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Ulcer healing activity of Mumijo aqueous extract against acetic acid induced gastric ulcer in rats
Abstract and Figures
Gastric ulcer is an important clinical problem, chiefly due to extensive use of some drugs. The aim was to assess the activity of Mumijo extract (which is used in traditional medicine) against acetic acid induced gastric ulcer in rats.
The aqueous extract of Mumijo was prepared. Animals were randomly (n = 10) divided into four groups: Control, sham-operated group (received 0.2 ml of acetic acid to induce gastric ulcer), Mumijo (100 mg/kg/daily) were given for 4 days postacetic acid administration, and ranitidine group (20 mg/kg). The assessed parameters were pH and pepsin levels (by Anson method) of gastric contents and gastric histopathology. Ranitidine was used as reference anti-ulcer drug.
The extract (100 mg/kg/daily, p.o.) inhibited acid acetic-induced gastric ulceration by elevating its pH versus sham group (P < 0.01) and decreasing the pepsin levels compared to standard drug, ranitidine (P < 0.05). The histopathology data showed that the treatment with Mumijo extract had a significant protection against all mucosal damages.
Mumijo extract has potent antiulcer activity. Its anti-ulcer property probably acts via a reduction in gastric acid secretion and pepsin levels. The obtained results support the use of this herbal material in folk medicine.
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... The anti-ulcerogenic effect of Silājīt is due to the presence of fulvic acids and biphenyls as they protect the gastrointestinal mucosa with less shedding of mucosal cells (Stohs, 2014). In a study conducted on rats, Mumijo (Momiyāʾī) extract in the dose of 100 mg/kg/daily exhibited potent antiulcer activity and this activity may be due to reduction in gastric acid secretion and pepsin levels (Shahrokhi et al., 2015). Incidence of gastric ulcer is reported to be high in oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions. ...
M omiyāʾī, a natural viscous substance, is distinguished from synthetic coal tar by its origin in petroleum hydrocarbon oxidation. Also known as asphalt, bitumen, Silājīt, and more, it is prevalent in mountainous regions like Afghanistan and Tibet. Historically, it was misinterpreted as Egyptian mummy in Europe, used for various treatments. Its composition includes active compounds like dibenzo-α-pyrones (DBPs) and fulvic acid, contributing to its physiological effects. Ḥabb ʿAmbar Momiyāʾī, a popular Unani formulation, is widely used as an aphrodisiac. Toxicological studies affirm its safety for human consumption. Preclinical and clinical research highlights its therapeutic efficacy, including potential anticancer properties. This review explores its historical healing uses, therapeutic applications, chemical composition, and safety profiles.
... The anti-ulcerogenic effect of Silājīt is due to the presence of fulvic acids and biphenyls as they protect the gastrointestinal mucosa with less shedding of mucosal cells (Stohs, 2014). In a study conducted on rats, Mumijo (Momiyāʾī) extract in the dose of 100 mg/kg/daily exhibited potent antiulcer activity and this activity may be due to reduction in gastric acid secretion and pepsin levels (Shahrokhi et al., 2015). Incidence of gastric ulcer is reported to be high in oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions. ...
M omiyāʾī, a natural viscous substance, is distinguished from synthetic coal tar by its origin in petroleum hydrocarbon oxidation. Also known as asphalt, bitumen, Silājīt, and more, it is prevalent in mountainous regions like Afghanistan and Tibet. Historically, it was misinterpreted as Egyptian mummy in Europe, used for various treatments. Its composition includes active compounds like dibenzo-α-pyrones (DBPs) and fulvic acid, contributing to its physiological effects. Ḥabb ʿAmbar Momiyāʾī, a popular Unani formulation, is widely used as an aphrodisiac. Toxicological studies affirm its safety for human consumption. Preclinical and clinical research highlights its therapeutic efficacy, including potential anticancer properties. This review explores its historical healing uses, therapeutic applications, chemical composition, and safety profiles.
... However, the results of different examinations about detection of precise compound(s) of Moomiaii showed that 60-80% of its compound is made of humus and the rest comprised of benzoic acid, hippuric acid, fatty acid, ichthyol, ellagic acid, resin, waxy materials, gums, albuminoids, vegetable matter, triterpenes, sterol, aromatic carboxylic acid, 3,4-benzocoumarins, amino acids, and phenolic lipids [13]. As well, it seems that dibenzo-α-pyrones ( Figure- [14]. Also, these effective compounds are able GMJ.2020;9:e1743 www.gmj.ir 3 to act as carrier molecules for other active compounds [15]. ...
raditional medicine (TM) that developed over the years within various societies consists of medical experimental knowledge and practices, which apply natural methods and compounds for general wellness and healing. Moomiaii as a pale-brown to blackish-brown natural exudate is one of the natural compounds in traditional medicine that has been used over 3000 years in many countries of the world especially in India, China, Russia, Iran, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Kirgizstan. We reviewed all English-language studies about Moomiaii that we accessed them. In traditional medicine, many beneficial activities have been attributed to Moomiaii and to its main constituents, Humic acid and Fulvic acid, which are widely used to prevent and treatment of different diseases. Some modern scientific investigations showed that Moomiaii as a safe dietary supplement can be beneficial in various health complications. Even though the beneficial effects of Moomiaii have been confirmed in traditional and modern medicine, it seems that additional in-vitro/in-vivo studies and comprehensive clinical trials are necessary to explain the whole mechanisms of action and to determine the effective doses in various diseases. We discuss and clarify the claimed health beneficial effects of Moomiaii in some wide-spread diseases regarding its anti-ulcerogenic, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, antioxidative and anticancer properties. [GMJ.2020;9:e1743]
... The present study revealed significant gastric histopathological changes (large ulcerated together with degenerated mucosa and presence of inflammatory exudates) in model group when compared to the normal control group. Same histopathological changes were reported in other studies [2,29] . iNOS and COX-2 represent important lines of defense necessary for maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity and are important factors in ulcer healing processes including angiogenesis, ulcer base maturation and modulation of inflammatory reactions [30][31][32][33] . ...
... Many scientific and clinical research on mumio have been performed and results have shown good treatment against respiratory diseases, laryngeal papillomatosis and inflammations, bone fracture, osteomyelitis, burns and skin diseases (Stohs et al., 2017;Talbert et al., 2014). Considering the high content of minerals and proteins, this traditional medicine may support tissue regeneration and as such, has been applied in ulcer healing activity (Shahrokhi et al., 2015). In addition, a study by El-Sayed et al. (Mohamed et al., 2012) reported that the strong and broad antimicrobial effects of mumio on tested Staphylococcus aureus. ...
In this study, an antimicrobial mumio-based hydrogel dressing was developed for wound healing application. The mechanism of gel formation was achieved via a double crosslink network formation between gelatin (GT) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) and borax as crosslinking agents. To enhance the mechanical integrity of the hydrogel matrix, bacterial cellulose (BC) was integrated into the GT-PVA hydrogel to produce a composite gel dressing. The obtained hydrogel was characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, and XRD. Gel fraction, in vitro swelling and degradation as well as compressive modulus properties of the gel dressing were investigated as a function of change in PVA and BC ratios. By increasing the ratios of PVA and BC, the composite dressing showed lower swelling but higher mechanical strength. Comparing to other formulations, the gel with 4%w/v PVA and 1%w/v BC demonstrated to be most suitable in terms of stability and mechanical properties. In vitro cell cytotoxicity by MTT assay on human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cell lines validated the gels as non-toxic. In addition, the mumio-based gel was compared to other formulations containing different bioactive agents of beeswax and cinnamon oil, which were tested for microbial growth inhibition effects against different bacteria (S. aureus and K. pneumoniae) and fungi (C. albicans and A. niger) strains. Results suggested that the gel dressing containing combinations of mumio, beeswax and cinnamon oil possess promising future in the inhibition of microbial infection supporting its application as a suitable dressing for wound healing.
... The highest percentage of gastric ulcer inhibition was shown to be 62.85% in the ethanol-induced ulcer model at a dose of 100 mg/kg compared to the standard ranitidine [224]. There was significant healing activity with this plant extract to treat acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers [225]. The extract successfully reduced the ulcer index and inhibited the development of gastric ulcers in all the experimental ulcer models including indomethacin-induced, pylorus-ligated, ethanol-induced, cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers, and stress-induced ulcer models [226]. ...
When functioning properly, the stomach is the center of both physical and mental satisfaction. Gastrointestinal disorders, or malfunctioning of the stomach, due to infections caused by various biological entities and physiochemical abnormalities, are now widespread, with most of the diseases being inflammatory, which, depending on the position and degree of inflammation, have different names such as peptic or gastric ulcers, irritable bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis, and so on. While many synthetic drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are now extensively used to treat these diseases, their harmful and long-term side effects cannot be ignored. To treat these diseases safely and successfully, different potent medicinal plants and their active components are considered game-changers. In consideration of this, the present review aimed to reveal a general and comprehensive updated overview of the anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of medicinal plants. To emphasize the efficacy of the medicinal plants, various bioactive compounds from the plant extract, their experimental animal models, and clinical trials are depicted.
Background: Oral lichen planus is an inflammatory chronic disease affecting oral mucosa mainly managed by corticosteroids. However, corticosteroids’ adverse effects necessitate the exploration of alternative remedies. This study aims to assess the potential of Shilajit, natural material with healing properties, in treating oral lichen planus. Methods: This randomized clinical trial (pilot study) involved fifty-six confirmed ulcerative, erosive, or atrophic non-dysplastic oral lichen planus lesions. Thirty lesions received Shilajit, Nystatin, and Triamcinolone acetonide0.1% mouthwash and twenty-five, Triamcinolone acetonide0.1% and Nystatin. Lesion size, Visual Analogue Scale, and Thongprasom were monitored over sixty days. Data was analyzed by SPSS 23.0. Independent samples t-test, Chi-squared test, repeated measures ANOVA, paired T-tests, and T-tests were performed. Results: Lesion size reduction, pain alleviation, and healing rates (Thongprasom) were improved in both groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups in Visual Analogue Scale reduction. Thongprasom reduced significantly, more prominently, and was persistent in the case compared to the control group. Minimal side effects were reported in the Shilajit group. Conclusions: This study shows the promising role of Shilajit in managing oral lichen planus and calls for further research to validate its efficacy and safety profile as a corticosteroid substitute. Trial registration: The trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20120101008585N9).
Shilajit is a phyto-mineral diffusion and semi-solid matter used as traditional medicine with extraordinary health benefits. This study provides a comprehensive data on Shilajit with emphasis on heavy metal profile, associated toxicities, and metal detoxification mechanisms by humic substances present in Shilajit. Data was searched across papers and traditional books using Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, SciELO, Web of Science, and Scopus as key scientific databases. Findings showed that Shilajit is distributed in almost 20 regions of the world with uses against 20 health problems as traditional medicine. With various humic substances, almost 11 biological activities were reported in Shilajit. This phyto-mineral diffusion possesses around 65 heavy metals including the toxic heavy metals like Cu, Al, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg. However, humic substances in Shilajit actively detoxify around 12 heavy metals. The recommended levels of heavy metals by WHO and FDA in herbal drugs is 0.20 and 0.30 ppm for Cd, 1 ppm for Hg, 10.00 ppm for As and Pb, 20 ppm for Cu, and 50 ppm for Zn. The levels of reported metals in Shilajit were found to be lower than the permissible limits set by WHO and FDA, except in few studies where exceeded levels were reported. Shilajit consumption without knowing permissible levels of metals is not safe and could pose serious health problems. Although the humic substances and few metals in Shilajit are beneficial in terms of chelating toxic heavy metals, the data on metal detoxification still needs to be clarified.
Nauclea pobeguinii (N. pobeguinii) is a plant used in African medicine to treat many gastroduodenal diseases. In this study, we determined the gastro-protective mechanisms and anti-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) properties of N. pobeguinii extracts. Wound healing activity (acetic acid test), anti-secretory properties (pyloric ligation, pyloric ligation/acetylcholine and pyloric ligation/histamine tests) and cytoprotective effects (ethanol test) were assessed in female rat, the anti-Helicobacter pylori (agar well diffusion method) was also evaluated. At doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, the extracts reduce (p < 0.001) the various ulceration parameters. In the acetic acid test, the extracts (200 mg/kg) reduced ulcerated areas by 99.23% (aqueous) and by 98.47% (methanol), levels of monocytes, lymphocytes, nitrogen, malondialdehyde and increased (p < 0.001) superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Histological analysis showed repair of the mucosal epithelium at all doses of both extracts. Aqueous and methanol extracts inhibited ulceration indices by 99.68 and 99.33% (pyloric ligation), 83.81% and 61.07% (pyloric ligation/acetylcholine), 97.49% and 98.50% (pylorus ligation/histamine); they increased (p < 0.001) the mucus mass and uterine mass. In vitro, the different H. pylori isolates were sensitive to both extracts; the aqueous extract showed strong anti-urease activity, a large diameter of the inhibitory zone and a better minimum inhibitory concentration. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of N. pobeguinii healed ulcers through their estrogen-modulating anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-secretory and cytoprotective properties. The aqueous extract of N. pobeguinii could be a good solution for the treatment of this infection.
Objectives:
In this study, we determined the gastroprotective and ulcer-healing effects of extracts (aqueous and methanolic) of Nauclea pobeguinii stem-back.
Methods:
Gastroprotective and healing activity were evaluated following a HCl/ethanol and an indomethacin-induced acute ulcers models; acetic acid, pylorus-ligature, pylorus ligature/histamine and pylorus ligature/acetylcholine-induced chronic ulcers models.
Results:
It emerges from this study that, at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, the extracts significantly reduced the various ulceration parameters. Compared to negative control male rats, the aqueous (100 mg/kg) and methanolic (400 mg/kg) extracts of Nauclea pobeguinii inhibited the ulcers induced by HCl/ethanol by 80.76 % and 100 % respectively, as well as ulcers induced by indomethacin by 88.28 % and 93.47 % respectively. Animals that received 200 mg/kg of both extracts showed a significant reduction in the levels of monocytes, lymphocytes, nitric oxide, MDA and a significant increase in the activities of SOD and catalase. Histological analysis showed repaired mucous epithelium at all doses of both extracts. Aqueous and methanol extracts inhibited ulceration indices by 89.33 % and 88.53 % for pylorus ligature, 83.81 % and 61.07 % for pylorus ligature/acetylcholine and 87.29 % and 99.63 % for pylorus ligature/histamine respectively. Both extracts protected the stomach lining with percentages inhibition of 79.49 % and 81.73 %, respectively in the ethanol test. The extracts induced a significant increase in mucus mass (p<0.001).
Conclusions:
The aqueous and methanol extracts of Nauclea pobeguinii healed ulcers thanks to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-secretory and cytoprotective properties.
Shilajit is a pale-brown to blackish-brown exudates obtained from layer of rocks in many mountain ranges (especially the Himalayan ranges of the Indian subcontinent) of the world. Its curative potentials were found documented in ancient books and were used to treat many ailments since antiquity days. Major portion of Shilajit was found to consist of humic substances. A number of preclinical trials have shown many of its pharmacological properties. Use of its constituent in modern agriculture is a common practice nowadays. Several researches have been carried out that explored its curative potential and this miraculous gift of God is finally made available to pharmaceutical industry.
Abstract Antiulcerogenic effects of extracts, volatile oils and flavonoid glycosides of Ocimum basilicum leaves were studied in normal as well as aspirin-, acetic acid- and stress-induced ulcerated rats. Also, their effects on outputs of gastric acid, pepsin and hexosamines were recorded in normal and ulcerated rats. The aqueous, methanol and water-methanol extracts and flavonoid glycosides of O. basilicum decreased the ulcer index, inhibited gastric acid and pepsin secretions and enhanced hexosamines in aspirin-treated rats. The aqueous extract increased glucosamine but did not affect the output of acid and pepsin. The methanol extract lowered acid and pepsin output but did not increase the glucosamine level. However, the water-methanol extract decreased acid output, increased glucosamine, and did not affect pepsin. The flavanoid glycosides of O. basilicum decreased the ulcer index and the outputs of acid and pepsin, but increased glucosamines. Volatile oils of the plant were ineffective against stress-induced ulcers. However, high antiulcer activity was demonstrated by the aqueous extract in acetic acid-induced ulcerated rats. It therefore appears that anti ulcerogenic activity of O. basilicum is extractable into both water and methanol and its active principle(s) may include flavonoid glycosides. These substances may act by augmenting the gastric barrier.
The effects of shilajit and the combined effects of its main constituents, fulvic acids (FAs), 4'-methoxy-6-carbomethoxybiphenyl (MCB) and 3,8-dihydroxy-dibenzo-α-pyrone (DDP), were studied in relation to the degranulation and disruption of mast cells against noxious stumuli. Shilajit and different combinations of FAs. MCB and DDP provided statistically significant protection to antigen-induced degranulation of sensitized mast cells, markedly inhibited the antigen-induced spasm of sensitized guinea-pig ileum, and prevented mast cell disruption induced by compound 48/80. The findings are appraised in view of the clinical use of shilajit in the treatment of allergic disorders in Ayurvedic medicine.
This study was carried out in the Health Research Center (DÜSAM) laboratory of Dicle University. Vitamin E, Selenium and Allopurinol were given to counteract gastric damage caused by stress in rats. In the study 64 male Sprague dawley rats were used. They were divided into 8 groups, and protective agents were applied at different doses for 8 weeks. Then, performing cold-restraint stress stomach tissues were taken out and investigated macroscopically to determine mucosal damage. Lipid peroxidation levels in the stomach specimens were determined by identifying Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by the thiobarbituric acid method. These agents have shown protective effects against cold-restraint stress. Evaluating macroscopic examinations of stomach specimens and considering MDA levels determined this. The results obtained from the Vit-E (10 mg/kg/day). Allopurinol and Selenium groups were found to be statistically significant when compared to the control group (p<O.05). The most significant results were obtained from the Vit-E + Allopurinol group (p<O.01). In conclusion, to prevent stress-induced gastric mucosal damage and to reduce lipid peroxidation products, we are of the opinion that separate or combined administration of Vit-E, Selenium and Allopurinol as protective agents will be useful and that further studies are needed on this matter.
The chemical polemics in the reported literature on shilajit are resolved. This study shows that humification of latex and resin-bearing plants is responsible for the major organic mass (80-85%) of shilajit. The low mol. wt. chemical markers (&lo%), viz. aucuparins, oxygenated dibenzo-K -pyrones and triterpenic acids of the tirucallane type (free and conjugated), occurring in the core structure of shilajit humus, are the major active constituents of Himalayan shilajit. The therapeutic effects of shilajit are the consequences of hormonal control and regulation of immunity.
The radicophilicity (antiradical–antioxidant effects) of processed shilajit (SJP) to oxygen-derived free radicals and nitric oxide (NO), and the attendant H2O2 cleaving effect were evaluated. SJP provided complete protection to methyl methacrylate (MMA) against hydroxyl radical-induced polymerization and acted as a reversible NO-captodative agent. SJP (20 and 50 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 21 days) induced a dose-related increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in frontal cortex and striatum of rats. The data were comparable to those of (−)-deprenyl (2 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 21 days) in respect of SOD and CAT activities. These findings are consistent with the therapeutic uses of shilajit as an Ayurvedic rasayan (rejuvenator) against oxidative stress and geriatric complaints.