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The Economics of Location

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... mountains, rivers), even as they are obviously also political and socio-economic in nature (Fall, 2017). The border-as-barrier circumstance stands in the way of economic optima being reached, and provides for a distortion of what would otherwise be a more "natural" logic of locating functions (Lösch, 1954). A border may further be a barrier in the strategic, ideological, migration-related and sanitary-epidemiological contexts (Prescott, 1987). ...
... Peripheries also feature low population density and a limited degree of urbanisation. A feature of state borders is the way they have been associated with discouraged and disincentivised locating of economic activity (Lösch, 1954). These are aspects that go together with active political/policy decisions, with the impacts being depopulation, tangible bans on engagement in economic activity, a very strong protective function for border areas and so on. ...
... In such a process of uneven development one side of a border emerges as more privileged than the other. In the same way, there is typically an asymmetry characterising the two sides of a border (Dołzbłasz, 2015;Lösch, 1954). This is brought to light as we compare borderland areas (Herschell, 2011), and also cities divided by a border (Dołzbłasz, 2015). ...
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The paper develops a conceptual framework for interpreting the process of border changes in Poland since 1945. In this article, the author presents directions of change, and the functions, characterising Poland’s borders. A synthesis of relevant literature on borders shows how the specific functions of borderlands can be categorised into at least four overarching types, including by reference to barriers, peripherality and isolation, line of differentiation, and axis of integration. This then gains verification through empirical analysis of processes actually taking place along the borders of Poland. It proves possible to identify and take account of periods of isolation, transformation and European integration. However, the analysis also takes account of the most recent phenomena characterising the last few years (2020–2024), during which the Polish borders have moved back in a “rebordering” direction. The Author proposes the new concept of dynamic (cyclical) change of border function types after using Polish borders as an example of empirical analysis.
... (i) focusing on cost minimizationas classical or neoclassical location theories (Lösch, 1954;Isard, 1956;McCann & Shepard, 2003); and ...
... Some authors (Lösch, 1954;Isard, 1956;Henry, 1992) take into consideration only the economic factors and excluding non-economic factors such as legal aspects, socio-cultural and psychological factors, or agglomeration effects. An important economic factor is access to transportation means. ...
... While analyzing the importance of the transportation factor, the majority of the surveyed papers address only the transportation of raw materials or other goods (Lösch, 1954;Isard, 1956;Krugman, 1991;Porter, 1998;McCann & Shepard, 2003). Recent research related to evolution of the travel industry in the post corona-virus period predicts the acceleration of travel innovation (Bremner, 2020). ...
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The driving role of technology in building a sustainable and resilient future has been long acknowledged. As one of the most resilient industries, the hospitality sector is the focus of this research, particularlythe hotel lodging industry in the Bucharest metropolitan area (Romania’s capital city) as it relates to passenger traffic at two important international transportation hubs: the international airport and railway station. The site selection, or selection of an appropriate location for lodging, is astrategic choice. The distinction between success and failure is also determined by other external factors as well as internal company factors. There is a wealth of literature on business location, and the main approaches are highlighted in the section onliterature reviews. Future research will need to address the issue of business location in relation to transportation hubs that can attract potential customers. There are two specific questions to reach the research objective: to find out if the traffic from the transit terminals influences the number of accommodation facilities and if there is a specific pattern for choosing the location of tourist accommodation facilities (hotels) in the studied area. The investigation methodology consists of both secondary sources and primary research, respectively: national statistics as well as international databases such as Google Maps and OpenStreetMap, extensively use the geographic information system (GIS) database and software tools (QGIS 3.22 and Google Earth Pro 7.3.4.8573). The intent is to find whether there is a relationship between the two databases studied. It can be concluded that the number of tourist accommodation facilities and its locations are related to the main passenger traffic flows from/to the Bucharest “Henry Coanda” International Airport OTP and Bucharest North Railway station. The results, which are presented in both tabular and dynamic graphical formats, are beneficial for scholars and mostly for practitioners and businesspeople. Besides, the findings from this study is valuable for policymakers and strategists at a macroeconomic level, as well as for tourism and hospitality entrepreneurs and managers. The implications are highlighted, and recommendations are presented in this paper.
... Parallel to Christaller, a similar theory suggested by Lösch-The Nature of Economic Regions [51] and further The Economics of Location [52]-aimed to understand spatial locations and create a general theory of location. Lösch's views were more complex than Christaller's, illustrating a whole equilibrium system explaining the interrelationship of all locations, including much more complex network relationships than the hierarchy network of Christaller. ...
... The economic growth perspective emphasizes different roles in space perception, shifting from regional growth to local development into local growth theories [67]. Either way, Christaller [49] and Lösch [51,52] formed the principal basis of regional spatial organization. First and foremost, they show that cities are not scattered randomly over space, and secondly, the functioning of cities cannot be understood without considering their surroundings. ...
... This is true for all spatial scales. These flows, mentioned by Christaller [49] and Lösch [51,52], are affected by the size of attraction and distance between them. Moreover, this so-called attractiveness has a dual effect, reflecting scaling hierarchical structures of city sizes and services scope [75], along with a hierarchy of market areas (hinterlands) [62]. ...
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Spatial accessibility is fundamentally related to the functional, economic and social performances of cities and geographical systems and, therefore, constitutes an essential aspect for spatial planning. Despite the significant progress made in accessibility research, little attention is given to the central role of accessibility in space organization and structuration. This study aimed to fill this gap. Based on an intensive literature review, our work shows the critical role of accessibility in space organization at different scales and sizes, starting from the basic concept of accessibility and its foundations in the classical locational theories and further to the methods and theories at the forefront of research. These processes also point to a unique contribution of multiscale accessibility in space structuration. Accordingly, we offer a conceptual framework to describe the multiscale process of space structuration with respect to local-urban, regional and national scales. We believe this framework may help in studying space and, more importantly, in understanding space. We hope this perspective forms an additional tier at the conceptual and methodological levels concerning accessibility and spatial organization and will encourage empirical studies in light of the suggested view.
... The flow approach follows the classic economic geographers, like Losch (1940) and Giersch (1949), with the physical flow of (trading) activities playing a key role. Its main focus on rationality and physical distance is still resourceful in the contemporary studies of borderlands and cross-border trade. ...
... Its main focus on rationality and physical distance is still resourceful in the contemporary studies of borderlands and cross-border trade. Losch (1940) noted that economics of location envisages the benefits of border locations. It argues that state tariffs at national borders lengthens the economic distance between two countries. ...
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The establishment of African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement (AfCFTA) in 2018 paved the way for trade to commence on 1 January 2021. The main goal of AfCFTA is to boost intra-African trade by removing tariff and non-tariff barriers to create a single liberalised market for goods and services in Africa. The border regions are expected to play a central role for this initiative, but unfortunately they are pervaded by issues such as infrastructural marginalisation, multiple checkpoints, insurgency, transnational organised crime, border disputes and border porosity. Borderlands in the ECOWAS region are not exempted from these concerns which pose a significant challenge to cross-border trade in the region. This chapter analyses border issues in the ECOWAS region and the challenges they pose to cross-border trade which ordinarily should serve as an interface for the domestication of AfCFTA in the region. An ethnographic research approach was adopted, using observation and interviews as instruments for data collection. Other sources of data include documents, books and journal articles on the theme of borders and border-related issues. Three theoretical strands used in human geography vis-à-vis flow approach, cross-border cooperation approach and people approach were employed to explain cross-border socioeconomic activities in the region.KeywordsAfCFTAECOWASCross-border cooperationCross-border tradeIntra- African tradeRegional integration
... The idea of taking into account the transport factor in the model of an agricultural enterprise location was expanded and refined for application to industrial enterprises by W. Launhardt, in whose works the idea of the "three-point problem" was presented, that is, the problem of establishing the optimal location for an enterprise that produces one type of product at constant unit production costs, in terms of production orientation to a particular market and considering only two sources of raw materials. The theory took a generalized form in the results of A. Weber's research [19], where the decisive criteria for choosing the optimal location were determined by the minimum relative costs of production and marketing, namely wage costs, raw materials costs and fuel and transport costs (determined by the distance and cargo weight) as well as economic benefits of reduced fixed capital provision. The location theory gained its further development by W. Christaller [6], who based on empirical data on southern Germany, formed the Central Place Theory (CPT). ...
... Theories of J.G. von Thünen, W. Launhardt, A. Weber and W. Christaller, which are considered to be classical location theories, have two common features, namely: firstly, an assumption of complete information about all the location factors necessary to determine the optimal enterprise location and secondly, an object of a study is an individual enterprise without taking into account such external factors as tax policy and consumer demand. Thus, a shift of the subject shifting in a scale of a research subject of from ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ІННОВАЦІЇ Том 24, Вип. 2 (83) 209 a level of a single enterprise to a level of economic region took place within a formation of the spatial economic equilibrium theory by A. Lösch [19], which in his presentation is considered neoclassical. Lösch expanded a range of factors influencing the optimal location of enterprises, supplementing the classical location theories with various tools of macroeconomics (taxes, duties, effects of different competition conditions, etc.) and, by means of calculations, proved that as you move away from the center to the periphery of the market area, transport costs increase, prices for goods and services increase, and at the same time there is a decrease in demand. ...
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Topicality. The article explores the issue of determining the direction in which the region should develop its foreign economic relations, how to rebuild a regional economic system in order to realize their resources and opportunities for growth in the globalized international economy in the most effective way. Theoretical and conceptual foundations of the regional foreign economic relations development, analysed in this article, determine a role of commodity exports, imports of modern technologies, investment (including foreign capital), innovation, institutional environment and entrepreneurship for regional development. Among other issues addressed in this article, special attention was paid to analysis of changes in regional development paradigms.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to study theoretical and conceptual foundations of regional development through by means of regional foreign economic relations amplification. In addition, the objectives of the current study include: highlighting changes of scientific views on paradigms of regional development in terms of areas of amplification of regional foreign economic relations, identification of the main contradictions and temporal context of the proposed theories and concepts of regional development, addition to the main trends in the theoretical and conceptual basis of regional development in recent years.Research results. The article considers a formation of theories and concepts of regional development, which provide for the intensification of regional foreign economic relations. The analysis of theoretical and conceptual bases of regional foreign economic relations amplification testifies the transformation of paradigms of regional development according to a context of times in which there were changes of scientific views on the reasons and consequences of regional growth. The article examines the evolutionary transformation of regional economic development paradigms through the following theories: spatial location theory, theory of international (interregional) trade, Keynesian theories (export base theory and input-output model), neoclassical theories of regional economic development, concepts of economic rationalism, comparative, competitive and common advantages, theories of globalization, sustainable development, regional self-help and endogenous development, a new growth theory. Based on the analysis of the regional development theoretical foundations, the article establishes that the main theories and concepts of regional foreign economic relations mostly focused on consideration of such incentives as: capital investment, technological innovation, foreign trade, agglomeration effect (economies of scale), as well as a level of institution development.Conclusion. The article states that there is no single generally accepted theory for providing scientific approaches to a complementary amplification of regional foreign economic relations. Certain theories and concepts, which form theoretical foundations for the regional foreign economic relations amplification, have relatively practical application only in specific cases. Thus, by means of an application of the postulates of the theory of international and interregional trade, the optimal structure of the external trade turnover of the region and the parameters of determining the commodity positions for import substitution are determined; neoclassical theory of spatial equilibrium serves as a theoretical basis for choosing investment attraction’ direction in prioritized regional production and infrastructure facilities; new regional growth theories (including, of endogenous regional development concept) serve as a theoretical background for choosing tools for foreign economic activity intensification in order to ensure regional development. At the same time, achieving regional growth, in the modern sense, is not possible without considering principles of sustainable development and self-sufficiency of a territory, therefore, an amplification of foreign economic relations in the region, even in a globalized world, should be based mainly on endogenous factors, while strengthening its development with an innovation and investment components from the external environment.
... Seguindo a mesma linha de pensamento, Lösch (1954) partiu para o desenvolvimento da sua teoria que buscava explicar o surgimento da hierarquia de cidades. Este procura incorporar ao raciocínio ideias relacionadas à teoria da localização das atividades econômicas, demonstrando como, a partir dessas localizações, haveria uma tendência ao aparecimento do sistema de lugares centrais. ...
... Este procura incorporar ao raciocínio ideias relacionadas à teoria da localização das atividades econômicas, demonstrando como, a partir dessas localizações, haveria uma tendência ao aparecimento do sistema de lugares centrais. Lösch (1954) consegue traçar uma dinâmica produtiva e econômica através de seu modelo, que conduz à formação de uma área de mercado em função dos custos de produção juntamente com os custos de transportes e a capacidade de ampliação das economias de escala que os produtores passam a gerar. Estas últimas favorecem a expansão dos municípios, em razão da expansão das atividades produtivas, possibilitada pelo crescimento de suas respectivas áreas de mercado. ...
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Capítulo publicado no Livro Economia e Desenvolvimento Local Cap. 01 - O desenvolvimento endógeno como forma de articulação entre políticas locais de desenvolvimento e atores locais: Políticas e projetos de desenvolvimento que se articulam com atores locais no âmbito de um processo acentuado de mercados globalizados podem ser considerados como base para compreender os aspectos conceituais do desenvolvimento endógeno. Para além de políticas e projetos, é somente a partir do objetivo da sustentabilidade deste desenvolvimento, que se torna possível pensar de forma concreta a articulação com atores locais...
... The fundamental studies of the regularities of the spatial arrangement of social activities and their reflection in the settlement structure are based on principles described in localization theories [26][27][28][29] and much later in theories of the new economic geography (NEG) which brings a more realistic view of the conditionality of population distribution and economic activities in space due to taking into account a number of additional influencing factors (see e.g. [30,31], or [32]). ...
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Geolocation data is a widely used source of the spatial information about the population. Their great potential might be also used for population mobility research to identify spatial interactions forming the hierarchical structure of the settlement system. For this purpose, a model of data acquisition and their preliminary analysis was developed. This model represents an effective tool for mapping the mobility behavior of the population. Using the example of Czechia, primary commuting links are identified, which are subsequently analyzed in detail using GIS tools in both desktop and online environments. Therefore, important commuting centers of different hierarchical levels are defined by the volume and nature of spatial interactions. This approach is used as a source of important expertise for the proposals on subsequent administration reform in Czechia. Nevertheless, the entire model is generally transferable, and the entire method of using the geolocation data for mapping the hierarchy within the settlement system can be replicated in other countries as well.
... We emphasized this in our previous publications (Stadnicki, 2018;Stadnicki & Terebukh, 2020; Volume 13 • Number 3 • September 2022 Stadnicki & Terebukh, 2022), and the world-famous researcher of the history of economic thought, Mark Blaug, explained this situation by the continued disregard by scientists of the spatial factor in economics, as well as the dominance of description in studies on the spatial organization of the economy [3,4] (Blaug, 1979;2006). Descriptiveness was characteristic of scientists who preferred qualitative rather than quantitative analysis, because they believed that the lack of relevant information would always be a problem for reliable calculations (Beckmann, 1968;Hoover, 1948;Losch, 1954;Marshall, 1890). The main drawback of theoretical approaches to the problem of optimal location of production is the lack of a systematic approach to take into account the analysis of potential sales markets (PSM). ...
... RGCs offer a great potential for rural economic growth, therefore the government should promote and support this potential until the process of development becomes sustainable and equitable (Manyanhaire, 2011). Christaller (1933) and Losch (1940) propounded the Central Place concept, which is associated with the functional specialisation, quantity, size and distribution of human settlements. The original concept has been later expanded by regional scholars such as Hirschman (1958), Boudeville (1968) and Friedman (1970) to include the dimension of geographic space. ...
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In developing countries like India, even after having a prolonged history of rural development planning, villages are still struggling to access most basic amenities and services. This study aims to establish the existing hierarchy of rural settlements in the Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh by identifying the existing Rural Growth Centres (RGCs). The study is based on secondary data obtained from the District Census Handbook, 2011. In order to find out the four-tier hierarchical arrangement of all the 727 villages in the study area, the Centrality Score (CS) has been calculated by considering 31 services at the village level. Five settlements recording CS value of more than 10.00 have been designated as RGCs which constitutes only 0.68 per cent of the total inhabited villages. The base of the hierarchical pyramid of rural settlements is significantly wider which shows the largest concentration of settlements under the lowest category, which constitutes more than 75 per cent villages of the study area. This study provides a base for village level planning and can help to ensure that rural development is both sustainable and equitable.
... As instituições financeiras, ao decidirem abrir novas filiais (agências bancárias) em outros mercados e adquirir/fundir-se com outra instituição já atuante localmente, levam em consideração aspectos federalizados para posterior privatização, 5 reestruturados com recursos do PROES e apenas 3 não participaram do programa, conforme dados de julho de 1998. Esses conceitos se aderem à teoria da localização que, segundo Weber (1929) e Losch (1954), baseia-se na hipótese de que toda empresa escolhe a localização que lhe ofereça o maior lucro esperado. Ou seja, ao escolherem a ocupação geográfica de atuação, as empresas buscam se beneficiar de economias de escopo e densidade empresarial. ...
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O presente artigo objetiva avaliar os indicadores de concentração para o setor bancário brasileiro entre os anos de 1994 a 2018, visando capturar como as principais mudanças na economia após o Plano Real afetaram a definição da estratégia de mercado dos bancos. Além disso, busca-se, também, verificar se os principais indicadores bancários apresentam dependência espacial e, em caso afirmativo, entender como essa dependência afeta o nível de concentração do setor na ótica local. Para tal, o trabalho utilizou como estratégia metodológica o cálculo dos índices de Herfindahl-Hirschman e Entropia de Theil normalizados e Razão de Concentração para a avaliação da concentração nacional. Para entendimento da dependência espacial e concentração local realizou-se a Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais a partir da estatística I de Moran e Indicador Local de Associação Espacial. Os resultados encontrados indicam que a consolidação do setor financeiro foi acompanhada pela tendência de elevações da concentração entre os principais players de mercado após o Plano Real. Além disso, constatou-se que a atuação dos bancos possui dependência espacial.
... In classical location theory, founded and developed by Johann von Thünen, Alfred Weber, and August Lösch, as well as in its modern developments, the geographical effects of resource allocation are emphasized, and locational decision-making behaviors of economic agents are studied according to the principle of efficiency through the analysis of factors such as costs and profits (Lösch, 2010;Thünen, 1986;Weber, 1990). However, characterized by non-profit and government-led characteristics with the objective of maximizing social benefits and welfare, public facilities face the question of how to achieve a balanced spatial layout within the framework of the fiscal budget. ...
Article
Based on data collected from residential aged care facility websites and the Sixth China National Population Census, this paper studies the spatial pattern of Beijing's aged care resources in the framework of spatial location of public facilities. The results show that at the township/street level, the overall distribution of public aged care resources is relatively balanced, showing positive spatial autocorrelation, while private aged care resources show partially negative spatial autocorrelation. Spatial regression analysis indicates that the dispersed and clustered distribution of private aged care resources are more sensitive to the density of local elderly population, although the distribution of two types of resources is affected by the absolute number of service objects in respective administrative areas. In short, the spatial distribution pattern of public and private aged care resources reflects the contrast between efficiency and equity in providing aging care in China, a fact that is shaped by both administrative and market forces.
... Em termos gerais, não há destaque, dentre as preocupações da economia, para a explicação dessas dinâmicas de regionalização das relações espaciais no processo de organização econômica e da hierarquização dos núcleos urbanos 1 . De tal forma, que é facilmente possível indicar as contribuições episódicas nesse campo de análise, o que, inequivocamente, inclui as contribuições seminais do economista Lösch (1954), que apresenta um modelo de redes urbanas cujos conceitos e resultados são muito semelhantes aos da Teoria do Lugar Central, desenvolvida por Christäller (1966). Tais formulações se firmaram como fundamentos para modelagens que caracterizam as redes urbanas a partir dos fluxos mercantis. ...
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O artigo apresenta uma análise das transações comerciais entre os núcleos urbanos do Pará, a partir dos registros administrativos das notas fiscais eletrônicas (NFe). Esses registros possibilitam uma análise pouco usual sobre a estrutura de abastecimentos das cidades do estado, auxiliando na identificação das hierarquias urbanas, relações de dependência, formação de agrupamentos e regionalizações. A análise desses dados fornece elementos empíricos para a consideração de Carajás como uma região específica e permite precisar suas características particulares de heterogeneidade e homogeneidade. A estrutura de abastecimento e de vendas dessa região é apresentada de forma detalhada, evidenciando sua baixa conexão com o resto do estado e elevada dependência para com o resto do Brasil.
... Second, specialized locations that serve the specific needs of the wider public and therefore can attract people from diverse neighborhoods tend to situate in the center of cities. The central place theory originally developed for the inter-urban scale by Christaller (1933) andLösch (1954) explains the hierarchy of cities and towns through their size and the range of functions that they provide. Higher-order centers share most of the functions (goods and services) of lower order centers and some specialised functions that attract population from a larger area. ...
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Cities host diverse people and their mixing is the engine of prosperity. In turn, segregation and inequalities are common features of most cities and locations that enable the meeting of people with different socio-economic status are key for urban inclusion. In this study, we adopt the concept of economic complexity to quantify the sophistication of amenity supply at urban locations. We propose that neighborhood complexity and amenity complexity are connected to the ability of locations to attract diverse visitors from various socio-economic backgrounds across the city. We construct the measures of amenity complexity based on the local portfolio of diverse and non-ubiquitous amenities in Budapest, Hungary. Socio-economic mixing at visited third places is investigated by tracing the daily mobility of individuals and by characterizing their status by the real-estate price of their home locations. Results suggest that measures of ubiquity and diversity of amenities do not, but neighborhood complexity and amenity complexity are correlated with the urban centrality of locations. Urban centrality is a strong predictor of socio-economic mixing, but both neighborhood complexity and amenity complexity add further explanatory power to our models. Our work combines urban mobility data with economic complexity thinking to show that the diversity of non-ubiquitous amenities, central locations, and the potentials for socio-economic mixing are interrelated.
... The central place theory, introduced by Christaller (1933), also underlines the role of transport cost on final sale price, naturally pushing economic agents to cluster and concentrate over space. Lösch (1954) suggests that the spatial distribution of economic activities (supply) lies on the (spatial) distribution and the frequency of the demand. As such, local economic activities, such as bakery and barber shops, can be found in any city since the demand is frequent. ...
... Marshall (1890 [1982]) destaca a existência de retornos crescentes de escala relacionados a ganhos pecuniários, tecnológicos e de mercado de trabalho proporcionados pela proximidade e pela troca de informação entre os agentes econômicos. Weber (1929), Lösch (1954) de dispersão para demonstrar que mesmo sob a hipótese de homogeneidade espacial pode haver concentração territorial das atividades produtivas. ...
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O objetivo do artigo é identificar os determinantes da arrecadação do ISS e sua relação com grau de dependência municipal das transferências intergovernamentais. São utilizados dados fornecidos pela STN-FINBRA e pelo IBGE para estimar modelos de dados em painel para os municípios brasileiros entre 2005-2015. Os resultados evidenciam uma relação positiva entre arrecadação do ISS e dinamismo local e uma relação negativa entre a arrecadação do ISS e os indicadores de importância relativa das transferências intergovernamentais para a composição das receitas correntes dos municípios.
... Weber's analytical model focuses on three main location factors: transportation, labor and raw materials [32]. Based on this, there are at least four different basic theories that explain the key principles of industrial location, including the maximum income location principle [33], the maximum profit location principle [34], behavioral approaches and location [35], structural approaches and location [36]. With the indepth development of location theory research, we discovered that resources factor (land, raw materials), capital factor, market factor, institution factor, technology factor and other factors (such as the individual behavior factor, level of economic development and economic structure) gradually enter the industrial location analysis framework [37]. ...
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Quantitative identification of the location of cultural and creative industries has always been an important issue in the study of micro-locations in human geography. However, most of the previous studies on the location of cultural and creative industries focused on the macro description of the existing cultural and creative industry and lacked quantitative identification of micro-locations suitable for cultivating and developing cultural and creative industries. Therefore, based on the relevant location theory of cultural and creative industries, the urban creative field strength and its quantitative model are proposed. From the perspective of the built environment, 500 m × 500 m grids were established as analysis units based on multi-source data, including society, economy and geography data, using the geographic information system (GIS) analysis technology and spatial entropy weight overlay method to describe and visualize the micro-locations of urban cultural and creative industries. Based on the empirical study in Hangzhou, the following can be concluded: (1) the study method of “single index measurement–entropy method weighting–space weighted summation–hot spot analysis” constructed can quantitatively identify the micro-location of urban cultural and creative industries. It proves that the research framework proposed is scientifically valid. (2) The overall field strength of the creative field in Hangzhou has a circular structure with multiple centers, gradually decreasing outward from the main urban area of Hangzhou, with the sub-centers of the creative field scattered around the core urban area. The most suitable location for the cultivation and development of cultural and creative industries in Hangzhou is located in Wensan District as the core area, which includes Wensan Road, Xueyuan Road, Wulin Square, Hangzhou Future City-Xixi Wetland, etc. (3) The location around the provincial/city/district government land is the core area of creative field strength, which is more suitable for the development of cultural and creative industries. The farther from the core area, the smaller the creative field strength is, and the more obvious the attenuation of distance is.
... La localización espacial óptima (Christaller, 1933;Lösch, 1954;Thünen, 1910) aporta con teorías, leyes y modelos para los estudios de transporte y accesibilidad. A través de los años, sus aplicaciones han tenido bastante éxito y trascendencia para la toma de decisiones en política y planificación urbana, debido a que en la práctica resulta eficaz y clara para la evaluación de planes y proyectos (Jirón y Mansilla, 2013). ...
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Desde la perspectiva del giro espacial en las ciencias sociales, el presente trabajo se aproxima a la comprensión sobre los cambios en la movilidad cotidiana y las barreras de accesibilidad que han surgido producto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Desde una perspectiva fenomenológica, este enfoque teórico-metodológico permite explorar la espacialidad de la vida cotidiana, mediante la observación de las experiencias de movilidad y accesibilidad de los trabajadores de temporada asociados a la industria frutícola en la comuna de San Fernando, Chile. En primera instancia, el estudio introduce a la problemática desde el concepto de la movilidad y su relación con el trabajo. Luego, aborda el giro de la movilidad y accesibilidad desde la perspectiva socioespacial de los sujetos. Posteriormente, se trabaja metodológicamente con etnografías móviles y mapas tiempo-espacio, para continuar con la experiencia de movilidad, mostrándose ejemplos de tres sujetos de estudio que trabajan por temporadas en empresas de exportación frutícola. Los resultados permiten identificar los cambios en la movilidad cotidiana que han oprimido las relaciones sociales, mientras que surgieron nuevas barreras de accesibilidad, como “barreras de seguridad” y “barreras regulatorias”, que antes de la pandemia no existían.
... One important exception that is specific to urban economics is the influence of regional science, rooted in Walter Isard's (1956) work. As Fujita et al. (1999) note, many ideas from regional science have been incorporated into mainstream urban economics, including the central place theory of Christaller (1933) and Losch (1940) and the market potential analysis of C. Harris (1954). ...
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An “urban” subfield exists in virtually every social science discipline, but these subfields seldom engage one another. We asked scholars from five urban subfields to respond to questions about the state of urban research within their discipline. This article consists of their consequent essays and reflections on their responses. The questions posed included the discipline’s conception of “urban,” the main concerns motivating the subfield, the primary methodologies pursued, the extent to which their subfield interacted with or was informed by research in other urban subfields, and the main concepts or approaches it had to offer to other subfields or might take away from them. In our reflections, we particularly note the intellectual and institutional difficulties in creating a broader field of urban research or of engaging in truly inter-disciplinary research. We also highlight the desirability of greater engagement across these subfields through encouraging a “republic of conversation” among them.
... However, one of the first theories of industrial location was developed by Alfred Weber in 1909 (23). More modern and comprehensive scholars of the location of industrial activity were Ohlin, Hoover, Losch, and Isard (17), (8), (15), (10), (11), ( 12). ...
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I examine how neighbourhood-level food store access, proxied by distance to the nearest food store, changed in Sweden between 2000 and 2013, and how this change is correlated with changes in potential market size, proxied by population density. I find that distance has increased in rural and more affluent neighbourhoods. Furthermore, an increase in distance is negatively correlated with an increase in population density and is most pronounced in rural areas. The results are driven by the growing, rather than the declining, regions. Since the latter have often been a target for subsidies over the years, this could suggest that the aid may have had an impact.
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Topicality. The events of recent years (the Covid-19 pandemic, hostilities in Ukraine) have led to a significant increase in world food prices. Thus, the FAO price index in February 2022 reached a historic high of 140.7 percentage points. One of the significant factors in this situation is a significant increase in prices for fertilizers for agriculture, which leads to their shortage. This actualizes the search for a solution to the problem of using sewage sludge as biological resource for sustainable agriculture and ensuring the implementation of sustainable development goals, including goals 2, 6, 11, 12, 15. Purpose and tasks. The purpose of the article is to analyze various aspects of the use of sewage sludge in agricultural production as one of the promising ways to achieve sustainable development goals. Results. The content of organic matter in the sludge can improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil by ensuring better soil cultivation and water retention capacity, especially when dehydrated sewage sludge is used. Biosolids reduce runoff and increase surface water retention. Organic nitrogen in sludge is much less likely to cause groundwater pollution than chemical nitrogen fertilizers. The use of sewage sludge on agricultural land is the best way to recycle the nutrients it contains. Sewage sludge can therefore be considered an important biological resource for sustainable agriculture. Physico-chemical characteristics of sewage sludge of different origin were compared. The concentration of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were similar. Nevertheless, there are some site-specific factors that make each sewage sludge unique and must be taken into account to predict the outcome of sewage sludge treatment. To achieve the goal, an analysis was made of the effect of sewage sludge on the physico-chemical and microbial properties of the soil; its impact on plants and their roductivity; the problems of using soil sludge in agriculture, taking into account its contamination with various ubstances (heavy metals, microplastics and pharmaceuticals), have been studied. Conclusions. Sewage sludge is a promising fertilizer for sustainable agriculture, taking into account the need for an effective technology for its purification from hazardous substances. Key words: sustainable agriculture, sewage sludge as resource, plant productivity, priorities of economic use of sewage sludge.
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