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Recent Advances in Renewable Energy: Research, Applications and Policy Initiatives
... Within this period of one year, about 178,000 TW of solar energy is received; this amounts to about 15,000 times the energy the world consumes in a whole day. Nearly half of this energy is absorbed by the earth, while 30% is being reflected back into the earth's atmosphere [49]. ...
... The rate of radiation of the sun's energy is about 3.8 Â 10 23 kW/s, and Nigeria receives about 4.85 Â 10 12 kW/h of this energy per day [11,49,50]. This comes from about 4 -8.5 (an average of 6) hours per day of sunlight, which is equivalent to the energy produced from about 1.082 million tons of oil per day [50,51]. ...
... "This figure corresponds to about 4000 times the current daily crude oil production in Nigeria and about 13,000 times the natural gas daily production, based on standard energy units" [50]. The nation can achieve enough in different sectors of the economy with this large, free, and sustainable clean energy [49]. ...
In assessing the status of solar energy in Nigeria, efforts have been made to review researchers' works. This review article presents the status of solar energy in Nigeria. Also, it provides an all-inclusive contemporary analysis of the extensive research carried out in this field by Nigerians and renewable energy researchers in general. With her large population, Nigeria requires enormous energy for sustainability; this has caused somewhat an over-dependence on crude oil and natural gas for energy. This overdependence constantly puts the country in an energy consumption crisis when these resources are not readily available. It has its disadvantages as it affects climate change and her economy. Solar energy growth and application/adoption from the global, African, West African, and Nigerian perspectives were expounded with that of Nigeria buttressed on to bring into view the contrast between her adoption of this technology and the world. Albeit, the electricity generation from solar energy in Nigeria has also been estimated from solar radiation data, results of this analysis showed some areas in Northern Nigeria as the regions with the highest electricity generation capacity; the estimation using 1 kWp (Kilowatt-peak) PV (photovoltaic) modules were made from obtained data for possible electricity generation in kWh. The challenges to adopting these technologies were noted together with some recommendations/policies on how to curb these challenges and their implications. This review article will be of massive benefit to both the government and researchers in this research area and scientists who are currently working on renewable-related projects.
... In a developing country like India, there are 86,000 villages which are using kerosene for lighting purposes (Adelekan, 2012;Lai & Cheng, 2016;Tove, 2017). They spend US$ 8 per month on this while a 70-watt solar can produce the electricity in monthly instalment of US$ 5 (Jiangwei, 2018;Lai & Cheng, 2016;Pavel & Rajagopal, 2017). ...
... The three parameters for understanding the relevance of these products include scalability, influence on environment and the price factor (Cosimo, 2018). It can be stated here that solar energy is so significant that the daylight received in an hour from sun is more than the energy required by every individual in one year (Adelekan, 2012;Chen, 2001;Pavel & Rajagopal, 2017). Moreover, earth receives around 178,000 terawatts (TW) of energy from sun in a year (Jain & Kaur, 2006;Wei, Chiang, Kou, & Lee, 2017). ...
The present study explored the determinants affecting service quality of solar product dealers. The study is based on primary data, collected from a total of 345 solar pump users from different villages and rural areas of Punjab. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and paired sample t-test have been used to examine the data. Furthermore, the SERVQUAL scale has been used to measure the service quality of solar product dealers. Paired sample t-test was used to measure the users’ expectation and perception gap between service quality dimensions. The results validated that five factors namely reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibility influence service quality of solar product dealers and there is no significant difference between perceptions and expectations of solar product users except for the responsiveness dimension. As far as gap analysis is concerned, the dimension ‘responsiveness’ was responsible for the highest gap score. So, perceptions of solar product users are not fully being met with their expectations.
... In 2011, the Nigerian government launched the Agricultural Transformation Agenda Programme, with the goal of adding an additional 20 million MT of food to the domestic food supply by 2015 and stimulating the creation of 3.5 million jobs along five agricultural value chains, namely: Cassava, Rice, Sorghum, Maize and Cotton. Under the Cassava value chain, the ATAP of the federal government set the targets in its four-year plan (2011e2015): (1) increase in cassava production by 12 million tons, (2) intensification of production with yield increase from 11.7 tons/ha to 25 ton/ha (3) increase in cultivated area to 510,337 ha of cassava clustered around large, medium, and small scale processing plants, (4) US$450 increase/year in income of one million rural farming households that produce cassava, (5) total increase of US$810 million/year contribution of the cassava sector to the country's GDP. ...
... These include spoilt tubers, peels and waste water. Studies carried out by different authors [1,14,37,45,46] confirm that biogas can be produced from cassava wastes. A number of researchers have reported improvements in biogas production from various agricultural materials including cassava peels when blended with animal wastes [2]. ...
Biochar, like most other adsorbents, is a carbonaceous material, which is formed from the combustion of plant materials, in low-zero oxygen conditions and results in a material, which has the capacity to sorb chemicals onto its surfaces. Currently, research is being carried out to investigate the relevance of biochar in improving the soil ecosystem, digestate quality and most recently the anaerobic digestion process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic substrates provides both a sustainable source of energy and a digestate with the potential to enhance plant growth and soil health. In order to ensure that these benefits are realised, the anaerobic digestion system must be optimized for process stability and high nutrient retention capacity in the digestate produced. Substrate-induced inhibition is a major issue, which can disrupt the stable functioning of the AD system reducing microbial breakdown of the organic waste and formation of methane, which in turn reduces energy output. Likewise, the spreading of digestate on land can often result in nutrient loss, surface runoff and leaching. This review will examine substrate inhibition and their impact on anaerobic digestion, nutrient leaching and their environmental implications, the properties and functionality of biochar material in counteracting these challenges.
... In 2011, the Nigerian government launched the Agricultural Transformation Agenda Programme, with the goal of adding an additional 20 million MT of food to the domestic food supply by 2015 and stimulating the creation of 3.5 million jobs along five agricultural value chains, namely: Cassava, Rice, Sorghum, Maize and Cotton. Under the Cassava value chain, the ATAP of the federal government set the targets in its four-year plan (2011e2015): (1) increase in cassava production by 12 million tons, (2) intensification of production with yield increase from 11.7 tons/ha to 25 ton/ha (3) increase in cultivated area to 510,337 ha of cassava clustered around large, medium, and small scale processing plants, (4) US$450 increase/year in income of one million rural farming households that produce cassava, (5) total increase of US$810 million/year contribution of the cassava sector to the country's GDP. ...
... These include spoilt tubers, peels and waste water. Studies carried out by different authors [1,14,37,45,46] confirm that biogas can be produced from cassava wastes. A number of researchers have reported improvements in biogas production from various agricultural materials including cassava peels when blended with animal wastes [2]. ...
Nigeria's cassava production surpassed 30 MMT around 1994 and has been increasing at 4.3% per annum. Cassava production targets under the government's agricultural transformation agenda program appear achievable, but it is unclear if current cassava output can satisfy growing demands. Yields need to increase from 12 t/ha currently to 25 t/ha by 2015 as specified in the ATAP. Cassava peels can yield 0.6 l/kg TS of biogas, which could augment primary energy needs. About 1.0 × 109 L of bioethanol could be produced annually from over 7.0 MMT of cassava peels generated, which is sufficient to execute government's E10 program.
... Literature has shown that due to the fast development, demands of comfort and rising world population, the energy consumption is increasing year by year (Cosimo, 2018;Jiangwei, 2018). In the present scenario, fossil fuels such as oil, coal and gas are playing a leading role to meet the energy demand (Adelekan, 2012). Environmental issues have also become a serious problem today due to the vast use of fossil fuels (Johns, 1999). ...
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the strategic determinants of solar energy innovation uptake in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design. The entire population of the study therefore, comprised the 521 solar energy dealers registered with Electrical and Petroleum Regulatory Authority (EPRA) as at May 2021 categorised as (technicians (214) and contractors (307) solar energy dealers from which 156 dealers sample size was taken through mixed methods before self-administered survey questionnaires were given for collecting the primary data. Secondary data was also reviewed from county government, EPRA and others sources publishing on solar energy regulations and market trends. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was also used to aid in analysis. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used to analyze the data that had been obtained. The data was presented in form of tables. Findings: The study established that in terms of ranking, technological factors are strongest in explain solar innovations uptake in Kenya followed by the solar innovation product/service quality factors and organizational factors with environmental factors emerging least critical. It therefore recommends various administrative, legislative and further academic research actions to promote green marketing strategy as a best practice continuous improvement strategic management practice, encourage consumption of eco-friendly solar products and mitigate over adverse effects of solar energy technology equipment after their end of life and more research to understand why environmental factors emerged to have least influence and hence unpack some complexities that this study was unable to establish. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study was anchored on institutional theory. The study recommended that a similar national level studies be undertaken and with more stakeholders involved. In so doing, opinions of more Kenyans regarding the future of solar innovations adoption and utilization could be explored within the green marketing strategy concept. Generally, the study provides the necessary information for the Government of Kenya and other stakeholders in determining the future of solar PV energy uptake strategic determinants and green marketing strategy ramifications in the country.
... Being the most prominent renewable energy source, solar energy potential in Israel ranges from 5.5 to 7 kWh/m 2 , depending on the location (Adelekan, 2012). The optimal region for solar irradiation in Israel can be found in the southern Arava region that receives yearly a range between 2,200-2,400 kWh/m 2 of global horizontal irradiation (DiPersio et al., 2021;Navon et al., 2020;Spyridonidou et al., 2021). ...
By applying a phase model for the renewables-based energy transition in the MENA countries to Israel, the study provides a guiding vision to support the strategy development and steering of the energy transition process. The transition towards a renewable-based energy system can reduce import dependencies and increase the energy security in Israel. Key issues that need to be tackled in order to advance the energy transition in Israel are the expansion of flexibility options, discussion on the long-term role of natural gas, increasing participation and awareness, and exploring the future role of power-to-X in the energy system.
... The peels and other wastes such as chaffs are being considered as an inconvenience rather than a potential resource in West Africa [5]. The potential of these peels to be used in the production of other products such as biogas, mushroom and improved animal feed has also been established by previous scholars [6][7][8][9][10]. However, most of the cassava processors and farmers are neither aware of the technologies that can be used to add value to cassava peels neither were they knowledgeable about the procedure of these different technologies. ...
... The potential of these peels to be used in the production of other products such as biogas, mushroom and improved animal feed has also been established by scholars in literature (Adebayo et al., 2009;Onuohaet al., 2009;Agwu and Anyaeche, 2007;Kortei, Dzogbefia & Obodai, 2014;Adelekan, 2012). However, most of the cassava processors and farmers are neither aware of the technologies that can be used to add value to cassava peels neither were they knowledgeable about the procedure of these different technologies. ...
Significant quantities of generated peels are been thrown on dumping sites in southwest, Nigeria thereby constituting a source of environmental pollution. This study assessed the awareness of cassava peel utilization forms among cassava processors in rural communities of southwest, Nigeria. Interview guide was used to elicit information from 200 cassava processors through a multistage sampling technique. Data were analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Result revealed that majority of the cassava processors were women (76.5%), married (75.0%), and members of cassava processing associations (89.5%) with 73.0% having at least primary education. The mean age and cassava processing experience were 53.01 and 22.76 years respectively. About 23.0% of the processed cassava tubers constituted peels. The study also revealed that 50% of the cassava processors discarded peels as waste, 26% sold generated peels while 24% fed the peels to their livestock. Also 93.5% of the cassava processors were not aware of any cassava peel utilization technology. Chi-square analysis revealed that significant association existed between existing practice on cassava peel utilization (χ 2 =17.341, p<0.05) and cassava processors' awareness of cassava peel utilization forms. The study concluded that substantial quantity of peel been generated is discarded as waste due to lack of awareness of cassava peel utilization technologies in the study areas. The study therefore recommended that improved technologies on the utilization of cassava peel should be popularized through result demonstration among cassava processors in southwest, Nigeria.
... The potentials of converting cassava peels for commercial production of mushroom have been documented by scholars (Adebayo et al., 2009;Kortei et al., 2014;Adelekan, 2012). Cassava processors and other rural dwellers are however neither unaware of these technologies nor were they knowledgeable on the procedures for using these technologies to better increase their earnings and improve their living standards. ...
The study assessed the cassava processors' willingness to utilize cassava peel for mushroom production in Southwest, Nigeria. Interview guide was used to elicit information from 200 cassava processors through multi-stage sampling procedure. The use of cassava peel for mushroom production was later demonstrated to 60 of the cassava processors in four locations agreed upon by the participants. Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that cassava processing was dominated by persons with formal education (77.0%), married (75.0%), female (76.5%) and members of cassava processors' associations (89.5%) with mean age, processing experience and annual income of 53.01 years, 22.76 years and $2903 respectively. Majority (93.5%) were not aware of any cassava waste utilization technologies. Cassava processors showed strong desire to adopt the use of cassava waste for animal feed (mean = 2.20) and mushroom production (mean = 2.72). After method demonstration, 85.0% of the participating cassava processing households were willing to utilize cassava peel for mushroom production. Marketability (98.0%), compatibility with existing practice (92.2%) and affordability (88.2%) were among the reasons for the cassava processing households' willingness to utilize cassava peel for mushroom production. Significant associations exist between awareness of cassava waste utilisation technologies and the choice of the use of cassava waste as animal feed (χ 2 = 18.821, p<0.05) and use of cassava waste for mushroom production (χ 2 = 18.821, p<0.05) among the cassava processing households. The study concluded that method demonstration aided the cassava processing households' willingness to adopt the use of cassava peel for mushroom production and recommended among other things that method demonstration should be used while disseminating and teaching cassava processors and other rural dwellers new technologies.
... Yusuf (2011) noted that the following machines shown in Figs 1 to 7 have been developed and in some cases adapted. Studies point out that significant quantities of biogas, bioethanol, and biodiesel principally are available from a large number of tropical crops (Adelekan, 2012b), such as cassava (Adelekan, 2011; Adelekan, 2012c), cocoyam (Adelekan, 2012d), and some other crops. Biogas technologies used for heating and lighting on farms all over the globe are also being deployed in Nigeria. ...
The objective of this paper is to examine the increasing application of mechanization to Nigerian agriculture, point out the challenges, merits and demerits. In Nigeria, the application of modern machines to farm production has increased remarkably over the recent 10 years. By 2007, the country recorded an increase of 35.5% in the number of tractors used as compared to the 1998 figure. Examples of farm machines which have been locally developed and are in use in Nigeria include groundnut sheller, maize dehusker and sheller, multicrop thresher, cornstalk cutter rack, groundnut oil extractor, solar dryers for drying local produce, cassava peeler, combined cassava grater and chipper, garri tray fryer, mechanical garri fryer, cassava grater, cassava screw press, flash dryer and others. The result is that over the recent 10 years in Nigeria, mechanized agriculture has been on the rise with growth in farm production averaging 12% per annum. Agriculture now accounts for 42% of GDP, the quality of farm work and farm life have been tremendously improved, and farming income is on the rise as well. Challenges facing the agricultural machinery industry in Nigeria include low purchasing power of most small scale farmers, high cost of agricultural machinery, inadequate agricultural credit and unfavourable interest rates of banks, complex nature of certain farm machinery, inadequacy of well trained operators and mechanics, importation of farm machinery of poor quality, inadequate after sales service support, poor production infrastructure, comatose steel industry and inefficient power sector. Some recommendations are given so as to solve these problems.
As a result of the increasing environmental concern, more and more electricity is generated from renewable sources. Wind power is one of the most reliable sources of renewable energy in the 21st century and helps to meet the national energy demand when there is diminishing trend in terms of non-renewable resources. The performance and efficiency of any wind energy conversion system (WECS) depends upon the characteristics of the components constituting it. One of the most predominant WECS in literature consists of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and a unidirectional power converter controlled by a vector control strategy. In this paper, a DFIG-based wind power system is analyzed, modeled and simulated. The effect of real time simulation and the choice of the used fixed step are discussed and evaluated. The technology's advantages, requirements and related improvements are underlined and results are generalized.
Hydropower is a capital-intensive energy source with low operations and maintenance (O&M) cost and essentially no fuel costs. Consequently, the levelized cost of energy methodology is a very sensitive component to investment costs and interest rates but less sensitive to economic lifetimes. Because current hydroelectric plants are classified as one of the least costly sources of power generation, there are, however, a wide assortment of site-specific capital costs and capacity factors. Maintenance activities, predominantly fixed O&M costs, are unjustifiable fundamentals in the capital improvement scheme. The conduct of an explicit aging asset in the hydroelectric generation confines is determined by its previous performance and condition assessment. The asset repair, upgrade, and/or replacement strategies are derived from the documented condition valuations to facilitate specific requirements in the capital improvement program. Moreover, the routine evaluation of the equipment with essential inspections and testing delivers a comprehensive insight of its condition before expensive replacement initiatives are imposed. The application of these evaluation approaches and implements described in this paper are designed to aid the decision-maker with invaluable information of the equipment condition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
There are several generating units available to meet the load demand on any given day. The mixed-integer programme case engages generating units that can be shut down or operated between minimum and maximum output levels within a specific time demand block. An examination of these conditions espouses the utilization of renewable energy technology as a reliable power generation source and its effectiveness and augmentation in a robust, heavily subjugated thermal generation system. The mixed-integer problem has the predisposition to generate many subproblems during the computation. However, with careful selection of the parameters in the model, the challenges are easily overcome. Hydroelectric energy is significant from an operational standpoint as it requires little or no ramp-up time, commonly found in many combustion technologies. The essential load-following capability, peaking capacity and voltage stability attributes render hydroelectric energy as a significant part in ensuring reliable electricity service and in meeting customer needs in a market-driven industry. When this renewable resource is combined with the thermal generation, an improved reliability function is apparent. Yet, in order to minimize the environmental effects inherent in this type of energy resource, the renewable power supply is expected to produce an effectual, consistent output. The integration of renewable generation within the electrical system entails intricate analysis of the transmission line upgrades throughout the system. These upgrades are designed to relieve congestion, improve reliability and provide voltage support by thoroughly evaluating the alternatives to accommodate the new expansion efforts. This paper examines the system integration of renewable generators, via simulated studies, in the context of electrical operations from the hydroelectric generation perspective. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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