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Body image 2.0: Associations between social grooming on Facebook and body image concerns
... There is abundant literature on the effects of using various SNSs on a wide range of endogenous variables including social [4], psychological [5][6][7], and behavioral [8] outcomes. Thus, the extant literature mostly answers "how" social media technology influences human psychology and "what" effects social media platforms and contents have on human cognition, emotion, and behavior. ...
... In light of the influx of body-related visual images and body talk posted on a variety of SNSs, there have been numerous studies about the impact of social media on body image, including the effects of Instagram images on mood [5], the effects of fitspiration and thinspiration images on body image perception [51,52], the impact of SNSs on disordered eating [8], and social comparison and appearance comparison made through social media [6,53,54]. Prior research also examined associations between Facebook use and body image concerns [7], the influence of appearance comparison in social media on body dissatisfaction [6], the effect of attractive Instagram images on mood [5], proliferation of thinspiration images on Twitter, Pinterest [51], and Instagram [22], relationship between SNSs and eating disorder [8], and the influence of psychological distress on social media use [55,56]. Thus, a growing body of research has examined these contemporary issues revolving around the theme of exposure to social media and its impact on body image perception [22,54] and eating disorders [8], using various research methodologies, including cross-sectional survey [7], longitudinal study [57], experiment [5,22,48], content analysis [51], meta-analysis [8], and qualitative interview [56]. ...
... Prior research also examined associations between Facebook use and body image concerns [7], the influence of appearance comparison in social media on body dissatisfaction [6], the effect of attractive Instagram images on mood [5], proliferation of thinspiration images on Twitter, Pinterest [51], and Instagram [22], relationship between SNSs and eating disorder [8], and the influence of psychological distress on social media use [55,56]. Thus, a growing body of research has examined these contemporary issues revolving around the theme of exposure to social media and its impact on body image perception [22,54] and eating disorders [8], using various research methodologies, including cross-sectional survey [7], longitudinal study [57], experiment [5,22,48], content analysis [51], meta-analysis [8], and qualitative interview [56]. However, there is a dearth of structural equation modeling (SEM) research that collected cross-sectional data to examine people's subjective weight status perception, general self-esteem, eating disorder, and malicious/benign envy as antecedents that may predict Instagram usage. ...
Instagram not only offers an arena for the fulfillment of basic human desires but also cultivates new types of multifaceted desires and consumptions in Web 2.0 environments. This study aims to examine a wide variety of dispositional, psychological, and attitudinal predictors of Instagram consumption and selfie-and-groupfie cultures. Three cross-sectional surveys (Study 1 (N = 108); Study 2 (N = 140); Study 3 (N = 557)) were conducted, and empirical data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with Mplus 8.0. Study 1 shows associations among appearance-related self-confidence, appearance-related actual–ideal self-discrepancy, materialism, and Instagram consumption. Study 2 confirms relationships among weight status perception, self-esteem, eating disorder, malicious envy, and Instagram consumption intensity. Study 3 further demonstrates dynamic associations among eating disorders, perceived mate value, narcissistic grandiosity, envy, social comparison, intrasexual competition for mates, and frequency of posting selfies/groupfies on Instagram. Theoretical contributions to the psychosocial and human aspects of the Web 2.0 digital culture, managerial implications for online dating cultures, and practical implications for consumption markets including social media-based health communication, cultural communication, and marketing communication are discussed.
... The same was observed in the correlation between IA and BIC; correlations were significant, positive, and moderate for both the total sample and the various groups, with the only exception again being late adolescence (r = 0.190, p = 0.274). These results are in line with previous studies indicating that excessive use of social media can have a negative impact on body image [27,[58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. ...
... These results can be interpreted within the theoretical framework of Social Comparison Theory [72]; as with mass media in general, network content becomes a source of comparison for both boys and girls. More frequent use and interaction thus increase opportunities to confront the types of images that often portray a socially accepted bodily ideal [62]. The perceived gap between one's assessment of one's body image and what is posted on the internet fosters an increase in dissatisfaction and concerns about physical appearance, which in turn makes the development of internalizing symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, more likely [63]. ...
... However, it should be considered that the late adolescent group was less numerous than the others (n = 35), and thus the results obtained in this research may not be representative. In fact, previous studies (e.g., [62,[78][79][80]) focusing on this age group and young adults have observed social media use to have a negative effect on BIC and body dissatisfaction. ...
Background and objectives:
Previous research on associations between Body Image Concerns (BIC) and technological addictions, such as Internet addiction (IA) and Social Media Addiction (SMA), has focused on female samples, neglecting the impact they may have on males and the risk factor associated with age. The present study analyzed the correlations between BIC, IA, and SMA and between internalizing and externalizing problems.
Methods:
A sample of 204 participants (118 females; mean age = 15.88 years) were divided into three age groups (early, middle, and late adolescence) and completed a battery of scales including (i) Body Image Concern Inventory, (ii) Bergen Instagram Addiction Scale, (iii) Internet Addiction Test, and (iv) Youth Self Report.
Results:
Significant associations between BIC and technology addictions (SMA and IA) appeared both in the total sample and in the subgroups related to gender and age; bivariate correlations between internalizing and externalizing problems and variables were significant for the total sample but only in some of the gender- and age-related subgroups.
Discussion and conclusions:
This research has shown how associations between BIC and behavioral technology addictions, especially associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, may vary by the gender affiliation and developmental stage of the individual.
... In the last two decades, with the popularity of social networking sites (SNS), scholars applied the tripartite influence model to examine the influence of SNS use on body image concerns and have gained empirical support (e.g., Fardouly et al., 2018;Feltman & Szymanski, 2018). Some researchers, however, suggested examining the effect of specific SNS activities on body dissatisfaction because they did not find a significant association between general SNS use (e.g., total use time and frequency) and body image concerns (Kim & Chock, 2015;Meier & Gray, 2014). A representative activity on SNS that might relate to body image concerns is interpersonal appearance-related interaction. ...
... The mediating role of appearance comparison has been identified by a wide range of research. For example, previous studies showed that appearance comparison mediated the link between SNS use and body image concerns (Fardouly & Vartanian, 2015;Kim & Chock, 2015). With regard to the present study, appearance comparison might mediate the relationship between SNS body talk and body dissatisfaction. ...
... Additionally, this study offers a novel perspective to explore how SNS use affects individuals' body image. Although the negative influence of SNS use on body image has been documented by numerous studies (see Fardouly & Vartanian, 2016, for a review), some scholars suggest that specific activities might be more strongly related to body image concerns compared with general SNS use (Kim & Chock, 2015;Meier & Gray, 2014). Based on this suggestion, our study examined the association between a specific activity (i.e., body talk) on SNS and body dissatisfaction, which extended literature on SNS use and body image. ...
The present study investigated the association between body talk on social networking sites (SNS) and body dissatisfaction as well as the mediating effects of appearance ideals internalization and appearance comparison in this relationship. Participants were 476 Chinese college students who completed questionnaires regarding SNS body talk, thin-ideal internalization, muscular-ideal internalization, general attractiveness internalization, appearance comparison, and body dissatisfaction. Results indicated that SNS body talk was positively linked to body dissatisfaction. The relationship between SNS body talk and body dissatisfaction was mediated by thin-ideal internalization and muscular-ideal internalization while the mediating effects of general attractiveness internalization and appearance comparison in this relationship were nonsignificant. Moderated mediation analysis further revealed that thin-ideal internalization mediated the association for women but not men and that other indirect effects did not differ among genders. The findings of this study provide more insights into the relationship between SNS use and body image.
... Alimentar para Adolescentes (QFAA) (12) evidenciado na literatura (14)(15)(16) . Ademais, autores citam que a mídia desempenha um papel central na comunicação e no reforço do desejo social de imagens corporais idealizadas, o que pode influenciar no comportamento alimentar e na realização de atividades físicas de indivíduos (16) . ...
... Alimentar para Adolescentes (QFAA) (12) evidenciado na literatura (14)(15)(16) . Ademais, autores citam que a mídia desempenha um papel central na comunicação e no reforço do desejo social de imagens corporais idealizadas, o que pode influenciar no comportamento alimentar e na realização de atividades físicas de indivíduos (16) . ...
... Um estudo relata que não houve diferença estatística significante entre a auto exposição nas redes sociais e o sexo do participante -feminino e masculino (16) . Entretanto, o estudo ainda evidenciou que meninas eram mais prováveis de demonstrar desejo e comparar aparências relacionadas à magreza de outras pessoas nas redes sociais do que meninos. ...
Objetivo: analisar a influência das mídias sociais no comportamento alimentar de adolescentes. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 303 adolescentes de uma escola pública de ensino médio, do Distrito Federal. Aplicaram-se dois questionários - Questionário de Frequência Alimentar para Adolescentese outro de autoria própria. Para análise dos dados, realizou-se análise estatística descritiva e inferencial com apoio do software Orange versão 3.24. Resultados: associações entre o sexo do participante e o tipo de conteúdo acessado foram evidenciadas, sendo que meninas acessam mais conteúdos relacionados à moda e ao universo fitness, além de serem mais influenciadas pelas redes sociais em relação à alimentação e à forma de enxergar o corpo alheio. O tempo de tela demonstrou associação com o consumo de determinados alimentos, tal que quanto maior o tempo de tela, maior o consumo de alimentos ricos em açúcar e menor o consumo de alimentos saudáveis. Conclusão: conclui-se que há influência das mídias sociais em relação ao sexo dos participantes, sendo as meninas mais influenciadas quanto à alimentação e ao corpo. É iminente que os profissionais de saúde reconheçam os espaços virtuais como potenciais territórios de produção do cuidado em saúde integral de adolescentes por meio do uso das mídias sociais.
... The aim of this study is to explore if social media engagement impacts men's consideration of undergoing cosmetic surgery. Building upon repeated findings that active engagement with social media had a significant impact on body image and appearance attitudes (Abbas & Karadavut, 2017;Hendrickse et al., 2017;Kim & Chock, 2015;Meier & Gray, 2014), we hypothesise that Active Social media will positively predict men's cosmetic surgery interest. As there has been minimal exploration of how Passive social media use impacts cosmetic surgery consideration for men, we examined this relationship in an exploratory way. ...
... Nevertheless, the evidence base for women still provides useful guidance given the gap in the literature. Active social media behaviours such as commenting and 'liking' (Kim & Chock, 2015) and editing photos (McLean et al., 2015;Meier & Gray, 2014) have previously been found to be significantly related to body dissatisfaction and appearance behaviours for women. Conversely, findings from the present study implicate Passive social media engagement in men's interest in cosmetic surgery. ...
Men’s cosmetic surgery rates are increasing globally. Existing literature suggests that social media engagement encourages women to undergo cosmetic surgery, yet the relationship between social media and cosmetic surgery for men remains underexamined. The aim of this study was therefore to explore if social media engagement impacted men’s interest in undergoing cosmetic surgery. Using an adapted version of the Passive and Active Use Measure to assess social media engagement, the relationship between social media engagement and cosmetic surgery consideration was explored. Among 311 American adult men (Mage = 37.7), passive social media engagement (e.g., viewing photos, browsing profiles) was found to have a small positive relationship with consideration of cosmetic surgery (p < .05, 95% CI [0.12, 0.49]). Conversely, Active Non-social media engagement (e.g., posting videos, tagging) and Active Social media engagement (e.g., posting statuses, commenting) did not predict cosmetic surgery consideration. These results demonstrate that the ways in which men use social media (rather than whether or not they use social media in general) determines their interest in cosmetic surgery. While social media engagement is a known correlate for appearance dissatisfaction in women, this study provides evidence that social media engagement is potentially also harmful to men’s body image. This preliminary research may contribute to informing best clinical practice for men experiencing body dissatisfaction. Namely, reducing passive social media use may alleviate men’s likelihood of pursing cosmetic surgery, in turn reducing their exposure to the physical and psychological risks associated with undergoing cosmetic surgery.
... 3,4 Previous studies have shown that significant SM use predicts increased body dissatisfaction and can lead to inappropriate eating behaviors such as binging and purging. 1,[5][6][7] However, most studies only found an association between general SM use and eating-related problems, such as number of SM platforms 2,8 , time spent on SM 1 , frequency of SM usage 6,8 , visiting or commenting on others' profile 9 , general smartphone activities which might not related to body-image (e.g., browsing websites, sending and receiving text messages/e-mailing, watching TV shows). 5 Additionally, not all aspects of SM are associated with eating-related problems, and internalization and appearance comparison may be responsible for the maladaptive effects of SM use. ...
... This self-reported questionnaire consisted of 10 questions and was based on a review of studies on body image-related SM usage. 1,5,7,8,9,34,35 The draft questionnaire was evaluated for face validity by three experts in psychiatry with experience in adolescent media use, and was revised based on their feedback. The questionnaire was then pilot-tested with ten students in Bangkok, and the questionnaire was revised based on feedback from the pilot test such as added a fill-inthe-blank option for the question about which social media platforms participants use most often, and the instructions for how to respond to the questions was modified to minimize confusion. ...
Objective: This study aimed to find the association among body image focused social media usage (BSMU), resilience, attachment, and eating-related problems among Thai adolescents. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive research was conducted with a sample of 495 high school students from three schools in Bangkok. The participants answered an online questionnaire comprised of age, sex, height/weight, BSMU, Body-esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, Eating Attitudes Test, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment for Children, and the Thai Resilience Quotient. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographic information, body satisfaction, resilience, attachment, and eating-related problems. T-tests, chi-square, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to explore the associations between these variables. Results: Mean (SD) age was 17.06 (0.805), with 307 female participants (62%). Time spent on social media was found to be associated with increased risk of binging (AOR (CI) = 1.71 (1.14-2.56)). BSMU was associated with increased risk of inappropriate eating attitudes, binging, purging and using laxative (AOR (CI) = 1.14 (1.03-1.27), 1.14 (1.06-1.22), 1.20 (1.04-1.40), and 1.21 (1.09-1.34) respectively). Higher resilience was found to associated with lower risk in binging (AOR (CI) = 0.45 (0.21-0.97)). However, attachment is not associated with any of eating-related problems. Conclusion: BSMU usage was associated with inappropriate eating attitudes and behavior. Findings also suggest that higher resilience and stronger attachment were associated with lower risk of eating-related problems. The effectiveness of resilience and attachment improvement programs should be explored to help protect against eating problems.
... This paper believes that materialism values have a correlation with online compulsive buying tendencies. Kim and Chock (2015) presented that the social comparison orientation was an important influential factor of materialism. [15] As a result, this paper believes that consumers with a higher social comparison orientation have a higher level of materialism values, which positively influence the online compulsive buying tendency of young people. ...
... Kim and Chock (2015) presented that the social comparison orientation was an important influential factor of materialism. [15] As a result, this paper believes that consumers with a higher social comparison orientation have a higher level of materialism values, which positively influence the online compulsive buying tendency of young people. Therefore, this research puts forward the following hypothesis: ...
Nowadays, the online compulsive buying behavior of the young group is increasing, which has become a social problem that needs to be solved. This paper focuses on individual psychological factors and explores how social comparison orientation influences online compulsive buying. Through the research method of the questionnaire survey, this paper shows that different levels of the social comparison will lead to different buying preferences. And then we examined how mediating and moderating effects work on the influence path of the compulsive buying tendency. As a result, this study innovatively finds the mechanism of materialism values as a mediator and self-concept clarity as a moderator. It ultimately allows us to figure out a pathway that leads to the online compulsive buying tendency, and can provide new ideas for solving the problems caused by it.
... Moreover, certain types of activity on social media in particular are likely to make the phenomenon worse (Meier & Gray, 2014). For instance, according to Meier and Gray (2014), higher exposure on Facebook (such as posting, viewing, and commenting on images) is associated with greater dissatisfaction with weight, thin internalization and self-objectification of slim ideals among female high school students; Online social grooming behaviors (e.g., browsing and commenting on peers' Facebook profiles) are significantly associated with female college students' desire for thinness (Kim & Chock, 2015). In addition, the importance of Facebook for one's social life is associated with objectified body consciousness (i.e.,appearance self-worth and body surveillance) and body shame among male and female undergraduate students (Manago, 2015). ...
... In addition, studies on female undergraduate students have found that a tendency to compare one's appearance to others (particularly to one's peers) mediated the relationship between Facebook usage and body image concerns . Similarly, among female college students, physical appearance tends to mediate between Facebook social grooming behavior and thinness drive (Kim & Chock, 2015). Therefore, appearance comparison plays an important role in the relationship between social media use and body image concern. ...
... Exposure to social media sources, particularly those that contain images (i.e. personal profiles), encourages individuals to compare their appearance with other users, which is necessary for dieting, becoming thinner, and fulfilling a person's ideal body image, which may result in lower body image (Tiggemann and Miller 2010;Kim and Chock 2015;Kleemans et al. 2018;Rounsefell et al. 2020). It may also motivate a minority of individuals to engage in extreme exercise (which for some, may result in exercise addiction). ...
... Instagram, an application that offers photographs and videos, may be a more powerful facilitator of exercise addiction than an application like Twitter (which tends to be more text-based). Instagram use could expose young people to ideal physical appearance by fitspiration-related posts (Holland and Tiggemann 2017) or by images that may trigger individuals to compare their appearance with other users, which is necessary for dieting, becoming thinner, and fulfilling an individual's ideal body image which may result in poorer body image (Tiggemann and Miller 2010;Kim and Chock 2015;Kleemans et al. 2018;Rounsefell et al. 2020). Based on this study, researchers in other countries could perhaps use the findings in the development of prevention programs to help make vulnerable individuals more aware of the potential relationship between social media use and exercise addiction among adolescents and emerging adults. ...
Exposure to social media can motivate some individuals’ desire to be thinner and to attain an ideal body shape. This may also motivate a minority of individuals to engage in extreme exercise. Moreover, both problematic social media use and problematic exercise can have detrimental effects on mental health. A community sample of Iranian adolescents (n=562; mean age = 14.95 years [SD±1.70]; 62.5% female) and young adults (n=745; mean age = 26.19 years [SD±7.42]; 60.5% female) participated in an online survey designed to evaluate the mediating role of exercise addiction in the relationship between problematic social media use and mental health consequences. Results indictated that 2.7% of adolescents and 4.4% of young adults were at risk for exercise addiction. After controlling for age, gender, BMI, and educational attainment level, the results indicated that problematic social media use significantly predicted exercise addiction. Among both adolescents and adults, exercise addiction significantly mediated the association between problematic social media use and mental health consequences including psychological distress (βs = .06-.12), insomnia (βs = .07-.09), body image concern (βs = .19-.10), and compulsive eating (βs = .06-.07). Given that exercise addiction mediated the relationship between problematic social media use and mental health consequences, it is recommended that public health campaigns are needed for Iranian adolescents and young adults to raise their awareness about the potentially detrimental health consequences in relation to problematic social media use and exercise addiction. The findings suggest a need for an additional cross-cultural study examining the effect of social media on exercise addiction, in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding to help in terms of prevention and intervention for adolescents and emerging adults both in and outside of Iran.
... one taken with a smartphone or webcam and shared via social media" (OED Online, 2021). In contrast to traditional mass media, selfies are user-generated content and, supposedly, more likely realistic depictions of social media users (Kim & Chock, 2015). "Selfies and self-photographs are important elements concerning identity work and the construction of authenticity in online environments" (Lobinger & Brantner, 2015, p. 1848. ...
... Research found that individuals who take selfies to publish them online are most likely young (Dhir et al., 2016) and female (Sorokowska et al., 2016). Despite the potential of user-generated content to depict diversity, social media users often idealize themselves (Kim & Chock, 2015) and post selfies that mirror or even exaggerate traditional beauty ideals and gender stereotypes (Butkowski et al., 2019;Döring et al., 2016). Thus, selfies have "become their own genre of visual selfpresentation with its own conventions, representational techniques, and poses" (Lobinger & Brantner, 2015, p. 1848 and are "discursively constructed as both problematic and feminine" (Burns, 2015(Burns, , p. 1730. ...
Selfies posted on social media using feminist hashtags have the potential to depict greater diversity and authenticity than the established ideal of female beauty and femininity (young, white, slim, and heteronormative women), but are also at risk of promoting self-objectification. The hashtag #bodypositive is understood as the embodiment of an empowering feminist space. However, it is unclear to what extent diverse body images that deviate from the established ideal can actually be found under this hashtag on a platform such as Tumblr that allowed NSFW [Not Safe For Work] content without restrictions until 2018.
This research aims to analyze selfies on Tumblr posted by women in 2017 (n = 300) using the hashtag #bodypositive in an exploratory content analysis (quantitative and qualitative) including the following textual content: posted texts (n = 300), additional hashtags (n = 4,498), blog descriptions (n = 296), and user reactions, including comments (n = 91).
The results reveal less diversity than expected but many protagonists at least slightly deviate from the mass mediated beauty ideal. Stereotypically female ways of self-presentation are used exaggeratedly. Most pictures were embedded in blogs promoting self-acceptance, rather than self-improvement and have received positive user feedback.
... However, online interpersonal objectification experiences (OISO experiences, referring to the experience of being subjected to sexual objectification in online interpersonal communication) require further examination, especially those OISO experiences that are ubiquitous online [12]. For example, females often perceive the requirement to post or send selfies or photos because others are highly interested in how they look, and they frequently encounter appearance-related feedback [20,21]. Thus, based on these discussions, this study aimed to examine females' OISO experiences and their relation to self-objectification, and it was hypothesized that OISO experiences were positively associated with self-objectification (H1). ...
... Thus, similar to the experiences in real life, the OISO experiences (e.g., asking to send selfies or photos and appearance comments in online interpersonal interaction) are also risk factors increasing individuals' sexual objectification. Especially due to the features of online communication, such as anonymity and disinhibition, girls are more likely to encounter interpersonal objectification experiences when using the Internet [20,35]. At the same time, previous studies have examined the photo-related activities in online communication (e.g., posting selfies and viewing others' photos) and found these activities and experiences were closely associated with body dissatisfaction and concerns, as well as eating disorders [2,19,36], which are closely associated with self-objectification. ...
Self-objectification is a common and deleterious phenomenon among young teenage girls, for which interpersonal sexual objectification experiences are a great risk; in the current information era, sexual objectification experiences may also expand into the online space. Based on this, this study aimed to examine the association between online interpersonal sexual objectification (OISO) experiences and teenage girls’ self-objectification, as well as the potential moderating role of broad conceptualization of beauty in relation to this. Seven hundred and seventy-one female undergraduate students were recruited voluntarily to complete questionnaires on OISO experiences, self-objectification, and the broad conceptualization of beauty. Results indicated that OISO experiences were positively associated with teenage girls; self-objectification and the broad conceptualization of beauty could significantly buffer this relation, which was weakened among individuals with a high level of broad conceptualization of beauty. This study expands previous research on sexual objectification, providing practical significance for promoting the well-being of teenage girls.
... hezh19@xjtu.edu.cn 1 School of Journalism and New Media, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article He and Yang BMC Psychology (2022) 10:120 individuals are so engaged in social media that they feel distressed when they are unable to use it, such misuse is widely referred to as social media dependence (SMD) [5,6]. Online social media behaviors (e.g., viewing and commenting) have been significantly correlated with a drive for thinness among undergraduate students [7]. Eating disorders (ED) risk, especially among young adults, have become a worldwide concern [8]. ...
... Social media dependence has been associated with an increased risk of eating disorders especially among young adults who are easier to access internet and spend most of their time for social networking [12]. Associations between social media use and ED pathology was found [7,[13][14][15][16]. Time spent on Facebook appears to be associated with body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders pathology, with the relationship between Facebook and ED stronger compared to viewing 'Barbie' type models on television and magazines [13]. ...
Background
Social media dependence (SMD) and eating disorders (ED) risk are often thought to be inextricably linked. Because social media dependence often precedes an ED, predicts poor outcome, and persists even after recovery from an ED, it is important to examine whether certain factors have the ability to potentially attenuate or intensify SMD’s effect on eating disorders.
Methods
In the current study, we examined one possible moderating factor: impulsiveness. 767 undergraduates (mean age = 18.78 years, SD = 1.20) in Shaanxi province of China, completed anonymous questionnaires regarding social media dependence, eating disorders, impulsiveness.
Results
Revealed that non-planned impulsiveness (NPI) moderated the relation between SMD and ED risk. Individuals who were low in SMD and who reported low levels of NPI reported much lower levels of ED risk than those with low SMD and high NPI. However, Individuals who were high in SMD and who reported low levels of NPI reported much higher levels of ED risk than those with high SMD and high NPI. Contrary to our hypotheses, Motor impulsiveness and cognitive impulsiveness did not emerge as moderators of the relation between SMD and ED risk.
Conclusions
Results provide growing support that factors that interact with SMD can lessen or aggravate SMD’s effect on ED risk. These findings can be beneficial to our understanding of how and when social media dependence impacts undergraduates’ eating disorders risk.
... In particular, time spent online and frequent Facebook use are associated with increased state anxiety, depressive symptoms, concerns about weight/shape/eating, as well as disordered eating attitudes and behaviors [36,38]. Longitudinal studies indicate that specific Facebook activities such as social grooming (e.g., viewing and commenting on peers' profiles), seeking and receiving negative feedback via SNSs [39,40], and photo-based Facebook activities rather than use time contribute to increased body dissatisfaction, derive for thinness, and disordered eating [36,37,41]. Appearance comparison mediates this relationship [39]. ...
... Longitudinal studies indicate that specific Facebook activities such as social grooming (e.g., viewing and commenting on peers' profiles), seeking and receiving negative feedback via SNSs [39,40], and photo-based Facebook activities rather than use time contribute to increased body dissatisfaction, derive for thinness, and disordered eating [36,37,41]. Appearance comparison mediates this relationship [39]. Given the role of Facebook addiction in the initiation and maintenance of eating pathologies and their related derives (e.g., emotional negativity, body dissatisfaction, and loneliness), calibrated measures are intensely needed for accurate detection of Facebook addiction in individuals diagnosed with or prone to EDs. ...
Objective
Facebook addiction is increasing, giving rise to limited real-life social networks, loneliness, poor work and academic performance, psychopathology, and low well-being. Facebook entails numerous factors that increase the risk for disordered eating attitudes and behaviors (e.g., use time and Facebook activities such as social grooming and photo sharing). This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) among patients with eating disorders (EDs) given lack of validation of Facebook addiction measures in this population.
Methods
A cross-sectional study involving 123 inpatient and outpatient women with EDs (Mean age = 27.3, SD = 10.6, range = 14–59 years) used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multigroup CFA, structural equation modeling (SEM), Spearman’s rho Spearman’s analysis, McDonald's Omega (ω), Cronbach’s alpha (α), and item-total correlations to examine the structure, invariance, criterion validity, reliability, and discriminant validity of the BFAS.
Results
Correlating the residuals of items 2, 3, and 5 resulted in an excellent fit of a one-factor structure of the BFAS ( χ ² (7) = 8.515, p = .289, CFI = .998, TLI = .996, RMSEA = .042, SRMR = .0099). The BFAS was invariant at the configural, metric, and scalar levels across groups of EDs, age, education, and marital status. High values of ω and α (.96) as well as item-total correlations (.851–.929) indicated excellent reliability and high discrimination index of the BFAS. Criterion validity is noted by strong positive correlation with the Six-item Internet Addiction Test (S-IAT, r = .88) and SEM using the S-IAT to predict the BFAS (χ2(49) = 103.701, p = .001, CFI = .975, TLI = .966, RMSEA = .096, SRMR = .0317)..
Conclusion
The BFAS is a reliable unidimensional measure. Its high discrimination index and invariance across different groups make it useful for detecting Facebook addiction among patients with ED.
... Instagram is a social media platform that incentivizes users to control and modify their self-presentation through the use of photographs [14,15]. By posting photos of themselves online, people can express their personas and infer whether they are socially accepted from the number of likes and comments they receive [16]. ...
Background
This study examined the relationship between false self-presentation on Instagram and consideration of cosmetic surgery through the mediating role of body image control in photos (BICP), photo manipulation, and body shame. We predicted that false self-presentation on Instagram was indirectly associated with cosmetic surgery intentions through the aforementioned constructs.
Methods
A total of 504 young Italian adults (28.2% males, 18–30 years) completed an online survey. They completed a questionnaire containing the Self-presentation on Instagram Questionnaire, the Body Image Control in Photos Questionnaire—revised, the Photo Manipulation Scale, the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, and the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. The pattern of associations between the constructs was analyzed via path analysis.
Results
The results show that false self-presentation on Instagram was associated with photo manipulation, both directly and indirectly, through BICP. Furthermore, photo manipulation was linked to body shame, but neither of them was associated with cosmetic surgery intentions. Finally, false self-presentation on Instagram was associated with the consideration of cosmetic surgery only through the mediation of BICP.
Conclusion
Findings indicate that self-presentation styles might affect Instagram photo behaviors and individuals’ cosmetic surgery intentions, suggesting that surgeons should fully examine patients’ motivations before providing them with services. Furthermore, intervention programs encouraging users to present a more authentic version of themselves online might reduce the risk of self-objectification and reduce the consideration of procedures aimed at modifying one's body for purely aesthetic reasons.
Level of Evidence V
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
... Según el informe de la Asociación Valenciana de Consumidores y Usuarios (AVACU), el 68% de los menores entre 10 y 12 años usa las RRSS, a pesar de que la edad mínima para crear una cuenta es 13-14 años, dependiendo de la red social. Las primeras investigaciones sobre la relación entre RRSS y autopercepción se centran en Facebook (15), concluyendo que su uso podría influenciar de manera negativa la percepción corporal de usuarios (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Aunque se mantiene entre los mayores de 25 (14), las plataformas con más popularidad en el mundo entre los jóvenes son por orden Instagram, Snapchat o Pinterest, por lo que son las que difunden el ideal de belleza (15,21). ...
Objetivo: explorar la relación del uso de las redes sociales (RRSS) con la autoestima, la imagen corporal y la satisfacción corporal de adolescentes y adultos jóvenes.
Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión narrativa. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, CINAHL y PsycInfo de artículos publicados en el periodo 2017-2022, usando los descriptores “young adult”, “adolescent”, “social media”, “body dissatisfaction”, “body image” y “self-concept”, así como lenguaje natural. Se incluyeron los artículos con muestra de población masculina y/o femenina entre 12-30 años, que incluyese RRSS de manera genérica o alguna específica (Instagram, TikTok y/o Facebook), que analizara la relación de las
RRSS y algunos de los siguientes constructos: autoestima, imagen corporal y/o satisfacción/insatisfacción corporal de manera individual o en su conjunto.
Resultados: de los 536 registros iniciales, 29 artículos cumplieron los criterios de selección y fueron revisados en profundidad. Los hallazgos se agruparon en cuatro temas relacionados
con los constructos a estudio: comparación social, retroalimentación, dedicación y tendencias en RRSS.
Conclusión: las RRSS tienen un efecto negativo sobre la satisfacción corporal y la imagen corporal, aunque el impacto sobre
la autoestima está influido por la retroalimentación recibida en
las imágenes publicadas y el tiempo invertido. La nueva corriente #bodypositive se relaciona con mayor bienestar psicológico, social y emocional, hábitos más saludables y mejoras en el autocuidado, además de ser un factor protector frente a la insatisfacción corporal. Es necesario desarrollar intervenciones de Enfermería de promoción y prevención de la salud en el entorno escolar y comunitario en función de los hallazgos
... young adult women in the U.S. experience some level of body dissatisfaction (Runfola et al., 2013) and women experience greater levels of body dissatisfaction than men (Davison & McCabe, 2005;Fallon et al., 2014;Kim & Chock, 2015). A central channel through which the thin beauty ideal is promoted is repeated exposure to thin idealized images in different media platforms (Aparicio-Martinez et al., 2019). ...
Sociocultural expectations to conform to a thin beauty ideal often lead women to evaluate themselves based on physical appearance. This evaluation process can be expressed through active engagement in body comparisons which increases the risk of body dissatisfaction. Studies have also highlighted protective factors for body dissatisfaction, such as exposure to diverse body sizes. However, past literature has insufficiently addressed the links between risk and protective factors for body dissatisfaction. The current study used an experimental approach to examine if different forms of body comparisons modulate the beneficial influence of body-diversity exposure on body dissatisfaction. The sample included 241 female adolescents and young women who were randomly allocated to one of three experimental groups. All groups were presented with a sequence of photos showing pairs of women with diverse body sizes. Participants either watched the figures on screen naturally, compared the body sizes of the two figures, or compared their own body size to that of the figures presented. The results showed that merely watching photos that depict body diversity or comparing the size of others’ bodies reduced state body dissatisfaction. However, watching the same photos while comparing one’s own body with others’ abolished the benefits of body-diversity exposure on body dissatisfaction and even increased body dissatisfaction among those with higher levels of trait body dissatisfaction. Age did not moderate the results. The study highlights the importance of addressing body comparisons in the framework of positive body image programs that promote exposure to body diversity.
... People tend to compare their physical appearances to more attractive targets and identify assimilation characteristics with better-off targets, which leads to higher appearance satisfaction. This is opposite to downward contrast, in which those who have upward contrast comparison are less likely to be satisfied with their own appearance if they compare themselves to these "ideals" (Kim & Chock, 2015). Thus, we can hypothesize that: ...
Face-swap models have increasingly gained popularity in recent years because of their improvement in generation quality and applications in privacy protection and entertainment. The study primarily examines underlying factors that influence individuals’ intention to purchase Face swap apps. A research framework drawing upon the social comparison theory was proposed to explain the relationship between four categories of social comparison (upward identification, upward contrast, downward identification, downward contrast) on self-esteem, appearance dissatisfaction, curiosity, perceived enjoyment, privacy concern, and purchase intention toward paid apps. The PLS-SEM technique was employed to analyze data from a survey of 315 respondents. The results indicated that upon the aforementioned variables, curiosity and privacy concerns were two key factors driving users a higher intention to purchase Face-swap apps. Meanwhile, perceived enjoyment had no significant impact on purchase intention. These exploratory findings contributed a number of theoretical and practical implications.
... Furthermore, the tendency to link physical attractiveness with positive personal qualities became a cultural stereotype not only in western culture, but also globally [62]. Utilizing social media is linked to body image issues, especially if users are carrying out certain types of activities on social media, such as comparing their appearance to others [63][64][65][66], being these results are comparable to those from conventional media (e.g., magazines [67]). This is problematic since among young women, self-objectification and body dissatisfaction are significant predictors of disordered eating and depression [68]. ...
Body image is a fundamental factor that influences a person’s self-image throughout life and at all stages of life. Self-perception of body image and body mass index may be related, as the way a person views him or herself can influence their eating behavior and level of physical activity, which in turn can affect their weight and BMI. The aim of this study is to find the association between body mass index, age, and body self-perception of university students, analyzing possible differences according to the gender of the students. In total, 312 students answered five sociodemographic questions in addition to the Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire, which consists of 45 questions grouped into four dimensions. Spearman’s Rho test was used to analyze the association between each of the Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) factors and body mass index (BMI). Statistical differences were found in dimension 3 (p < 0.01) of the MBSRQ questionnaire with respect to BMI in both sexes, and in dimension 1 (p < 0.01), a significant difference was found in female students. With the male gender, significant differences were found between age and BMI (0.04). Consequently, the sex to which the student belongs conditions his or her BMI with the self-perceived body image, so lines of action should be developed to improve self-image.
... SNS encourage negative appearance-based comparisons (Frederick & Essayli, 2016) and have thus been identified by LGBQ individuals as a primary source of appearance ideals (Gordon et al., 2019). Importantly, negative appearance-based comparisons were found to mediate the relationship between SNS use and increased body dissatisfaction (de Vries et al., 2016;Jarman et al., 2021;Kim & Chock, 2015). It is particularly relevant to LGBQ people, who are more likely to experience body dissatisfaction compared to their heterosexual counterparts (He et al., 2020;Parker & Harriger, 2020). ...
... It is pointed out by Kennedy that algorithms filter out unattractive and ugly photos, to some extent controlling and shaping users' ideologies of 'beauty' [3]. Kim and Chock also argue that personal photos on social networks are a form of social grooming [4], creating an idealized state of life. Unlike mass media, the Web 2.0 era has turned the planet into a "global village" where everyone is connected through the Internet [5]. ...
As the influence of the media on the female body image has been of great interest to scholars, this article examines the influence of the media on the ideology of the female body image based on the national fitness boom in China driven by Will Liu. In the development of body image anxiety, scholars have previously attributed social comparison theory and psychological factors. However, research on the role of social media communication is lacking. Therefore, this study will be based on the influence of mass communication #WillLiu’s Girls labels on body image ideology. As a result, it is evident that Chinese women place a much more emphasis on fitness, weight loss and slimming results than men. The media and corporate promotions cause Chinese women to get lost in the weight loss vortex. This study believes that the inequality between men and women in society itself has contributed to an increased anxiety about female body image, and that the media has exacerbated to this process.
... [21] However, social media can reinforce narcissism and harmful patterns of beauty standards, and some studies have evaluated their impact on body image. [22] In the present study, Instagram was the platform that raters used most, with more than 3 hours of daily use, in addition to WhatsApp. ...
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate perceptions of the credibility of orthodontists with malocclusions and whether these affect the willingness of laypeople to become patients through eye-tracking technology and a questionnaire.
Materials and methods Ninety-five lay raters are evaluated through eye tracking and a questionnaire comprising 12 images of orthodontists with malocclusions. The malocclusions selected through the Orthodontic Treatment Need Index (IOTN) groups are: IOTN grade 1 (close to the ideal), 3 (anterior crowding), and 5 (with diastemas). Eye-tracking data are collected for the fixation points, and credibility was analyzed through questionnaires. A word cloud was generated on the Mentimeter platform. To validate the study and conduct a reliability test, the questionnaire was conducted twice during the preliminary stage of data collection.
Results IOTN 1 received a better evaluation for credibility and competence and shows a significant difference when compared to IOTN 3 (p < 0.001) and 5 (p < 0.001). In addition, raters felt more confident in installing an orthodontic treatment appliance, if necessary, with an IOTN 1 orthodontist compared to IOTNs 3 and 5. For the fixation points, a difference was seen, since the attention of the individuals for IOTN 1 was divided between the eyes and the mouth, while for IOTN 3 and 5, the raters paid more attention to the mouth. The word cloud showed that the raters for IOTN 3 and 5 repeat the words “crooked teeth” and “spacing” most often.
Conclusion Orthodontists with IOTN 1 were perceived as more competent, reliable, and professional, and laypeople are more likely to become their patients.
Clinical significance The professionals' smiles play a large role in laypeople's decision to select them as their orthodontist, and strategic use of social media, can bring health information to many more people more rapidly and directly.
... The concept has also been widely applied to social media studies. Previous research shows that individuals perform social grooming by posting on other users' profiles and using PDAs and that they do so to establish trust, reciprocate attention, and signal acknowledgement (Donath, 2008;Ellison et al., 2014;Hayes et al., 2016;Kim & Chock, 2015;Tufekci, 2008). As such, Liking can be conceptualized as an act of social grooming aimed at specific social and practical outcomes (e.g., an improved relationship and/or receiving reciprocal social media attention). ...
We conducted a randomized-controlled experiment with 201 participants to investigate the effects of relationship closeness, emotions, and the receipt of Likes on reciprocal Liking behaviors. We found that individuals engaged in interchange-oriented social grooming by giving Likes to close friends regardless of whether they had received Likes from them before. However, when relationship closeness was low, participants mirrored their acquaintances’ behavior by reciprocating Likes for Likes. Additionally, high-arousal positive emotions mediated the effects of receiving Likes on the intention to Like other users’ content, but this result only held true when relational closeness was not accounted for in the model. Our study explains why people give Likes on social media and what factors shape their Liking intentions. The results of our study contribute to the existing knowledge of the social norm of reciprocity, social grooming, emotion regulation, relational closeness, and social media Liking.
... This engagement, in particular, allows for the evaluation of both one's own physical attractiveness and that of others [4]. Recent studies have shown that greater photographic activity, such as the publication of photos and stories, along with the observations of photos shared by other users, is associated with greater vigilance over the body, internalization, the desire to achieve the ideal of thinness, and dissatisfaction with one's own weight and body shape [6,10,15,17]. ...
Background
Instagram is a social media platform based on photos and videos that encourages interaction and comparison between users. Its growing popularity, especially among young people, has generated interest in the impact its use can have on users´ mental health, specifically on their self-esteem and degree of satisfaction with their own body image.
Objective
We aimed to analyze the relationships between the use of Instagram, both the hours of daily use and the type of content viewed, and self-esteem, tendency to make physical comparisons, and satisfaction with body image.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 585 participants aged between 18 years and 40 years. Individuals who were interested in participating but had a personal history of eating disorders or had previously been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder were excluded. The assessment tools consisted of (1) a questionnaire that collected sociodemographic data and Instagram use variables and was created by the research team specifically for this study; (2) the self-esteem scale by Rosenberg; (3) Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R); and (4) Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). The recruitment and evaluation processes were carried out in January 2021.
ResultsOf the participants, 234 (234/585, 40%) used Instagram less than 1 hour a day, 303 (303/585, 51.8%) used Instagram between 1 hour and 3 hours a day, and 48 participants (48/585, 8.2%) used it more than 3 hours per day. We found statistically significant differences (P
... Self-presentation makes others accept the images individuals claim for themselves (Goffman, 1959). This concept is of key importance in social media as users build their social identity through the use of written and visual communication (Kim & Chock, 2015). Ouirdi, Ouirdi, Segers, & Henderickx (2014), in answering "what is social media?," ...
The question of what kind of content people share on social media is brought up by the COVID-19 pandemic and new normal policy. The government's well-coordinated campaign and the opposition's harsh comments are two of the reasons Indonesians actively utilize Twitter in relation to the new normal. This study intends to characterize and evaluate the presentation of new normal messages by opinion leaders on Twitter between May 16 and 29, 2020, since opinion leaders have historically been the network's active pioneers on a topic. The theories used for this study are self-presentation, opinion leaders, and the social media approach. The accounts of opinion leaders are determined through Drone Emprit's release of Top 100 New Normal Influencers, which then, generated six profiles: @haikal_hassan, @haris_azhar, @msaid_didu, @ridwankamil, @ismailfahmi, and @kurawa. The qualitative content analysis method was employed in this study with inductive reasoning. The findings revealed seven categories of new normal statements by opinion leaders, which corresponded to three key speech themes: 1) economic issues, 2) the implementation order of new normal life, and 3) negative sentiments. Additionally, we discovered that when opinion leaders create online personas, they do not aim to transcend the most fundamental parts of their backstage selves. Instead, they establish personas and personalities that are based on the same characters from the offline world. Meanwhile, this study suggests how the data might be useful for the Government, to consider the capacity of text-based platforms to help them learn about behaviors and needs during or even post-pandemic.
... Another similar study found that SM usage and BID positively correlated with each other .22** (Kim & Chock, 2015). Additionally, another depicted study found that SM usage and BID positively correlated with each other by 0.13** (Marengo et al., 2018). ...
Social media has become an integral part of young adults’ lives today. It has moved well beyond simple entertainment and now can profoundly affect many areas of functioning. Social media messages promote the ideal, attractive body images that affect the university student’s attitudes toward the body. The current study examined the relationship between social media and body image dissatisfaction and examined how social media impacts body image among university students. Sample size estimation was calculated from G*power and 462 students minimum required in the current study. This cross-sectional study recruited (N=500) respondents from different universities such as the University of Sahiwal, Government college university of Faisalabad Sahiwal campus, Virtual University of Sahiwal, University of Okara, Virtual University of Okara, University of Management and Technology, and the University of Lahore by employing simple random sampling. There were two questionnaires applied the social media questionnaire and Socio-Cultural Attitudes towards Appearance Scale-3 (SATAQ-3) for data collection. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 25.0 and results showed that there was a significant negative relationship of social media with body image dissatisfaction. Moreover, male students were higher users of social media as compared to female students as well as higher body image dissatisfaction as compared to girls. Implications and limitations of the study are mentioned as well as future directions also suggested
... Future investigation may explore how these relations differ by the nature of SNS use. Past research found that the impact of SNS use depends on whether individuals are actively or passively engaging with social media content [93,94]. Additionally, more research is warranted to explore how other factors, such as fear of missing out [95] and effortful control [13], are associated with SNS use and self-esteem. ...
With the prevalence of the internet, there is growing attention on the impacts of social networking sites use among adolescents. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between different types of online activities (i.e., information searching, social interaction and entertainment) and self-esteem. It examined whether the relationships vary across gender. One hundred and ninety-three students (57.5% males; Mage = 13.33, SDage = 1.58) participated in the present study. Unexpectedly, the associations between online activities and self-esteem were not significant (p > 0.05). Path analysis showed gender moderated the relationships between social interaction activities and self-esteem. Females reported higher levels of engagement in social interaction activities and self-esteem than their male counterparts. The present study shows the importance of assessing different types of online activities as a predictor for understanding the impact of social media use among adolescents.
... Adolescents who have relatively lower socio-economic positions than their classmates or attend schools characterized by significant inequalities might use social media as a tool to manage a preoccupation with status by engaging in selective self-presentation on social networks. The possibility to select and modify the content to be shared online, which allows displaying an enhanced version of their identities and lives (Brown & Tiggemann, 2016;Cohen et al., 2017;Kim & Chock, 2015;Nesi et al., 2018;Subrahmanyam & Šmahel, 2011), could be one of the processes underlying the associations with PSMU. ...
Research on the social determinants of Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU) among adolescents is scant and focused on proximal contexts and interpersonal relationships. This study examines the relation of PSMU with economic inequality, measured at country, school and individual levels. It also evaluated the moderating role of family and peer support in these associations. The 2017/18 Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) study measured PSMU in 179,049 adolescents aged 11-, 13-and 15-year-olds in 43 countries and sub-regions of Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia) and the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, and Wales). Associations between inequality and PSMU were tested using multilevel logistic regression analyis. Results showed that adolescents who were relatively more deprived than their schoolmates and attended more economically unequal schools had a higher likelihood of reporting PSMU. In addition, school wealth inequality was more closely related to PSMU among adolescents with lower levels of peer support. A similar effect of country income inequality was found, but only in adolescents who reported low family support. Our findings expand the existing literature on the detrimental impact of inequalities in different social contexts on adolescent wellbeing by showing the role of inequalities in the engagement in PSMU.
... A recently published meta-analysis involving 13,301 respondents revealed a positive correlation between the use of SNSs and DEBs (22). Nonetheless, a few studies reported no correlation between them (23,24). ...
Background
Disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) are complex health issues that may lead to negative physical and mental health outcomes among college students. More studies should be directed toward the screening of DEBs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of DEBs among Saudi female university students and their association with social networking site (SNSs) usage and composite lifestyle behaviors during the unprecedented period of COVID-19.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 445 females recruited using stratified random sampling. The participants self-reported demographic, social, medical, and lifestyle data and completed the validated Arabic version of the Eating Attitudes Test-26, Social Networking Sites (SNSs) Usage Questionnaire, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, and Body Shape Questionnaire.
Results
The prevalence of DEBs was 27.2% among the female students at Taif University. From the pre-pandemic period until the current time, the DEBs-risk group had a significantly higher SNS navigation rate (36.4%) than the normal group (20.4%) ( X ² = 30.015, p = 0.001). The regression analysis revealed that females with a significant body image concern, higher number of SNSs friends, and frequent visits to SNSs, and those seeking social-dependent information in relation to weight loss/dieting were more likely to develop DEBs (Overall Model: Chi-Square X ² = 158.071, p < 0.000 ** ).
Conclusions
SNSs usage and DEBs were associated during the COVID-pandemic. However, the composite lifestyle score did not demonstrate a significant association with DEBs among the female students at Taif University. Investigating the magnitude of DEBs and understanding the role of SNS are essential for preventing disordered eating among young females.
... In particular, appearance-related media are an extremely risky factor for body image [15,16]. In the current information era, a social networking site (SNS) is a popular option throughout the world for people presenting and browsing appearance-related photos, which have a prominent impact on BD [17][18][19]. These sites include options such as Facebook and Instagram in Western countries and WeChat Moments and Qzone in China (accounting for 85.1% and 47.6% of Chinese citizens, respectively) [20]. ...
Objective:
According to sociocultural theory, media is associated with detrimental effects on body image. Due to the popularity of social networking sites (SNS) and the prevalence of body image disturbance among young women, the association between them is worth further exploration. This study examined the relationship between photo activity on SNS and body dissatisfaction (BD) and the roles of thin-ideal internalization (TII) and body appreciation (BA) in this relation.
Materials and methods:
A total of 746 Chinese female undergraduate students (mean age 20.34 ± 1.47 years) completed a questionnaire measuring SNS photo activity, TII, BD, and BA.
Results:
(1) Photo activity on SNS was positively associated with BD (r = 0.10, p < 0.01), and TII could mediate this relation (β = 0.07, 95% CI = [0.04, 0.10]). (2) Both the direct effect of SNS photo activity on BD (β = -0.08, p < 0.05) and the mediating effect of TII (β = -0.09, p < 0.01) were moderated by BA. Specifically, these associations were more pronounced for students with lower BA.
Conclusion:
People exposed to ideal photos or images can shape women's body image perception via TII, whether in the age of traditional media or the Internet, and BA did not buffer the effect of ideal photos on internalization. Our findings could provide practical suggestions for rational photo activity on SNS and the intervention for BD.
... Body image driven by exposure to Instagram Fitspiration images is underpinned by cognitive theories, such as social comparison, self-schema, and self-discrepancy (Ahadzadeh et al., 2017;Fatt et al., 2019;Kim & Chock, 2015;Rodgers et al., 2015;Tiggemann & Anderberg, 2019;Yu & Jung, 2018). The relevance of third-person effect (TPE) theory, where individuals perceive that the media content has a greater effect on others than on themselves (Davison, 1983), was documented in several studies elucidating the effect of idealized images in magazines on body image (Chia, 2007;Chia & Wen, 2010;David & Johnson, 1998). ...
Exposure to Instagram Fitspiration images creates negative perceptions toward one’s body. Drawing on third-person effect (TPE) theory, this study aims to explain such feelings among viewers and examine the effect of appearance self-schema as an underlying cause of negative body image and the perceived impact of Fitspiration images on the self and others. A total of 301 university students who were viewers of Fitspiration images were recruited to complete a survey on demographic characteristics, body image, appearance self-schema, and the perceived impact of Fitspiration images on the self and others. Results show that the perceived effect of Fitspiration is greater on others than on the self. Appearance self-schema and the perceived impact of the media on others are negatively correlated with body image. Moreover, appearance self-schema positively counts for the perceived impact of Fitspiration images on the self and others. The robustness of TPE theory was confirmed in the context of Fitspiration images. Theoretically, TPE theory was expanded by introducing appearance self-schema as a predictor of first- and third-person perceptions. Some practical recommendations were made for young viewers and educationalists about the physical and mental health education related to the findings of this study.
... This may increase users' desire for a similar response on social media. Regular views and comments on the profiles of social media friends, i.e. social grooming, have been linked to a drive for thinness (Kim & Chock, 2015). ...
This chapter examines how body image deception is created and understood in social media. The authors focus specifically on the beach body, which is a narrower form of bodily representation online, but where deception is especially likely to occur. Focus group discussions with young adults revealed that editing and perfecting the beach body is commonplace and even normalized on social media. However, participants distinguished between celebrities and friends in expected use of manipulation and seemed to place a limit on the acceptable types of manipulation: body tan but not body shape, for example. The authors discuss the implications of these discussions and how applying deception theory in body image research can provide useful insights.
... Aktywne zaangażowanie ma większy wpływ na stan psychiczny niż pasywna konsumpcja. Wykazano, że u młodych kobiet aktywne zaangażowanie w media społecznościowe koreluje dodatnio z motywacją do chudnięcia (Won, Chock, 2015). Aktywność na Facebooku związana z publikacją zdjęć koreluje dodatnio z internalizacją obrazu nadmiernie szczupłego obrazu ciała, samo-uprzedmiotowieniem oraz motywacją do chudnięcia, natomiast ujemnie z zadowoleniem ze swojej masy ciała (Meier, Gray, 2014). ...
W tej monografii Czytelnik znajdzie 12 prac z trzech obszarów zdrowia kobiet.
Pierwszym obszarem będzie problematyka zdrowia w kontekście biomedycznym.
Autorzy prezentują wybrane choroby i zagrożenia dla zdrowia kobiet w ujęciu epidemiologicznym
i klinicznym, wskazując na specyfikę diagnozy i leczenia chorób
kobiecych. Drugi nurt naukowych rozważań odbywa się w odniesieniu do społecznych
ról kobiet. Przyjmowane przez kobiety role opiekuńcze: matki, córki, pielęgniarki
oznaczają duży wysiłek i generują lęki, napięcie i poczucie odpowiedzialności
za zdrowie innych. Ten stres społeczny odciska piętno na zdrowiu subiektywnym
i obiektywnym. Trzecim obszarem jest budowanie zdrowia w kontekście kultury
współczesnej, kształtowanie wizerunku ciała kobiet, influencerów i followersów,
uwypuklając przy tym możliwości „naprawcze” nowoczesnych mediów.
... The presence of other actors in social media presents another challenge (DeVito et al., 2017). Followers or network of friendships in social media are valued more in terms of their participatory nature, their becoming other actors in the same stage (Kim & Chock, 2015;Chiang & Suen, 2015). DeVito et al. (2017) finding show that varieties of technical features embedded in specific platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat) such as feedbacks & contents' circularity may influence other actors to perceive the specificity of the platform used. ...
A current study shows the strategy used to build a healthy individual self-presentation by performing cycling on Instagram platform during the Covid-19 pandemic. A positive self-image shown on Instagram account is commonly perceived as a communication pattern in digital social interaction. Given the pandemic situation, cycling as a healthy lifestyle has fast become the most common strategy used by Instagram users to achieve positive self-presentation, by integrating cycling activities data aggregated from Online Social Fitness Networks (OSFNs) platform. This study uses a qualitative method with constructivism paradigm and case study approach. Data collection is conducted through observations and interviews with four informants. Observation is acquired by collecting a series of Instagram feeds and stories of the informants for the past six months of the pandemic. Interviews are conducted to explore both the informants’ strategies and motivations to present the data in their respective Instagram accounts. The result contends that the “full package” strategy is the preferable choice for informants’ self-presentation on Instagram by selecting various locations of background photos and the symbols which confirm their social status, by inserting popular hashtags, by providing links to associate with Instagram glamorous urban cyclists’ lifestyle content, and by showing off cycling data from OSFNs platform.
... For example, whereas active engagement relates to more interactivity online, such as sharing content or commenting on posts, passive online engagement involves more secondary observation and browsing of content. This distinction may have importance as research indicates that more active social media engagement is associated with more body image concerns (Kim & Chock, 2015). ...
Digital media use represents a central part of young adults’ daily life, within which social interactions increasingly center on visual content. While visual content, such as representations of self, may facilitate positive social interactivity, it may also increase susceptibility to harmful social interactions, such as appearance-related online victimization. Black women’s bodies are often the target of gendered racial microaggressions and sexual victimization which can contribute to body image concerns. Still, the online victimization–body esteem link among Black women remains unexamined. This study used structural equation modeling to examine the associations between four categories of online victimization (i.e., general online victimization, online individual racial victimization, online vicarious racial victimization, online sexual victimization) and body esteem. We further examined whether womanism, an identity-based factor, moderated the relationship between online victimization and body esteem. A sample of 1,595 young Black women completed an online survey. Results showed that online sexual victimization was significantly negatively associated with body esteem and that high levels of womanism buffered the harmful impact of general online victimization on body esteem. Future research is needed to examine Black women’s and gender expansive people’s experiences with online gendered racial victimization along with other forms of online intersectional oppression.
... [17][18][19][20] Through social media and other networking platforms, adolescents may also interact with peers, spreading body dissatisfaction and the desire for an ideal body (eg, thinspiration [content idealizing and promoting thin bodies] or fitspiration [content idealizing and promoting strong, fit bodies]). 21 Moreover, adolescents may obtain and share false information about weight loss strategies. 22 Using inappropriate weight loss strategies, such as self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, and use of weight loss medications without prescription, rather than engaging in appropriate levels of physical activity may lead to nutritional deficiencies and growth deceleration. ...
Importance:
Despite high use of smartphones among adolescents, little is known about the association of smartphone use with body image and related behaviors.
Objective:
To examine the associations of duration of smartphone use and types of content most frequently accessed via smartphone with body image distortion and weight loss behaviors in adolescents.
Design, setting, and participants:
This cross-sectional study used data from the population-based Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey 2017. Participants comprised a nationally representative sample of 53 133 Korean adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Data were collected from June 1 to July 18, 2017. The analysis was performed from February 7, 2020, to March 30, 2022.
Exposures:
Self-reported duration of smartphone use (min/d) and types of content (educational or informational searches; chatting, messaging, or email; social networking services or forums; games; videos, movies, or music; webtoons or web novels; and shopping or other activities) most frequently accessed during smartphone use.
Main outcomes and measures:
Body image distortion (overperception of body weight), weight loss attempt, use of inappropriate weight loss strategies (skipping meals, eating only 1 food at a time, vomiting, or using laxatives), and healthy weight loss behaviors (muscle-strengthening and aerobic physical activity). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs, accounting for survey sampling and adjusting for potential confounders.
Results:
Among 53 133 participants, the mean (SD) age was 15.0 (1.8) years; 50.7% of participants were female, and 49.3% were male. After adjusting for types of content accessed, prolonged smartphone use (≥301 min/d) was positively associated with body image distortion (boys: OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.07-1.28; girls: OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.10-1.30) and inappropriate weight loss strategies (boys: OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.25-1.90; girls: OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 2.14-2.79) in both sexes compared with minimal smartphone use (1-120 min/d). After adjusting for duration of smartphone use, the use of smartphones mainly for videos, movies, or music (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02-1.29), webtoons or web novels (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.10-1.48), and games (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.03-1.32) was positively associated with body image distortion in boys compared with the use of smartphones mainly for educational or informational content. Among boys, the use of smartphones mainly for chatting, messaging, or email was positively associated with muscle-strengthening activity (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.18-1.44) and aerobic physical activity (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.29-1.55), as was the use of smartphones mainly for social networking services or forums (muscle-strengthening activity: OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.13-1.42; aerobic physical activity: OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.15-1.43). Among girls, the use of smartphones mainly for chatting, messaging, or email was positively associated with weight loss attempts (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.19-1.51) and the use of inappropriate weight loss strategies (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.25-1.99), as was the use of smartphones mainly for social networking services or forums (weight loss attempts: OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.07-1.36; use of inappropriate weight loss strategies: OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.08-1.73).
Conclusions and relevance:
In this cross-sectional study, both the duration of smartphone use and the types of content most frequently accessed via smartphone were associated with body image distortion and weight loss behaviors in adolescents. These findings suggest a need for the identification of strategies to help adolescents develop healthy smartphone use behaviors.
... Among women, making upward appearance comparisons is moderately related to negative body image (Myers & Crowther, 2009). On social media, young adult women most frequently make upward appearance comparisons to peers and rarely compare their appearance to family Fardouly, Diedrichs, Vartanian, & Halliwell, 2015).Cross-sectional research shows negative associations between body image and active social media engagement (ASME), particularly photo-based ASME (Cohen, Newton-John, & Slater, 2017;Holland & Tiggemann, 2016;Kim & Chock, 2015;Meier & Gray,2014). We consider ASME behaviours of viewing and commenting on friends' social media. ...
Background:
Concerns about the harmful effects of smartphone use on teenage development have been raised as the use of cell phones among adolescents has risen.
Objective:
This study aimed to examine the associations of smartphone usage patterns with Body Image Distortion (BID) and weight loss behaviors among adolescent smartphone users in Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
This population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from July to October 2022. We assessed the mean daily length of smartphone use and classified it into quartiles using data from a self-reported survey and data on weekday and weekend use. Self-reported body weight and height were collected via an online survey. Out of the 11384 adolescents, the majority was females (65.7%) and was secondary school students (68.9%).
Results:
The prolonged smartphone use (301 min/d) was found in 36.4% of adolescents, 181-300 min/d in 27.6% of respondents, 121-180 min/d in 22.4% of respondents, while the modest smartphone use (1-120 min/d) was found only in 13.6% of participants. The duration of smartphone use was significantly associated with BID (P= 0.000); students with middle perceived stress levels (51.4%) and no depressive symptoms (68.9%) used smartphones 121-180 min/d sparingly. However, prolonged smartphone use was significantly associated with the presence of depressive symptoms (42.6%) and high perceived stress levels (21.5%). Weight loss behaviors were significantly associated with smartphone use duration. Modest smartphone use was significantly found in students with normal weight (P= 0.00, 71.9%); however, aerobic physical activity weight loss strategy (P= 0.00, 30.9%) was correlated with prolonged smartphone use.
Conclusion:
Adequate parental advice is required to assist teenagers in developing healthy smartphone usage practices. Digital platform companies may increase their social responsibility for the information generated and delivered on their networks, boosting its beneficial effect.
Social media use is rapidly expanding in terms of frequency, duration, and the diversity of platforms available. Given evidence for associations between social media use, body image disturbances, and disordered eating it is important to identify potentially harmful aspects of social media use that could serve as intervention targets. This study surveyed two demographically diverse undergraduate student cohorts in 2015 and 2022 to compare patterns in social media use, body image, and disordered eating behaviors between samples, including as a function of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to test the hypothesized moderating role of specific content consumed in the association between social media use and maladaptive outcomes. Participants in 2022 reported greater body image disturbances, more frequent vomiting and laxative use, and more time spent on a greater number of social media accounts, with significantly greater use of image-based platforms such as Snapchat, TikTok, and YouTube. Moderated regression analyses suggest that type of content consumed, but not the amount of time spent on social media or diversity of platforms utilized, is associated with body image disturbances and disordered eating behaviors after controlling for gender and body mass index. Specifically, exposure to weight loss content was associated with lower body appreciation, greater fears of negative appearance evaluation, and more frequent binge eating. Contrary to initial hypotheses, exposure to body positivity/neutrality content did not have protective effects. Findings suggest that interventions targeting negative consequences of social media use should focus on addressing content consumed, rather than time spent on social media platforms.
The practice of adopting a fake online persona (‘catfishing’) is commonly adopted by cyber criminals to facilitate contact with -victims, yet there is a dearth of research exploring what makes an individual vulnerable to being catfished. This study explored the risk factors and vulnerability of young people to catfishing. 42 participants aged 13–17 completed an online questionnaire exploring problematic internet use, self-esteem, social isolation, parental involvement and online safety awareness, and The Catfish Test. Participants were asked to identify each profile as real or fake. The results of the study are discussed alongside implications for practice.
Advertisers, recommendation-system designers, and public-health campaigners are investing heavily in online targeting, focusing intently on social-network platforms because of their ability to identify unique subpopulations according to the users’ traits. A particularly informative trait is current behavioral intentions, which provide solid information about users’ future behaviors; yet, the ability to infer such intentions constitutes a significant risk to users’ privacy. An important task is therefore understanding to what extent we can infer behavioral intentions of social-network users solely using publicly-available data. In this article, we formulate intention inference as a time-series classification task and design novel Bayesian-network models that can capture the dynamically evolving nature of the human decision-making process by combining data and priors from multiple domains. We then extend our models to the more general case of attribute inference in the presence of scarce labeled data by introducing a new semi-supervised approach to user-modeling in social networks. We evaluate the performance of our models when used for the inference of five behavioral intentions using temporal, real-world social-network data.
Online behaviors, especially those concerning appearance preoccupation, have been related to poorer mental health, but early risk factors for online appearance preoccupation are not well understood. In this study, data were collected in the first years of adolescence (age 10–13 years) to investigate correlates of later online appearance preoccupation (ages 15–18 years). Drawing data from a longitudinal study, 261 Australian adolescents (48% male; Mage = 12.0, SD = 0.89) completed surveys to report on social pressures, personal beliefs and attitudes, and body change and eating behaviors at the start of the study (when age 10 to 13). They also reported their online appearance preoccupation (appearance comparison/presentation, and appearance-related activity) five years later at age 15 to 18. Results demonstrated that the most prominent risks for online appearance preoccupation and activity in later adolescence were social in origin. Specifically, appearance-related conversations with friends in early adolescence emerged as the most salient preceding risk factor for boys' and girls' online appearance preoccupation five years later. Also, there were distinct early risks in models estimated separately for boys and girls; these included parents’ appearance-related attitudes and behaviors for boys and internalization of appearance ideals and emotional eating for girls.
Widespread concern has been expressed regarding unrealistic body image and adolescent eating disorder promoting content on social media (SM) platforms. Numerous research studies have examined the impact of SM on body image as well as social vulnerability on negative mental health outcomes. Despite this, few previous studies have examined the impact of SM on body image specifically in vulnerable, underserved, or predominantly minority communities. This study examines the impact of SM on body image issues (BII) in adolescents in a public school system where greater than 50% of the students live in impoverished households. In late 2019, high school student leaders in Northwest Louisiana developed a survey alongside Step Forward, a collective impact initiative. Questions investigated adolescent SM use and mental health in Caddo Parish, namely BII. Teachers within Caddo Parish Public School System administered the survey. Out of the 11,248 total high school students in the school system, nearly 50% were sampled for a sample size of 5,070. Hypotheses included: (1) females were more likely to use SM than males, (2) increasing time spent on SM would correlate with females reporting BII, with males remaining largely unaffected, and (3) highly visual social media (HVSM) platforms would be associated with greater reports of BII than non-HVSM platforms. Results showed females were more likely to use SM ( p < 0.001) and report BII ( p < 0.001) compared to males, while both sexes reported BII with increasing time spent on SM ( p < 0.001). A diversity of platforms were associated with increased BII among SM users compared to non-users ( p < 0.001): Pinterest, Reddit, Snapchat, TikTok, Twitter, and YouTube. This conclusion is tempered by the omission of race as a variable in the study design, the use of self-report, and the use of an unvalidated instrument. These findings suggest that the harmful association between SM use and BII may transcend culture and socioeconomic status for a broadly deleterious effect on adolescent mental wellbeing.
The purpose of the paper is to examine the influence of the mediating role of consumption-oriented social networking site (SNS) usage on fear of missing out (FOMO) and social comparison. This descriptive study was conducted amongst a sample of 737 SNS users in India. Structural equation modeling was done to test the hypotheses. Analysis revealed that FOMO enhanced consumption-oriented SNS usage and social comparison orientation. Results also showed that consumption-oriented SNS usage partially mediates the relationship between FOMO and social comparison orientation. This study is pioneering in conceptualizing and testing a theoretical model linking fear of missing out, consumption-oriented SNS usage, and social comparison. In the context of social networking sites users between the age group of 18 to 45 years, implications concerning fear of missing out and social comparisons which are triggered in the presence of consumption-oriented SNS usage is elaborated, thus striving to fill the gap within the existing literature.
O material que estamos apresentando traz uma síntese sobre uma
série de revisões referentes ao tema do Bullying. Também dedicando
uma parte a aquele que ocorre de modo Virtual (também conhecido
pelo termo em inglês, Cyberbullying), ao qual iremos nos referir como
Bullying Virtual, para uma melhor compreensão em Língua
Portuguesa e para que se compreenda a diferença entre o Bullying
(aquele que ocorre na realidade material) e o Bullying Virtual (que
ocorre por meio das mídias digitais).
Social media facilitates a digital presentation of self and a curated identity that may differ from real-life portrayals. Being exposed to others ‘highlight reel’ may influence the way we perceive ourselves. Using collage with an unstructured interview, children’s perceptions of how they portray their identity in digital spaces were explored. This paper focuses on an in-depth exploration of three of these collages and demonstrates that identity portrayal may be more complex than an online/offline binary. Findings demonstrate that children need support from practitioners to develop emotional skills to deal with the complexity of their social media use beyond traditional e-safety lessons.
A growing number of studies have revealed the significant impact of social networking sites on heterosexual women's self-objectification. The present study examined the association between the use of the L (a dating application designed for female sexual minorities) and self-objectification among Chinese female sexual minorities. A total of 777 participants (515 lesbian, 239 bisexual, and 23 asexual women) were recruited online. Participants completed measurements of the L use patterns, objectification experiences in the L, appearance-oriented partner preference, and self-objectification. The L use patterns include general use patterns (i.e., use time, selfies, likes, and comments) and dating motivation use patterns, the latter of which were indexed by seeking sexual or romantic partners and concerning nearby users. Results indicated that general usage time was not associated with self-objectification but had a significant indirect effect on self-objectification via the chain mediator of objectification experiences and appearance-oriented partner preference. Selfie posting, receiving likes, and positive comments were positively correlated with self-objectification. Users with dating motivation reported higher levels of self-objectification, and the chain mediator of objectification experiences and appearance-oriented partner preference fully mediated the relationship between dating motivation and self-objectification. The current findings highlight the effect of dating motivation on self-objectification in Chinese female sexual minorities.
Social media addiction is the emerging occurrence in which individuals develop psychological dependencies on microblog, wechat, Tik Tok and so on. Existing research has demonstrated the possible relationship between mobile social media addiction and disordered eating attitudes/behavior. In this study, we investigated the relationship between executive function, especially food-inhibitory control, affective state/stress, and mobile social media addiction among female college students as all play predictive roles in food addiction. A structural equation model was used to examine the mediation model hypothesis, and the results confirmed the mediating role of affective state and stress between executive function, especially inhibitory control over high-calorie food, and mobile social media addiction among Chinese female college students. The results verify the correlation between social media addiction and disordered eating attitudes/behavior from the perspective of psychological mechanisms. These proposals emphasize the significance of improving inhibitory control over high-calorie food and the importance of providing psychological counseling to intervene in negative emotions and stress management in female college students.
يمكن تعريف الاهتمام بصورة الجسم بأنه: "التصورات والمشاعر السلبية التي يشعر بها الشخص تجاه جسمه وتتأثر بالعوامل مثل شكل الجسم ومظهره، والمواقف تجاه زيادة الوزن، والمعايير الثقافية فيما يتعلق بالجسم المثالي".
أستهدفت الدراسة التعرف على مدى الاهتمام بصورة الجسم لدى طلبة الجامعة، والفروق ذات الدلالة الاحصائية في الاهتمام بصورة الجسم لهم تبعاً لمتغير الجنس (ذكور – اناث) والتخصص(علمي- انساني), قامت الباحثة بتبني مقياس(2017). He et alالمكون من (24) فقرة موزعة على ستة مجالات ، وقد قامت الباحثة بمجموعة من الاجراءات لتهيئة المقياس لقياس هذه الظاهرة في البيئة العراقية, وتم استخراج الصدق والثبات, واستخراج القوة التمييزية بطريقتي اسلوب المجموعتين الطرفيتين, وعلاقة الفقرة بالدرجة الكلية، وللتحقق من أهداف البحث تم أختيار ((200 طالب وطالبة من طلبة جامعة بغداد, وبعد تطبيق البيانات ومعالجتها أظهرت النتائج ما يأتي:
ان عينة البحث يتصفون بأن لديهم إهتمام بصورة الجسم.
ليس هناك فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية في الاهتمام بصورة الجسم على وفق متغير الجنس، وهناك فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية في الاهتمام بصورة الجسم على وفق متغير التخصص ولصالح العلمي.
وفي ضوء نتائج البحث تضع الباحثة جملة من التوصيات والمقترحات، ومنها:
إجراء برامج تسلط الضوء على الطبيعة المثالية للصور والمحتوى الذي يتم تحميله على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي وتوعية الشباب حول التأثير الذي يمكن ان تحدثه المقارنات مع هذا المحتوى على اهتمامهم المفرط بأجسامهم ومظهرهم.
Recent surveys have suggested that sports media exposure may be linked to adolescents' body perceptions. This study tested this relationship from the perspective of objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts, 1997) by surveying and experimenting with 426 adolescent females aged 10-19. Sports magazine reading predicted greater body satisfaction among older adolescents, regardless of whether they participated in sports. Self-objectification in adolescents of all ages predicted mental health risks including body shame, disordered eating, and depression. Participants also viewed a video depicting men's sports, women's lean sports or women's nonlean sports. For White participants, watching lean sports increased, self-objectification, whereas for participants of color, watching nonlean sports had the same effect. Discussion focuses on self-objectification in adolescents and how cultural differences in the female body ideal are reflected in portrayals of female athletes.
This study explores the relationship between perceived bridging social capital and specific Facebook-enabled communication behaviors using survey data from a sample of U.S. adults (N=614). We explore the role of a specific set of Facebook behaviors that support relationship maintenance and assess the extent to which demographic variables, time on site, total and “actual” Facebook Friends, and this new measure (Facebook Relationship Maintenance Behaviors) predict bridging social capital. Drawing upon scholarship on social capital and relationship maintenance, we discuss the role of social grooming and attention-signaling activities in shaping perceived access to resources in one's network as measured by bridging social capital.
The development and validation of a new measure, the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) is described. The EDI is a 64 item, self-report, multiscale measure designed for the assessment of psychological and behavioral traits common in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia. The EDI consists of eight sub-scales measuring: 1) Drive for Thinness, 2) Bulimia, 3) Body Dissatisfaction, 4) Ineffectiveness, 5) Perfectionism, 6) Interpersonal Distrust, 7) Interoceptive Awareness and 8) Maturity Fears. Reliability (internal consistency) is established for all subscales and several indices of validity are presented. First, AN patients (N = 113) are differentiated from female comparison (FC) subjects (N = 577) using a cross-validation procedure. Secondly, patient self-report subscale scores agree with clinician ratings of subscale traits. Thirdly, clinically recovered AN patients score similarly to FCs on all subscales. Finally, convergent and discriminate validity are established for subscales. The EDI was also administered to groups of normal weight bulimic women, obese, and normal weight but formerly obese women, as well as a male comparison group. Group differences are reported and the potential utility of the EDI is discussed.
Two meta-analyses were conducted to determine the extent to which pressure from the mass media to conform to the muscular "ideal" male body affects men's self-images (i.e., body satisfaction, body esteem, and self-esteem). A total of 25 studies contributing 93 effect sizes were included in two meta-analyses, which re- vealed that pressure from the mass media was significantly related to men feeling worse about their own bodies. The effect size from the meta-analysis of the correlational studies (Study 1) was significantly negative, d = -0.19, p < .001. The effect size from the meta-analysis of the experimental studies (Study 2) was also significantly negative, d = -0.22, p < .0001. Results from both Study 1 and Study 2 suggest that as men felt pressure from the mass media (in correlational and experi- mental designs) they felt worse about their bodies. Results showed that pressure from the mass media was related to body satisfaction, body esteem, self-esteem, psychological disorders (e.g., depression), and behavioral outcomes (e.g., excessive exercising).
The hyperpersonal model of computer-mediated communication (CMC) suggests manners by which online communication transforms relational communication and self-perception. Criticism of the model includes concerns over the linkage among its four theoretical components. Recent research on identity shift in CMC suggests that senders' online selective self-presentation provides sufficient dynamics to modify individuals' personality following an online identity performance. The present research extends these findings by examining effects on identity shift due to the influence of feedback to an individual following a self-presentation that deliberately emphasizes a specific personality characteristic. Results support hypothesized interaction effects and illuminate the personality-modification effects of feedback on someone in a public blog setting, as well as feedback in a private expressive condition. Major implications for the status of the hyperpersonal model are presented, with additional questions regarding the computers-as-social-actors effect.
This paper explores the rapid adoption of online social network sites (also known as social networking sites) (SNSs) by students on a US college campus. Using quantitative (n = 713) and qualitative (n = 51) data based on a diverse sample of college students, demographic and other characteristics of SNS users and non-users are compared. Starting with the theoretical frameworks of Robin Dunbar and Erving Goffman, this paper situates SNS activity under two rubrics: (1) social grooming; and (2) presentation of the self. This study locates these sites within the emergence of social computing and makes a conceptual distinction between the expressive Internet, the Internet of social interactions, and the instrumental Internet, the Internet of airline tickets and weather forecasts. This paper compares and contrasts the user and non-user populations in terms of expressive and instrumental Internet use, social ties and attitudes toward social-grooming, privacy and efficiency. Two clusters are found to influence SNS adoption: attitudes towards social grooming and privacy concerns. It is especially found that non-users display an attitude towards social grooming (gossip, small-talk and generalized, non-functional people-curiosity) that ranges from incredulous to hostile. Contrary to expectations, non-users do not report a smaller number of close friends compared with users, but they do keep in touch with fewer people. Users of SNS are also heavier users of the expressive Internet, while there is no difference in use of instrumental Internet. Gender also emerges as an important predictor. These findings highlight the need to differentiate between the different modalities of Internet use.
Mass media are believed to be a pervasive force in shaping physical appearance ideals and have been shown, to negatively impact females' body image. Little research has attended to the effects of media exposure on males' body image. The current experiment exposed 158 males to television advertisements containing either ideal male images or neutral images that were inserted between segments of a television program. Participants were blocked on dispositional body image and attitudes toward appearance variables to assess for moderating effects. Results indicated that participants exposed to ideal image advertisements became significantly more depressed and had higher levels of muscle dissatisfaction than those exposed to neutral ads. Inconsistent with past research, no dispositional effects were noted that would suggest the influence of schematicity on mood and body image changes.
The displacive ferroelectric Bi3TiNbO9 [M(r) = 911.7, orthorhombic, A2(1)am, a = 5.4398 (7), b = 5.3941 (7), c = 25.099 (5) angstrom, D(x) = 8.223 g cm-3, Z = 4, Mo K-alpha, lambda = 0.7107 angstrom, mu = 737.6 cm-1, F(000) = 1535.3] is described at room temperature as a commensurate modulation of an Fmmm parent structure. Displacive modes of F2mm, Amam and Abam symmetry are all substantial and reduce the symmetry to A2(1)am. A final value of 0.0295 for R1 = SIGMA-h\\F(obs)(h)\ - \F(calc)(h)\\/SIGMA-h\F(obs)(h)\ was obtained for the 1386 unmerged data used for refinement. The modes of Amam and Abam symmetry were essentially the same as in a previous refinement [Wolfe, Newnham, Smith & Kay (1971). Ferroelectrics, 3, 1-7], but the F2mm displacive mode associated with the ferroelectricity of the compound was substantially different and agreed with features of a recent re-refinement of Bi4Ti3O12[Rae, Thompson, Withers & Willis (1990). Acta Cryst. B46, 474-487].
While computer-mediated communication use and research are proliferating rapidly, findings offer contrasting images regarding the interpersonal character of this technology. Research trends over the history of these media are reviewed with observations across trends suggested so as to provide integrative principles with which to apply media to different circumstances. First, the notion that the media reduce personal influences—their impersonal effects—is reviewed. Newer theories and research are noted explaining normative “interpersonal” uses of the media. From this vantage point, recognizing that impersonal communication is sometimes advantageous, strategies for the intentional depersonalization of media use are inferred, with implications for Group Decision Support Systems effects. Additionally, recognizing that media sometimes facilitate communication that surpasses normal interpersonal levels, a new perspective on “hyperpersonal” communication is introduced. Subprocesses are discussed pertaining to receivers, senders, channels, and feedback elements in computer-mediated communication that may enhance impressions and interpersonal relations.
This study examines the role of online daters’ physical attractiveness in their profile self-presentation and, in particular, their use of deception. Sixty-nine online daters identified the deceptions in their online dating profiles and had their photograph taken in the lab. Independent judges rated the online daters’ physical attractiveness. Results show that the lower online daters’ attractiveness, the more likely they were to enhance their profile photographs and lie about their physical descriptors (height, weight, age). The association between attractiveness and deception did not extend to profile elements unrelated to their physical appearance (e.g., income, occupation), suggesting that their deceptions were limited and strategic. Results are discussed in terms of (a) evolutionary theories about the importance of physical attractiveness in the dating realm and (b) the technological affordances that allow online daters to engage in selective self-presentation.
The development and validation of a new measure, the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) is described. The EDI is a 64 item, self-report, multiscale measure designed for the assessment of psychological and behavioral traits common in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia. The EDI consists of eight sub-scales measuring: 1) Drive for Thinness, 2) Bulimia, 3) Body Dissatisfaction, 4) Ineffectiveness, 5) Perfectionism, 6) Interpersonal Distrust, 7) Interoceptive Awareness and 8) Maturity Fears. Reliability (internal consistency) is established for all subscales and several indices of validity are presented. First, AN patients (N = 113) are differentiated from female comparison (FC) subjects (N = 577) using a cross-validation procedure. Secondly, patient self-report subscale scores agree with clinician ratings of subscale traits. Thirdly, clinically recovered AN patients score similarly to FCs on all subscales. Finally, convergent and discriminate validity are established for subscales. The EDI was also administered to groups of normal weight bulimic women, obese, and normal weight but formerly obese women, as well as a male comparison group. Group differences are reported and the potential utility of the EDI is discussed.
Abstract Internet addiction is an increasing concern among young adults. Self-presentational theory posits that the Internet offers a context in which individuals are able to control their image. Little is known about body image and eating concerns among pathological Internet users. The aim of this study was to explore the association between Internet addiction symptoms, body image esteem, body image avoidance, and disordered eating. A sample of 392 French young adults (68 percent women) completed an online questionnaire assessing time spent online, Internet addiction symptoms, disordered eating, and body image avoidance. Fourteen men (11 percent) and 26 women (9.7 percent) reported Internet addiction. Body image avoidance was associated with Internet addiction symptoms among both genders. Controlling for body-mass index, Internet addiction symptoms, and body image avoidance were both significant predictors of disordered eating among women. These findings support the self-presentational theory of Internet addiction and suggest that body image avoidance is an important factor.
Examined the relationship between college women's media use and 2 sets of variables (disordered-eating symptomatology and a set of related variables, including body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness) and assessed the relationship between college men's media use and their endorsement of thinness for themselves and for women. 232 female and 190 male undergraduates were surveyed. It was expected that consumption of thinness-depicting and thinness-promoting (TDP) media would be related to disordered eating and thinness endorsement, with the social learning process of modeling accounting for the relationships. For women, media use predicted disordered-eating symptomatology, drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and ineffectiveness. For men, media use predicted endorsement of personal thinness and dieting and select attitudes in favor of thinness and dieting for women. Magazine reading was a more consistent predictor than TV viewing. Several relationships remained significant when interest in fitness and dieting as media topics was partialled out of the analyses. Exposure to TDP media appears to be associated with a subsequent increase in eating disorder symptomatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Recent surveys have suggested that sports media exposure may be linked to adolescents' body perceptions. This study tested this relationship from the perspective of objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) by surveying and experimenting with 426 adolescent females aged 10–19. Sports magazine reading predicted greater body satisfaction among older adolescents, regardless of whether they participated in sports. Self-objectification in adolescents of all ages predicted mental health risks including body shame, disordered eating, and depression. Participants also viewed a video depicting men's sports, women's lean sports, or women's nonlean sports. For White participants, watching lean sports increased self-objectification, whereas for participants of color, watching nonlean sports had the same effect. Discussion focuses on self-objectification in adolescents and how cultural differences in the female body ideal are reflected in portrayals of female athletes.
Research has indicated female adolescents are more vulnerable to body image disturbance than male adolescents. However, scholars have begun to examine the increased emphasis on muscularity for men. The current supposition is that a drive to be muscular may be as dangerous for adolescent boys as a drive to be thin is for adolescent girls. Sports, health, and fitness magazines may be a meaningful training ground for adolescents to learn the importance of muscularity and the methods to obtain these perfect sports bodies. Magazines also reinforce the rewards that accompany the attainment of perfect bodies. Nearly 400 high school and college students from an urban area in the Midwest were surveyed to test the extent to which reading fashion, sports, and health/fitness magazines is related to body image and eating disturbances, including the added dimension of muscularity. Results indicate that magazine reading, social comparisons, and critical body image processing are important predictors of body image and eating disturbances for adolescent boys and girls.
Within the cultural context of MySpace, this study explores the ways emerging adults experience social networking. Through focus group methodology, the role of virtual peer interaction in the development of personal, social, and gender identities was investigated. Findings suggest that college students utilize MySpace for identity exploration, engaging in social comparison and expressing idealized aspects of the selves they wish to become. The public nature of self and relationship displays introduce feedback mechanisms by which emerging adults can legitimize images as associated with the self. Also, male–female differences in self-presentation parallel, and possibly intensify, gender norms offline. Our study suggests that social networking sites provide valuable opportunities for emerging adults to realize possible selves; however, increased pressure for female sexual objectification and intensified social comparison may also negatively impact identity development. A balanced view, presenting both opportunities and drawbacks, should be encouraged in policies regarding youth participation in social networking sites.
On social network sites (SNS), information about one's romantic partner is readily available and public for friends. The paper focuses on the negative (SNS jealousy) and positive (SNS relationship happiness) consequences of SNS use for romantic relationships. We examined whether relationship satisfaction, trait jealousy, SNS use and need for popularity predicted these emotional consequences of SNS use and tested the moderating role of self-esteem. For low self-esteem individuals, need for popularity predicted jealousy and relationship happiness. For high-self-esteem individuals, SNS use for grooming was the main predictor. Low-self-esteem individuals try to compensate their low self-esteem by creating an idealized picture. Undesirable information threatens this picture, and especially individuals with a high need for popularity react with SNS jealousy.
This study investigates self-presentation strategies among online dating participants, exploring how participants manage their online presentation of self in order to accomplish the goal of finding a romantic partner. Thirty-four individuals active on a large online dating site participated in telephone interviews about their online dating experiences and perceptions. Qualitative data analysis suggests that participants attended to small cues online, mediated the tension between impression management pressures and the desire to present an authentic sense of self through tactics such as creating a profile that reflected their “ideal self,” and attempted to establish the veracity of their identity claims. This study provides empirical support for Social Information Processing theory in a naturalistic context while offering insight into the complicated way in which “honesty” is enacted online.
The development and validation of a new measure, the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) is described. The EDI is a 64 item, self-report, multiscale measure designed for the assessment of psychological and behavioral traits common in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia. The EDI consists of eight subscales measuring: Drive for Thinness, Bilimia, Body Dissatisfaction, Ineffectiveness, Perfectionism, Interpersonal Distrust, Interoceptive Awareness and Maturity Fears. Reliability (internal consistency) is established for all subscales and several indices of validity are presented. First, AN patients (N=113) are differentiated from femal comparison (FC) subjects (N=577) using a cross-validation procedure. Secondly, patient self-report subscale scores agree with clinician ratings of subscale traits. Thirdly, clinically recovered AN patients score similarly to FCs on all subscales. Finally, convergent and discriminant validity are established for subscales. The EDI was also administered to groups of normal weight bulimic women, obese, and normal weight but formerly obese women, as well as a male comparison group. Group differences are reported and the potential utility of the EDI is discussed.
Facebook is the most popular social networking site (SNS) in the world. This study explored the methods individuals use to manage perceived invasions of privacy in the form of undesirable Facebook photos uploaded and tagged by other users. Limited previous research has focused solely on untagging, deletion request, privacy setting and face-to-face management methods. A series of qualitative focus group discussions identified these and further management methods, such as emailing or texting the uploader to request the removal of the image. An online quantitative questionnaire examined the relationship of the identified methods with age, gender and personality traits.
Untagging was the most frequently cited management method in both the focus group discussions and online questionnaire. Contrary to previous studies, the findings suggested that women were not more likely to untag than men. Younger Facebook users were found to be more likely to untag than older users but were not more likely to use Facebook management methods. Agreeable individuals were more likely to use direct management methods. On average participants chose three methods they would use to manage these undesirable impressions. Future research should investigate the influence of the photo content and the tagged user’s relationship with the uploader on the management of undesirable SNS photos.
Objective
Social media sites, such as Facebook, merge two factors that influence risk for eating disorders: media and peers. Previous work has identified cross-sectional and temporal associations between Facebook use and disordered eating. This study sought to replicate and extend these findings using an experimental design. Method
In Study 1, 960 women completed self-report surveys regarding Facebook use and disordered eating. In Study 2, 84 women were randomly assigned to use Facebook or to use an alternate internet site for 20 min. ResultsMore frequent Facebook use was associated with greater disordered eating in a cross-sectional survey. Facebook use was associated with the maintenance of weight/shape concerns and state anxiety compared to an alternate internet activity. DiscussionFacebook use may contribute to disordered eating by maintaining risk for eating pathology. As such, targeting Facebook use may be helpful in intervention and prevention programs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014)
Abstract The present study examined the relationship between body image and adolescent girls' activity on the social networking site (SNS) Facebook (FB). Research has shown that elevated Internet "appearance exposure" is positively correlated with increased body image disturbance among adolescent girls, and there is a particularly strong association with FB use. The present study sought to replicate and extend upon these findings by identifying the specific FB features that correlate with body image disturbance in adolescent girls. A total of 103 middle and high school females completed questionnaire measures of total FB use, specific FB feature use, weight dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, thin ideal internalization, appearance comparison, and self-objectification. An appearance exposure score was calculated based on subjects' use of FB photo applications relative to total FB use. Elevated appearance exposure, but not overall FB usage, was significantly correlated with weight dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, thin ideal internalization, and self-objectification. Implications for eating disorder prevention programs and best practices in researching SNSs are discussed.
The emphasis the media place on the thin ideal body image may be responsible for body size overestimations that women make, and indirectly cause increases in anorexia nervosa and bulimia. In this experimental study, two variables - ideal-body programming and ideal-body commercials - had an effect on female subjects' self-perceived body images and moods. Ideal-body image commercials lowered body size overestimations and subjects' depression levels. This study supports the notion of an elastic body image in which actual body size is in conflict with a mediated ideal body image and an unstable self-perceived body image. Results of this study suggest that watching even 30 minutes' worth of television programming and advertising can alter a woman's perception of the shape of her body
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between several aspects of television viewing, in particular total exposure, selective viewing of specific genres, and motives for viewing, with body attitudes among adolescents. Participants were 1,452 secondary school students who completed questionnaire measures of eating disorder attitudes and symptomatology, internalization of appearance ideals, appearance schemas, and uses of television. Participants also provided a detailed account of their television watching in the previous week, from which measures of total exposure and viewing of specific genres were generated. It was found that total television time was not related to any body image variable for either boys or girls. However, the time spent watching soap operas was related to drive for thinness in both genders. This relationship was mediated by internalization and appearance schemas. The time spent watching soap operas and music videos was also related to drive for muscularity in boys. Three major components of television usage were identified: entertainment, social learning, and escape from negative affect. The latter two uses had substantial correlations with negative outcomes for both genders. The similar pattern of correlations observed for boys and girls suggests that similar processes are operating in the two genders. It was concluded that television watching does have an impact on young people's sense of body image but that the critical aspects are the type of material and motivations for watching, not the total amount of television watched.
Thisstudy aimed to investigate the role of social comparison processes in women's responses to images of thin-idealize d female beauty. A sample of 126 women viewed magazine advertisements containing full-body, body part, or product im- ages. Instructional set was also manipulated with three levels: control, appearance focus, and social comparison. Mood and body dissatisfaction were measured im- mediately before and after advertisement viewing, while state weight anxiety and the amount of appearance comparison engaged in were measured only after the advertisements. It was found that exposure to either body part or full body images led to increased negative mood and body dissatisfaction, while the amount of com- parison processing was affected by both image type and instructional set. Impor- tantly, regression analyses showed that the effects of image type on mood and body dissatisfaction were mediated by the amount of social comparison reported. It was concluded that the processing in which women engage in response to media images is an important contributor to negative effects. Sociocultural theory provides the most strongly supported theoretical account of the high levels of body image disturbance, body dissatisfac- tion, and disordered eating experienced by many women in Western so- cieties (Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). This model maintains that current societal standards for beauty inordinately emphasize the desirability of thinness, and thinness at a level impossible for many women to achieve by healthy means. In fact, the gap between the average woman's body size and the ideal is now larger than ever be-
Using a new set of male figure drawings which(unlike the Stunkard, Sorensen, & Schulsinger, 1983figures) illustrate differing degrees of muscle massrather than body fat, college men and adult men selected their current figure, ideal figure,figure they thought most attractive to women and figurethat they thought would be the ideal for other men.Adult men's choices indicated satisfaction with their current bodies, but college men's selectionsindicated a desire to be larger (partly because theybelieve that a much larger body is what everybody {menand women} finds most attractive). The male body college women find most attractive is largerthan what college men indicate they currently have butsmaller than what the college men want to look like.Adult women chose an ideal male figure which is the same as that which the adult men indicate theyhave. Thus, selections using the new figure drawingsshow a desire for more muscle mass in college men andsatisfaction in adult men, while selections using the Stunkard et al. (1983) figuredrawings indicated satisfaction in college men and adesire for less body fat in the adult men (Rozin &Fallon, 1988). Both sets of figures provide valuableinformation.
Objective:
The primary aim of the study was to examine the relationship between Internet exposure and body image concern in adolescent girls, with a particular focus on the social networking site of Facebook.
Method:
A sample of 1,087 girls in the first two years (Years 8 and 9) of high school (aged 13-15 years) completed questionnaire measures of Internet consumption and body image concerns.
Results:
The overwhelming majority of girls (95.9%) had access to the Internet in their home. Time spent on the Internet was significantly related to internalization of the thin ideal, body surveillance, and drive for thinness. Further, 75% of the girls had a Facebook profile, and spent an average of 1.5 hours there daily. Facebook users scored significantly more highly on all body image concern measures than non-users.
Discussion:
It was concluded that the Internet represents a potent socio-cultural medium of relevance to the body image of adolescent girls.
In this field experiment, a confederate asked participants to provide a quarter for the confederate to make a telephone call. In the experimental condition, based on the concept of exchange, the confederate offered participants twenty-five pennies for the quarter. The researchers found that there was a significant difference in whether or not the confederate offered the pennies. Eighty-five percent of the participants complied when offered the pennies, while only 35 percent complied without the offer of exchange. Gender was not a factor. Participants over sixty-years-old complied more often than any other age group. Economic status was a factor in that those in the middle range tended to comply more often than those at either the low end or the upper end.