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Effects of Tested Pack Containing Plant Extracts on Elasticity and Size of Women's Breasts
Abstract
In this study, we purified the extracts from the seeds and the roots of various plant species, including Q. acutissima, C. lanceolata, P. mirifica, P. bambusoides, and S. repens, and then investigated the effects of these extracts on cell growth and fat accumulation in adipocytes. We found that the extracts purified from Q. acutissima, C. lanceolata, P. mirifica, P. bambusoides, and S. repens more effectively increased the cell growth, as well as promoting the fat accumulation in adipocytes to a greater extent, than other extracts in vitro. Therefore, we made breast packs containing these effective extracts, and then investigated whether they were effective in enhancing the elasticity and volume of women`s breasts. The measurements of breast elasticity and size revealed that the breast packs efficiently increased the elasticity and size of women`s breasts. Furthermore, evaluation of the questionnaires related to usage of the breast packs indicated great satisfaction in terms of the lift, firmness, and elasticity of breasts. In conclusion, extracts purified from Q. acutissima, C. lanceolata, P. mirifica, P. bambusoides, and S. repens leading to cell growth and fat accumulation in adipocytes can effectively contribute to improving the elasticity and size of women`s breasts.
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Breast augmentation has recently become a common plastic surgical procedure performed in Korea. However, the incidence of re-operation has also increased due to various complications. The purpose of this study is to analyze the complications of primary augmentation mammoplasty and to demonstrate the reasons for re-operations.
Body image is the mental picture we have of our bodies, has both perceptual and affective components, affects how we interact with clothes, and affects how that clothed appearance is presented publicly. The purpose of this article is to theoretically justify the inclusion of body image in textiles and clothing subject matter in institutions of higher education. Although pioneering efforts have addressed the body from aesthetic and social psychological standpoints, no theoretical justification integrates both aesthetic theory and social psychological concepts as applied to body image. We present discussions of both aesthetic and social psychological theories and concepts related to body image, make suggestions for curricular strategies at both undergraduate and graduate levels, and provide links to various stakeholders. We argue that textiles and clothing educators have a significant role to play in research, education, and outreach efforts related to body image and appearance-related behaviors and can address important quality of life issues.
Estrogen is the central component in 6 of the 100 most widely prescribed medications in the United States today. This steroid has several therapeutic uses including contraceptive applications, treatment of menopausal symptoms, and the prevention of osteoporosis. A wide variety of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) and estrogen plus progestational hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) preparations are available. In addition, there are an increasing number of products with estrogenic properties that are being promoted as alternatives to drugs containing estrogen, such as phytoestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modifiers (SERMs). This article reviews the physiology of estrogenic effects, estrogen metabolism, and the pharmacokinetics of marketed preparations.
The phytoestrogen has the positive effect in osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, facial flushing and other postmenopausal symptoms. And the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytoestrogen in increasing breast size clinically and histological. The result show meaningful augmentation of the breast in group taken phytoestrogen tablets (PEITO) and in mouse study, study group showed more lobules and more duct cells in lobules than control group histological. The results mean phytoestrogen has weak estrogenic effect on the lobular structures of the breast tissue and finally increasing their size without any significant side effect.
Purpose: Breast augmentation has recently become a common plastic surgical procedure performed in Korea. However, the incidence of re-operation has also increased due to various complications. The purpose of this study is to analyze the complications of primary augmentation mam-moplasty and to demonstrate the reasons for re-operations. Methods: Among augmentation mammoplasty cases oper-ated in M.D. Clinic from Jan. 2002 to Jul. 2003, 42 cases of re-operations were reviewed. Age, interim primary oper-ations, used implants, complications and reasons of re-operations and methods of re-operations were retrospec-tively evaluated. Results: Patients from half of the cases were in their thirties. Almost halves of the patients were operated again within a year. Common reasons of re-operations were complications in shape and physical texture. For shape problems, they commonly complained of upper fullness or double bubble deformity and asymmetry. The author commonly used a periareolar incision (95.2%) and saline bag implants (81.0%) for re-operations. The usual size of the implant was between 151 and 250 cc. In 7 capsular contracture cases, 3 cap-sulotomy, 3 capsulectomy and 1 case of subpectoral con-version were performed, of which 1 case in capsulotomy and 1 subpectoral conversion recurred. Conclusion: Augmentation mammoplasty is not a simple procedure, making many complications in shape, physical tex-ture, breast functions, and others that is related to breast diseases. For better outcomes in re-operation cases, exact understanding and evaluation of primary complications are essential.
Recently, along with the remarkable increase in interest in natural products, the application of phytoestrogens in anti-aging products has become very important. In the focus, we developed Pueraria mirifica (PM), in this in vivo study on skin elasticity and wrinkles, and investigated the anti-aging properties. Thirty healthy women volunteers, between the ages of 30 and 60, applied the cream formula with Pueraria mirifica or placebo, on the face area twice a day for 16 weeks. The evaluation was made by silicon replica analysis, Cutometer SEM 575 and Comeometer followed by statistical treatment using the student's t-test. Results of skin elasticity measurement showed that topical application on the skin increased the total surface of skin elasticity in comparison with placebo group (p
Estrogen is the central component in 6 of the 100 most widely prescribed medications in the United States today. This steroid has several therapeutic uses including contraceptive applications, treatment of menopausal symptoms, and the prevention of osteoporosis. A wide variety of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) and estrogen plus progestational hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) preparations are available. In addition, there are an increasing number of products with estrogenic properties that are being promoted as alternatives to drugs containing estrogen, such as phytoestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modifiers (SERMs). This article reviews the physiology of estrogenic effects, estrogen metabolism, and the pharmacokinetics of marketed preparations.
Methods are described for assessing the estrogenic or anti-estrogenic potential of test substances using cultured (human endometrial) Ishikawa cells. This cell line possesses an estrogen-inducible alkaline phosphatase, and estrogenic activity is indicated by assessing by the rate of p-nitrophenol generated from p-nitrophenylphosphate, subsequent to treatment with test compounds. Anti-estrogenic activity is indicated by a decrease in phosphatase activity when the cells are treated with test compounds in the presence of estrogen.
To evaluate the influences of seasonal changes and plant cultivars on estrogenic activity of the phytoestrogen-rich plant, Pueraria mirifica.
Three cultivars of P. mirifica; PM-I, PM-II and PM-V, were grown in the same field trial for 3 years and random tubers collected during the summer, rainy season and winter seasons. Female Wistar rats were ovariectomized, kept for 14 days, randomly segregated into groups and treated with one of DW, 200microg/100g BW 17beta-estradiol (E2) or tuberous powder of PM-I, PM-II and PM-V at dosages of 100, or 1000mg/kg BW for the next 14 days. For the last 7 days of post-treatment period, rats received only DW. The vaginal cornification was recorded during the treatment and post-treatment period. The uterine tissues of the treated rats at the treatment and post-treatment periods were analyzed for uterine gland number and for the surface area of the myometrium, endometrium and lumen. In addition, ethanol tuberous extracts of PM-I, PM-II and PM-V was submitted to DPPH analysis.
Vaginal cornification exhibited a dose-dependent response with plant samples collected during the winter and summer being more active than those collected in the rainy season. All plant samples-induced uterotrophic effects in the analysis at the treatment and post-treatment periods in a dose-dependent manner. The P. mirifica treated rats exhibited increasing uterine gland numbers and thickness of the endometrium and myometrium but a decreasing size of lumen, in comparison to the negative control. The results were more prominent in PM-I than other plants and also in plant samples collected during the winter and summer seasons than in the rainy season. DPPH assay of the ethanol tuberous extracts revealed variance in antioxidant activity.
The results of uterotrophic and vaginal cornification assays reveal that P. mirifica exhibits a dose-dependent estrogenic activity under the influence of both seasonal changes and plant cultivars, which is confirmed by DPPH assay.
Dietary phytoestrogens have been implicated in infertility among ruminants and may relate to human breast cancer risk. Formononetin is an isoflavonoid phytoestrogen found in animal fodder and in certain human foodstuffs. To investigate a possible mechanism by which phytoestrogens might influence mammary carcinogenesis, this study examined the capacity of formononetin to stimulate mammary gland proliferation. Formononetin was administered to castrated female BALB/c mice by daily subcutaneous injection; then mammary gland proliferation and estrogen receptor expression were quantified, and plasma prolactin levels were measured. A preliminary dose-finding study demonstrated an estrogenic effect on vaginal cytology when formononetin was injected at 40 mg/kg sc. Peak plasma concentrations of 2.5 +/- 0.8 (SD) micrograms/ml at two hours and peak mammary tissue concentrations of 2.0 +/- 0.2 ng/mg tissue at four hours were noted after a single injection at this minimally bioactive dose. Among animals treated with formononetin at 40 mg/kg/day for five days, mammary gland proliferation was enhanced 3.3-fold over saline-treated controls and was comparable to that of animals treated with estradiol-17 beta at 1 microgram/kg/day for five days. Mammary tissue estrogen receptor expression was 2-fold higher among the formononetin-treated animals (P < 0.01 vs. saline-treated controls), and plasma prolactin concentrations were increased 1.7-fold (P < 0.001 vs. saline-treated controls). In subsequent in vitro binding studies, formononetin competitively bound murine mammary estrogen receptors, but with a relative binding affinity 15,000 times less potent than that of estradiol-17 beta. The results demonstrate an ability of formononetin to support mammary gland proliferation. However, the estrogenic potency of formononetin appears extremely weak compared with that of estradiol-17 beta and is roughly proportional to estrogen receptor-binding capacity.
International variations in cancer rates have been attributed, at least in part, to differences in dietary intake. Recently, it has been suggested that consumption of soyfoods may contribute to the relatively low rates of breast, colon, and prostate cancers in countries such as China and Japan. Soybeans contain a number of anticarcinogens, and a recent National Cancer Institute workshop recommended that the role of soyfoods in cancer prevention be investigated. In this review, the hypothesis that soy intake reduces cancer risk is considered by examining relevant in vitro, animal, and epidemiological data. Soybeans are a unique dietary source of the isoflavone genistein, which possesses weak estrogenic activity and has been shown to act in animal models as an antiestrogen. Genistein is also a specific inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases; it also inhibits DNA topoisomerases and other critical enzymes involved in signal transduction. In vitro, genistein suppresses the growth of a wide range of cancer cells, with IC50 values ranging from 5 to 40 microM (1-10 micrograms/ml). Of the 26 animal studies of experimental carcinogenesis in which diets containing soy or soybean isoflavones were employed, 17 (65%) reported protective effects. No studies reported soy intake increased tumor development. The epidemiological data are also inconsistent, although consumption of nonfermented soy products, such as soymilk and tofu, tended to be either protective or not associated with cancer risk; however, no consistent pattern was evident with the fermented soy products, such as miso. Protective effects were observed for both hormone- and nonhormone-related cancers. While a definitive statement that soy reduces cancer risk cannot be made at this time, there is sufficient evidence of a protective effect to warrant continued investigation.
The coincidence of climacteric symptoms and the beginning of skin aging suggests that estrogen deficiency may be a common and important factor in the perimenopausal woman. Often hormones have been considered important in endogenous aging of the skin, but their role has not been clearly defined. Therefore, we investigated, whether topical treatment of the skin with estrogen could reverse some of the changes in the aging skin.
The effects of 0.01% estradiol and 0.3% estriol compounds were compared in 59 preclimacteric women with skim aging symptoms. Monthly determinations of estrodiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin (PRL) were done and the monthly clinical monitoring was supplemented by measurements of skin hydration by corneometry and profilometry. In 10 patients, skin biopsies were taken for immunohistochemical determination of collagen types I and III.
After treatment for 6 months, elasticity and firmness of the skin had markedly improved and the wrinkle depth and pore sizes had decreased by 61 to 100% in both groups. Furthermore, skin moisture had increased and the measurement of wrinkles using skin profilometry, revealed significant, or even highly significant, decreases of wrinkle depth in the estradiol and the estriol groups, respectively. On immunohistochemistry, significant increases of Type III collagen labeling were combined with increased numbers of collagen fibers at the end of the treatment period. As to hormone levels, only those of PRL had increased significantly and no systemic hormonal side effects were noted.
Asian women and men who consume a traditional diet high in soy products have low incidences of breast and prostate cancers, respectively. Yet Asians who immigrate to the United States and adopt a Western diet lose this protection. We investigated the potential of genistein, a component of soy, to protect against breast cancer and to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity. Our study showed that injections of genistein in rats during the prepubertal period resulted in a 50% reduction of chemically induced mammary tumorigenesis. Studies in mammary whole mounts revealed that prepubertal genistein exposure resulted in fewer terminal end buds and more lobules type II. Cell proliferation in the terminal end buds of adult rats treated prepubertally with genistein was less than that in animals treated with the vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide). Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies did not find significant alterations to fertility, number of male and female offspring, body weight, anogenital distance, vaginal opening, testes descent, estrus cycle, or follicular development. We concluded that pharmacologic doses of genistein given to immature rats enhance mammary gland differentiation, resulting in a significantly less proliferative gland that is not as susceptible to mammary cancer. We speculate that breast cancer protection in Asian women consuming traditional soy-containing diets is, in part, derived from early exposure to genistein-containing soy. We believe that early programming events are essential for cancer protection benefits.
A novel, nonisotopic microtitration plate assay based on the human estrogen receptor has been used to screen soy-based and soy-containing foods for their phytoestrogen content (measured as genistein equivalents). The validation of the assay for use with food extracts has been demonstrated by investigation of recoveries after acidic and enzymic hydrolysis, by investigation of matrix effects, and by comparison of results with HPLC analysis. Phytoestrogen levels in soy products analyzed ranged between 520 and 1872 microgram of genistein equiv/g of soy flour, 5-282 microgram/g of soy concentrates, 503-1292 microgram/g of soy-protein isolates, and 108-226 microgram/g of soy-based infant formulas. Samples of textured vegetable protein and bread containing soy and linseed gave values of 1114 and 68 microgram/g, respectively. Comparison of results for 12 samples analyzed both by the receptor assay and by HPLC showed good correlation (r(2) = 0.905). The assay, which is rapid and simple to perform, is suitable for screening phytoestrogen-containing foods in order to assess human exposure to these bioactive compounds. The assay sensitivity is 3.4 microgram/g, and 14 samples/plate can be analyzed in 4 h following hydrolysis.
Nine isoflavonoids including a new pterocarpene, puemiricarpene, were isolated from the tuberous root of Pueraria mirifica (Leguminosae). The structure of puemiricarpene was determined by spectroscopic means. Estrogenic activity of the isolated isoflavonoids was tested using MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Moderate activity was observed for kwakhurin, a prenylated isoflavonoid.
The decision-making process for breast augmentation begins at the initial consultation. Most complications can be avoided with careful planning and decision making. Primary augmentation demands a careful evaluation of the breast morphology and chest wall anatomy. Perioperative techniques such as precise dissection of the pectoralis muscle under direct vision can ensure an adequate pocket, which minimizes the risk for capsular contracture and implant malposition. Secondary breast augmentation for problems such as thinning of the breast skin envelope, long-term pressure atrophy of existing parenchyma, and visibility of the implant can be minimized with appropriate selection of implant type, size, and placement. Patients should understand clearly the immediate and long-term risks associated with breast augmentation and the requirement for future reoperation.
The incidence rate of breast cancer varies worldwide, with the rate of Japanese and other Asian women only being a third to a half of that for Caucasian women. Recent research has suggested that consumption of phytoestrogen-rich foods may reduce breast-cancer risk. Most epidemiologic studies have involved Asian populations and some studies have shown a substantial reduction in breast-cancer risk (17-73%) in these populations. These results were also observed in countries where the level of consumption of traditional soy foods is low.
Abstract Soy isoflavonoids are plant phytoestrogens available as dietary supplements and are increasingly advocated as a natural alternative to oestrogen replacement therapy. As weak oestrogen agonists/antagonists with a range of other enzymatic activities, the isoflavonoids provide a useful model to investigate the actions of endocrine disruptors. Here, the activational and organisational effects of these compounds on the brain are reviewed. In spite of their preferential affinity for oestrogen receptor (ER)beta in vitro, isoflavonoids act in vivo through both ERalpha and ERbeta. Their neurobehavioural actions are largely anti-oestrogenic, either antagonising or producing an action in opposition to that of oestradiol. Small, physiologically relevant exposure levels can alter oestrogen-dependent gene expression in the brain and affect complex behaviour in a wide range of species. The implications for these findings in humans, and particularly in infants, largely remain uninvestigated but are a subject of increasing public interest.
To review clinical studies assessing the effect of phytoestrogen supplementation on the signs and symptoms of the climacteric syndrome and on the incidence of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and skeletal fractures.
Literature research using PubMed and the Cochrane controlled trials register.
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Six systematic reviews and meta-analyses of 25 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the use of phytoestrogens for the treatment of the climacteric syndrome were identified. Systematic reviews of RCTs show contradictory results, and meta-analyses demonstrate no statistically significant reduction of vasomotor symptoms for phytoestrogens. Individual RCTs report significant reductions in vasomotor symptoms for red clover and soy phytoestrogens. In selected patient populations, such as in women with early natural postmenopause and mild to moderate vasomotor symptoms, a systematic review of five RCTs found a significant reduction of hot flashes in five out of five RCTs. Twenty-two case-control and cohort studies examined the incidence of breast cancer among women with and without a diet high in phytoestrogens. A meta-analysis of 21 studies found a significantly reduced incidence of breast cancer among past phytoestrogen users. RCTs document beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on surrogate parameters such as bone mineral density, vasodilation, platelet aggregation, insulin resistance, and serum concentrations of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein. None of the available RCTs documents a protective effect of phytoestrogens for the clinical end points of breast cancer, bone fracture, or cardiovascular events.
Based on the available evidence, phytoestrogens should only be used in selected women, i.e., those presenting with mild to moderate vasomotor symptoms in early natural postmenopause. None of the compounds investigated so far have been proven to protect against breast cancer, bone fracture, or cardiovascular disease.
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