The Effect of Ambient Temperature on Some Biochemical Profiles of Black Bengal Goats (Capra aegagrushircus) In Two Different Agro-Climatic Zones in West Bengal, India

Abstract

Being a multipurpose animal goat can produce meat, milk and hide. India has a good number of Black Bengal goat populations, which has an important role in the lives of local goat rearers. The goal of the present study is to find out the effects of changing seasons on some biochemical parameters ofBlack Bengal goat (Capra aegagrushircus) in two different agro-climatic zones in India. The highest mean value of temperature (42.6 ± 1.5 ºC) has been reported during the month of April or May in the season of pre-monsoon in Purulia. However, the lowest value of temperature (8.6 ± 0.9 ºC) has been reported during the month of December or January in the season of post-monsoon again in Purulia. The parameter studied here are blood pH, blood glucose level, concentration of Hb, RBC count, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Data has analyzed for the effect of seasonal variation among in both the regions and the current findings implies that not only seasonal variation but the regional variation also influence the major biochemical responses of goats.

Full text

IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 9, Issue 4 Ver. III (Jul -Aug. 2014), PP 32-36
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
The Effect of Ambient Temperature on Some Biochemical
Profiles of Black Bengal Goats (Capra aegagrushircus) In Two
Different Agro-Climatic Zones in West Bengal, India
Mihir Bhatta1, Debasish Das1 ,Probal Ranjan Ghosh2
1(Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India)
2(Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences. 37 Khudiram
Bose Sarani, Kolkata-700037.West Bengal, India.)
Abstract:Being a multipurpose animal goat can produce meat, milk and hide. India has a good number of
Black Bengal goat populations, which has an important role in the lives of local goat rearers. The goal of the
present study is to find out the effects of changing seasons on some biochemical parameters ofBlack Bengal
goat (Capra aegagrushircus) in two different agro-climatic zones in India. The highest mean value of
temperature (42.6 ± 1.5 ºC) has been reported during the month of April or May in the season of pre-monsoon
in Purulia. However, the lowest value of temperature (8.6 ± 0.9 ºC) has been reported during the month of
December or January in the season of post-monsoon again in Purulia. The parameter studied here are blood
pH, blood glucose level, concentration of Hb, RBC count, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Data has analyzed for
the effect of seasonal variation among in both the regions and the current findings implies that not only
seasonal variation but the regional variation also influence the major biochemical responses of goats.
Keywords:Goats, pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, Purulia, Nadia
I. Introduction:
Goat being a multipurpose animal which can produce meat, milk and hide is an important choice to the
small and marginal farmers of India, especially West Bengal. Goat production in India makes a major
contribution to the agrarian economy (1). Here we choose among the several goat breeds of India, black Bengal
goats (Capra aegagrushircus) (2) majorly distributed throughout Eastern India and best in terms of meat and
leather quality (1). Although goats are known to be adapted to harsh environments but their productivity is
affected adversely by extreme climatic conditions. Lowering of food intake and decrease in meat as well as milk
production are commonly observed in heat stressed goat (3). In the present scenario of global climate changes,
the physiological response of goat to elevated temperature is a major focus to maintain the goat rearing a
sustainable venture (3).
Several biochemical markers are identified to assess the health status of goat exposed to stress (4). The
monitoring of blood constituents in a regular interval can predict the unnatural physiological condition and to
formulate strategies which may prevent massive loss in goat husbandry due to pathogens or climatic factors.
The present study was carried out to study seasonal as well as zone wise variation in different physio-
biochemical parameters of Black Bengal goat in two agro-climatic regions of India viz. Purulia, fall under
Eastern Plateau and Hills region(5)and Nadia, fall under Lower Gangetic Plains region(6) of India with special
reference to changes in ambient temperature.
II. Materials And Methods:
2.1 Animals: The animals used in this study were clinically healthy Black Bengal bucks of 2 – 3 years of
age and has an average body weight of about 15Kg showing no parasitic infestation. The animals were taken
from the local rearers of Lakshmipur village (23º 21’N, 86º5’E) of Purulia district and in Mohanpur farm
(22˚56ˊN, 88˚31ˊE) of Nadia district, both from the state of West Bengal, there are no feed restriction to the
goats. Animals were maintained in its ambient condition for four weeks prior to blood sampling.
2.2 Study areas: Planning Commission of India, in 2006 has demarcated the geographical area of
India into 15 agro-climatic regions.The present studies have been carried out into two agro-climatic zones of
India. These are as follows:
2.2.1. Purulia, fall under Eastern Plateau and Hills region of India (5). This agro-climatic zone is Located at
the southern tip of Bihar. Thirty per cent of the area is classified as forests and only about a quarter of the area is
cultivated. It receives about 1,200 mm of rainfall annually. The climate is moist sub-humid to sub-humid and
the soil is red loamy, red and yellow.Average annual rainfall is varies from 1100 to 1500 mm. The humidity is
high in monsoon season, from 75% to 85%. But in hot summer it goes down from 35% to 25%. Temperature

The Effect of Ambient Temperature on Some Biochemical Profiles of Black Bengal Goats ….
www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
varies over a wide range from 7°C in winter to 46.8°C in the summer. Due to undulated topography just about
fifty percent of the total rainfall flows away as run off (5). The total goat population of Purulia is 813191 (7).
2.2.2. Nadia, fall under Lower Gangetic Plains region of India (6). About 68% of the land is cultivated. The
soil of this sub-zone is deltaic alluvial and the climate is per humid to humid. Annual rainfall ranging between
1,200 mm and 1,700 mm. The zone has a tropical climate with a short spell of winter season. The hot season
lasts from mid-March to mid-June, with the day temperature ranging from 38°C to 45°C in different parts of this
region. The monsoon arrives by the month of middle June. Winter extends about three months; the average
minimum temperature not goes down below 10°C. Average rainfall of this area is 1,435.8 mm (6). The total
goat population of Nadia is 952143 (7).
2.3. Climatological measurement: The three year data on temperature of the study area has been collected
from the state meteorological department and the mean of the three years with standard deviation was calculated
(Table 1) using MS-Excel 2007 and shown here in a tabular form (Table 1).
Table 1. Mean maximum and minimum temperature of last three years
Purulia
Nadia
Seasons
Months
Max (ºC)
Min (ºC)
Max (ºC)
Min (ºC)
Pre-Monsoon
March
40.4 ± 2.3
21.6 ± 10.9
37 ± 2.45
16 ± 3.9
April
42.6 ± 1.5
21 ± 0.7
38 ± 1
19.4 ± 3.3
May
42.6 ± 1.5
22.4 ± 1.1
39.2 ± 1.5
23.4 ± 1.5
June
38.6 ± 5.0
23.2 ± 0.8
36 ± 4.7
23.6 ± 1.3
Post-Monsoon
November
32.0 ± 1.0
13.6 ± 1.1
31.6 ± 1.2
14.4 ± 2.8
December
30.8 ± 2.2
9.4 ± 1.7
28.75 ± 0.5
11.5 ± 1.3
January
30.0 ± 2.5
8.6 ± 0.9
28.6 ± 1.5
10.2 ± 1.6
February
34.6 ± 2.5
11 ± 2.5
32.2 ± 3.6
12.6 ± 3
2.4. Blood collection and clinical analysis: Data on blood parameters have been collected on apparently
healthy goats using purposive sampling technique (8) for the year and categorized into two seasons. The seasons
include pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. About 4 ml of blood was collected by jugular venipuncture from each
goat between 12 o’clock to 2 pm under the intense sun using disposable Vacutainer needles and tubes (9). The
collected blood has been dispensed into di-potassium ethylene di-amine tetra acetic acid (K2EDTA) vials and
labeled accordingly.The anticoagulants mixed blood then used to analyze for the packed cell volume (PCV),
erythrocyte or red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb). Total erythrocyte count (TEC) or the RBC count
(calculated in 106/µl) has been done with the help of improved Neubauer counting chamber (10, 11). The total
hemoglobin (calculated in g/dl) concentration in blood has been determined by the Drabkins method
(cyanmethaemoglobin method) (12). Determination of Hematocrit value or PCV (in %) has been done by
hematocrit tube method andmean corpuscular volume ormean cell volume or MCV (infemtoliter per cell or
fl),mean corpuscular hemoglobin or MCH (in picogram per cell or pg) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration or MCHC (in %) have been calculated from the values of PCV, RBC and Hb (10). Blood pH has
been studied on field using pH meter. Blood glucose level (mg/dl) has been analyzed by glucose oxidase method
as modified by Gochman and Schmitz (13).
2.5. Statistical analysis: The statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS 21.01 (14).
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to determine the effects of season and the two different agro
climatic regions studied here on the parameters (15). Mean separation has been performed using MS-Excel
2007.
III. Results:
The result obtained from the present study reveals that in Nadia, blood pH (p<0.05) and blood glucose
level (p<0.01) in black Bengal goats are significantly increase during post-monsoon. When compared to the
post-monsoon hemoglobin level significantly (p<0.01) increase in pre-monsoon. During post-monsoon RBC
count non- significantly increase than in pre-monsoon. PCV, MCV and MCH values also show significant
(p<0.01) increase in pre-monsoon. MCHC shows no significant difference between the two seasons (Table 2).
Table 2. Effect of the seasonal variation on the bio-chemicals parameters in Nadia
Parameters (Units)
Pre-monsoon
Post-monsoon
Overall
P value
Blood pH
7.31 ± 0.06
7.63 ± 0.07
7.47 ± 0.31
0.018*
Glucose (mg/dl)
43.6 ± 6.27
59.25 ± 2.66
51.42 ± 9.3
0.00000027**
Hb ( g/dl)
12.7 ± 0.63
8.45 ± 1.5
10.58 ± 2.45
0.000000045**
RBC (millions/ mm3)
7.15 ± 0.98
9.188 ± 2.79
8.17 ± 2.28
0.14NS
PCV (%)
37.05 ± 1.86
26.07 ± 4.02
31.56 ± 6.4
0.00000017**
MCV (fl)
52.48 ± 6.02
29.9 ± 6.78
41.23 ± 13.11
0.00000069**
MCH (pg/ cell)
18 ± 2.02
9.87 ±2.16
13.84 ± 4.73
0.00000012**
MCHC (%)
33.91 ± 0.61
33.26 ± 0.82
33.59 ± 0.78
0.061NS
*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; NS: not significant

The Effect of Ambient Temperature on Some Biochemical Profiles of Black Bengal Goats ….
www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
In Purulia, blood pH significantly (p<0.01) lowers whereas Hb level significantly increases with
concomitant decrease of TEC in pre-monsoon season.. PCV, MCV and MCH value also show significant
(p<0.01) increase in pre-monsoon similar to the trend found in Nadia (shown in Table 2). In Purulia blood
glucose level and MCHC value shows no significant difference between the two seasons (Table 3).
Table 3. Effect of the seasonal variation on the bio-chemicals parameters in Purulia
Parameters (Units)
Pre-monsoon
Post-monsoon
Overall
P value
Blood pH
7.32 ± 0.24
7.74 ± 0.12
7.48 ± 0.29
0.0002**
Glucose (mg/dl)
45.1 ± 5.75
48.23 ± 5.87
47.05 ± 5.88
0.25NS
Hb ( g/dl)
9.76 ± 0.5
8.54 ± 0.7
9.15 ± 0.9
0.0004**
RBC (millions/ mm3)
7.5 ± 1.5
9.59 ± 1.4
8.5 ± 1.8
0.005**
PCV (%)
28.65 ± 1.8
25.61 ± 2.1
27.31 ± 2.5
0.0008**
MCV (fl)
39.55 ± 7.9
27.28 ± 4.7
33.63 ± 8.9
0.003**
MCH (pg/ cell)
13.45 ± 2.6
9.1 ± 1.6
11.28 ± 3.1
0.003**
MCHC (%)
34.08 ± 0.8
33.35 ± 0.8
33.52 ± 0.8
0.34NS
*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; NS: not significant
During the seasonal analysis, the blood pH value shows no significant difference between Purulia and
Nadia in the season of pre-monsoon. Blood glucose as well as Hb level increase significantly (p<0.01) in Nadia
where as RBC values shows no significant difference between the two regions in the season of pre-monsoon.
PCV, MCV and MCH values significantly increase (p<0.01) in Nadia during pre-monsoon. MCHC shows no
significant difference between the two regions (Table 4).
Table 4. Effect of the regional variation on the bio-chemicals parameters in pre-monsoon
Parameters (Units)
Purulia
Nadia
Over all
P value
Blood pH
7.32 ± 0.24
7.25 ± 0.25
7.31 ± 0.24
0.76NS
Glucose (mg/dl)
48.23 ± 5.87
59.12 ± 3.43
51.67 ± 7.3
0.00062**
Hb ( g/dl)
9.76 ± 0.5
12.7 ± 0.63
11.24 ± 1.6
0.0000000018**
RBC (millions/ mm3)
7.5 ± 1.5
7.15 ± 0.98
7.33 ± 1.2
0.549NS
PCV (%)
28.65 ± 1.8
37.05 ± 1.86
33.03 ± 4.48
0.0000000091**
MCV (fl)
39.55 ± 7.9
52.48 ± 6.02
46.23 ± 9.28
0.00074**
MCH (pg/ cell)
13.45 ± 2.6
18 ± 2.02
15.74 ± 3.25
0.00038**
MCHC (%)
34.08 ± 0.8
34.31 ± 0.65
34 ± 0.76
0.06NS
*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; NS: not significant
During the season of post-monsoon, blood pH value only shows significant increase (p<0.01) in Nadia
than Purulia. All other values such are blood glucose; Hb, PCV, MCV and MCH show no significant difference
between two regions. MCHC also shows no significant difference between the two regions. The non significant
values suggest here that there are little physio-biochemical changes among the animals during the season of
post-monsoon in between those two regions (Table 5).
Table 5. Effect of the regional variation on the bio-chemicals parameters in post-monsoon
*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; NS: not significant
Here we also calculate all the parameters in season wise to evaluate show the physiological changes
according to seasonal variation. The blood pH count has been significantly higher (p<0.01) in post-monsoon.
There are no significant differences in blood glucose value as well as RBC value between two seasons. Hb level
shows significant increase in pre-monsoon than post-monsoon. PCV, MCV as well as MCH values show
significant (p<0.01) decrease in post-monsoon. MCHC also shows no significant difference between the two
seasons (Table 6).
There are significant higher (p<0.05) pH value in Purulia than Nadia when compared among the
region. Blood glucose value shows no significant difference between two regions. PCV value has been
Parameters (Units)
Purulia
Nadia
Over all
P value
Blood pH
7.7375 ± 0.12
8.206 ± 0.22
7.99 ± 0.3
0.00007**
Glucose (mg/dl)
43.58375 ± 7.1
45.137625 ± 5.7
44.4 ± 6.3
0.63NS
Hb ( g/dl)
8.54 ± 0.7
8.45 ± 1.5
8.5 ± 1.1
0.864NS
RBC (millions/ mm3)
9.59 ± 1.4
9.188 ± 2.79
9.39 ± 2.16
0.689NS
PCV (%)
25.61 ± 2.1
26.07 ± 4.02
25.8 ± 3.1
0.748NS
MCV (fl)
27.28 ± 4.7
29.9 ± 6.78
28.63 ± 5.85
0.31NS
MCH (pg/ cell)
9.1 ± 1.6
9.87 ±2.16
9.39 ± 1.87
0.5NS
MCHC (%)
33.35 ± 0.8
32.35 ± 2
32.85 ± 1.57
0.159NS

The Effect of Ambient Temperature on Some Biochemical Profiles of Black Bengal Goats ….
www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
significantly (p<0.01) higher in Nadia whereas MCV and MCH significantly lower (p<0.05) in Purulia. MCHC
also shows no significant difference between the two regions studied here (Table 7).
Table 6. Effect of the seasonal variation on the bio-chemicals parameters on all the animals
Parameters (Units)
Pre-monsoon
Post-monsoon
Over all
P value
Blood pH
7.31 ± 0.24
7.99 ± 0.3
7.6 ± 0.44
0.00005**
Glucose (mg/dl)
44.4 ± 6.3
51.67 ± 7.3
48.33 ± 7.7
0.078NS
Hb ( g/dl)
11.24 ± 1.6
8.5 ± 1.1
9.87 ± 1.96
0.0053**
RBC (millions/ mm3)
7.33 ± 1.2
9.39 ± 2.16
8.36 ± 2.04
0.075NS
PCV (%)
33.03 ± 4.48
25.8 ± 3.1
29.44 ± 5.27
0.0068**
MCV (fl)
46.23 ± 9.28
28.63 ± 5.85
37.43 ± 11.75
0.0026**
MCH (pg/ cell)
15.74 ± 3.25
9.39 ± 1.87
12.56 ± 4.14
0.0019**
MCHC (%)
34 ± 0.76
32.85 ± 1.57
33.42 ± 1.34
0.15NS
*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; NS: not significant
Table 7. Effect of the regional variation on the bio-chemicals parameters on all the animals
Parameters (Units)
Purulia
Nadia
Over all
P value
Blood pH
7.48 ± 0.29
7.47 ± 0.31
7.6 ± 0.44
0.048*
Glucose (mg/dl)
47.05 ± 5.88
51.42 ± 9.3
48.3 ± 7.7
0.24NS
Hb ( g/dl)
9.15 ± 0.9
10.58 ± 2.45
9.9 ± 1.96
0.019*
RBC (millions/ mm3)
8.5 ± 1.8
8.17 ± 2.28
8.4 ± 2.04
0.57NS
PCV (%)
27.31 ± 2.5
31.56 ± 6.4
29.4 ± 5.3
0.008**
MCV (fl)
33.63 ± 8.9
41.23 ± 13.11
37.4 ± 11.75
0.039*
MCH (pg/ cell)
11.28 ± 3.1
13.84 ± 4.73
12.6 ± 4.14
0.049*
MCHC (%)
33.52 ± 0.8
33.33 ± 1.76
33.4 ± 1.34
0.671NS
*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; NS: not significant
IV. Discussion
During the experimental period, the animals (here black Bengal goat) have been exposed to marked
seasonal changes in ambient temperature. Seasonal changes influence the physiological responses of the animals
in dissimilar way. It is known that each and every individual biological organism is somehow different from
other individuals of same group. So, their responses to same environment can be different from others. The goat
body temperature rises along with the elevated ambient temperature, which secondarily increase the water
uptake by the goat (16, 17). Under subtropical conditions, the water consumption of goats has been much higher
during pre-monsoon than in post-monsoon (18). The enormous drinking of water reduces the feed intake in
extreme heat condition in pre-monsoon (19). These nutritional modifications are manipulating the composition
of blood in goats (20).
Blood pH values in pre-monsoon are lower than post-monsoon in both the region i.e. Purulia and Nadia
(Table 2, 3, 5 and 6). It shows that during season of high ambient temperature arterial blood becomes more or
less acidic, which may be an outcome of nutritional modification happens at that time. Goats from Purulia
always show lower pH values in blood (Table 4 and 7), which may be an effect of regional variations. Blood
pH also a has relation with thedifferent bio-physical parameters likearterial blood pressure, blood gases, rectal
temperature, heart and respiratory rates (21) and variation among them also cause variation in blood pH values
(21). The blood glucose level always has been higher in post-monsoon. This is most likely due to the fact that
during pre-monsoon season glucose consumption has been high in the body since there was less forage to
intake. To afford more energy to the animal in order to disperse more heat to maintain the body temperature at
normal level, and in the season of pre-monsoon, the feed intake is depressed due to high ambient temperature
which confirms with the findings of other workers (22). This may be the same reason for having lower blood
glucose level in Purulia than Nadia.
Decline in erythrocyte or RBC count in Purulia and Nadia during the season of pre-monsoon may be
related to decrease of thyroid hormones secretion which is related to declining the process of erythropoiesis
(23). The higher mean values of erythrocyte count in Purulia and Nadia (Table 5) during p ost-monsoon in the
present study may be associated with improvement of nutritional status of goats, which is supported by other
workers in sheep (24, 25). The present results for seasonal changes in erythrocyte count are similar as the other
workers. Who had been (26) reported higher values of PCV and Hb during pre-monsoon compared to the post-
monsoon but some other workers (27) found that decline in erythrocyte count along with sharp decline in PCV
and Hb count in the season of pre-monsoon. Cameroon goats kept in temperate environment (28) shows lower
values of Hb, PCV and RBC total count in post-monsoon. These variations of responses of goats may be
attributed to divergence in ambient temperature as well as the variation in agro-climatic regions.
The current results indicate that MCV and MCH values have been significantly low in post-monsoon
(Table 2, 3 and 6) in both Purulia and Nadia. It is also observed that throughout the year MCV and MCH values
are comparatively higher in Nadia (Table 4, 5 and 7). The lowest mean MCV value (27.28 fl) has been obtained
in the season of post-monsoon in Purulia with the highest number of mean erythrocyte counts (9.59
millions/mm3). The low MCV value obtained could be connected to the negative correlation among size and

The Effect of Ambient Temperature on Some Biochemical Profiles of Black Bengal Goats ….
www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
number of erythrocytes (29). MCV and MCH values obtained in the present study during post-monsoon are in
general accordance with the findings of other workers (30), who reported higher MCV and MCH values in post-
monsoon condition.
MCHC values remain unchanged throughout the year as well as in two different agro-climatic regions.
The constant values of MCHC in the current study may be documented to associated increase or decrease in Hb
concentration or PCV levels. As many workers (19) reported more or less steady level of MCHC during
different seasons.
Due to wide range of undulated topography in Purulia about fifty percent of the total rainfall flows
away as run off (4) so through the year there are less forage to graze and in the season of pre-monsoon the
condition of animals become severe due to least forage availability and scarcity of water. These may be the
cause behind the significant variation of biochemical parameters of goats between the two seasons before and
after monsoon in Purulia and in between the regions Purulia and Nadia. On the other hand the animals in Nadia
get chance to graze throughout the year with less water scarcity. The variation of biochemical responses of
goats, in Nadia occurs only due to the seasonal variation. So, now we can conclude that the seasonal changes or
the changes in ambient temperature may not only the factor that influences the physio-biochemical response of
goats there are some effects of regional variations are also present.
References
[1]. Biswas S. The Black Bengal Goat as a Tool to Promote Sustainable Livelihoods in Rural West Bengal. In: Pinstrup -Andersen P,
Cheng F, editors. Food Policy for Developing Countries. Case Studies 7-10. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University; 2010. pp 1-12
[2]. Arnaudov A. Serologicalsurvey for BrucellaovisDi ssemination among goats(Capra aegagrushircus) J Centr Euro Agri. 2012;
13(1): 188-192
[3]. Silanikove N. The physiological basis of adaptation in goats to harsh environments. Small Ruminant Res. 2000; 35: 181-193
[4]. Celi P.The role of oxidative stress in small ruminants' health and production. R. Bras. Zootec. 2010; 39, suppl.: 348-363
[5]. Pandey MM. Long-term Strategies and Programmes for Mechanization of Agriculture in Agro Climatic Zone–VII: Eastern Plateau
and Hills region, Department of Agriculture & Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture. Govt. India. 2006; pp. 144 – 168.
[6]. Sirohi NPS. Long-term Strategies and Programmes for Mechanization of Agriculture in Agro Climatic Zone–III: Lower Gangetic
Plains region, Department of Agriculture & Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture. Govt. India. 2006; pp. 96 – 105
[7]. Livestock Population West Bengal Hand book, 2009
[8]. Tongco MDC. Purposive Sa mpling as a Tool for Informant Selection, EthnobotanyRes Appli. 2007; 5:147-158
[9]. Coles EM. Vetenary Clinical Pathology. 3 rd Ed., WB Saunders, Philadelphia; 1980
[10]. Jain NC. Haematologic techniques. In: Schalm's Veterinary Haematology. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1986.
[11]. Dacie JV, Lewis SM. Practical Haematology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1990.
[12]. Balasubramaniam P, Malathi, A. Comparative study of hemoglobin estimated by Drabkin’s and Sahli’s methods. J. Postgrad. Med.,
1992; 38: 8-9.
[13]. Gochman N, Schmitz JM. Applications of new peroxide indicator reaction to the specific, automated determination of glucose with
glucose oxidase. ClinChem. 1972; 18: 943-949
[14]. IBM SPSS Statistics 21 Core System User’s Guide. IBM. 2012; pp 337 -343
[15]. McDonald JH. Hand Book of Biological Statistics. Baltimore, Maryland: Sparky House Publishing; 2008.
[16]. Maloiy GMO, Taylor CR. Water requirements of African goats and haired sheep. J. Agri Sci. Cambridge.1971; 77: 203 -208.
[17]. Quartermain AR, Broa dbent MP. Some patterns of response to climate by Zambian goats. East African Agri and Forestry J. 1974;
40: 115-124.
[18]. Hadjipanayiotou M. Fractional outflow of soybean meal from the rumen, water intake and ruminal fermentation pattern in sheep
and goats at different seasons and age groups. Small Ruminant Res. 1995; 17: 137-143.
[19]. Bhatta M, Das D, Ghosh PR. Seasonal Variation in Erythrocytic Indices of Black Bengal Goats (Capra aegagrushircus) in Purulia,
West Bengal, Ind J Anim Health. 2013; 52(1): 43-48
[20]. Olafadehan O A. Changes in haematologicaland biochemical diagnostic parameters of red Sokoto goats fed tannin-rich
Pterocarpuserinaceusforage diets. Vet. Arhiv. 2011 81, 471-483
[21]. Afshar FS, Baniadam A, Mara shipour SP, Effect of xylazine -ketamine on arterial blood pressure, arterial blood ph, blood gases,
rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates in goats. Bull Vet InstPulawy. 2005; 49: 481-484.
[22]. Sandabe UK, Chaudhary SUR. Effect of environmental temperature on some biochemical values in female sahel goats. Pak Vet. J.
2000; 20 (1) 10-12.
[23]. Dainiak N, Hoffman R, Maffei LA, Forget BG. Potentiation of human erythropoiesis in vitro by thyroid hormone. Nature. 1978;
272: 260-262.
[24]. Macfarlane WV, Howard B, Morris RJH. Water metabolism of Merino sheep shorn during summer. Aus J AgriRes. 1966; 17: 219 -
225.
[25]. Kaushish S, Bhattia DC, Arora KL. Studies on the adaptability of sheep to subtopical climate and seasonal changes in rectal
temperature, cardiorespiratory and haematological attributes of Nali sheep. Ind Vet J. 1976; 33: 760 -765.
[26]. Holman HH, Dew SM. The blood picture of the goat. V -variations due to season, sex and reproduction. Res Vet Sci. 1966; 7: 276-
286.
[27]. Mehrotra PN, Mullick DN, Kehar ND. Seasonal variation in the blood composition of sheep. J Anim Sci. 1954; 13: 1026
[28]. Pospisil J, Kase F, Vahala J. Basic haematological va lues in the Cameroon goat (Capra hircus). Comp Biochem Physiol. 1987;
88A: 451-545.
[29]. Holman HH, Dew SM. The blood picture of the goat. II. C hanges in erythrocytc shape, size and number associated with age. Res .
Vet Sci. 1964; 5: 274-285.
[30]. Gutierrez-De La R JH, Warnick AC, Cowley JJ, Hentgs JF. Environmental physiology in the substropics. I. Effect of stress in some
haematological values of beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 1971; 32: 968-973.