 2015). Recently described as a new neophyte to the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ruderal places in the vicinity of Bihać (Fig. 5) P. dilatatum Dallis-grass (Fig. 1) is a South American tufted perennial grass which is native to the humid subtropics of southern Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. ...
Maslo, S. 2017. Alien grasses of Bosnia and Herzegovina. – Herbologia, 16(2): 1–27.
This paper contains a preliminary list of alien grass species recorded in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Poaceae family in Bosnia and Herzegovina is represented by 32 alien species. Thirteen alien Poaceae species are naturalized (40.63%), of which four can be characterized as invasive species (12.50%) and 19 are casuals (59.37%). Most of the alien grass species originate in Asia 13 (40.63%), followed by those that originate in the Americas 9 (28.13%), Eurasia 5 (15.63%) and Africa 2 (6.26%). Three species have unknown origins. Many of these species are important crop plant and some are regarded as weeds.
Keywords: alien flora, grasses, crops, weeds, distribution, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
For decades, world-wide flora has been mapped to various extents. The growing need for chorological data in scientific and professional disciplines, and especially in preservation of biological diversity, have underlined the importance of defining the distribution of flora, Numerous regional, national and other atlases have been published in past decades, often as a result of internationally co-ordinated activities. Literature, herbarium collections, and the most precise new data generated during field work are being used as sources of chorological data. The fundamental conditions for such work are the existence of well-defined taxonomic and geographical units. While the basic taxonomic units are contained in check-lists and Floras, geographical units are more a matter of methodological issues (application of artificial areas, basic grid units for indirect mapping, real co-ordinates of localities, areas). Selection of a range method depends on many factors: the accuracy of data sources, available staff, mapping area, compatibility with present standards, technological resources, basic maps, etc. The vast amount of data collected by the mapping of national floras needs to be manipulated by well developed computer tools (RDBMS, GIS). The need to map Croatian flora exists. However, its realisation involves many objective difficulties: lack of trained staff, the accuracy of existing data and the standardisation of certain procedures. Existing chorological data are not compatible regarding: taxonomy (lack of recent revision), precision (13 to 50 % of data are Insufficiently precise), updatedness (77 to 86 % of data are older then 51) years), cartographic base, applied geocoding method (real co-ordinate, MTB, UTM grid). Therefore, standardisation of procedures and methods is necessary for the purpose of the manipulation of existing data and collecting new ones. Here, proposed standards for the mapping of Croatian flora have tried to take into account the reality of carrying out such a project under present conditions, as well as compatibility with similar European projects. The proposal defines basic taxonomic units according to the new Checklist of Croatian Flora, method of indirect mapping, for basic geographical units MTB grid squares, standard labels and names for MTB unite (MTB 1/4, 1/16 and 1/64 grid squares for smaller areas), cartographic bases, display of distribution on 1 :4.000.000 maps (Transverse Mercator projection, 5th zone, central meridian at 15), MTB basic square grid and conceptual examples for constructing databases. Standard labels and names, as well as grids of bask UTM squares, geographical regions with names and fixed boundaries are given, to make exchange and accumulation of data easier. In the enclosure there are «blind» maps of Croatia as assistance for the technical applicability of the proposal, also available in other formats and media, including the corresponding Internet service (GIS BioLab) with download facilities.
This paper describes the reproductive characteristics of 93 neophytes (alien species introduced after 1500 A.D.) of the flora of the Czech Republic and compares trait values between naturalized inva-sive and naturalized non-invasive neophytes. Species were sampled and seed collected in the field from multiple localities in the Czech Republic. Traits related to seed production (propagule number per plant and per population), dispersal (propagule size, length/width ratio and weight; buoyancy; epizoochory; terminal velocity) and establishment (germination; seedling relative growth rate; seedling establishment) were measured for each species either in the field, in a common garden experiment or in the laboratory. Invasive species significantly differ from naturalized non-invasive species in propagule length/width ratio (by having lower ratio, i.e. more rounded propagules) and fecundity (invasive species are more fecund, both per individual plant and in terms of the population propagule production). Invasive species have proportionally fewer seedlings establishing in the autumn and better capacity for dispersal by wind than non-invasive species. The results for several traits differ depending on whether or not the effect of phylogeny is included in analytical models. Considering species relatedness expressed as a taxonomic hierarchy, invasive species have lighter propagules and higher population propagule numbers, and marginally significantly differ in produc-ing more propagules per plant and having higher capacity for dispersal by water. We found that most variation in invasiveness is linked to variation among species within genera. This distribution of relatedness means that predictions of whether a species will become invasive cannot be based on traits of the relatives of the given species at higher taxonomic levels. The distinction made in this paper, i.e. invasive species vs. naturalized but non-invasive species, can potentially contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of traits associated with invasiveness because the crucial transi-tion from the naturalized to invasion stage is rarely addressed in invasion ecology.
Panicum capillare L., witch grass, is an annual grass native to North America that infests field crops, small grains, grasslands, and a variety of other habitats. High seed production, a persistent seed bank, a tumble-weed seed-dispersing mechanism, and the ability to tolerate some herbicides contribute to the success of P. capillare in these habitats. Despite the widespread presence of P. capillare in crops, its actual impact on crop yield is not well documented. It is an additional host for several insect pests (e.g., cereal aphids) and diseases attacking crop species.
Panicum L. is a cosmopolitan genus with approximately 450 species. Although the genus has been considerably reduced in species number with the segregation of many taxa to independent genera in the last two centuries, Panicum remains a heterogeneous assemblage, as has been demonstrated in recent years. The genus is remarkably uniform in its floral characters but exhibits considerable variation in anatomical, physiological, and cytological features. As a result, several classifications, and criteria of what the genus should really include, have been postulated in modern literature. The purpose of this research, based on molecular data of the chloroplast ndhF gene, is to test the monophyly of Panicum, to evaluate infrageneric classifications, and to propose a robust phylogenetic hypothesis. Based on the present results, previous morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, and inferred diagnostic morphological characters, we restrict Panicum sensu stricto (s.s.) to the former subgenus Panicum and support recognition of Dichanthelium, Phanopyrum, and Steinchisma as distinct genera. We have transfered other species of Panicum to other genera of the Paniceae. Most of the necessary combinations have been made previously, so few nomenclatural changes have been required. The remaining species of Panicum sensu lato (s.l.) are included within Panicum incertae sedis representing isolated species or species grouped within monophyletic clades. Additionally, we explore the performance of the three codon position characters in producing the supported phylogeny.
In this paper a preliminary check-list of invasive alien plant species (IAS) in Croatia is presented. It has been created on the basis of the literature and of field observations. The list consists of 64 taxa, with family, life-form and geographic origin assigned to each IAS. Analyses according to family affiliation, life-form and origin were made. Out of 27 families the majority (24 families) belong to the dicotyledons. The most numerous family is Asteraceae, and genera with the highest number of IAS are Conyza, Erigeron and Impatiens. Life-form analysis showed the predominance of therophytes but also presence of hemicryptophytes, phanaerophytes and geophytes. In the origin analysis, IAS from the Americas predominated, followed by those from Asia and Africa.
The Panicum capillare complex was examined in eastern Canada and New York State, United States. Uniform cultivation indicated distinctive growth habits for the five species. Univariate analysis of various morphological characters indicated some that were useful in species identification, especially when expressed as ratios. Discriminant function analysis of 4 floret characters in 128 samples and 13 morphological characters (including the 4 floret characters) in 48 samples indicated that floret characters, especially those related to overall size and shape (area and perimeter), were most informative. Various ecological and morphological characters useful for identification of the species are discussed. A key to the species is presented. Key words: Panicum capillare, identification, weeds.
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18. IX. 1948, ZAHO; Zagreb, Bo-rovje (MTB 0161 Gospodarić (as »P. capillare«), 09. IX. 1954, ZA16211; Zagreb, Lanište (MTB 0261.2), A. Kumbarić (as »P. capillare«), 25. VIII. 1992, ZA16216; Zagreb, Savski most
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Zagreb, »garden« (MTB?), I. Horvat (as »P. capillare«), 18. IX. 1948, ZAHO; Zagreb, Bo-rovje (MTB 0161.4), L. Marković, L. Gospodarić (as »P. capillare«), 09. IX. 1954, ZA16211; Zagreb, Lanište (MTB 0261.2), A. Kumbarić (as »P. capillare«), 25. VIII. 1992, ZA16216; Zagreb, Savski most (MTB 0261.2), L. Marković (as »P. capillare«), 26. VIII. 1959, ZA16217; Zagreb, W of »Savski most« (MTB 0261.2), L. Marković (as »P. capil-lare«), 03. X. 1969, ZA16215; Zagreb, Sesvete (MTB 0162.4), B. Hundozi (as »P. capil-lare«), 04. IX. 1964, ZA16214. Appendix 2. Herbarium specimens of Panicum capillare L. found in Croatian herbaria.
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Panicum riparium H. Scholz – eine neue indigene Art der Flora Mitteleuropas
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