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Supplementary effects of vinegar on body weight and blood metabolites in healthy rats fed conventional diets and obese rats fed high-caloric diets
... 53 Moreover, animal studies have demonstrated that, besides a lipid-lowering effect on serum and hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, 54,55 chronic administration of persimmon vinegar also helps prevent the metabolic disorders induced by chronic administration of alcohol. 55 Besides these findings in metabolically healthy animals, reductions in plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were also found in obese 56 and/or type 2 diabetic 57,58 rats given chronic acetate treatments. ...
... However, these results are in contrast with findings from a recent study demonstrating that vinegar treatment had no effect on plasma HDL-c and LDL-c concentrations in healthy or obese rats. 56 This might be attributable to the foods used, which did not induce a high glycemic index, since previous studies have suggested that vinegar may reduce LDL-c and increase HDL-c as a result of its ability to lower the glycemic index of highglycemic-index foods. 14,59 Further experiments in rats that developed hepatic steatosis after a high-cholesterol diet have shown that apple cider vinegar decreased triglyceride and very-low-density lipoprotein levels as well as hepatic steatosis, although total cholesterol and LDL-c levels were increased. ...
... Several animal studies have reported that orally administrated acetate/vinegar for 1-6 months in healthy, 27,56 obese, 27 and obesity-linked type 2 diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats 43,57 has a beneficial effect on body weight 27,43,56,57 and/or accumulation of abdominal and liver fat. 27,43,54,57 These findings contradict those of a study in rats, which showed that acetic acid added to a cholesterol-rich diet for 19 days had no effect on body weight or food intake. ...
The aim of this review is to summarize the effects of vinegar on glucose and lipid metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated that vinegar can help reduce hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Other studies, however, have shown no beneficial effect on metabolism. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these metabolic effects, including delayed gastric emptying and enteral absorption, suppression of hepatic glucose production, increased glucose utilization, upregulation of flow-mediated vasodilation, facilitation of insulin secretion, reduction in lipogenesis, increase in lipolysis, stimulation of fecal bile acid excretion, increased satiety, and enhanced energy expenditure. Although some evidence supports the use of vinegar as a complementary treatment in patients with glucose and lipid abnormalities, further large-scale long-term trials with impeccable methodology are warranted before definitive health claims can be made.
... Many RCTs of human and animals showed the hypolipidemic effects of ACV [19][20][21]. Antiobesity effect of apple cider vinegar is also found in many studies [22][23][24]. There is still a lot of research trials on the effectiveness of apple cider vinegar in different sets of the population of diabetes. ...
... A study conducted in Japanese showed apple cider vinegar significantly reduced bodyweight, waist circumference, and BMI in vinegar treated group as compared to placebo [23]. Another animal study results highlighted significant reduction in daily gained and in routine body weight in normal healthy rats with normal diet and in obese rats with high calories diet in vinegar treated group but no significant change occurred in the placebo group [24]. The reason for the reduction in body weight and BMI may be due to the difference in the physiology of human and animals and dose of vinegar, duration of intervention and sample size. ...
... We found significant decrease in level of AST and ALP in rats fed with apple cider vinegar followed by green tea extract. These finding agree with de Dios Lozano (23) who stated that the total and average daily weight gain for obese rats was reduced by vinegar. The patterns of changes in lipid and glucoses was timebond, where within a week up to a month plasma glucose was reduced in obese rats that consumed vinegar. ...
... Nonetheless, vinegar did not affect plasma HDL and LDL. Thus, de Dios Lozano (23) has concluded that vinegar might act as protective functional food that inhibit body weight gain by lowering all these parameters if consumed on daily basis. Also, Kondo et al. (24) agreed with our finding as proved that body weight, BMI, visceral fat area, waist circumference, and serum triglyceride levels were significantly lower with vinegar intake. ...
Background: Obesity is a major problem in Saudi Arabia. Pharmaceutical solutions were sought for treatment. Chemical formula might lead to major health side effects. Meanwhile, the use of herbal formula is alleged to be safe. Green tea and apple vinegar are some of these products. Objective: The study aimed to measure the effect of green tea and apple vinegar on obesity and liver status compared to medical drugs. Materials and methods: Thirty-six adult male albino rats were divided into normal control, and other five groups fed on high caloric and hyperlipidemic diets. They were control positive and the rest 4 groups were treated with different formula (green tea, apple cider vinegar, orlistat and chitocal). Results: All treated groups showed significant decrease in body weight when compared to control positive. Rats administered with orlistat and chitocal showed the highest significant decrease in body weight gain (BWG) when compared to control positive. Moreover, all tested groups enhanced liver functions especially chitocal and apple cider vinegar groups which showed the highest effect in ALT. Orlistat and green tea groups came in second level. Conclusion: Although, no poor effect of chemical drugs found, natural products can provide the positive effect with no risk. Apple cider vinegar was the best natural weight control formula.
... e obesity epidemic has become a serious health problem [3], and one of the factors that lead to this problem is the uncontrolled intake of dietary fat and sugar in daily life [42,43]. Obesity is a systemic inflammatory response [44], and high levels of inflammation were found in many obese subjects [45,46]. In the past years, studies offer the promise that several types of vinegar may help in reducing blood lipid, cholesterol, and fat accumulation and also improved the metabolic syndrome [32,33,36,37,[46][47][48]. e study reported that the consumption of high-fat diet and obesity problems increased the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the serum samples [49][50][51]. ...
... Obesity is a systemic inflammatory response [44], and high levels of inflammation were found in many obese subjects [45,46]. In the past years, studies offer the promise that several types of vinegar may help in reducing blood lipid, cholesterol, and fat accumulation and also improved the metabolic syndrome [32,33,36,37,[46][47][48]. e study reported that the consumption of high-fat diet and obesity problems increased the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the serum samples [49][50][51]. ...
Obesity is a pandemic metabolic syndrome with increasing incidences every year. Among the significant factors that lead to obesity, overconsumption of high-fat food in daily intake is always the main contributor. Functional foods have shown a positive effect on disease prevention and provide health benefits, including counteracting obesity problem. Vinegar is one of the fermented functional beverages that have been consumed for many years, and different types of vinegar showed different bioactivities and efficacies. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of pineapple vinegar as an antiobesity agent on a high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced C57BL/6 obese mice. C57BL/6 mice were treated with pineapple vinegar (1 mL/kg BW and 0.08 mL/kg BW) for 12 weeks after 24 weeks of HFD incubation. Serum biochemistry profiles, antioxidant assays, qPCR, proteome profiler, and 16S metagenomic were done posttreatment. Our data showed that a high concentration of pineapple vinegar (1 mL/kg BW) treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the bodyweight (∼20%), restored lipid profiles, increased the antioxidant activities, and reduced the oxidative stress. Besides, significant (p < 0.05) regulation of several adipokines and inflammatory-related genes was recorded. Through the regulation of gut microbiota, we found a higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, a microbiota reported to be associated with obesity in the high concentration of pineapple vinegar treatment. Collectively, these data established the mechanism of pineapple vinegar as antiobesity in mice and revealed the potential of pineapple vinegar as a functional food for obesity.
... All studies found some lowering effects of AV on either blood glucose/HbA1c [17,[53][54][55][56][57][58] or blood lipid levels [17,40,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]. The study by Shishehbor et al. [54] found no effect on fasting glucose, but a decreasing effect on HbA1c, while Budak et al. [40] found that AV consumption increased TC compared to controls (p < 0.05). ...
... All studies found some lowering effects of AV on either blood glucose/HbA1c [17,[53][54][55][56][57][58] or blood lipid levels [17,40,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]. The study by Shishehbor et al. [54] found no effect on fasting glucose, but a decreasing effect on HbA1c, while Budak et al. [40] found that AV consumption increased TC compared to controls (p < 0.05). ...
IntroductionApple vinegar (AV) has been proclaimed to have different health benefits, such as a weight loss, the ability to lower blood glucose levels, and reducing the risk of heart diseases. Studies on animals have demonstrated effects of AV consumption, deepening our knowledge of the beneficial effects and side effects.AimThe aims of this study were to evaluate the evidence of the effect of AV on metabolic parameters and body weight in humans, furthermore, to evaluate the safety and side effects of ingesting AV, and additionally to evaluate the evidence of the effect of AV on metabolic parameters, safety, and side effects of AV from studies performed on animals (mammals).MethodsA systematic literature search was performed. The databases PubMed (MEDLINE), PsycInfo (Ebsco), CINAHL (Ebsco), and Embase (Ovid) were searched for relevant articles. Primary outcomes were glycated hemoglobin, postprandial glucose, and synonyms for blood glucose. Secondary outcomes were waist circumference, visceral fat, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Studies performed on humans and animals were included. The included studies performed on humans were quality assessed for risk of bias using a version of the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool.ResultsA total of 487 papers were identified in the literature search. Of these, 13 studies performed on humans and 12 studies performed on animals were included. There may be beneficial health effects from the consumption of AV. The risk of side effects when ingested in recommended quantities and in recommended ways seems inconsiderable.Conclusion
Due to inadequate research of high quality, the evidence for the health effects of AV is insufficient. Therefore, more large-scale, long-term clinical studies with a low risk of bias are needed before definitive conclusions can be made.
... Many RCTs of human and animals showed the hypolipidemic effects of ACV [19][20][21]. Antiobesity effect of apple cider vinegar is also found in many studies [22][23][24]. There is still a lot of research trials on the effectiveness of apple cider vinegar in different sets of the population of diabetes. ...
... A study conducted in Japanese showed apple cider vinegar significantly reduced bodyweight, waist circumference, and BMI in vinegar treated group as compared to placebo [23]. Another animal study results highlighted significant reduction in daily gained and in routine body weight in normal healthy rats with normal diet and in obese rats with high calories diet in vinegar treated group but no significant change occurred in the placebo group [24]. The reason for the reduction in body weight and BMI may be due to the difference in the physiology of human and animals and dose of vinegar, duration of intervention and sample size. ...
... In addition, previous studies indicate that acetate may also decrease circulating lipid levels [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] and protect from lipid accumulation in liver and skeletal muscle [24]; however, these data are derived either from animal models or from a few human studies with serious limitations. ...
... The effect of vinegar on lipid metabolism has been investigated in several studies showing that chronic administration of acetic acid reduces serum and hepatic triglyceride levels [17,19,41] in metabolically healthy animals. In addition, chronically administered acetate treatment in obese [18] and/or type 2 diabetic [21] rats has been shown to result in a reduction of plasma triglyceride levels. In contrast, triglyceride levels were not affected by acute administration of 10 mL vinegar added to a hypercholesterolaemic diet in rabbits [20]. ...
Background and aims:
Vinegar has been shown to have a glucose-lowering effect in patients with glucose abnormalities. However, the mechanisms of this effect are still obscure. The aim of this randomised, crossover study was to investigate the effect of vinegar on glucose metabolism in muscle which is the most important tissue for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal.
Materials and methods:
Eleven subjects with DM2 consumed vinegar or placebo (at random order on two separate days, a week apart), before a mixed meal. Plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and glycerol were measured preprandially and at 30-60 min for 300 min postprandially from the radial artery and from a forearm vein. Muscle blood flow was measured with strain-gauge plethysmography. Glucose uptake was calculated as the arteriovenous difference of glucose multiplied by blood flow.
Results:
Vinegar compared to placebo (1) increased forearm glucose uptake (p = 0.0357), (2) decreased plasma glucose (p = 0.0279), insulin (p = 0.0457), and triglycerides (p = 0.0439), and (3) did not change NEFA and glycerol.
Conclusions:
In DM2 vinegar reduces postprandial hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and hypertriglyceridaemia without affecting lipolysis. Vinegar's effect on carbohydrate metabolism may be partly accounted for by an increase in glucose uptake, demonstrating an improvement in insulin action in skeletal muscle. This trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02309424.
... (34) In addition, previous studies have shown a significant difference in the final body weight of the study in the group that received apple cider vinegar and those who did not get apple cider vinegar may be because the mean weight before being given treatment in the control group is the lowest compared to the average body weight in P1 and P2. This can be seen in a study conducted by Dios Lozano J et al. (35) They examined the effect of vinegar fermented by golden apple, pineapple, honey, and sugarcane on rat body weight. The study compared the initial and final body weight in 4 groups, namely a group of healthy and obese rats that were not given and given apple cider vinegar. ...
LATAR BELAKANG Obesitas telah menjadi masalah global dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir. Angka kejadian obesitas yang terus bertambah menyebabkan meningkatnya jumlah kematian akibat berbagai penyakit terkait obesitas. Farmakoterapi obesitas yang ada saat ini terbatas dan memiliki berbagai efek samping. Cuka apel merupakan salah satu jenis bahan alamiah yang digunakan oleh masyarakat umum untuk menurunkan berat badan. METODE Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan hewan coba. Sebayak 36 ekor tikus Spraque Dawley berusia 1-2 bulan diberikan diit tinggi lemak selama 5 minggu. Tikus dengan obesitas dibagi dalam 3 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok P1 yang diberi cuka apel dosis 0,096ml/100g/kali dan kelompok P2 yang diberi cuka apel dosis 0,192ml/100g/kali, masing-masing 2 kali sehari. Perlakuan diberikan selama 4 minggu. Berat badan dan sisa makanan ditimbang selama perlakuan. Data berat badan akhir dianalisa dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan selisih berat badan dianalisa dengan uji one-way ANOVA yang dilanjutkan dengan uji post hoc Turkey. HASIL Tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna berat badan akhir antara 3 kelompok (p=0,55), namun terdapat perbedaan selisih berat badan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok P1 (p=0,001) dan kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok P2 (p=0,000). KESIMPULAN Pemberian cuka apel dengan dua dosis berbeda pada penelitian ini memberikan efek penurunan berat badan pada tikus dengan obesitas
... The significant reduction has been found in plasma glucose, total cholesterol in both groups normal and obese rats group. But no change occurs in HDL and LDL so which gains excessive body weight and high concentration of plasma glucose which might be avoided by apple cider vinegar uses in obese and normal weight rats [70]. Vinegar containing 6% acetic acid significantly reduced body weight and also influence appetite and reduced the postprandial glycaemic [71]. ...
Diabetes mellitus is a world-widely public health issue associated with premature mortality, decreased quality of life and increased health-care expenditures. The aim of the review was to elevate the effect of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control, hyperlipidemia and obesity control in type 2 diabetes patients. Many clinical trials showed the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effect of vinegar. Proposed mechanisms action of vinegar for the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic effect are including slow gastric emptying, it promotes uptake of skeleton muscles glucose in the body and acetic acid may inhibit disaccharides activity in the small intestine blocking the complete digestion of starch molecules, suppression of hepatic glucose production and increased glucose utilization. Results of previous studies showed that apple cider vinegar has the potential of anti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic and anti-obesity effects in diabetes mellitus patients. Objective of review: The objective of the current review study was to investigate the effect of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control, hyperlipidemia and control on body weight in type 2 diabetes patients and other therapeutic and commercial effect of apple cider vinegar. Data sources: To collect data for relevant literature PubMed, Google Scholar, science direct and Cochrane sources were used.
... It has been reported in several published surveys that consumption of vinegars especially apple vinegar and kombucha tea has significant effects on reducing blood sugar and losing weight. However, these mechanisms remain unclear (Petsiou et al., 2014;Mitrou et al., 2010a,b;de Dios Lozano, 2012). The microbiological composition of kombucha tea and apple vinegars showed that K. xylinus is the main microorganism in them (Bellassoued et al., 2015). ...
Promoting general health in terms of obesity and diabetes prevention is recommended by health care systems. The objectives of this study were to isolate an efficient glucose-converting Komagataeibacter xylinus to cellulose and to evaluate the safety of the selected strain as a new generation of probiotics in the fight against obesity. Of the 97 samples, 43 K xylinus strains were isolated and evaluated for their glucose conversion rate and 5 strains were examined for probiotic activities by in vitro assays. A strain with significant performance was fed to rats in order to determine its safety status in vivo. The results revealed that the strain K.X.1 had high level of glucose conversion rate and significant survival rate in acidic pH and bile salt. No adverse clinical signs and bacterial translocation to rats’ organs were observed. The results showed that the strain of K. xylinus K.X.1 has suitable probiotic properties.
... Growing evidence has suggested that vinegar can be used to prevent or treat obesity and/or obesity-related metabolic diseases (Cheong et al. 2014). In such abnormalities, apple cider vinegar can reverse insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia (Salbe et al. 2009;De Dios Lozano et al. 2012;Mitrou et al. 2015). However, grape vinegar can improve inflammatory factors that adversely affect coronary artery health (Setorki et al. 2011a). ...
Context: Fruit vinegars (FVs) are used in Mediterranean folk medicine for their hypolipidemic and weight-reducing properties.
Objective: To investigate the preventive effects of three types of FV, commonly available in Algeria, namely prickly pear [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill (Cectaceae)], pomegranate [Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae)], and apple [Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae)], against obesity-induced cardiomyopathy and its underlying mechanisms.
Materials and methods: Seventy-two male Wistar rats were equally divided into 12 groups. The first group served as normal control (distilled water, 7 mL/kg bw), and the remaining groups were respectively treated with distilled water (7 mL/kg bw), acetic acid (0.5% w/v, 7 mL/kg bw) and vinegars of pomegranate, apple or prickly pear (at doses of 3.5, 7 and 14 mL/kg bw, acetic acid content as mentioned above) along with a high-fat diet (HFD). The effects of the oral administration of FV for 18 weeks on the body and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) weights, plasma inflammatory and cardiac enzymes biomarkers, and in heart tissue were evaluated.
Results: Vinegars treatments significantly (p < .05) attenuated the HFD-induced increase in bw (0.2–0.5-fold) and VAT mass (0.7–1.8-fold), as well as increase in plasma levels of CRP (0.1–0.3-fold), fibrinogen (0.2–0.3-fold), leptin (1.7–3.7-fold), TNF-α (0.1–0.6-fold), AST (0.9–1.4-fold), CK-MB (0.3–1.4-fold) and LDH (2.7–6.7-fold). Moreover, vinegar treatments preserved myocardial architecture and attenuated cardiac fibrosis.
Discussion and conclusion: These findings suggest that pomegranate, apple and prickly pear vinegars may prevent HFD-induced obesity and obesity-related cardiac complications, and that this prevention may result from the potent anti-inflammatory and anti-adiposity properties of these vinegars.
... Growing evidence has suggested that vinegar can be used to prevent or treat obesity and/or obesity-related metabolic diseases (Cheong et al. 2014). In such abnormalities, apple cider vinegar can reverse insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia (Salbe et al. 2009;De Dios Lozano et al. 2012;Mitrou et al. 2015). However, grape vinegar can improve inflammatory factors that adversely affect coronary artery health (Setorki et al. 2011a). ...
... Growing evidence has suggested that vinegar can be used to prevent or treat obesity and/or obesity-related metabolic diseases (Cheong et al. 2014). In such abnormalities, apple cider vinegar can reverse insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia (Salbe et al. 2009; De Dios Lozano et al. 2012; Mitrou et al. 2015). However, grape vinegar can improve inflammatory factors that adversely affect coronary artery health (Setorki et al. 2011a). ...
Kombucha is a fermented tea made from a Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY) with a long history of use as a health tonic. It is likely that most health benefits come from the tea and fermentation metabolites from specific microbial communities. Despite its growing importance as a functional health drink, the microbial ecosystem present in kombucha has not been fully documented. To characterize the microbial composition and biochemical properties of ‘The Good Brew’ original base kombucha, we used metagenomics amplicon (16S rRNA and ITS) sequencing to identify the microbial communities at the taxonomic level. We identified 34 genera with 200 microbial species yet described in kombucha. The dominance of organic acid producing microorganisms Acetobacter, Komagataeibacter and Starmerella are healthy for the human gut and their glucose metabolising activities have a putative role in preventing conditions such as diabetes and obesity. Kombucha contains high protein (3.31 µg/mL), high phenolic content (290.4 mg/100 mL) and low sugars (glucose: 1.87 g/L; sucrose 1.11 g/L; fructose: 0.05 g/L) as compared to green tea. The broad microbial diversity with proven health benefits for the human gut suggests kombucha is a powerful probiotic. These findings are important to improve the commercial value of kombucha and uncover the immense prospects for health benefits.
This study focused on the determination of quality characteristics of homemade organic vinegars (apple, red hawthorn and yellow hawthorn) which were produced with double fermentation (ethyl alcohol and acetic acid fermentation) method by spectroscopy (UV/Fourier transform infrared) and rheology technique. These absorbance peak values are associated with organic acids and phenolic compounds were determined as an important parameter in the quality evaluation of vinegars. It was determined that the flow curves of all vinegars are compatible with the non-Newtonian flow, which is the behaviour of thickening (dilatant) fluids. From the obtained results, it was thought that the antioxidant and anti-bacterial effect of yellow hawthorn vinegar would be higher due to its higher acetic acid and phenolic compound content compared to the others.
Monascus vinegar (MV) exerts beneficial effects on cardiovasular diseases. The present work explored the lipid-lowering mechanism of MV and the correlation among gut microbiota, lipid metabolism and inflammation. The results illustrated that the administration of MV ameliorated hyperlipidemia by regulating Peroxisome proliferator-activated α (PPARα)-, Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)- and Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-mediated signals and modulating the gut microbiota composition in hyperlipidemia rats. Moreover, Lactobacillus, Roseburia and Lachnostridium showed positive correlation with antioxidative parameters and negative correlation with lipid metabolism and inflammation parameters. Whereas Clostridium, Desulfovibrio and Streptococcus exhibited the opposite effect. Importantly, the differences in lipid-lowering effect between high-dose of MV (HD) group and low acetic acid and lovastatin (LLA) group were evaluated, which indicated that the other components in MV could improve the lipid-lowering effect of acetic acid and lovastatin. Our findings provided a novel insight into the lipid-lowering effect of MV.
Vinegars are one of only a few acidic condiments throughout the world. Vinegars can mainly be considered grain vinegars and fruit vinegars, according to the raw materials used. Both grain vinegars and fruit vinegars, which are fermented by traditional methods, possess a variety of physiological functions, such as antibacteria, anti-infection, antioxidation, blood glucose control, lipid metabolism regulation, weight loss, and anticancer activities. The antibacteria and anti-infection abilities of vinegars are mainly due to the presence of organic acids, polyphenols, and melanoidins. The polyphenols and melanoidins also provide the antioxidant abilities of vinegars, which are produced from the raw materials and fermentation processes, respectively. The blood glucose control, lipid metabolism regulation, and weight loss capabilities from vinegars are mainly due to acetic acid. Besides caffeoylsophorose (inhibits disaccharidase) and ligustrazine (improves blood circulation), other functional ingredients present in vinegars provide certain health benefits as well. Regarding anticancer activities, several grain vinegars strongly inhibit the growth of some cancer cells in vivo or in vitro, but related functional ingredients remain largely unknown, except tryptophol in Japanese black soybean vinegar. Considering the discovering of various functional ingredients and clarifying their mechanisms, some vinegars could be functional foods or even medicines, depending on a number of proofs that demonstrate these constituents can cure chronic diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular problems.
Background and Objective: Given the importance of blood glucose regulation in prevention of diabetic complications and considering the fact that the patients tend to eat foods that reduce blood sugar, the main objective of this study was to determine the effect of apple cider vinegar on postprandial blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this clinical trial study, thirty type 2 diabetic patients randomly divided in two groups (each group 15 patients). In fasting condition case group received combine apple cider vinegar, 20 gr and 40 gr of water and control group received 40 gr water and immediately, both groups were given breakfast containing 58 grams of carbohydrate. The cross-over trial was conducted after 1 week wash out. Blood samples were collected at fasting and 90 min post breakfast for glucose and insulin analysis. (IRCT: 201201078630N1) Findings: Mean (±SE) changes in blood glucose while using apple cider vinegar versus placebo respectively was 118.7±10.31mg/dl, 106.9±10.37mg/dl. Mean (±SE) changes of insulin level when using vinegar was 23.1±3.69μu/ml versus17.3±3.39μu/ml when using placebo. There were no significant differences between two groups. Conclusion: Although results of this study showed that apple cider vinegar has no effects on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin. © 2013, Babol University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Background/objectives:
Previous studies support the glucose-lowering effect of vinegar. However, the effect of vinegar on muscle glucose metabolism and endothelial function has not been studied in humans. This open, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled study aims to investigate the effects of vinegar on muscle glucose metabolism, endothelial function and circulating lipid levels in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) using the arteriovenous difference technique.
Subjects/methods:
Eight subjects with IGT (4 males, age 46±10 years, body mass index 30±5) were randomised to consume 0.50 mmol vinegar (6% acetic acid) or placebo before a mixed meal. Plasma samples were taken for 300 min from the radial artery and the forearm vein for measurements of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and glycerol. Muscle blood flow was measured with strain gauge plethysmography. Glucose flux was calculated as the arteriovenous difference of glucose multiplied by the blood flow rates.
Results:
Vinegar compared with placebo: (1) decreased arterial plasma insulin (Poverall<0.001; P75 min=0.014, β=-42), (2) increased forearm blood flow (Poverall<0.001; P240 min=0.011, β=1.53; P300 min=0.023, β=1.37), (3) increased muscle glucose uptake (Poverall<0.001; P60 min=0.029, β=2.78) and (4) decreased arterial plasma triglycerides (Poverall=0.005; P240 min<0.001, β=-344; P300 min<0.001, β=-373), without changing NEFA and glycerol.
Conclusions:
In individuals with IGT, vinegar ingestion before a mixed meal results in an enhancement of muscle blood flow, an improvement of glucose uptake by the forearm muscle and a reduction of postprandial hyperinsulinaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. From this point of view, vinegar may be considered beneficial for improving insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities in the atherogenic prediabetic state.
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