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Properties of ring-spun yarns made from cotton and regenerated bamboo fibres
Abstract
The properties of ring-spun yarns made from cotton and regenerated bamboo cellulosic fibres and their blends have been studied. Three blend proportions (100% cotton, 50:50 cotton-bamboo and 100% bamboo) have been used to produce yarns of three different counts (20s, 25s and 30s) and these yarns are then tested for their diameter, tensile, evenness and hairiness related properties. It is found that the yarn diameter reduces as the proportion of bamboo fibre increases. The yarn tenacity first reduces and then increases but the elongation increases continuously as the proportion of bamboo fibre increases. The yarn unevenness is found to be maximum for 50:50 cotton-bamboo yarns. The 100% cotton and 100% bamboo yarns are having comparable unevenness except for 30s count. Hairiness of yarn in different length classes and mean hair length reduce continuously as the percentage of bamboo fibre increases. However, for the same blend proportion, mean hair length is found to be independent on the yarn count. 1 Introduction Blending of different fibres is a very common practice in the spinning industries. The blending is primarily done to enhance the properties of resultant fibre mix and to optimise the cost of the raw material. The properties of blended yarns primarily depend on the properties of the constituent fibres and their compatibility. Moreover, the proportion of fibres in the blend also plays a significant role. It has been observed that the stronger component has to be mixed at least by a certain proportion in order to gain in terms of tensile properties 1. Ratnam et al. 2 developed an expression to predict the strength of the blended yarn spun at optimum twist, in terms of the strengths of yarns spun from the two components at optimum twist. Good agreement between the predicted and the observed values was found over a range of cottons and counts. Zurec
... Regenerated bamboo cellulose fiber guarantees outstanding comfort in different applications. Currently, regenerated bamboo fibers are being used in apparels including intimate apparels, socks and sports textiles [Tyagi et al. 2011, Sekerden 2011, Majumdar et al. 2011and Erdumlu et al. 2008. Xu et al. (2007) analyzed the properties of bamboo viscose, Tencil and conventional viscose fibers to give an explanation the similarity and diversity in their molecular and fine structures. ...
... In addition, the bamboo fibers have lower bending and torsional rigidity. Thus, they are more consistently and compactly twisted [Majumdar et al. 2011 and website of nearchimica]. ...
... The Bamboo fibers have a longer length than cotton and viscose fiber. Additionally, the Bamboo fibers have lower bending and torsional rigidity [Majumdar et al. 2011]. Hence, they are packed better inside the yarn structure than the cotton fibers. ...
This study investigated the effect of bamboo fiber, which has recently begun to be commonly used in textiles, on some physical properties of knitted fabrics. In order to investigate the difference, the results are compared to that of similar fabrics produced from 100% viscose, 100% cotton and 100% mercerized cotton yarns. Every fabric type was knitted with three levels of loop length and two levels of fabric structure. At the end, fabrics were wet processing and followed the same finishing line. For the measured properties of fabrics, the fabric bursting strength, abrasion resistance, pilling, drapability, color difference and fabric shrinkage were evaluated. The results show that all the studied properties are dependent on the fiber type, fabric tightness, while, fabric structure had a significant effect on all the studied properties except the fabric pilling grade and color difference. Major findings were that cotton and mercerized cotton knits have better bursting strength and length dimensional stability than knits containing only bamboo or viscose fibers. Knitted fabrics from bamboo yarns tend to pill less and have better drapability. Bamboo knits exhibited superior dyeing absorption and aesthetic level. Single pique knitted fabric structure was found to result in less bursting strength than plain single jersey structure.
... Bamboo rayon is produced by wet spinning, while lyocell and SeaCell™ fi bres are produced by solvent spinning. Bamboo rayon is naturally antibacterial, breathable, green, biodegradable, soft , fl exible and strong, with a luxurious, shiny appearance [6]. Modal is a second generation regenerated cellulose fi bre and is known for its soft ness [5]. ...
... Kilic et al. [17] determined that yarn-to-yarn friction decreases, while yarn-to-metal and yarn-to-ceramic friction increases when the ratio of Tencel™ in Tencel™-cotton blended yarn is increased. Majumdar et al. [6] reported that yarn diameter reduces as the proportion of bamboo fi bre is increased in the blend of bamboo cotton fi bre. Kılıç and Okur [14] found that unevenness, imperfections, diameter and roughness values decrease when the regenerated cellulosic fi bre content in cotton-Tencel™ and cotton-paramodal blended yarns is increased, while increasing breaking force, elongation, density and shape values. ...
... Compared to cotton fibers, bamboo fibers are closely packed. However, the bamboo fibers are packed in a better way, because they have lower bending and torsion rigidity (Majumdar et al. 2011). From the results, it is also evident that the warp direction bamboo fiber yarn acts as a main body in the spinning triangle process and thus the hairiness decrease with increasing yarn quality. ...
... From the results, it is also evident that the warp direction bamboo fiber yarn acts as a main body in the spinning triangle process and thus the hairiness decrease with increasing yarn quality. It is noted that the increase in the ratio of bamboo fiber reduces the tenacity initially and gradually increases (Majumdar et al. 2011). Cotton:bamboo (50:50) yarn is the weakest of all the tested yarn, which is because cotton and bamboo fibers have a different elongation property (Prakash et al. 2015). ...
The present work explains the thermal comfort properties of cotton (100:0), bamboo (0:100), and cotton:bamboo (70:30, 50:50, 30:70) blended yarns/fabrics. The physical characteristics of cotton:bamboo (50:50) blended fabrics show the very closest properties of pure cotton yarn fabrics for the count of 30 tex. The proportion of bamboo fiber in the fabrics influenced the physical properties of the yarn such as areal density, fiber fineness, and other structural parameters. The plain-woven fabric generally aligned as 30 tex in warp direction for pure cotton yarn and 30 tex in weft direction for pure bamboo yarn. Similarly, the experiment is conducted for various proportions and noted that cotton in warp and bamboo in weft direction depicts higher air permeability and water vapor permeability (WVP) compared to all the other fabrics. From the comfort properties of fabrics, the thermal conductivity and the thermal resistance of the blended fabrics were found to be decreased with a gradual increase in the ratio of bamboo fiber. The reduction in inter-yarn space and higher yarn hairiness leads to reduction in air and water permeability values with an increase in cotton proportion. The enhanced WVP and air permeability of the prepared fabrics were observed with an increase in bamboo content.
... The Areca fiber mixes can be spun using the rotor spinning system (Harthika et al., 2020). In studies by Karthikeyan et al. (2016), Majumdar et al. (2011), Prakash et al. (2011 and Shanmugasundaram (2016), the various qualities of fabrics manufactured from various fibers are examined. ...
Purpose
The purpose of the study is to optimize the blending ratio of Arecanut and cotton fibers to create yarn with the best quality for various applications, particularly home furnishings. The study aims to determine the effect of different blend ratios on the physical and mechanical properties of the yarn.
Design/methodology/approach
The study involves blending Arecanut and cotton fibers in various ratios (90:10, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 10:90) at two different yarn counts (10/1 and 5/1). Various physical and mechanical properties of the blended yarn are analyzed, including unevenness, coefficient of mass variation (cvm%), imperfection, hairiness, breaking strength, elongation, tenacity and breaking work.
Findings
The research findings suggest that the blend ratio of 10:90 (10% cotton and 90% Arecanut fiber) produced the best results in terms of physical and mechanical properties for both yarn counts. This blend ratio resulted in reduced unevenness, cvm% and imperfection, while also exhibiting good mechanical properties such as breaking strength, elongation, tenacity and breaking work. The blend with a higher concentration of cotton generally showed better properties due to the coarseness of Arecanut fiber. As the goal of the study was to determine the best blend ratio that included the most Arecanut fiber based on its physical and mechanical properties, which is suitable for home furnishing applications, 75:25 Areca cotton blend ratio of yarn count 5/1 proved to be the best.
Research limitations/implications
The study acknowledges that Arecanut fiber must be blended with other commercially used fibers like cotton due to its coarseness. While the study provides insights into optimizing blend ratios for home furnishings and packaging, further research may be needed to make the material suitable for clothing applications.
Practical implications
The research has practical implications for industries interested in utilizing Arecanut and cotton blends for various applications, such as home furnishings and packaging materials. It suggests that specific blend ratios can result in yarn with desirable properties for these purposes.
Social implications
The study mentions that the increased use of Arecanut fibers can benefit the growers of Arecanut, potentially providing economic opportunities for communities engaged in Arecanut farming.
Originality/value
The research explores the utilization of Arecanut fibers, an underutilized resource, in combination with cotton to create sustainable yarn. It assesses various blend ratios and their impact on yarn properties, contributing to the understanding of eco-friendly textile materials.
... Bamboo textile goods are in high demand in the market because to their antibacterial qualities, biodegradability, high moisture absorption capacity, softness, and UV protection [9]. Because of the micro gaps in its profile, bamboo is an antibacterial, relatively smooth fiber with low pilling and wrinkling and good moisture sweat absorption. ...
... The tencel fibres are having longer length than that of bamboo fibres. Besides, the bamboo fibres have lower bending and torsional rigidity [5]. Therefore, they are packed better in the yarn structure than the bamboo fibres. ...
An increase in the tencel content of tencel/bamboo blended yarns has a significant influence on the overall quality of the yarn in terms of yarn imperfections and mechanical properties, such as strength and elongation. The strength of 100% tencel yarn is more than tencel/bamboo blend yarn and 100% bamboo yarn. Elongation of bamboo yarn is more than 100% tencel yarn and tencel/bamboo blend yarn. Difference in fibre characteristics is the reason for this. When yarn unevenness is taken much difference is not seen. The observed variation is due to the variation induced by machine. It was also noted that the hairiness of bamboo yarn is lower than other yarns, close packing of tencel fibre makes the yarn diameter lesser when compared to pure bamboo and tencel/bamboo blended yarns. 100 % bamboo yarn is having lower frictional co efficient than other yarns.
... Moreover, the proportion of fibers in the blend also plays a significant role. [3]. Natural fibers and their blends with synthetic fibers bear valuable characteristics, so at present, there are various products made of these fibers. ...
The demand of blended yarn has been increasing gradually due to some of its distinctive properties. It is a challenging task for textile technologists to ensure the appropriate blend composition and blending ratio for the developments of the spinning industry. We should reduce dependency from natural fiber as their properties are not adequate in advancing textile industry and so they are used together in blends with synthetic fibers to compensate their limitations. The aim of this research work was to study the comparative properties of cotton/viscose and cotton/modal blended yarn. Cotton was blended with viscose and modal fibers separately in 50/50 ratio. Blending was carried out at draw frame, and finally 31/1Ne blended yarns were produced. The yarn properties such as unevenness, imperfection, hairiness, single yarn strength (cN/tex) and bundle yarn strength (CSP) were tested, and their comparative results were analyzed. Cotton/modal 50/50 blended yarn showed significantly better properties than the cotton/viscose 50/50 blended yarn. Abstract-The demand of blended yarn has been increasing gradually due to some of its distinctive properties. It is a challenging task for textile technologists to ensure the appropriate blend composition and blending ratio for the developments of the spinning industry. We should reduce dependency from natural fiber as their properties are not adequate in advancing textile industry and so they are used together in blends with synthetic fibers to compensate their limitations. The aim of this research work was to study the comparative properties of cotton/viscose and cotton/modal blended yarn. Cotton was blended with viscose and modal fibers separately in 50/50 ratio. Blending was carried out at draw frame, and finally 31/1Ne blended yarns were produced. The yarn properties such as unevenness, imperfection, hairiness, single yarn strength (cN/tex) and bundle yarn strength (CSP) were tested, and their comparative results were analyzed. Cotton/modal 50/50 blended yarn showed significantly better properties than the cotton/viscose 50/50 blended yarn.
... Moreover, the proportion of fibers in the blend also plays a significant role. [3]. Natural fibers and their blends with synthetic fibers bear valuable characteristics, so at present, there are various products made of these fibers. ...
The demand of blended yarn has been increasing gradually due to some of its distinctive properties. It is a challenging task for textile technologists to ensure the appropriate blend composition and blending ratio for the developments of the spinning industry. We should reduce dependency from natural fiber as their properties are not adequate in advancing textile industry and so they are used together in blends with synthetic fibers to compensate their limitations. The aim of this research work was to study the comparative properties of cotton/viscose and cotton/modal blended yarn. Cotton was blended with viscose and modal fibers separately in 50/50 ratio. Blending was carried out at draw frame, and finally 31/1Ne blended yarns were produced. The yarn properties such as unevenness, imperfection, hairiness, single yarn strength (cN/tex) and bundle yarn strength (CSP) were tested, and their comparative results were analyzed. Cotton/modal 50/50 blended yarn showed significantly better properties than the cotton/viscose 50/50 blended yarn. Abstract-The demand of blended yarn has been increasing gradually due to some of its distinctive properties. It is a challenging task for textile technologists to ensure the appropriate blend composition and blending ratio for the developments of the spinning industry. We should reduce dependency from natural fiber as their properties are not adequate in advancing textile industry and so they are used together in blends with synthetic fibers to compensate their limitations. The aim of this research work was to study the comparative properties of cotton/viscose and cotton/modal blended yarn. Cotton was blended with viscose and modal fibers separately in 50/50 ratio. Blending was carried out at draw frame, and finally 31/1Ne blended yarns were produced. The yarn properties such as unevenness, imperfection, hairiness, single yarn strength (cN/tex) and bundle yarn strength (CSP) were tested, and their comparative results were analyzed. Cotton/modal 50/50 blended yarn showed significantly better properties than the cotton/viscose 50/50 blended yarn.
... The textile fiber researchers have utilized Bamboo as a raw material to manufacture rayon fibers, consuming the chemical route followed for the production of viscose fiber. The yarns spun from Bamboo fibers are more delicate in diameter, less hairy, more flexible, and better stretchable compared to Cotton yarns [1]. Furthermore, Bamboo fibers are well-known to have superior antimicrobial and UV light protection properties, although some researchers have raised questions on the industrial application of Bamboo fibers [2][3][4]. ...
The Bamboo: Bamboo and Cotton: Cotton blends have widely attracted the low-stress tensile properties of textiles, especially for garment wear. The tensile properties of the garments showed that properties such as the linearity of tensile (LT), tensile energy (WT), tensile resilience (RT) and tensile strain (EM) of Bamboo-Cotton garments are influenced by increasing or decreasing the portion of Bamboo fibers. Moreover, the content of Bamboo fiber showed the direct influence on low-stress tensile properties of garments. The low-stress tensile properties are influenced by the portion of the Bamboo fiber, yarn diameter, and twist. Thus, the low tensile properties have given remarkable features for tailoring and suiting of clothes.
... In another study Abhijit Maunder et al. studied the effect of bamboo, cotton and their blend on the comfort properties of interlock, rib and plain single knit. The thermal conductivity and thermal resistance values were higher for interlock than for the remaining structures [3]. In another study it was concluded that hydrophilic fibres, such as cellulose-based fibre, are good in terms of moisture absorption but poor with respect to moisture transport and release, due to the presence of hydrogen-bonding sites for water molecules. ...
This study reports an investigation of the effect of different cellulose materials and yarn feeding patterns on thermo-physiological comfort, sensorial comfort, serviceability/pilling and ultraviolet properties. An interlock structure with a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic material was developed in such a way that each material was prominent in consecutive wales or courses. The yarn feed pattern in interlock fabric overcomes the limitation of plaited single jersey fabrics. Cellulose-based hydrophilic natural and regenerated fibres were used i.e cotton, model and viscose rayon, as well as hydrophobic synthetic fibre i.e. polyester for manufacturing fabric samples. By comparing the results, it became clear that wale-wise alternate yarns provide better overall moisture management properties than course-wise. Similarly, for fabric handle and pilling properties, wale-wise alternate yarn provides better properties. Interlock fabrics with the TransDRY® Technology effect are liable for use in protective textiles, medical textiles and in other functional textiles/children's clothing.
... The textile fiber researchers have utilized Bamboo as a raw material to manufacture rayon fibers, consuming the chemical route followed for the production of viscose fiber. The yarns spun from Bamboo fibers are more delicate in diameter, less hairy, more flexible, and better stretchable compared to Cotton yarns [1]. Furthermore, Bamboo fibers are well-known to have superior antimicrobial and UV light protection properties, although some researchers have raised questions on the industrial application of Bamboo fibers [2][3][4]. ...
... The tencel fibres are having longer length than that of bamboo fibres. Besides, the bamboo fibres have lower bending and torsional rigidity [5]. Therefore, they are packed better in the yarn structure than the bamboo fibres. ...
Influence of Blend Ratio on Physical Characteristics of Tencel / Bamboo Blends
... To respond consumer demands in textile industry, producers have been focused on acceptable quality and cost of producing yarns. Blending of different fibres is a very common practice to improve better characteristics of fabrics such as drape properties, comfort ability, durability, dyeability, etc. [1][2]. Many researchers have been concerning about blending of different kinds of fibres, proportion and blended yarn characteristics produced on different spinning systems that is ring, open-end, air-jet, friction and vortex. ...
Regenerated cellulosic fibres are mainly used with the blends of cotton and polyester with different proportion ondifferent spinning systems to meet specific consumer demands in textile industry. This study conducts the properties andquality optimization of 19.7 tex ring spun yarns made from Viloft®, ProModal®and Bamboo regenerated cellulosic fibresblended with polyester and cotton at different proportion (100%, 67–33%, 50–50%, 33–67%). Yarn properties such astensile strength and elongation, unevenness, imperfection index and hairiness were evaluated and compared to determine the effects of blend type, fibre type and blend ratio. Furthermore, numerical optimization method wasdeveloped to estimate optimum yarn quality parameters for the best response variables of tensile strength and elongation, unevenness, imperfection index and hairiness properties.
... Majumdar investigated the diameter, tensile, evenness and hairiness properties of cottonbamboo blended yarns. They found that hairiness increases with increasing bamboo content in the yarn [5]. Erdumlu and Ozipek (2008) investigated the quality parameters bamboo, viscose, carded and combed ring spun yarns in pure form. ...
This study aims to investigate the frictional and other important yarn properties such as unevenness and hairiness of cotton/bamboo blended yarns. For this purpose, %100 cotton, %50/%50 cotton/bamboo and %100 bamboo ring spun yarns were produced in five different twist coefficients (ae: 3.5; 3.7; 4.0; 4.2; 4.5) and in four different linear densities (Ne 16/1; 20/1; 24/1; 28/1). General factorial design was used for analyzing the data. In conclusion, the highest friction coefficient and the lowest hairiness were obtained for the pure bamboo blends; whereas, the highest unevenness values were observed in pure cotton
... Bamboo textile products are having high demands in the market because of their antibacterial nature, biodegradable properties, high moisture absorption capacity, softness, and UV protective capacity [1]. Cotton is an important textile fiber for human clothing and certain other needs ever since the fiber of the cotton plant was first observed and identified for its potential and the art of hand spinning and its numerous other uses were identified [5]. ...
The increasing hazard posed by UV radiation due to thinning of the ozone layer forces the textile producers to pay attention to provide textile products with some value-added properties that would guarantee the protection against harmful UV radiation. The UV absorptive efficacy of the ethanolic extract of plants was studied by using SPF analyzer. In this study, Bamboo/Cotton blended woven fabric was used for UV protection finish using herbal extracts, fruit shell of Borassus flebelliter and Phyllode of Opuntia littoralis extracts through soxhlet method and was applied on Bamboo/Cotton fabric by using Dip and dry method. The fruit shell of Borassus flabellate and Phyllode of Opuntia littoralis extract indicates sun protective property above 50 Ultraviolet Protection Factor rating. The fruit shell of Borassus flebelliter and Phyllode of Opuntia littoralis plant extracts showed similar UPF value, providing excellent UV protection when compared to the untreated sample. This type of UV protection finished sample will not only provide protection from environmental hazard but also promotes eco-friendly textiles for UV protection.
... The bamboo 100% woven fabrics [2,15,17] has recorded higher air passage than the 70:30% cotton bamboo in weft yarn because the cross-section of bamboo fiber is covered with various micro spaces. The high [18][19][20][21] composition of bamboo fabrics showed that these are water permeable, more absorbent, with more air passage within the structure of fabrics. High content bamboo fabrics and lower thermal resistance was also seen ...
In this research work, thermal properties of plain woven fabrics generated from regenerated bamboo and cotton fiber blended yarns were investigated. Seven mixtures of fiber (100% bamboo, 100% cotton, 10:90 bamboo: cotton, 20:80 bamboo: cotton, 30:70 bamboo: cotton, 40:60 bamboo: cotton and 50:50 bamboo: cotton) were developed to create 60 Tex ring spun yarn. The warp yarns were used as 100% regenerated bamboo and the bamboo: cotton blends were used alternatively in weft to produce plain woven fabrics. The plain structured woven fabrics show eminent thermal comfort properties with the blending of regenerated bamboo fibers. The air permeability of 100% regenerated bamboo fiber was recorded higher than the compared blends; the increased key factor contents of bamboo changed the air properties of the fabric. Furthermore, plain woven fabric of bamboo/cotton (50/50) has shown greater thermal conductivity and heat retention properties. The work reported in this paper is ensuring highpoints of thermal comfort properties of regenerated bamboo (100%) and cotton (100%) with plain woven structured fabrics, and potentially, the fabrics can be used for winter suiting apparel products.
... After tencel, other fibers like modal, viscose, and bamboo fibers give different properties (Kayseri, Bozdogan, and Hes 2010). The different properties of fabrics made from different fibers are studied (Karthikeyan et al. 2016;Majumdar et al. 2011;Prakash, Ramakrishnan, and Koushik 2011;Shanmugasundaram 2016). The air permeability of the woven fabrics can be controlled during product design by raw material properties (fiber type and blend ratio), yarn characteristics, and structural parameters of the woven fabrics (Haristian 2011;Nazir et al. 2017). ...
The increasing demand of cotton and low production rate to fulfill the world requirements boosted the production of regenerated cellulose-based fibers. The purpose of this work was to compare the performance and comfort properties of regenerated cellulose fibers. For this purpose, cotton, viscose, modal, bamboo, and viscose fibers were taken. The pure blends of each fiber and 50:50 blends of modal blended with cotton fiber and regenerated fibers were taken. Normal yarn of count 20 tex was made and then plain woven fabrics were prepared. The warp-wise and weft-wise tensile and tear strengths were recorded. In addition, tests of air permeability, moisture management, thermal resistance test, and water vapor permeability were executed. It is found that the 100% modal fabrics give higher mechanical and comfort properties. In case of blends, modal:viscose (50:50) gives higher mechanical and comfort properties in woven fabrics.
... The properties of blended yarns primarily depend on the properties of the constituent fibres and their compatibility. Moreover, the proportion of fibres in the blend has a significant role (Majumdar et al., 2011). The thermal comfort properties of single jersey knitted fabric structures made from cotton, regenerated bamboo and cotton-bamboo blended yarns were also studied by Chidambaram et al. (2012). ...
The evolution of products to be more comfortable, healthy and environmentally friendly has accelerated efforts in research and development in the textile industry with environmentally sound manufacturing processes. Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer on earth, has been used for paper products, textile fibres such cotton and linen, scientific experiments, biofuels and more. After regeneration or remanufacturing, cellulose can broaden its application areas to textiles as well as outside the textile industry. Regenerated cellulose fibres produced from different methods result in a variety with respect to physical strength and adsorption properties for specific applications. These fibres are obtained from cellulose, an abundant resource with a lot of benefits to humanity that justify some sustainability and greenness within itself with respect to resources; however, on a large scale, production issues such as the degradation of processed waste and recycling may obstruct sustainability. This chapter focuses on the sustainable production of regenerated cellulosic fibres and the important part they have, which may be a better alternative to conventional and synthetic fibres.
... aureus) and gram negative (P. aeruginosa) bacteria was 99%, and the survival rate of the microorganisms after 2 hours was 0% [20]. The study was conducted according to methodology developed based on the AATCC 100-2004 standard [21]. The degree of degradation was determined according to a procedure developed by the Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres (IBWCh Poland) based on the EN 14045:2003 [22], EN 14806:2005 [23] and ISO 20200:2004 [24] standards. ...
In the case of exposure to inhalation of pathogenic microorganisms, it is necessary to use filtering respiratory protective equipment (FRPE). When this problem concerns the sphere of non-professional use it is important to ensure the disposal of waste equipment in an environmentally safe way. The use of biodegradable nonwovens with biocidal properties in the construction of FRPE could be a good solution to this problem as their degradation time is short in comparison with traditionally used polypropylene. Bioactivity of the nonwoven would ensure the elimination of biological contaminants collected within the filtering material. However, due to the biodegradability, the properties of such materials might change during use. At the same time there are no testing procedures allowing the evaluation of protective parameter changes during the use and storage of FRPE made of biodegradable polymers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperature, simulated breathing and storage conditions on the filtration efficiency of biodegradable bioactive filters prepared by melt-blowing from poly(lactic) acid polymer modified with biocidal agent. The results showed that elevated temperature greatly affects the filtration efficiency of biodegradable filters. A statistically significant decrease in the filtration efficiency after breathing simulation and storage was also observed.
... On the other hand, the regenerated bamboo fibre, bamboo viscose and bamboo lyocell, are produced from raw materials of bamboo pulp with a chemical process similar to the manufacture of viscose and lyocell fibres with wet spinning. (Lipp-Symonowicz et al., 2011;Majumdar, Murkhopadhyay, Yadav, & Mondal, 2011;Mishra, Behera, & Pal, 2012;Pavko-Čuden & Kupljenik, 2012) Bamboo textile products meet the high demands of the market due to their antibacterial nature, biodegradable properties, high moisture absorption capacity, softness and UV productive capability. With its high moisture absorption capacity, breathability and fast drying behaviour, good thermoregulatory, the bamboo fibre ensures comfort in various applications. ...
With the growing demand for more comfortable, healthier and environmentally friendly products, research and development has been increasingly focusing on new environmentally friendly materials and products. One of the environmentally friendly materials is the bamboo fibre with its numerous favourable performing properties. The use of bamboo fibres increases every year, which was the main reason for choosing yarn from the mixture of lyocell fibres and natural bamboo fibres with the ratio 80/20 for the research. With the research, the tensile behaviour of woven fabrics with cotton yarn in warp and lyocell/natural bamboo yarn in the weft direction in comparison with cotton woven fabrics was studied. Twelve fabrics which differed in their construction properties were designed and produced. Two different weaves were chosen, i.e. plain and twill weave, and three different densities in weft. The results of the research show that the presence of lyocell/natural bamboo yarn in the weft direction improves the mechanical properties such as breaking stress, stress in the yield point, elasticity modulus in the weft direction of analysed fabrics, while in the warp direction, the weave type and weave density express a greater influence on the mechanical properties of analysed fabrics.
... Moreover, the proportion of fibers in the blend also plays a significant role. It has been observed that the stronger component has to be mixed at least by a certain proportion in order to gain in terms of tensile properties (Majumdar et al. 2011;Prakash et al. 2012). ...
In this study, a series of blended yarns consisting of 80:20 bamboo/cotton, 67:33 bamboo/cotton, 50:50 bamboo/cotton, 33:67 bamboo/cotton, 20:80 bamboo/cotton, 80:20 bamboo/polyester, 67:33 bamboo/polyester, 50:50 bamboo/polyester, 33:67 bamboo/polyester, and 20:80 bamboo/polyester were produced from blends consisting of bamboo/cotton and bamboo/ polyester. Besides these, 100% bamboo, 100% cotton, and 100% polyester were also produced. All the yarns were produced with two levels of twist per meter (TPM) 76 and 90. It can be found that the yarn unevenness characteristic was affected by the blended ratio of cotton, polyester, and regenerated bamboo fiber. The drop in tenacity of blended yarns in comparison to the constituents is generally lower which is attributed to the elongation at break of the yarns. The variability in tenacity in respect of 100% polyester yarn is quite high in comparison with other yarns. The yarn elongation at break of bamboo/cotton-blended yarns is found to be lower than those of bamboo/polyester-blended yarns. The variability in the work of rupture is found to be lower for bamboo/cotton-blended yarns. Yarn friction values of the yarns noticed that polyester exhibits the highest value at the TPM of 76. The yarn torque values from which it is noticed that 100% polyester yarns spun with the TPM of 76 have a higher torque in both the wet and dry states. The quality characters of yarn depend upon the ratio of bamboo, cotton, and polyester in the blend ratio.
... From Table II that fabric thickness and fabric weight show a decreasing trend with increase in tencel fibre content in the fabric, while the number of courses and wales per unit length increases, for all the loop lengths investigated. These observations are substantiated by the findings of authors (Frydrych et al., 2002;Majumdar et al., 2010Majumdar et al., , 2011, who found that for yarns with the same linear density, the yarn diameter decreases as the proportion of bamboo fibre increases. Another observation is that for a given yarn composition, increase in loop length causes a decrease in fabric weight and fabric thickness. ...
... From Table II that fabric thickness and fabric weight show a decreasing trend with increase in tencel fibre content in the fabric, while the number of courses and wales per unit length increases, for all the loop lengths investigated. These observations are substantiated by the findings of authors (Frydrych et al., 2002;Majumdar et al., 2010Majumdar et al., , 2011, who found that for yarns with the same linear density, the yarn diameter decreases as the proportion of bamboo fibre increases. Another observation is that for a given yarn composition, increase in loop length causes a decrease in fabric weight and fabric thickness. ...
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the thermal comfort properties of single jersey knitted fabric structures made from bamboo, tencel and bamboo-tencel blended yarns. Design/methodology/approach – Bamboo, tencel fibre and blends of the two fibres were spun into yarns of identical linear density (30s Ne). Each of the blended yarns so produced was converted to single jersey knitted fabrics with loose, medium and tight structures. Findings – An increase in tencel fibre in the fabric had led to a reduction in fabric thickness and GSM. Air permeability and water-vapour permeability also increased with increase in tencel fibre content. The anticipated increase in air permeability and relative water vapour permeability with increase in stitch length was observed. The thermal conductivity of the fabrics was generally found to increase with increase in the proportion of bamboo. Research limitations/implications – It is clear from the foregoing that, although a considerable amount of work has been done on bamboo blends and their properties, still there are many gaps existing in the literature, in particular, on thermal comfort, moisture management and spreading characteristics. Thus the manuscript addresses these issues and provides valuable information on the comfort characteristics of the blended fabrics for the first time. In the evolution of this manuscript, it became apparent that a considerable amount of work was needed to fill up the gaps existing in the literature and hence this work which deals with an investigation of the blend yarn properties and comfort properties of knitted fabrics was taken up. Originality/value – This research work is focused on the thermal comfort parameters of knitted fabrics made from 100 per cent tencel yarn, 100 per cent bamboo yarn and tencel/bamboo blended yarns of different blend ratios.
... The comparison of thermal gravimetric analysis for cotton and bamboo fibers and their blends were shown in Fig. 2. ( 1 ) Thermal analysis of 100 % cotton (2) Thermal analysis of 100 % bamboo ( 3 ) Thermal analysis of 50/50 cotton/ bamboo ( 4 ) Thermal analysis of 70 / 30 cotton / bamboo ( 5 ) Thermal analysis of 80/20 cotton/ bamboo (6) Thermal analysis of 90 / 10 cotton / bamboo ( 7 ) Thermal analysis of 60 / 40 cotton/ bamboo. The thermal gravimetric analysis was done to observe the heat stability of cotton and bamboo fibers and their blends. ...
In order to overcome the shortage of cotton fiber and cotton fiber production in China and Pakistan, the study on how to achieve the desired quality parameters for yarn blended from cotton and regenerated bamboo was carried out. In this paper, seven kinds of blended yarn with different blended ratios and same linear density and twist levels were developed. It can be found that the yarn unevenness characteristic was affected by the blended ratio of cotton and regenerated bamboo fiber. If the content of the bamboo fiber is increased, then the unevenness of the yarns will decrease. For the tenacity and the tensile strength of the yarns, the affection of the fiber content is not very obvious. The morphological structures of the blended yarns were also identified with different blended ratio of cotton and bamboo fibers. The thermal gravimeter analysis shows that the weight loss of the blended yarns decreases with the increasing of the bamboo fiber portion. It can be further observed by the FR-IR spectrometers that the reflectance percentage of yarns increases as decreasing of the bamboo fiber portion.
Strength, elongation, and uniformity are just a few of the mechanical qualities of yarns that can be greatly enhanced by blending several fibers. With an emphasis on cotton/polyester blends, this study investigates how fiber blending affects yarn performance. The study assesses the variations in yarn strength and other physical characteristics by altering the blending ratio and yarn structure (stiff, core-spun, and dual-core-spun). The findings show that while decreasing unevenness and flaws, raising the polyester blend ratio improves yarn strength and elongation. Because of their increased elasticity, core-spun and dual-core-spun yarns are appropriate for uses that call for both strength and flexibility.
Bamboo fiber is gaining the curious attention of researchers as well as the fashion and apparel industries as an alternative to the cotton fiber. Bamboo fabric besides having prodigious characteristics, possess several limitations i. e. high-cost, poor spin-ability, a significant reduction in strength under wet conditions etc. The present study is focused to address the problems associated with the bamboo fiber to make it user and environment-friendly. An isocyanate based compound, HDI (blocked hexamethylene diisocyanate) was chemically crosslinked with bamboo fabric to enhance its dyeability and fastness properties without compromising on its thermal stability and tensile strength. The dyeing properties, levelness, thermal stability, absorbency, and tensile and tear strength measurements of the HDI-based bamboo fabric were compared with the untreated fabrics. The HDI-based bamboo fabric dyed with commercial reactive dyes exhibited up to 10% and 9% increase in exhaustion and total percent fixation, respectively. Whereas the modified fabrics dyed with lab-synthesized reactive dyes displayed 12–14% and 10% increase in fixation and total percent fixation, respectively. Furthermore, the HDI-based bamboo fabrics possessed better dyeing levelness compared to the untreated fabrics. Light and rubbing fastness of some of the modified fabrics increased significantly. Absorbency of the treated bamboo fabrics decreased while no significant change in the thermal stability and tensile strength of the treated fabrics was noticed after HDI treatment.
Natural fibre reinforced composites are being used in a variety of industries. Epoxy matrix composites reinforced with woven bamboo-cotton fibre has been fabricated via., hand lay-up technique and compression moulding technique. In the fabrication of the composite panels, the number of layers varied from 8 to 14 according to the weight of the fabric. The tensile, bending, impact, compression, water-absorption, and ILS properties for the developed composites have been tested or examined. SEM characterization was being used to examine the fractured morphology and assess interface-strength of the developed composites. It was found that increasing the number of fibre layers improved the composites' physico-mechanical properties. Due to the micro-voids, detachment, and hydrophilic nature of natural fibres, the cotton/bamboo twill fabric reinforced composites absorb the most water. In addition, the results have demonstrated that the fibre matrix debonding, which was actually the result of a weak-bonding amid the fibre and matrix, was the cause of the escalated water absorption behavior. Hence, the fabricated composites are suitable for the applications of moderate load bearing, including automobile body parts and structural components that require sufficient strength.
The textile industry has an over whelming presence in the economic life of our country but it is facing a challenging condition in the field of quality and productivity due to globalization of the world market. So, leading the movement for Eco-friendly textiles should be the management mantra for Indian textile industry to become a successful player in the global arena of textiles with many avenues to capture in coming times in the eco-conscious scenario. A Textiles demand varies from year to year with the changing fashion; the consumer's preference influences the demand for different types of finishes. The increase in the world demand for textile s is expected to continue not only due to increase in the world population but also due to the standards of living. Therefore, the focus of research has shifted towards the exploration of the new finishes and their combinations with the older ones
Bamboo is an amazing sustainable raw material and versatile agro-resources, as India is second largest store-house of bamboos. Bamboo textiles are having great potential in turn out to be an potential alternative plant based fibers in modern bamboo textile industry. Available bamboo resource utility and management for sustainable future, bamboo fibric textiles are cost efficient and meant for its unique performance in climate change situation. Its history, chemical, mechanical properties, morphology, anatomy, patents and modern bamboo textile industry. The reliable blending nature with other fibers for in Modern Bamboo Textile Industry (MBTI) better comforts. This paper delt with the prospects of natural plant-based bamboo fibers eco-friendly', 'bio-degradable' antimicrobial properties
In recent years, the textile market is proposed to have new types of fibers and yarns. The expansion of eco-friendly fabrics with organic, bio-degradable, and environmentally friendly nature is the current trend to reduce the carbon footprints as well as a carcinogenic effect caused by various synthetic materials. Ecofriendly fabrics possess natural characteristics that are user-friendly, cost-effective, and less harmful nature. The market demand for such fabrics is increasing with the consciousness of the consumer. Bamboo textiles provide a remarkable opportunity for developing sustainable and socio-economically significant textiles in the future. This chapter describes the fabrication and characterization methods for bamboo-based textiles and their futuristic prospects in the textile and apparel industries.
This study aimed to evaluate breast pain and sports bra usage reported by Chinese women and to analyse whether they were affected by age, education, occupation, income or breast size. Four hundred and four Chinese women completed a questionnaire to determine their breast pain and its frequency as well as sports bra usage. Although more than 60% of Chinese women experienced breast pain during exercise, only 40% of them had ever worn a sports bra. The high percentage of participants who experienced breast pain and low percentage of sports bra usage confirmed the need to educate Chinese women on sports bra fit, design and reasons for wearing sports bras. Age, bra size and income level should be considered when implementing these educational programs.
The paper discusses the results of research concerning the formation of electroconductive transmission lines on textile substrates using the magnetron sputtering technique. The transmission lines developed can potentially be applied in clothing for emergency and security services to affect electrical connections between electronic elements incorporated in the garments. The time of metallic layer deposition and the type of substrate used was optimised in the study. The surface resistivity, resistance to bending and abrasion of the transmission lines obtained were tested. The tests demonstrated that it is possible to obtain electrocon-ductive copper layers with a surface resistivity approximating 0.2 Ω by direct deposition on spun-bonded type polypropylene nonwoven.
Thermal comfort properties of textile materials have acquired the interest of researchers in the current years. The satisfaction of any fabric mostly depends on the comfort features which include thermal properties, water vapor permeability and water absorption. Comfort properties set the path where the heat, air and water vapor are transmitted through the fabric.
In this work, the thermal comfort properties of regenerated bamboo knitted fabrics have been studied in relation to some geometrical fabric variables. The objective was to determine the influence of some fabric factors such as loop length and the constituent fabric structure on the bamboo fabric thermal comfort properties represented by thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, water vapor permeability and water absorption. Fabrics with six different commercial structures of single jersey, single pique, double pique, 3:1- two thread fleece, rib 1x1 and interlock were constructed with the same twist levels and with three levels of loop length. Finally, fabrics were wet processing and followed the similar finishing line used for the close-form knitted fabrics. The benefits of the bamboo knitted fabrics are myriad. The anticipated increase in bamboo fabric thermal conductivity, thermal absorption, and water absorption of the 2-thread fleece and interlock structures was observed. Generally, the water vapor permeability and air permeability tend to increase with the increase of the loop length of the bamboo knitted fabrics.
Fibre of dyed mélange yarn is becoming an emerging product in the field of textiles. The quality of mélange yarn is largely influenced by the types of blending methodologies. There exists hardly any reported work where the effect of blending methods on cotton mélange yarn quality has been studied. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of blending methodologies on the properties of cotton mélange spun yarn. Dyed and grey cotton fibre components were mixed at the blow room and draw frame stages separately to produce mélange yarns with three different shade depths (%). Better yarn quality with respect to yarn evenness, imperfections, tenacity, elongation at break and hairiness index was achieved with the draw frame blending methodology as compared to the blow room blending methodology. The mélange yarn quality deteriorates with an increase in shade depth (%) for both blending methodologies. © 2018, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres. All rights reserved.
Fibre properties are influential factors for yarn properties. Cotton, whose physical properties vary depending on the cultivation region, is still a very common fibre used in the textile industry. Properties such as fibre length, fineness, strength and maturity affect yarn tensility, evenness, imperfections and hairiness. Four different 100% cotton blends were used as raw material (American cotton, Aegean cotton, Urfa cotton, Greek cotton) to be converted into 20 tex compact yarns separately. HVI parameters of each blend type starting from the bale until the 2nd drawing passage machine revealed that yarn processing stages and machinery are influential factors for fibre the properties of fibres that are produced on a spinning line. Additionally ANOVA tests supported the idea that the evenness, tensility, yarn imperfections, and hairiness parameter of yarns produced from various cotton blends were statistically different. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and the Correlation Matrix were also applied in order to analyse the relationship between fibre properties and compact yarn properties of different blends.
The thermal properties and morphological characterisation of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) homopolymer and its blends with low molecular low modulus polypropylene (LMPP) were studied. Firstly blends were prepared with variant LMPP contents, and their properties were characterised using SEM, DSC, XRD, and DMA. Later the mechanical properties of iPP/LMPP blend fibres were investigated. SEM results showed that the iPP/LMPP blends produced smoother surfaces when the LMPP content was increased, as well as the misci-bility. All the Tg values with different LMPP percentages were in-between pure iPP and LMPP. The XRD results indicated the LMPP percentage decreased along with the degree of crystallinity of the iPP/LMPP blends (5% to 15%), which increased and then decreased as compared to pure iPP. The elongation at break increased when the LMPP content increased, with the maximum elongation at break of the LMPP 25% blend reaching 12.95%, which showed great stretch-ability, whereas the elastic modulus of iPP/LMPP blends decreased.
The optimum surface and frictional properties of textiles depend on theirspecific application. In this study, we examined the frictional behaviour of medical wipes against 15 mechanical near skin equivalents using synthetic leather material and bovine leather. The frictional behaviour characteristics, both static and kinetic, were evaluated at four different normal loads. It wasseen that the static and kinetic frictional coefficients decrease with an increasing normal load for all the reference candidatesstudied. Higherfriction was experienced forthe movement of the cotton and viscose wipe against leather than that for synthetic polyurethane (PU) and silicone material. The friction of the wipe against any equivalent skin material was found to be dependent on its surface nature and the morphology of the material against which it is in contact and moves. Friction is necessary in real-time use for a wipe to have an inherent frictional resistance for movement against skin during use.
In the false twist texturing process, due to the action of mechanical forces and heat, a disorientation of structural elements happens at all levels of the supramolecular structure. These changes are related to changes in the texturing parameters and mechanical properties of yarn. In this paper, investigated is the effect of technical-technological texturing parameters in the false twist texturing process on the structure of PA6.6 yarns. POY multifilament PA6.6 with a fineness of 22f07x1 dtex was used as experimental material. The yarn was textured on a friction texturing machine-ICBT model FT 15 E3. The exiting yarn speed (Vi) changed as 600, 700, 800 and 900 m/min; the heater temperature (T) was 200, 210 and 220°C, and the ratio of the disk surface speed to the linear yarn speed (D/Y) was 1.9 and 2.1. The values of strain were kept constant at 1.305 (tension in texturing zone) and 0,954 in the winding zone. Analysed were the density, degree of crystallinity, degree of orientation, single filament diameter, the content of-NH2 and-COOH end groups, and the total content of end groups. From the results obtained it can be seen that the effect of the heater temperature is more significant than that of Vi and D/Y on the structural characteristics analysed. Analysing the experimental results it was found that linear positive correlations were established between the texturing speed and end (-NH2) groups, the texturing speed and end (-COOH) groups and the texturing speed and the total content of end groups. The correlation factor between the process parameters and yarn structural characteristics analysed is determined. © 2017, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres. All rights reserved.
The paper presents aspects of intellectual property protection for fashion creations in countries that have strong fashion industry, such as France, Italy and Great Britain. Furthermore, it presents the situation on national level, in which case neither copyright nor the patent cover all aspects of intellectual creation and it was developed an additional service "Plicul cu idei".
In this study, several physical properties of causticized knitted fabrics made of bamboo/cotton blended yarns are investigated. To observe the effect of causticizing, the process has been applied to different knitted fabrics with different NaOH concentrations and different process durations. Then pilling, bursting strength and handle properties of the fabrics were evaluated. The results show that the measured physical properties of knitted fabrics changes depend on fabric structure and NaOH concentration. It was also found that the increase in NaOH concentration resulted in good pilling resistance, low bursting strength and stiff handles.
This study compared absorbency, stiffness, and abrasion resistance characteristics of bamboo/ cotton and cotton terry towels. Bamboo/cotton terry towels were woven with bamboo pile yarn, which has been commonly used in textiles in recent years, whereas cotton terry towels were woven with cotton pile yarns. Desized woven terry towels without dye or any further finishing treatments were produced under industrial conditions. Effects of pile yarn type and pile height on physical and mechanical properties of fabrics were compared using analysis of variance. Design Expert 6.01 (Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN) was used for statistical analyses. It was found that abrasion of towels with bamboo pile yarn was higher than that of towels with cotton pile yarn at high abrasion cycles, whereas stiffness of bamboo/cotton towels was lower than that of cotton towels. Also, it was found that sinking time of terry towels with cotton pile yarn was longer than that of towels with bamboo pile yarn.
The physical characteristics of tencel-polyester and tencel-cotton yarns spun on ring, rotor and air-jet spinning machines in relation to blend ratio and twist factor have been studied. It is observed that amongst ring, rotor and MJS yarns, the ring yarns are stronger, less rigid and possess higher work of rupture, whereas rotor yarns are more even, have fewer imperfections and less hairy regardless of fibre-mix. Also, rotor- spun yarns have higher extensibility than ring and MJS yarns for tencel-cotton mix. Further, tencel-polyester yarns yield more satisfactory results than the tencel-cotton yarns in terms of strength, breaking extension, evenness, imperfections and work of rupture. Increasing tencel content both in tencel-polyester and tencel-cotton fibre mix makes the yarn rigid and more hairy.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of textile materials on hydrogen peroxide stabilization during bleaching. For this purpose, fabrics made of different fibers types were bleached with the same bleaching recipe. It was found that the fiber type have different effects on the decomposition of peroxide. So it is important to stabilize the bleaching bath considering the fiber type. The highest activation effect was obtained with the wool. Jute fabric also showed the higher rate than the blank bleaching. But cotton fibers had the highest stabilization effect in the bleaching bath.
The tensile response of staple yams is usually determined by their structure and the mechanical properties of their constituent fibers. Yarn structure is influenced by the radial disposition of fibers along the yam length, commonly known as migration, and the packing density of the fibers in the yarn cross section. These, in turn, are affected by fiber properties, yarn factors, and the dynamics of preparatory and spinning pro cesses. Yarn structure development is further complicated when the yarn is spun from blends of different fiber types because the blending method usually profoundly influ ences the position and orientation of the fibers in the yam matrix. This investigation is concerned with the effect of fiber properties and yarn structure on the tensile properties of ring spun yarns made from a 50:50 blend of high (Pima) and low (Upland) tenacity cotton fibers spun using intimate and drawframe blending techniques. The drawframe blended yarn in this work is produced by arranging all high tenacity fiber slivers in the center of the drawframe creel to determine if preferential positioning in the core of the yam helps to improve the strength of drawframe blended yarn compared with intimate blended yarns. The findings reveal that intimate blended yam has better tensile strength than drawframe blended yarn, even though more high strength Pima cotton fibers are positioned in the core of the yam. This is because non-uniform fiber distribution re sulting from blending of different fibers affects the migratory behavior of fibers. The tensile failure of such yams is governed by the mode of fiber breakage and fiber slippage as determined by the yarn structure—fiber distribution and migration—rather than predominantly by fiber breakage compared with strength.
This paper reports the successful outcome of attempts to produce jute blended yarns of lower counts using two spinning systems, open-end rotor and friction (Dref-2), and also some understanding of their structure-property relationships. The study investigates such understanding as exists about jute blended yarns spun on these two systems and their tensile and viscoelastic behavior as influenced by their respective yarn structures. The tensile and viscoelastic characteristics of rotor and friction (Dref-2) spun jute blended yarns depend partly on fiber alignment and partly on the noncompatibility of the tensile properties of their component fibers. Time-dependent stress relaxation of yarn is proposed to depend on fiber stress-relaxation and rearrangement of fiber segments within the yarn subjected to deformation. Although highly entangled fiber helices with widely varying orientation, as present in friction spun yarn, cause a poor fiber-to-yam translation of tensile properties, they make the yam more elastic.
The diameter and hairiness of 50/50 blended cotton/polyester spun yarns were studied and compared with 100% cotton and 100% polyester yarns. For ring-spun yarns with the same yarn linear density and twist, yarn diameter was greater for cotton than for polyester, while blends were in an intermediate position. For rotor yarns near the saturated twist, the well-known trend was reversed in the over-saturated twist zone and yarn diameter increased with twist. Hairiness was higher for cotton yarns than for polyester yarns, with blends situated in an intermediate position. The trend was the same for both ring- and rotor-spun yarns.
A method for estimating fiber distribution on the surface of a blended yarn is presented. This method relies on the effect of blending on the aesthetic and wearing properties of the textile product. For this purpose the surface of blend yarns was tested on a Quantimet 720 and the results were verified using a visual (organoleptic) evaluation.
The deformation of staple cotton, polyester, and cotton/polyester blend yarns has been studied in a small tensile device placed in a scanning electron microscope. The mechanics of failure of the different yarns are considered.
Two properties of blended yarns are of high importance from the wearer's point of view: aesthetic appearance and elastic recovery. To predict the appearance of yarn after it is dyed in finished goods, a method is proposed that con sists of dyeing yarn in the laboratory with a dye of different affinity to component fibers. Next, the lengths of segments of strands of every kind of fiber on the surface of the yarn in the direction of the yarn axis were measured, as well as the lengths of strands consisting of mixtures of fibers. The distribution of the lengths of strands are presented and discussed. Elastic recovery of yarns made of viscose, acetate, and polyamide fibers and of their blends were analyzed at various levels of strains. Basing upon results obtained, the mechanics of elastic recovery of blended yarn is discussed.
Samples of two cotton cultivars were spun with high- and normal-tenacity polyester staple fibers in cotton/polyester blend ratios of 100:0, 67:33, 50:50, 33:67, and 0:100. Stress-strain measurements provided tenacities, elongations, and breaking energies. Based on the stress-strain response of the pure cotton and pure polyester yarns, breaking energies were calculated for the yarn blends, with the assumption that the two different components did not interact. Differences between calculated and experimental values, which were maximum when the polyester content was about 60%, were attributed primarily to the interaction between the constituent cotton and polyester fibers. Support for this attribution was provided through measurements of energy lost when an oscillatory shearing motion was applied to 50-gram blended specimens of carded lap.
In this study, 1.4 denier and 32 mm of fiber-length polyester and 30.2 mm fiber-length cotton (4.35 micronaire) rovings of 695 tex (αtex = 10.7) were blended with different polyester/cotton ratios (i.e. 17/83, 33/67, 50/50, 67/33, and 83/17). The yarns were produced at a spindle speed of 11,000 rev/min with a 42 mm ring diameter, where C-type half round travelers of 85 and 95 mg were employed in ring frames. The resulting 36 tex (αtex = 37.5) yarns were examined by measuring their tensile strength, elongation, count, twist, evenness, and hairiness. Then the yarns were knitted into fabrics to observe and evaluate pilling performance. The observations based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were concluded both on the hairiness and pilling values, depending on the blend proportions. Among the yarns produced, the best hairiness with the traveler of 95 mg weight was obtained from the blend yarn with a polyester/cotton ratio of 33/67 and the best pilling parameter was accrued from the knitted fabrics with a polyester/cotton ratio of 83/17.
A study was made of the influence of processing factors on the average disposition of fibers within a section and on the intimacy of mixing, when the blending constituents differ widely with respect of fiber dimensions.
A simplified measure was developed to characterize the preferential arrangement of fibers within a cross section, and the effects of spinning factors were evaluated. It was found that long and fine fibers have a definite tendency to occupy the core, while short and coarse fibers concentrate at the surface, and of the spinning factors, only strand width at the delivery nip has a significant effect on the arrangement. Further, no significant preferential segregation of the constituents was noticed across the width of the drafted strand, indicating that the biased arrangement develops during spinning. Spinning from multiple rovings showed promise of improving the preferential arrange ment, but the average position of the constituent in the yarn section does not have any large effects on the strength or the extension of the yarn.
When blending is done prior to the card, intimate mixing of the components, close to ideal, is realized in the yarn even in blends composed of fibers that differ considerably in length and fineness. But with blending at the ring frame, the components are distributed almost independently of each other and, in such yarns, the variability in the blend proportion is of the same order as the variability in the total number of fibers. Evidence is presented to show that adjoining fibers tend to move together during drafting, and in order to minimize variation in the blend proportion longitudinally, adequate lateral intermingling of the components must be obtained.
An expression is derived for the strength of the blended yarn spun at optimum twist, in terms of the strengths of yarns spun from the two components at optimum twist. Good agreement between the predicted and observed values is found over a range of cottons and counts. The strength deficiency of the blended yarn is partly due to the differential response of the two components to twist. The evenness of the yarn is better than would have been expected, in contrast to the results for the yarn strength.
In this study, the interaction between blended rotor-spun yarns of cotton and polyester fibers has been investigated using the hybrid model. Various blends of PET/CO were produced and tensile and evenness properties of yarns were examined. The migration index of yarns has been calculated to study how migration affects the yarn properties. The difference between the experimental values and predicted values has been studied statistically using the rule of mixtures. The results of the tenacity of yarns have been compared with Hamburger's model. The results show that elongated and thin places have no significant difference in the rule of mixtures model. Tenacity, work of rupture, and hairiness are decreased in blended yarns while the uniformity, thick places, and neps are increased. The tenacity of the yarns does not follow the Hamburger's model. The migration index shows that cotton fibers tend to migrate inwards and the migration index of this fiber is minimum at 75:25 and maximum at 50:50 PET/CO blended yarns.