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The Moderating Effect of Self-Reflection on the Relationship between Depression and Stressors
... However, correlates with self-reflection are less clear, as researchers have reported both positive consequences of self-reflective processes, such as personal growth and lower levels of depression in response to stressors (Harrington & Loffredo, 2010;Mori & Tanno, 2013), and negative consequences, including anxiety, depression, and lower self-esteem (Conway & Giannopoulos, 1993;Reeves, Watson, Ramsey, & Morris, 1995). Adding to the uncertainty about these correlates, Silvia and Phillips (2011) found no relationship between selfreflection and attributes with which self-reflection had previously been found to correspond positively (e.g., depression). ...
... Thus, it is conceivable that athletes' ability to identify and understand psychophysiological stress responses has implications for improved stress-regulation strategies, coping, and control for these people. Drawing upon theoretical postulations that self-reflection may be a prerequisite for achieving self-insight (Hixon & Swann, 1993) and the varied directional correlates reported among self-reflection, stress, and other psychopathologies (e.g., depression; Mori & Tanno, 2013;Reeves et al., 1995), we reasoned that both self-reflection and insight facets may be integral to athletes' ability to moderate stress. On the basis of the discrepant prior findings from studies conducted outside of sport and the limited research on self-reflection, self-insight, and stress in sport, we proposed the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 3a: Self-reflection will be negatively correlated with total stress. ...
We investigated the relationships among the self-reflection and self-insight components of self-awareness, and resilience and stress in competitive South African tennis players. A sample of 175 male and 158 female athletes (Mage = 29.09 years, SD = 14.00) completed the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale, the Resilience Scale for Adults, and the stress items from the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes. The results indicated that both self-reflection and self-insight were positively correlated with resilience, and that self-insight, but not self-reflection, was negatively correlated with stress. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that self-insight was the single significant predictor of both resilience and stress. Our findings provide support for the importance of self-awareness, particularly self-insight, in mitigating stress and promoting resilience among tennis athletes. The implications of engaging in self-reflective practices and attaining self-insight in terms of improved athletic performance outcomes are discussed. © 2016 Scientific Journal Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
... However, correlates with self-reflection are less clear, as researchers have reported both positive consequences of self-reflective processes, such as personal growth and lower levels of depression in response to stressors (Harrington & Loffredo, 2010;Mori & Tanno, 2013), and negative consequences, including anxiety, depression, and lower self-esteem (Conway & Giannopoulos, 1993;Reeves, Watson, Ramsey, & Morris, 1995). Adding to the uncertainty about these correlates, Silvia and Phillips (2011) found no relationship between selfreflection and attributes with which self-reflection had previously been found to correspond positively (e.g., depression). ...
... Thus, it is conceivable that athletes' ability to identify and understand psychophysiological stress responses has implications for improved stress-regulation strategies, coping, and control for these people. Drawing upon theoretical postulations that self-reflection may be a prerequisite for achieving self-insight (Hixon & Swann, 1993) and the varied directional correlates reported among self-reflection, stress, and other psychopathologies (e.g., depression; Mori & Tanno, 2013;Reeves et al., 1995), we reasoned that both self-reflection and insight facets may be integral to athletes' ability to moderate stress. On the basis of the discrepant prior findings from studies conducted outside of sport and the limited research on self-reflection, self-insight, and stress in sport, we proposed the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 3a: Self-reflection will be negatively correlated with total stress. ...
We investigated the relationships among the self-reflection and self-insight components
of self-awareness, and resilience and stress in competitive South African tennis players. A
sample of 175 male and 158 female athletes (Mage = 29.09 years, SD = 14.00) completed the
Self-Reflection and Insight Scale, the Resilience Scale for Adults, and the stress items from
the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes. The results indicated that both self-reflection
and self-insight were positively correlated with resilience, and that self-insight, but not selfreflection,
was negatively correlated with stress. Multivariate regression analysis revealed
that self-insight was the single significant predictor of both resilience and stress. Our findings
provide support for the importance of self-awareness, particularly self-insight, in mitigating
stress and promoting resilience among tennis athletes. The implications of engaging in selfreflective
practices and attaining self-insight in terms of improved athletic performance
outcomes are discussed.
... Self-rumination, as examined in psychological studies, has consistently been associated with depressive symptoms 12,13 . Conversely, the impact of self-reflection on depression has yielded inconsistent findings, ranging from adaptive to maladaptive effects 10,[12][13][14][15][16] . Among the various subtypes of rumination, brooding-a maladaptive pattern of rumination often observed in the context of depression-has been found to mediate the relationship between ADHD and depression, as well as other various risk factors 17,18 . ...
While some types of rumination have been reported as exacerbating factors in depressive symptoms related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits, the role of self-rumination remains underexplored. Additionally, self-reflection—a similar form of private self-consciousness which may have protective effects—has been even less examined. This study of 3,000 Japanese adults (aged 18–50 years) investigates self-rumination and self-reflection in depressive symptoms related to ADHD, using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Rumination–Reflection Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. Statistical analyses included Pearson’s correlation and linear regression for mediation/moderation. ADHD traits were correlated with depressive symptoms (r = 0.413, p < 0.001), mediated by self-rumination (indirect effect = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [0.17, 0.26]). Self-reflection was positively correlated with depressive symptoms (r = 0.193, p < 0.001) but had a protective effect when controlling for self-rumination (β = −0.75, p < 0.001). Moderated mediation analysis showed self-reflection reduced depressive symptoms related to ADHD traits by moderating both the impact of ADHD traits on self-rumination and the influence of self-rumination on depressive symptoms. These effects were particularly significant for inattention traits. Our findings suggest that self-reflection, by mitigating self-rumination, may serve as a therapeutic target for depressive symptoms in adults with ADHD traits.
... Self-reflection involves self-awareness and the evaluation of one's thoughts, along with their respective feelings and behaviours, to develop self-insight among individuals (Hattie et al., 1996). Self-reflection has been analysed by various researchers, resulting in personal growth and lower levels of depression (Masaki & tanno, 2013); making the consumer resilient and contributing towards sustainable consumption. according to crane et al. (2019), stressors and adversity have the potential to initiate an individual's process of self-reflection, which can translate into resilience. ...
Resilience, an intrinsic human strategy for thriving amid adversity, has undergone scholarly exploration, yet persistent limitations have created a void in sustainable consumption research. Anchored in existing literature, resilience emerges as a pivotal factor influencing individual behaviour, necessitating further exploration within the consumer context. There is a paucity of research dedicated to cultivating psychological resilience among consumers. This study addresses this gap by specifically examining consumers’ psychological resilience and probing its determinants and mediating mechanisms. The objective is to comprehensively understand the research streams, antecedents, consequences, and trajectories in this realm. Through a meticulous non-systematic narrative literature review, high-quality journal articles, foundational theories, antecedents, phases, and mediator mechanisms associated with consumer psychological resilience are incorporated. Pioneering the first comprehensive definition of consumer psychological resilience, this study has implications for green and social marketing, governmental policies, and individual consumer behaviour, providing insights into fostering sustainable consumption amidst global uncertainty. Contributing to the knowledge base, this study offers a robust framework for understanding and cultivating consumers’ psychological resilience.
A diagnosis of a chronic illness, such as cancer, can lead to a crisis in one's life. Although cancer patients face many biopsychosocial challenges, the literature has pointed to resilience as a key factor in coming to terms with the diagnosis and treatment. Though resilience has been discussed in various disciplines, and also from a socio-cultural perspective, there is still no universal consensus about its defining features. Furthermore, most studies have employed a quantitative approach in the understanding of what causes resilience. This qualitative study discusses the results of interviews among 18 Malaysian women with breast cancer, exploring what made these woman resilient. A thematic analysis uncovered seven themes related to the participants pathways towards resilience: drastic changes of body-image; self-reflection; spiritual resources; restoration of confidence; informal and formal support; and life appreciation. This study is vital to understanding the impact that resilience has on the experience of women with breast cancer.
Possible effects of two forms of self-focus driven by different motives, self-rumination and self-reflection, on symptoms of social anxiety, were investigated. Undergraduates (N＝200) completed the Rumination–Reflection Questionnaire, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Short Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (SFNE), and Interpersonal Stress Event Scale on two occasions with an interval of four weeks. Results indicated that self-rumination in the first session significantly predicted the subsequent increase in fear of negative evaluation assessed with the SFNE, even after controlling for the intensity of initial symptoms. This finding is consistent with previous studies showing that self-focus is a major factor in maintaining social anxiety. On the other hand, self-reflection in the first session predicted a decrease in subsequent avoidance behaviors from social situations assessed with the LSAS. These findings indicate that self-focus motivated by curiosity or an epistemic interest in the self might enable people to reconsider tendencies of avoiding social situations, which may prevent behavioral tendencies of avoidance. These findings suggested that motivations driving self-focus could determine its effects on the symptoms of social anxiety.
This study investigated the relationships between approach-avoidance tendencies and depression involving two self-focus processes of reflection and rumination. The results of a path analysis suggest that an approach tendency was negatively related to depression and an avoidance tendency was positively related to depression. An approach tendency was positively related to reflection, and reflection had indirectly a positive relationship with depression through rumination. An avoidance tendency had indirectly a positive relationship with depression through rumination. The relationship between reflection and depression was not significant. These results suggest that an approach tendency might have an important role in enhancing reflection as an adaptive self-focus.
Previous studies have shown that two types of private self-consciousness result in opposing effects on depression; one of which is self-rumination, which leads to maladaptive effect, and the other is self-reflection, which leads to an adaptive effect. Although a number of studies have examined the mechanism of the maladaptive effect of self-rumination, only a few studies have examined the mechanism of the adaptive effect of self-reflection. The present study examined the process of how self-reflection affected depression adaptively. Based on the previous findings, we proposed a hypothetical model assuming that hardiness acts as a mediator of self-reflection. To test the validity of the model, structural equation modeling analysis was performed with the cross-sectional data of 155 undergraduate students. The results suggest that the hypothetical model is valid. According to the present results and previous findings, it is suggested that self-reflection is associated with low levels of depression and mediated by "rich commitment", one component of hardiness.
In three studies it was investigated whether rumination was related to less internalized self-regulation and goals and whether
reflection was related to more internalized self-regulation and goals. In all studies students completed questionnaires measuring
rumination, reflection, and internalization of self-regulation and goals. In Study 1, rumination was related to less internalized
self-regulation, whereas reflection was related to more internalized self-regulation. In Study 2, rumination was related to
less internalized self-regulation and goals as well as to more avoidance- and extrinsic content of goals. Reflection was related
to more internalized self-regulation and goals as well as to less avoidance content of goals. In Study 3, goal-specific rumination
was related to less internalized goals and goal-specific reflection was related to more internalized goals. Collectively,
the studies suggest that internalization of self-regulation and goals is critical for distinguishing between unconstructive
and constructive self-focused repetitive thoughts.
KeywordsRumination–Reflection–Internalization–Goals–Self-regulation