Article

In vitro Activity of Garlic (Allium sativum) on Some Pathogenic Fungi

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  • Veterinary Research Institute
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... Sarımsağın antimikrobiyal etkisi çeşitli çalışmalarla ortaya konmuştur (Eja vd., 2007;Durairaj vd., 2009;Chen vd., 2018). In vitro etkisi penisilin, streptomisin, kloramfenikol, tetrasiklin, eritromisin gibi antibiyotikler ve flukonazol gibi antifungallarla kıyaslanabilir ölçüdedir (Suleiman ve Abdallah, 2014 ...
... Allisinin E. coli, S. aureus B. cereus, Salmonella, Listeria, Proteus ve Streptococcal türleri gibi geniş çapta bakteriler üzerinde antimikrobiyal etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir (Siddique vd., 2019). Bileşiğin antimikrobiyal etki mekanizmasındaki temel faktör çeşitli enzimlerin tiyol grupları ile reaksiyona girmesinden ileri gelmektedir (Suleiman ve Abdallah, 2014;Siddique vd., 2019). Allisin RNA sentezini tamamen; DNA ve protein sentezini de kısmen inhibe ederek aktivite göstermektedir (Eja vd., 2007). ...
... Gram (-) bakterilerden ziyade özellikle Gram (+) bakteriler ve mayalar üzerinde daha yüksek antimikrobiyal aktivite göstermektedir (Kyung, 2012). Ajoenin geniş spektrumlu antifungal özellikleri başta C. albicans olmak üzere maya enfeksiyonlarını önlemede oldukça etkilidir (Suleiman ve Abdallah, 2014). Yapısındaki disülfit grupları antimikrobiyal etki göstermesinde elzemdir. ...
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Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important food known with many beneficial health effects. It is intensively cultivated in Kastamonu Taşköprü region and it has been registered by geographical indication. Aged garlic, also known as black garlic, is the final product which produced by aging of raw garlic under certain temperature and humidity conditions. Some important biochemical changes occur during aging process and bioactivity of the product may also vary, correspondingly. In this study, it was aimed to obtain extracts from raw and aged Taşköprü garlic by using solvents with different polarity and to compare the antimicrobial activities of these extracts. Antimicrobial activity was investigated on 10 microorganisms including 4 Gram (+) (Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus), 4 Gram (-) (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and 2 yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans) according to agar well diffusion test. It was determined that raw garlic extracts generally performed higher antimicrobial activity than the black garlic extracts. This may be caused by lost in some organosulfur compounds depending on high temperature practice during black garlic production. Distilled water and methanolic extracts of both samples did not show any antimicrobial effect on Gram (-) bacteria and the yeasts. It was determined that chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts showed quite high antimicrobial activity not only on Gram (+) bacteria but also on Gram (-) bacteria and the yeasts. It has been concluded that solvent type used in extraction is quite effective on antimicrobial activity.
... Garlic (Allium sativum) is used in the treatment of Candidiasis due to its antifungal activity which is as a result of it possessing organic sulfur (Allicin) and phenolic compounds (Iwalokun et al., 2004;Jombo et al., 2011). The effect of garlic on yeast and some filamentous fungi in previous studies showed that garlic oil inhibits growth of C. albicans and Penicillum sp in solid culture (Elham et al., 2014;Kaur et al., 2016). This study therefore was carried out to test for the antifungal efficacy of garlic oil against opportunistic fungal pathogens associated with HIV-positive tested respondents in Akure, Nigeria and ascertain the antifungal susceptibility of these pathogens at dose dependent levels to garlic essential oil with comparison to azoles used in conventional treatment of isolated pathogens. ...
... The yeast-colony forming isolates obtained in this study were characterized using germ-tube, urease slope, methenamine silver-nitrate stain, Indian ink and sugar fermentation (lactose, sucrose, galactose and maltose) tests respectively (Iwaokun et al., 2004;Jombo et al., 2011;Elham et al., 2014). ...
... A total of four different antifungal drug solutions were prepared by dissolving standard antifungal agents; ketoconazole (200 mg), griseofulvin (500 mg) and fluconazole (150 mg) each into 10 ml of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Conversely, three different concentrations of Garlic (Allium sativum) essential oil at 50%, 70% and 90% concentrations were prepared using 1% tween 80 o as solvent and stored at 4 C until use (Elham et al., 2014;Kaur et al., 2016). ...
Article
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The increase in antifungal drug resistance of opportunistic fungal pathogens associated with HIV-patients necessitates exploring alternative natural product treatments for mycoses in immunocompromised hosts. Therefore, this study was carried out to test for the antifungal efficacy of garlic oil against opportunistic fungal pathogens associated with HIV-patients in Akure, Nigeria and ascertain the antifungal susceptibility of the isolated pathogens at dose dependent levels to garlic essential oil compared to azoles (controls) used in the conventional treatment of fungal pathogens. Fungal isolates from mid-stream urine of respondents were characterized using standard methods; garlic oil was prepared at different concentrations (50%, 70% and 90%) and antifungal sensitivity assays were carried out alongside standard antifungal agents to compare for efficacy. A total of 58 isolates which include Penicillum sp (5), Aspergillus flavus (6), Aspergillus parasiticus (2), Aspergillus niger (10), Fusarium avenaceum (6) and Alternaria infectora (3), Candida albicans (14), C. krusei (8) and Cryptococcus sp (4) were obtained from this study. More than half (65%) of pathogens expressed resistance to the standard antifungal agents used, although ketoconazole and griseofulvin were the most potent with ketoconazole having an average zone of inhibition of 16.84±1.77 mm and griseofulvin had 18.64±1.86 mm while garlic oil's average inhibition zone was 19.58±1.56 mm at p=0.05 level of significance with the minimum inhibitory concentration of garlic oil at 50%. The results demonstrated that garlic essential oil inhibited the fungal isolates tested in this study and that garlic essential oil can be harnessed for in-vivo treatment demonstration of opportunistic mycoses associated with HIV-infected patients.
... Previous studies have found that aqueous garlic extracts have inhibitory effects on bacteria and some fungi [15,16]. Even for A. niger and B. dothidea, it has been proven that different garlic extracts showed antifungal activities [29][30][31][32], but the antifungal effect is related to the extraction solvent, the state of the garlic, the extraction method, and so on. The aqueous and petroleum ether garlic extracts possessed stronger activity and a broader fungicidal spectrum against eight fungal strains compared to a methanol extract [29]. ...
... Even for A. niger and B. dothidea, it has been proven that different garlic extracts showed antifungal activities [29][30][31][32], but the antifungal effect is related to the extraction solvent, the state of the garlic, the extraction method, and so on. The aqueous and petroleum ether garlic extracts possessed stronger activity and a broader fungicidal spectrum against eight fungal strains compared to a methanol extract [29]. In addition, the ethanol extracts showed more activity than aqueous extracts on selected fungi of Fusarium spp. ...
... In terms of practical application, the dehydrated garlic powder is also convenient for storage and industrial processing. In this study, the garlic extracts showed an increase in fungal inhibition effects with increasing concentrations, which is consistent with previous research results [29,33]. In addition, the inhibitory effect of the aqueous garlic extract was mainly observed in the early stage of mycelium growth. ...
Article
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Rot disease is a serious disease in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) plantations in China. This disease usually weakens tree vigor, and seriously reduces the ornamental value, fruit yield, and quality. A better understanding of the pathogen that causes a disease is important for its control. Thus, the aims of this study were to isolate and identify the pathogen causing rot disease and to explore substances for its biological control. In this study, the morphology of the hyphae and spores of the pathogens was observed, and the pathogens were identified by morphological characteristics and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of their rDNA. Furthermore, the activity of an aqueous garlic extract as antifungal treatment for the identified pathogens was assessed. The results showed that the pathogens causing soft rot and dry rot in ‘Xinjiang Big Seed’ pomegranate were most probably Aspergillus niger and Botryosphaeria dothidea, respectively. In addition, the pathogenicity of A. niger was stronger than that of B. dothidea. The aqueous garlic extract had a strong antifungal effect on both pathogens by inhibiting mycelium growth in vitro, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations against A. niger and B. dothidea were 7.5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL, respectively.
... Parveen et al. (2014) [6] reported that in vitro screening of selected plant extract inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, and Penicillium expansum. Suleiman et al. (2014) [11] reported that the percent inhibition was significantly higher in plates exposed to garlic extract against control plates wherein the full growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans, Aspergillus, Curvularia was recorded. Benkeblia (2004) [1] reported that the extract from onion and garlic exhibited a high level of inhibition against Fusarium oxysporum, this study negatively correlated with the present findings when exposed to onion extract against the pathogen. ...
... Parveen et al. (2014) [6] reported that in vitro screening of selected plant extract inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, and Penicillium expansum. Suleiman et al. (2014) [11] reported that the percent inhibition was significantly higher in plates exposed to garlic extract against control plates wherein the full growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans, Aspergillus, Curvularia was recorded. Benkeblia (2004) [1] reported that the extract from onion and garlic exhibited a high level of inhibition against Fusarium oxysporum, this study negatively correlated with the present findings when exposed to onion extract against the pathogen. ...
... Allicin thiosulfinates disappear on heat treatments and quickly transited to various other organosulphur derivatives [57]. So some of microbial growth inhibition activity may be lost on heating [58]. Suleiman and Abdallah [58] documented that A. sativum is best alternative medicine against fungal infections with little or no side effects than most of synthetic drugs. ...
... So some of microbial growth inhibition activity may be lost on heating [58]. Suleiman and Abdallah [58] documented that A. sativum is best alternative medicine against fungal infections with little or no side effects than most of synthetic drugs. A. sativum damage the outer surface of fungal cells and weaken cell adhesion to epithelial membranes. ...
Article
Nutraceutical foods furnishes the chances to ameliorate people health by lowering the cost of health care. Medicinal herbs are fortified with phytochemicals possessing pharmaceutical potentials with no side effect. A. sativum is among most extensively studied medicinal herbs of Allium family. In the past few decades, its bioactive chemical constituents have been analyzed for their therapeutical properties. It possess antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, antitumor, hepatoprotective, platelets inhibitory and antithrombic activities. Allicin is most essential biological active compound discovered in A. sativum, that work synergistically with other phytoconstituents in prevention of various diseases. Present review explores some biological perspectives such as antidiabetic, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of A. sativum.
... Allicin thiosulfinates disappear on heat treatments and quickly transited to various other organosulphur derivatives [57]. So some of microbial growth inhibition activity may be lost on heating [58]. Suleiman and Abdallah [58] documented that A. sativum is best alternative medicine against fungal infections with little or no side effects than most of synthetic drugs. ...
... So some of microbial growth inhibition activity may be lost on heating [58]. Suleiman and Abdallah [58] documented that A. sativum is best alternative medicine against fungal infections with little or no side effects than most of synthetic drugs. A. sativum damage the outer surface of fungal cells and weaken cell adhesion to epithelial membranes. ...
Article
Nutraceutical foods furnishes the chances to ameliorate people health by lowering the cost of health care. Medicinal herbs are fortified with phytochemicals possessing pharmaceutical potentials with no side effect. A. sativum is among most extensively studied medicinal herbs of Allium family. In the past few decades, its bioactive chemical constituents have been analyzed for their therapeutical properties. It possess antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, antitumor, hepatoprotective, platelets inhibitory and antithrombic activities. Allicin is most essential biological active compound discovered in A. sativum, that work synergistically with other phytoconstituents in prevention of various diseases. Present review explores some biological perspectives such as antidiabetic, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of A. sativum.
... To date, their chemical structure has been thoroughly explored as well as their biological activity. Allium species are rich in phytonutrients, mostly flavonoids and organosulfur compounds which exhibit strong antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activity (AHIABOR et al., 2016;ALBISHI et al., 2013;ASHRAF et al., 2011;BENEKEBLIA, 2004;BOROWSKA et al., 2013;CHANG et al., 2013;COLINA-COCA et al., 2017;HERMAN-ANTOSIEWICZ and SINGH, 2004;JOHNSON et al., 2016;KAUR et al., 2016;KHAZAEI et al., 2017;KOCA et al., 2016;KUMARI and RANJAN, 2014;KWON et al., 2002;LANZOTTI et al., 2014;LANZOTTI, 2006;LI et al., 2014;MIN KIM et al., 1997;NDOYE FOE et al., 2016;ORTIZ, 2015;PAN et al., 2018;QUINTERO-FABIÁN et al., 2013;SHIN et al., 2013;SULEIMAN and ABDALLAH, 2014;THOMAS et al., 2017;THOMSON and ALI, 2003;YANG et al., 2001b). Many epidemiological studies showed that regular consumption of Allium vegetables can decrease the risk of various diseases such as cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal diseases and different types of cancer FLEISCHAUER et al., 2000;GONZÁLEZ et al., 2006;GUERCIO et al., 2014;KIM et al., 2018;O'GARA et al., 2000;POURZAND et al., 2016;TURATI et al., 2015TURATI et al., , 2014YOU et al., 1989;ZHOU et al., 2011). ...
... (SHAMS-GHAHFAROKHI et al., 2006). The newest studies are consistent with those published research and confirm strong antifungal activity of garlic aqueous and petroleum ether extracts as well as garlic oil tested on Candida albicans , Aspergillus, Curvularia and some Dermatophyte species (SULEIMAN and ABDALLAH, 2014). Allium species stimulate growth of probiotic bacteria (genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium), which can ferment oligosaccharides, prebiotics that human organism cannot digest on its own. ...
Article
Since ancient times edible Alliums play an important role in human diet and traditional medicine. The most commonly cultivated Allium species are onion (Allium cepa L.), garlic (Allium sativum L), leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.), chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) and Welsh or Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.). These species are rich sources of biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, organosulfur compounds and saponins. Numerous studies we reviewed in this paper, confirmed their significant antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and anticancer activities, which makes them an important source of phytonutrients that can contribute to the protection and preservation of human health.
... The whole plant, leaves, seeds, and aerial parts were the most useful plant parts in natural preparation in Saudi traditional medicine with a percentage of 29%, 28%, 7%, and 5% respectively (14). 81.2% of Saudi citizens living in Riyadh city were asked about their opinion regarding the use of herbal medicine, they consider that the use of this model of medicine in treatment is still safe and harmless as reported previously (15 ...
Research Proposal
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Medicinal plants and their extracts represent a rich source of crude medications that possess therapeutic properties. Indeed, the World Health Organization reports that various plant fractions and their constituents are utilized as traditional medicines by the most of the world population (1, 2). Plants are the primary source for different pharmaceutical, perfumery, flavor, and cosmetics industries; the use of modern drugs dramatically resulted into resistant microorganisms toward different modern drugs; the researchers are now in search for alternate source of treatment of various disorders. Medicinal plants have formed the basis of the folkloric medicine which was the main source for new medicines discoveries. By the middle the nineteenth century at least 80 % of all medicines were derived from plants. Then, after the scientific revolution which leads to development of the pharmaceutical industry, the synthetic drugs dominated
... Variation in total phenolic content is attributed to the extraction method, nature, and concentration of the solvent as well as the source/nature of the raw material for extraction. In a previous study, 70 % acetone was considered as the most efficient solvent for extracting TPC in a wide range of raw vegetables [26]. Solubility of phenolic compounds is generally higher in mixtures of aqueous organic solvents compared to the absolute aqueous or organic solvent system [27]. ...
Article
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Phytochemical content and activity of organic and aqueous extracts of turmeric (Curcuma longa) was studied to determine their potential for use as natural antioxidants and antimicrobials for therapeutic and food applications. Turmeric rhizomes were extracted with acetone, ethanol, methanol, water and analysed using standard procedures. Organic extracts exhibited significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content compared to aqueous extract; 1379.94, 515.60, 561.16, 307.45 mg /100g Gallic acid equivalence and 382.66, 411.88, 339.01, 158.11mg /100g quercetin equivalent in acetone, ethanol, methanol and water aqueous respectively (p˂0.05). Tannins were highest in acetone and lowest in ethanol extracts (175.86 and 20.45 mg /100g Catechin equivalent respectively); while vitamin C levels varied significantly, being highest in water and lowest in acetone extract; 62.78 and 11.77 mg /100g ascorbic acid equivalent respectively (p˂0.05). Free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was in decreasing order of acetone, ethanol, water, and methanol. Antioxidant activity of acetone extracts compared favourably with vitamin C (standard). Antimicrobial activity (Diameter of growth inhibition zones) varied significantly among the extracts. Antifungal activity of aqueous extracts (29.33 millimeters) was significantly higher than organic solvent (19-25.33 millimeters) extract (p˂0.05). Ethanolic extract was the most effective against Escherichia coli (18.33 millimeters); while the efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus was not significantly different among the extracts (p>0.05) and Candida albicans was the most susceptible microorganism to all extracts. The study concluded that both organic and aqueous turmeric extracts exhibited varied antioxidant and antimicrobial activities owing to the level of major phytochemical groups in the extracts.
... Garlic extracts were found to possess broad-spectrum fungicidal activity against Candida (64, 65), Trichophyton (66), Aspergillus (65) and Rhodotorula spp (67). Garlic extract which acts as antifungal (68) and prevent the growth Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (69). Additionally, garlic oil can be applied externally to cure ringworm, warts, and skin parasites (70). ...
Article
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Garlic (Allium sativum) is an edible tuber belonging to the family Liliaceae. It has been used since ancient times as a spice to enhance the sensory characteristics of food and as a household remedy for the treatment of a variety of ailments. Garlic has been studied for its medicinal and therapeutic effects in the treatment of various human diseases for a long time. Health benefits associated with the consumption of garlic are attributed to the various sulfur compounds present in it such as allicin, ajoene, vinyl-dithiin, and other volatile organosulfur compounds which are all metabolized from alliin. Several researches in the literature have shown evidence that garlic exhibits antioxidant, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, antihypertensive, anti-anemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anticarcinogenic, antiaggregant, and immunomodulatory properties. The present review identifies and discusses the various health benefits associated with the consumption of garlic, its essential oil, and bioactive constituents, along with exploring the various snack-food products developed by incorporating garlic.
... Phytochemical analysis of garlic reveals that garlic contains varieties of enzymes (allinase, peroxidase and miracynase), essential amino acids , carbohydrates (sucrose and glucose), vitamins, minerals, flavonoid (Ankri and Mirelman, 1999;Focke et al., 1990), sulphides active compounds such as organosulfur (ajoene, allicin, dially disulphide, s-allyl cysteine and s methylcysteine sulfoxide) (Shin and Kim, 2004), allicin and allinin (Amagase et al., 2001), which makes it antimicrobial (Suleiman and Abdallah, 2014;Zouari Chekki et al., 2014), anti-inflammatory (Bozin et al., 2008), antioxidant (Asdaq, 2015. It outperforms synthetic antioxidants in terms of cytotoxicity (Sen et al., 2010), anti-tumor activity (Wallace et al., 2013), and immune resistance stimulation (Gafar et al., 2012). ...
... The antifungal properties of garlic oil may be related to the presence of sulphur compounds in allicin, alliinase, and allin (Suleiman & Abdallah, 2014). Allicin is rapidly decomposes into sulphur-derived compounds such as diallyl sulphide, sulphur dioxide and allyl propyl disulphide (Daniel et al., 2015). ...
Article
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Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera xanthii, is a devastating disease that can wipe out a cucumber crop in optimal weather conditions. Disease control management depends mainly on fungicides to inhibit the pathogen. However, they have fatal side effects on most organisms. This study evaluated the use of natural products as safe alternatives to fungicides for controlling cucumber powdery mildew. The effectiveness and phytotoxicity of the studied products, as well as their effects on leaf anatomy and pollen fertility, were evaluated. Although the fungicide tested (Score 25% EC) was the most effective treatment, it caused the highest phytotoxicity, leaf morphological changes, and pollen sterility. All the treatments used significantly reduced disease severity under greenhouse and field conditions, except for Spirulina, which recorded the lowest efficacy rate. Lemon oil, garlic oil, and Blight stop achieved the desired goal of controlling the disease and improving the plant’s physiological state. Therefore, we recommend using any of them to control cucumber powdery mildew, except for Spirulina, which we recommend as a biofertilizer.
... Plants extracts used in higher concentration effectively control phytopathogenic fungi (Bianchi et al. 1997;Chiejina and Ukeh 2012;Nashwa and Abo-Elyousr 2012). A. sativum extracts possess a broad spectrum anti-biological activity (Yin and Tsao 1999;Samuel et al. 2000;Curtis et al. 2004;Irkin and Korukluoglu 2007;Dancewicz et al. 2011;Perelló et al. 2013) and could be used for fungal diseases management (Sealy et al. 2007;Perelló et al. 2013;Suleiman and Abdallah 2014). A. sativum also contains biologically active volatile phytoanticipin "Allicin" substance (Josling 2003), which inhibit growth of fungal myellium and spores germination (Perelló et al. 2013). ...
... The GC contributed to removing the fungi, due to sulfur containing compounds in GC, which showed antimicrobial activity against several molds and fungi. These natural compounds are active against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia lunata, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and other fungi (Suleiman and Abdallah, 2014). Tsao and Yin (2001) proved that diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyltrisulfide (DAT), and diallyltetrasulfide (DATS) in GC oil had a powerful antifungal activity in vitro against 3 Candida spp. ...
Article
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The aim of study was to evaluate microbial and hatchability traits as well as chicks quality after hatching eggs disinfection with aqueous solutions of ginger (GR), garlic (GC), oregano (O) and cinnamon (C) extracts. The experiment was divided into 2 stages, at preliminary in vitro stage antimicrobial susceptibility of plant extracts (PEs) was tested against reference strains from the American Type Culture Collection. O and GC extracts had the best antimicrobial properties (p<0.05). Then in in vivo stage 2400 Japanese quails hatching eggs were divided into 6 groups, 400 eggs each. Eggs from 1st group were not disinfected (NC, negative control), eggs from 2nd group were disinfected by formalin fumigation (C, positive control), in other groups 5% aqueous solutions of plant extracts of GR, GC, O, C were applied by spraying respectively. After standard incubation fertility, hatchability and periodical embryonic mortality were calculated as well as the body weight and livability of chickens during 14 days of rearing. Egg disinfection by aqueous solution of PEs led to maintain the hatchability, chick weight at hatch and post hatch body weight and early mortality of birds. Exclusion of any fungal isolates on eggshell surface was induced by GC followed by O and C groups (p<0.05). In case of the bacteria colonies reduction only GR extract was effective. Chosen plant extracts may be treated as safe and alternative substances to traditional disinfectants of hatching eggs.
... Garlic and its constituents have been widely recognized as agents for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (Eilat-Adar et al., 2013), as well as for inhibition of tumors development, reduction of tumor mass and decrease the number of mitotic cells within tumors (Wallace et al., 2013). Previous studies have shown that garlic preparations possess many biological activities including antiparasitic (Salama et al., 2014), antifungal (Suleiman and Abdallah, 2014), antidiabetic (Rios et al., 2015), antibacterial (Shaheen et al., 2015) and antioxidative (Asdaq, 2015) activities. ...
... Garlic and its constituents have been widely recognized as agents for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (Eilat-Adar et al., 2013), as well as for inhibition of tumors development, reduction of tumor mass and decrease the number of mitotic cells within tumors (Wallace et al., 2013). Previous studies have shown that garlic preparations possess many biological activities including antiparasitic (Salama et al., 2014), antifungal (Suleiman and Abdallah, 2014), antibacterial (Shaheen et al., 2015) and antioxidative (Asdaq, 2015) activities. ...
... Both aqueous and methanolic extracts of A. sativum exhibited antifungal activities against almost all the tested Candida albican [28]. Petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of garlic were found to inhibit the growth of the standard organism of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger and the clinical isolates of A. flavus, Curvularia lunata, Microsporum audouinii, Trichophyton soudanense and Trichophyton mentagrophytes at a concentation of 10mg/ml [29]. ...
Article
Garlic (Allium sativum) contains various biologically active components that play a significant role in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. It contains sulfur compounds like allicin, ajoene, allylmethyltrisulfide, diallyltrisulfide, diallyldisulphide and others which exhibit various biological properties like antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and cardiovascular effects. The objective of the current review was to relate various literatures and assess the anti-microbial potential of garlic extract. The antimicrobial potency of garlic can be maximised by increasing the concentration of the extract. Garlic extract of 100% concentration showed a maximum zone of inhibition against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
... Plants extracts used in higher concentration effectively control phytopathogenic fungi (Bianchi et al. 1997;Chiejina and Ukeh 2012;Nashwa and Abo-Elyousr 2012). A. sativum extracts possess a broad spectrum anti-biological activity (Yin and Tsao 1999;Samuel et al. 2000;Curtis et al. 2004;Irkin and Korukluoglu 2007;Dancewicz et al. 2011;Perelló et al. 2013) and could be used for fungal diseases management (Sealy et al. 2007;Perelló et al. 2013;Suleiman and Abdallah 2014). A. sativum also contains biologically active volatile phytoanticipin "Allicin" substance (Josling 2003), which inhibit growth of fungal myellium and spores germination (Perelló et al. 2013). ...
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The efficacy of six locally available plants extract was evaluated for their phytobiocidal effect on Alternaria solani the causal agent of early blight (EB) disease of tomato and was compared with commercial fungicide mancozeb under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Under in vitro conditions, Eucalyptus globus and Datura alba were found to be ineffective, while the remaining plants extract (Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Melia azedarach, Zingiber officinale) significantly reduced A. solani growth on PDA. Increasing concentrations of A. sativum (0–25%) were found negatively correlated with growth of A. solani on PDA. Among the tested plants, A. sativum extract at 20% concentration was found most effective against A. solani witnessed by both in vitro and in vivo experiments result. It reduced EB disease up to 75.11% over positive control. Similarly, among the different plants extract, maximum plant height (76.25 cm), fruit size (57.50 cm³) and yield (511.30 g) were observed in A. sativum sprayed treatments (20%), beside mancozeb and negative control. Upon phytochemical analysis of these extracts, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides and steroids were detected. Present study showed that 20% concentration of garlic extract has the potential to reduce EB disease severity, while having no noticeable phytotoxicity.
... As presented in Tables 1 and 2, methanol and aqueous extracts of C. alata were observed to have good anti dermatophyte activity. Suleiman and Abdallah [22], noted a similar anti dermatophyte activity with aqueous extract of garlic, but in contrast reported that methanol extract had no effect on the test dermatophytes. This difference in methanol extract activity may have been as a result of the difference in bioactive make up of the medicinal plants. ...
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Presently, the world is using eco-friendly products to limit pollution in soil, air, water, and marine environments and to mitigate rapid climate change according to the sustainable development goals of the United Nations Development Programme. As a result, most countries attempt to produce environmentally friendly herbicides, fertilizers, and pesticides from plants, algae (e.g., Cladophora glomerata, Laurencia pinnata, Plocamium cartilagineum, Polcamium spp.) or animal manure. Plants, such as Anethum sowa, Thymus vulgaris, Foeniculum vulgare, Syzygium aromaticum, Pinus sylvestris, Citrus spp., Piper spp. and Mentha spicata, are ecofriendly sources of essential oils, containing safe components, which can resist harmful pests. This review evaluates the common plants and algae used for extracting biopesticides, geographical distribution, target pests, mode of action, and commercial viability.
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Presently, the world is using eco-friendly products to limit pollution in soil, air, water, and marine environments and to mitigate rapid climate change according to the sustainable development goals of the United Nations Development Programme. As a result, most countries attempt to produce environmentally friendly herbicides, fertilizers, and pesticides from plants, algae (e.g., Cladophora glomerata, Laurencia pinnata, Plocamium cartilagineum, Polcamium spp.) or animal manure. Plants, such as Anethum sowa, Thymus vulgaris, Foeniculum vul- gare, Syzygium aromaticum, Pinus sylvestris, Citrus spp., Piper spp. and Mentha spicata, are ecofriendly sources of essential oils, containing safe components, which can resist harmful pests. This review evaluates the common plants and algae used for extracting biopesticides, geographical distribution, target pests, mode of action, and commercial viability
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Grey mould, caused by the devastating pathogen Botrytis cinerea, poses a significant threat to tomato plants in both field and greenhouse conditions and causes significant pre and postharvest losses worldwide. Our study aimed to explore the antifungal potential of essential oils against the Botrytis cinerea of tomatoes. The putative pathogen was isolated, purified and characterized by cultural, morphological and molecular studies and the association was confirmed by a pathogenicity test. Essential oils were extracted from Garlic cloves, Artemisia leaves, and Jatropha seeds using the Soxhlet apparatus, and their compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In vitro, tests evaluated the efficacy of these oils at different concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm) against B. cinerea. Garlic oil showed remarkable antifungal properties, inhibiting mycelial growth by 100% at concentrations of 75 ppm and above, Artemisia oil exhibited a significant inhibitory effect of 62.65% at 1000 ppm. Jatropha oil was the least effective, with an inhibition effect of only 8.66% at the highest concentration (1000 ppm) after 120 h. Based on the in vitro test, garlic essential oil was further tested in the pot at 75, 100 and 250 ppm. The essential oil was sprayed both protective and curative. Garlic oil at a concentration of 250 ppm effectively reduced disease incidence and index and increased tomato yield. However, the curative spray showed better control than the protective spray. This study highlights the potential of essential oils, particularly garlic oil, as a natural alternative for managing grey mould in tomatoes, paving the way for resilient and sustainable approaches to protect tomato crops from devastating fungal disease.
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Carotid atherosclerosis is a main risk factor for ischemic stroke. Plaque instability is determined by the morphological characteristics of the plaque and can be characterized by immunological biomarkers. The study aimed to examine the connection between serum levels of hs-CRP, fibrinogen, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and carotid atherosclerosis and the different types of atherosclerotic plaques imaged by ultrasound and magnetic resonance. The study involved 120 patients with carotid atherosclerosis and 33 patients without carotid atherosclerosis. Blood samples were collected to analyze the serum level of hs-CRP, fibrinogen, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The ultrasound analysis included detection of atherosclerotic plaques in the internal carotid arteries, measurement of artery stenosis in percentage and determination of plaque types by the classification of Gray-Weales/Gerolacus. A small subset of 30 patients with carotid atherosclerosis performed 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Atherosclerotic plaques were classified into 8 types based on the modified MR classification of the American Heart Association. Significantly higher serum levels of hs-CRP (p <0.001) and fibrinogen (p = 0.018) were observed in patients with carotid atherosclerosis compared to patients without atherosclerosis. Criterion values for hs-CRP > 4.13mg/l and for fibrinogen > 3.6 g/l were associated with the presence of carotid plaques with accuracy of 70%. No relation was observed between the investigated biomarkers, the artery stenosis and the types of atherosclerotic plaques determined by ultrasound and magnetic resonance diagnostic methods. Hs-CRP and fibrinogen are reliable serum markers whose increased serum concentrations are connected with the presence of carotid atherosclerosis.
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Skin mycoses have been a major problem affecting millions around the globe. The threat of resistance to synthetic antifungal agents however is a major obstacle in its management. As an alternative to these, a thorough investigation of natural products is being performed to develop medicines that are effective and safe. In this review, we described three antifungal herbal plants that are available in the Philippines, namely Senna alata (Linn.) Roxb. (akapulko), Allium sativum (Linn.) (garlic) and Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (lemongrass). In vitro studies showed promising results that can be used as a basis for drug formulation for community use as well as commercial products. So far, there have been no reported toxic effects from these plants. The common ground for these plants’ mechanism of action was the effect of their phytochemicals in the cell membrane and cell wall organelles, inhibition of major biosynthetic pathways, and prevention of biofilm formation. Formulation and clinical studies also revealed promising results comparable to the synthetic ones.
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The current state of antimicrobial resistance to synthetic antimicrobial drugs has led to renewed interest in natural antimicrobial compounds. Antimicrobial activity of extracts of (local and hybrid) ginger and garlic was investigated using the agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Aqueous and organic solvent extracts of both varieties of ginger and garlic exhibited varied and concentration-dependant antimicrobial activity. Inhibition zones at 25 mg/mL varied significantly against the microorganisms, being highest on C. albicans; 18.00 ± 2.00 to 30.67 ± 1.16 mm for acetone extracts and raw juice of hybrid ginger and 19.67 ± 1.16 to 30.33 ± 1.53 mm for methanol and raw extracts of local garlic respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ranged from 2.5 to 10 mg/mL in garlic extracts. The study concluded that both varieties of ginger and garlic possess antimicrobial substances, though ginger is more potent as antifungal agent.
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In developing countries, the agricultural sector is playing a significant role to enhance the economy. Pests cause significant damage to crop production. Globally, the human population is rapidly increasing. To fulfill the food security for the rapidly growing human population, there is a strict need for eco-friendly insect pest management in Indian agriculture to sustain the agricultural produce for future needs. The present paper highlights biopesticides current status and importance in India's farm sector and worldwide. Chemical pesticides are commonly used to control pests, which cause harmful impacts on the environment and non-target living systems, including human beings. Biopesticides are natural and a better substitute for chemical pesticides and provide an alternative for crop protection worldwide. Exploring and building their natural biopesticide resources in crop protection can help sustain agriculture. The trend of biopesticides consumption in India has shown a drastic increase in use over time which stood at 8847 and 8645 metric tonnes in 2019-20& 2020-2021, respectively. However, a few numbers of biopesticides are easily accessible in the market. In India, as compared to chemical pesticides, biopesticides production, utilisation, and consumption is much lower due to a lack of research advancements, innovation and policies. Thus, the present paper provides a baseline overview of biopesticides and their classifications, current status and prospects.Keywords biopesticides; chemical pesticides; economy; eco-friendly; pest management.
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Background: Plant derived compounds are drawing attention in curing and treating variety of ailment and diseases. This increase in popularity of natural products has renewed interest in garlic, which has been used by human for centuries. It has been found that garlic pulp contains more than 200 chemical compounds and numerous garlic molecules can still be explored, extracted, synthesized and optimized. As in market various preparations of garlic are available which include tablets made from dried and powdered clove, oils and liquid extracts however, it would also be interesting to explore the effect of different forms of garlic extract on standard drug therapy especially when used as an adjuvant therapy. In this review a report on the pharmaceutical preparation which has used extracted compounds from garlic or its derivatives as a main constituent is compiled, so that it could be useful to increase our knowledge about the therapeutic effect of garlic and could improve our future experimental and chemical plans. Methods : We performed a systematic review of literature using term garlic. Result: In this report a comprehensive investigation has been conducted on garlic which includes various scientific aspects about it by which researchers from various disciplines could be directed to put efforts toward discovering the benefits of garlic on human health. Conclusion: Garlic and its extracts had a wide range of applications even against resistant organisms to serve as powerful anti-microbial agent. Therefore, research is needed to refine the pathophysiological mechanisms of action of garlic and its utility in treatment of various diseases by developing more stable and suitable formulations. The development of Garlic as a commercial anti-biotic has come to a halt. Although its efficiency is scientifically proven still it has only been used as dietary supplement or as traditional medicine.
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Studies on the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the stem bark of Kigelia africana, (LAM). Benth (Family: Bignoniaceae), a medicinal plant used in South, Central and West Africa for the treatment of various ailments and infection was carried out using agar diffusion technique. The results revealed that the crude ethanolic extract exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities against Staphylococccus aureus and Candida albicans with zones of inhibition measuring 15.0±0.95 and 20.75±4.6mm respectively. The aqueous extract exhibited no antibacterial or antifungal activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the extract was 6.25 ± 1.07 mg/ml for S. aureus and 7.92 ± 1.52 mg/ml for C. albicans. The ethanolic extract was also compared with various standards; Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin. The ethanolic extract (20mg/ml) produced similar zone of inhibition with 25μg disc of amoxicillin.
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The antimicrobial effects of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) against 133 multidrug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and Proteus spp., and against 10 Candida spp. were studied. Antibacterial activity of AGE by well-diffusion and macrobroth dilution method was characterized by inhibition zones of 20.2-22.7 mm for gram-positives and 19.8-24.5 mm for gram-negatives and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of 15.6-48.3 mg/mL and 22.9-37.2 mg/mL, respectively. With the exception of P. aeruginosa, the observed disparity in MIC values at 24 and 48 hours was not significant (P >.05) in these isolates. The anticandidal effect of AGE resulted in a growth inhibition zone of 27.4 +/- 3.7 mm with no significant difference (P >.05) in MIC values at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Minimum fungicidal concentrations were found to be 14.9 and 15.5 mg/mL, respectively, at these incubation periods. Further analysis revealed the antimicrobial efficacy of AGE to be dose and time dependent, producing five distinct time-kill profiles among the isolates tested. The results of this study support the use of garlic in health products and herbal remedies in Nigeria.
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Background : Modern science is tending to confirm many of the beliefs of ancient cultures regarding efficacy of garlic. In this paper we report the antifungal effects of freshly pressed juice of garlic on the major pathogenic fungi. Methods: Freshly pressed juice of varying concentrations of garlic were assessed for their antifungal properity on major pathogenic moulds, yeasts and dermatophytes. Fresh garlic was purchased, the cloves were peeled, washed, weighed and ground to obtain garlic paste. The paste was squeezed through fine gauze pads to obtain fresh garlic juice. The juice was filtered and anti-fungal susceptibility of the juice and the standard drug Nystatin were determined by using agar incorporation technique in Sabouraud Agar Medium. All the plates were inoculated with the test organisms and incubated at 25oC for up to three to seven days except for dermatophytes which were incubated for up to three weeks at the same temperature. Part of the juice was lyophilized, weighed and calculated to determine the extract concentration Results: Garlic juice was found to inhibit the growth of the standard organisms of Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus niger, and the clinical isolates of A. niger at a concentation of 25µl/ml (10mg/ml). A.flavus was inhibited at 37.5µl/ml (15mg/ml) & T. rubrum, T.mentagraphyte, M.canis, E.flocusum were inhibited at 75µl/ml (30mg/ml). Conclusion: It is concluded that freshly pressed juice of garlic has a strong antifungal effect on the major pathogenic moulds, yeasts and dermatophytes. Further purification and formulation of the juice would give a true antifungal activity comparable to standard antibiotics. Key words: Allium sativum, antifungal, garlic, dermatophytes [ J Ethiop Med Pract,2001;3(1):16-20]
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Objectives: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic and phenolic extracts from three Palestinian folkloric medicinal plants in addition to their commercial oils against ten pathogenic microorganisms. Methods: The plants studied were sage, thyme and parsley. Five concentrations of leaf extract of each of the three plants were prepared. The antimicrobial effect of each concentration was measured. Results: Aqueous extracts of sage and thyme had action against most of the tested microorganisms. Phenolic extract of sage and thyme showed antibacterial activity against Staph. aureus and Enterococ- cus sp, respectively. On the other hand, E. coli was more affected by the ethanolic extract of parsley. While, that extract does not elicit pronounce effect on the tested Gram positive organisms. The results of commercial oils of sage, thyme and parsley displayed no antimicrobial activity against E. coli, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhi. Conclusion: The data obtained revealed that, among the 10 tested microorganisms, Staph. aureus was, in general, the most susceptible microbe to most extracts of the three plants studied.
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The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with chronic diseases at outpatient clinics. Another aim was to identify demographic and socio-economic factors that are associated with CAM use. Face-to-face interviews of conveniently selected patients with chronic diseases were conducted in outpatient clinics of a general hospital. A validated data collection form was used to gather the information regarding pattern, perception, reasons, and perceived effect of CAM on the disease state. The other relevant information including demographics, diagnosis, indication, and treatment were collected from the patients' medical records. Out of 321 patients interviewed in this study, 205 patients were using some form of CAM, and thus the utilisation rate was 63.9%. A significant number of patients (35.5%) were using CAM for diabetes mellitus. Thirteen types of CAM were identified in the study with the most common being vitamins supplements (48.2%), herbal medicines (26.4%), ginseng (4.7%) and traditional Chinese medicine (4.0%). The patients with higher education level, higher income, and aged more than 50 years were independently associated with CAM use. Majority of the patients (77.6%) reported that their condition had improved by using CAM. The present study confirms the high frequency of CAM use among patients with chronic diseases in a Malaysian public hospital. The popularity of CAM indicated the patients' preference towards holistic approach to health care.
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The antifungal activity of six fractions derived from garlic was investigated in an in vitro system. Ajoene had the strongest activity in these fractions. The growth of both Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans was inhibited by ajoene at less than 20 micrograms/ml.
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In India, spices have been traditionally used since ancient times, for the preservation of food products as they have been reported to have antiseptic and disinfectant properties. In this respect, a preliminary screening for antimicrobial activities of 35 different Indian spices has been carried out. Of the spices surveyed, the results indicate that clove, cinnamon, bishop's weed, chilli, horse raddish, cumin, tamarind, black cumin, pomegranate seeds, nutmeg, garlic, onion, tejpat, celery, cambodge, have potent antimicrobial activities against the test organisms Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 9763). The results also establish the traditional use of spices as food preservatives, disinfectants and antiseptics.
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Allicin, one of the active principles of freshly crushed garlic homogenates, has a variety of antimicrobial activities. Allicin in its pure form was found to exhibit i) antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant enterotoxicogenic strains of Escherichia coli; ii) antifungal activity, particularly against Candida albicans; iii) antiparasitic activity, including some major human intestinal protozoan parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia; and iv) antiviral activity. The main antimicrobial effect of allicin is due to its chemical reaction with thiol groups of various enzymes, e.g. alcohol dehydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase, and RNA polymerase, which can affect essential metabolism of cysteine proteinase activity involved in the virulence of E. histolytica.
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The health benefits of garlic likely arise from a wide variety of components, possibly working synergistically. The complex chemistry of garlic makes it plausible that variations in processing can yield quite different preparations. Highly unstable thiosulfinates, such as allicin, disappear during processing and are quickly transformed into a variety of organosulfur components. The efficacy and safety of these preparations in preparing dietary supplements based on garlic are also contingent on the processing methods employed. Although there are many garlic supplements commercially available, they fall into one of four categories, i.e., dehydrated garlic powder, garlic oil, garlic oil macerate and aged garlic extract (AGE). Garlic and garlic supplements are consumed in many cultures for their hypolipidemic, antiplatelet and procirculatory effects. In addition to these proclaimed beneficial effects, some garlic preparations also appear to possess hepatoprotective, immune-enhancing, anticancer and chemopreventive activities. Some preparations appear to be antioxidative, whereas others may stimulate oxidation. These additional biological effects attributed to AGE may be due to compounds, such as S-allylcysteine, S-allylmercaptocysteine, N(alpha)-fructosyl arginine and others, formed during the extraction process. Although not all of the active ingredients are known, ample research suggests that several bioavailable components likely contribute to the observed beneficial effects of garlic.
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The curative properties of garlic in medicine have been known for a long time. But, it was only in the last three decades when garlic properties were seriously investigated confirming its potential as therapeutic agent. Allicin, ajoene, thiosulfinates and a wide range of other organosulphurate compounds, are known to be the constituents linked to the garlic properties. Regarding the biochemical properties of these compounds, ajoene [(E,Z)-4,5,9 Trithiadodeca 1,6,11 Triene 9-oxide] is stable in water, and it can be obtained by chemical synthesis. There is evidence that some of the garlic constituents exert a wide variety of effects on different biological systems. However, ajoene is the garlic compound related to more biological activities, as showed in in vitro and in vivo systems. Those studies found that ajoene has antithrombotic, anti-tumoral,antifungal, and antiparasitic effects. This study deals with a recently described antifungal property of ajoene, and its potential use in clinical trails to treat several fungal infections.
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Reversed-phase high Performance liquid chromatography (C18-HPLC) was used to separate and quantitate all the detectable alkyl and alkenyl thiosulfinates, including configurational isomers, of garlic homogenates. Pure thiosulfinates were synthesized or isolated and identified by (1)H-NMR, and their extinction coefficients determined. Some configurational isomers required Separation by silica-HPLC. Five previously unreported thiosulfinates have been found, four of which contain the TRANS-1-propenyl group and increase several-fold to over half the content of allicin upon storage of garlic bulbs at 4 degrees C with a concomitant decrease in a gamma-glutamyl peptide. The variation in thiosulfinate yield between different countries, stores, bulbs, cloves, and storage times was investigated. A method for standardizing the quantitation of allicin yield from garlic is proposed and compared to other methods of allicin analysis.
Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices
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Herbal Treatment of Eumycetoma Caused by Madurella mycetomatis
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Elfadil AG, Gummaa SA, Musa HA, Khalid HE, Sirro AA. Herbal Treatment of Eumycetoma Caused by Madurella mycetomatis. In: The proceedings of The International Conference of Mycetoma, Khartoum, Sudan. 2002;33:34.
Garlic and other Alliums: The Lore and the Science
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Phytochemical Methods. 2 nd edition
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